gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-93333 | 57312247497a881900248b8b | Light-emitting_diode | White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient th... | What light can harm human eyes or skin? | What light can harm human eyes or skin? | [
"What light can harm human eyes or skin?"
] | {
"text": [
"UV light"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-906 | 572e9100c246551400ce434f | Endangered_Species_Act | The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conser... | What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit? | What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit? | [
"What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit?"
] | {
"text": [
"interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39645 | 5a8cc184fd22b3001a8d8e10 | FA_Cup | The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as "giant killings", is much anticipated by the public, and is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition, alongside that gained by teams winnin... | What is not considered newsworthy? | What is not considered newsworthy? | [
"What is not considered newsworthy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95320 | 56dfb42e7aa994140058dffa | Alexander_Graham_Bell | The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now calle... | What nationality was Meacham? | What nationality was Meacham? | [
"What nationality was Meacham?"
] | {
"text": [
"American"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36249 | 5ace7db532bba1001ae4a808 | Printed_circuit_board | Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with solder resist (solder mask). One of the most common solder resists used today is called "LPI" (liquid photoimageable solder mask). A photo-sensitive coating is applied to the surface of the PWB, then exposed to light through the solder mask image film, and finally ... | A photo-sensitive coating is applied beneath the surface of what? | A photo-sensitive coating is applied beneath the surface of what? | [
"A photo-sensitive coating is applied beneath the surface of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114721 | 570a7d566d058f1900182eac | Emotion | More contemporary views along the evolutionary psychology spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment. Current research[citation needed] suggests that emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and plan... | Along with LeDoux, who was a notable neurological brain researcher? | Along with LeDoux, who was a notable neurological brain researcher? | [
"Along with LeDoux, who was a notable neurological brain researcher?"
] | {
"text": [
"António Damásio"
],
"answer_start": [
787
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88221 | 572c0e9b750c471900ed4c9c | God | Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God, while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agen... | What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages? | What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages? | [
"What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"God's omniscience"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29874 | 570d0efcb3d812140066d3b0 | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same ... | According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold? | According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold? | [
"According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?"
] | {
"text": [
"a Messenger of God"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5134 | 56e15993cd28a01900c67807 | Boston | There are several major annual events such as First Night, which occurs on New Year's Eve, the Boston Early Music Festival, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints. The city is the site of several events during the Four... | How long are the Harbor-Fest festivities? | How long are the Harbor-Fest festivities? | [
"How long are the Harbor-Fest festivities?"
] | {
"text": [
"week-long"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22825 | 5735a9fbe853931400426ab3 | Kathmandu | Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200–2,300 metres (3,900–7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100–3,3... | Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu? | Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu? | [
"Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu?"
] | {
"text": [
"humid subtropical climate"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62521 | 5a7b7eb421c2de001afea094 | Software_testing | There are many approaches available in software testing. Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections are referred to as static testing, whereas actually executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing. Static testing is often implicit, as proofreading, plus when programming tools/te... | Dynamic testing refers to executing predetermined code with what? | Dynamic testing refers to executing predetermined code with what? | [
"Dynamic testing refers to executing predetermined code with what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77145 | 56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae3 | United_Nations_Population_Fund | The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also repre... | The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else? | The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else? | [
"The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?"
] | {
"text": [
"Goodwill Ambassadors"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37217 | 5727931add62a815002ea0da | Switzerland | The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representa... | How many members are on the National Council? | How many members are on the National Council? | [
"How many members are on the National Council?"
] | {
"text": [
"200"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32735 | 570e1f340dc6ce1900204dcd | Antarctica | Researchers include biologists, geologists, oceanographers, physicists, astronomers, glaciologists, and meteorologists. Geologists tend to study plate tectonics, meteorites from outer space, and resources from the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the hi... | Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth? | Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth? | [
"Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amundsen–Scott station."
],
"answer_start": [
1347
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31626 | 570d55affed7b91900d45eb7 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-a... | It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where? | It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where? | [
"It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the air"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50355 | 5acecf5f32bba1001ae4b4ea | Neptune | The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may cons... | What kind of crystal forms 7000 km above the surface of neoptune? | What kind of crystal forms 7000 km above the surface of neoptune? | [
"What kind of crystal forms 7000 km above the surface of neoptune?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109432 | 56dde4699a695914005b9666 | Dutch_Republic | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste... | The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces? | The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces? | [
"The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?"
] | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83265 | 5727b4f54b864d1900163ae7 | Dominican_Order | In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework—a rule—to organize th... | What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in? | What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in? | [
"What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?"
] | {
"text": [
"the \"salvation of souls through preaching\""
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87521 | 5a68dbd78476ee001a58a7f2 | IBM | IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into IBM Research. As of 2013[update] the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science... | How many labs work for the Watson company? | How many labs work for the Watson company? | [
"How many labs work for the Watson company?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44245 | 5a2ef61ca83784001a7d25e8 | Bras%C3%ADlia | The city's planned design included specific areas for almost everything, including accommodation, Hotels Sectors North and South. New hotel facilities are being developed elsewhere, such as the hotels and tourism Sector North, located on the shores of Lake Paranoá. Brasília has a range of tourist accommodation from inn... | What did the design of hostels include? | What did the design of hostels include? | [
"What did the design of hostels include?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46390 | 5726494f708984140094c172 | Department_store | Department stores today have sections that sell the following: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods, do it yourself, paint, and hardware and additionally select other lines of products such as food, books, jewelry, electronics, stationery, photographic equipment, ... | Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out? | Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out? | [
"Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out?"
] | {
"text": [
"at sales counters within each department."
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104237 | 5728a540ff5b5019007da395 | Mandolin | The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. V... | How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have? | How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have? | [
"How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have?"
] | {
"text": [
"8"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13581 | 570cf364fed7b91900d45b57 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is c... | What is knon as when you are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods? | What is knon as when you are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods? | [
"What is knon as when you are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?"
] | {
"text": [
"lactose intolerance"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37875 | 572fe7abb2c2fd1400568599 | Roman_Republic | With Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now... | Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans? | Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans? | [
"Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans?"
] | {
"text": [
"Philip"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58606 | 570e6b020b85d914000d7eb7 | Sanskrit | In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millenni... | From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India? | From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India? | [
"From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?"
] | {
"text": [
"north-west"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14260 | 572eb82403f9891900756996 | Han_dynasty | After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which... | Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty? | Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty? | [
"Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Xian"
],
"answer_start": [
679
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88782 | 570f33ad80d9841400ab355c | Circadian_rhythm | The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to a... | What ship captain described daily leaf movements? | What ship captain described daily leaf movements? | [
"What ship captain described daily leaf movements?"
] | {
"text": [
"Androsthenes"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89976 | 57269c32708984140094cbaf | Somerset | Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port. The River Parrett was navigable by large ships as far as Bridgwater. Cargoes were then loaded onto smaller boats at Langport Quay, next to the Bridgwater Bridge, to be carried further up river to Langport; or they could turn off at Bu... | What do many towns encourage | What do many towns encourage | [
"What do many towns encourage "
] | {
"text": [
"Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers"
],
"answer_start": [
904
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78834 | 56cd8ad162d2951400fa669b | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after Ocarina... | What character helped Link in Twilight Princess? | What character helped Link in Twilight Princess? | [
"What character helped Link in Twilight Princess?"
] | {
"text": [
"Midna"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63206 | 5a7a4d4b17ab25001a8a049c | Czech_language | Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs—for example, koupit (perfective) and kupovat (imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperf... | When tense is specified what happens to the action? | When tense is specified what happens to the action? | [
"When tense is specified what happens to the action?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44702 | 56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01de | Gene | The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1 | What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits? | What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits? | [
"What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?"
] | {
"text": [
"adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72951 | 5ad36b09604f3c001a3fe14e | Dell | In late 2006[update], Dell lost its lead in the PC-business to Hewlett-Packard. Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did. Dell's 3.6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period. The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, ... | What year did Dell gain its tech lead to Hewlett-Packard? | What year did Dell gain its tech lead to Hewlett-Packard? | [
"What year did Dell gain its tech lead to Hewlett-Packard?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105620 | 5a550f98134fea001a0e1894 | Communications_in_Somalia | Somalia established its first ISP in 1999, one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce ... | Which act brought the first ISP to Africa? | Which act brought the first ISP to Africa? | [
"Which act brought the first ISP to Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80122 | 5a626754f8d794001af1bfbb | Samoa | The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism, the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume. While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the western most island in Samoa, is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905–1911), M... | When was a mantle plume discovered near Magua Alfi? | When was a mantle plume discovered near Magua Alfi? | [
"When was a mantle plume discovered near Magua Alfi?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55657 | 57269458dd62a815002e8a30 | Presbyterianism | The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has 150 congregations and 17 000–20 000 members. It was a mission of the Free Presbyterian church of Scotland. The Restored Reformed Church works with RPCM. Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi is an existing small church. Part of the Presbyterian Church in Malawi and Zam... | The Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian often offers what services? | The Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian often offers what services? | [
"The Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian often offers what services?"
] | {
"text": [
"education, health ministries as well as worship"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31736 | 570d94dfb3d812140066da6d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch ... | What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields? | What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields? | [
"What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?"
] | {
"text": [
"RAF regiment"
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78645 | 5730704c396df919000960f9 | Greeks | Greeks from Cyprus have a similar history of emigration, usually to the English-speaking world because of the island's colonization by the British Empire. Waves of emigration followed the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration, war losses, ... | Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ? | Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ? | [
"Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Turkish"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23125 | 56de46cb4396321400ee275f | Human_Development_Index | A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countr... | What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking? | What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking? | [
"What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?"
] | {
"text": [
"an accompanying Human Development Report"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21700 | 5a653f82c2b11c001a425cea | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enable... | Who built reed houses until the 4th century CE? | Who built reed houses until the 4th century CE? | [
"Who built reed houses until the 4th century CE?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22609 | 5a1240016614be00188f24b7 | Exhibition_game | International friendlies give team managers the opportunity to experiment with team selection and tactics before the tournament proper, and also allow them to assess the abilities of players they may potentially select for the tournament squad. Players can be booked in international friendlies, and can be suspended fro... | What do club Friendly's give team managers a chance to experiment with? | What do club Friendly's give team managers a chance to experiment with? | [
"What do club Friendly's give team managers a chance to experiment with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22850 | 5735ae59dc94161900571f1c | Kathmandu | The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's ... | What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists? | What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists? | [
"What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thamel"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75985 | 5a4d33057a6c4c001a2bbc34 | Web_browser | Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002. | When did Microsoft release Mosaic? | When did Microsoft release Mosaic? | [
"When did Microsoft release Mosaic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101809 | 56d638e71c8504140094700c | Dog | The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimu... | What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick? | What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick? | [
"What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?"
] | {
"text": [
"immune-stimulating microorganisms"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38770 | 570c774db3d812140066d201 | FC_Barcelona | Barcelona won the treble in the 2014–2015 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice. On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid. This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last... | What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title? | What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title? | [
"What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title?"
] | {
"text": [
"Atlético Madrid"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53751 | 56e833ff00c9c71400d77626 | Dialect | The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and ... | Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language? | Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language? | [
"Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language?"
] | {
"text": [
"distinct languages"
],
"answer_start": [
818
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45239 | 5727e65b4b864d1900163f8c | Sahara | The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding... | Where is the air the strongest? | Where is the air the strongest? | [
"Where is the air the strongest?"
] | {
"text": [
"eastern part of the Great Desert"
],
"answer_start": [
680
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32546 | 5ad2d83cd7d075001a42a446 | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What is next to the continental shelves? | What is next to the continental shelves? | [
"What is next to the continental shelves?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57905 | 5ad4105d604f3c001a4001a1 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had "reached a tur... | Where did Truman's historic speech end? | Where did Truman's historic speech end? | [
"Where did Truman's historic speech end?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102962 | 572809e22ca10214002d9c45 | Unicode | Many scripts, including Arabic and Devanagari, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE (Arabic Calligraphic Engine b... | Who created ACE? | Who created ACE? | [
"Who created ACE?"
] | {
"text": [
"DecoType"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58500 | 570e580d0b85d914000d7e58 | Sanskrit | Sheldon Pollock argues that "most observers would agree that, in some crucial way, Sanskrit is dead".:393 Pollock has further argued that, while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India, it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in... | According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used? | According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used? | [
"According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used?"
] | {
"text": [
"literary cultures"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95331 | 56dfb5977aa994140058e02f | Alexander_Graham_Bell | In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907–19... | Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site? | Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site? | [
"Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alexander Graham Bell"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89016 | 56df680f8bc80c19004e4be1 | Hunter-gatherer | Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hu... | What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era? | What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era? | [
"What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era?"
] | {
"text": [
"large mammal species"
],
"answer_start": [
700
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112173 | 57290b1c6aef0514001549ed | Race_(human_categorization) | Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore ... | How are allopatric populations separated? | How are allopatric populations separated? | [
"How are allopatric populations separated? "
] | {
"text": [
"geographically"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72085 | 57271d8b708984140094d9fe | Capacitor | Most capacitors have numbers printed on their bodies to indicate their electrical characteristics. Larger capacitors like electrolytics usually display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 μF). Smaller capacitors like ceramics, however, use a shorthand consisting of three numeric digits and a... | What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent? | What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent? | [
"What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent?"
] | {
"text": [
"the letter indicates the tolerance"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18787 | 5733e3164776f41900661429 | Premier_League | However, by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals. UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 (resulting in Manchester United lif... | In which year was the English club ban lifted by UEFA? | In which year was the English club ban lifted by UEFA? | [
"In which year was the English club ban lifted by UEFA?"
] | {
"text": [
"1990"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9139 | 5732593fb9d445190005ea85 | The_Bronx | The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, so... | How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on? | How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on? | [
"How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on?"
] | {
"text": [
"17 acres"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6085 | 5ad023f477cf76001a686b7d | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards... | Who did Richard I of England marry? | Who did Richard I of England marry? | [
"Who did Richard I of England marry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109790 | 5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf6 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their ... | What color was Arkansas's electric chair? | What color was Arkansas's electric chair? | [
" What color was Arkansas's electric chair?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88162 | 57286e382ca10214002da33c | God | According to the Omnipotence paradox or 'Paradox of the Stone', can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it? Either he can or he can’t. If he can’t, the argument goes, then there is something that he cannot do, namely create the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. If he can, it continues, then there i... | What is the Omnipotence paradox? | What is the Omnipotence paradox? | [
"What is the Omnipotence paradox?"
] | {
"text": [
"can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45180 | 5a4bf32fbfc0e3001a15d3cf | Sahara | The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the res... | What desert is larger than the Antarcti and Arctic desert? | What desert is larger than the Antarcti and Arctic desert? | [
"What desert is larger than the Antarcti and Arctic desert?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25296 | 56d1196917492d1400aab941 | New_York_City | Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as met... | What industry is Madison Avenue associated with? | What industry is Madison Avenue associated with? | [
"What industry is Madison Avenue associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"advertising"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59427 | 5ad155f1645df0001a2d17ed | Electric_motor | A major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The... | Who created a motor very different from Pacinotti? | Who created a motor very different from Pacinotti? | [
" Who created a motor very different from Pacinotti?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36473 | 5730bc432461fd1900a9d024 | Immaculate_Conception | Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was completely prevented from contracting... | According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ? | According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ? | [
"According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless."
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25151 | 56d10ec217492d1400aab854 | New_York_City | The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League. Also within the metropolitan area are the New Jersey Devils, who play in nearby Newark, New Jersey. | In what city are the New Jersey Devils located? | In what city are the New Jersey Devils located? | [
"In what city are the New Jersey Devils located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Newark, New Jersey"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46287 | 5ad3e45f604f3c001a3ff57d | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries. Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other time... | How many Jehovah's Witnesses died in the Soviet Union during World War II? | How many Jehovah's Witnesses died in the Soviet Union during World War II? | [
"How many Jehovah's Witnesses died in the Soviet Union during World War II?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53902 | 5ad3e076604f3c001a3ff4b9 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. | Who leads the CAEF? | Who leads the CAEF? | [
" Who leads the CAEF?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66402 | 5726763c708984140094c6e8 | Brigham_Young_University | Bateman was responsible for the building of 36 new buildings for the university both on and off campus, including the expansion of the Harold B. Lee Library. He was also one of several key college leaders who brought about the creation of the Mountain West Conference, which BYU's athletics program joined — BYU previous... | Who replaced Bateman's successor? | Who replaced Bateman's successor? | [
"Who replaced Bateman's successor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kevin J Worthen"
],
"answer_start": [
783
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104905 | 57337fd34776f41900660bfc | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those "wealthy-but-not wealthiest" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that t... | How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009? | How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009? | [
"How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?"
] | {
"text": [
"50"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21774 | 5acd750707355d001abf432c | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on... | When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier? | When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier? | [
"When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46549 | 5ad0b0be645df0001a2d0056 | Department_store | The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong Island. At the beginning, the store mainly catered visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families. In 1900, the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Sto... | Who opened the first Chinese-owned hardware store? | Who opened the first Chinese-owned hardware store? | [
"Who opened the first Chinese-owned hardware store? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45063 | 5ace334632bba1001ae49ddb | Sony_Music_Entertainment | In the 1980s to early 1990s, there was a CBS imprint label in the US known as CBS Associated Records. Tony Martell, veteran CBS and Epic Records A&R Vice President was head of this label and signed artists including Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer. Thi... | Martell Tony was the head of which label? | Martell Tony was the head of which label? | [
"Martell Tony was the head of which label?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8587 | 5acdfb1732bba1001ae49933 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five mont... | Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's fall from power? | Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's fall from power? | [
"Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's fall from power?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14301 | 572ecdaac246551400ce46bc | Han_dynasty | To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor monopoly lasted only f... | In what year did Huo Guang die? | In what year did Huo Guang die? | [
"In what year did Huo Guang die?"
] | {
"text": [
"68 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
811
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74518 | 571b532132177014007ea071 | Asphalt | Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an a... | What feature originally covered Alberta? | What feature originally covered Alberta? | [
"What feature originally covered Alberta?"
] | {
"text": [
"ocean"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4917 | 5a74f91a97ca42001a521d91 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their... | When do clergymen wear orange vestments? | When do clergymen wear orange vestments? | [
"When do clergymen wear orange vestments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85619 | 571117b1b654c5140001fb2a | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | In 1986, Nintendo released the Famicom Disk System (FDS) in Japan, a type of floppy drive that uses a single-sided, proprietary 5 cm (2") disk and plugs into the cartridge port. It contains RAM for the game to load into and an extra single-cycle wavetable-lookup sound chip. The disks were originally obtained from kiosk... | What were the storage disks used for? | What were the storage disks used for? | [
"What were the storage disks used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"storing the game and saving progress"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38705 | 570c4b09fed7b91900d4584f | FC_Barcelona | FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey. In 1902, the club won its first trophy, the Copa Macaya, and participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1–2 to Bizcaya in the final. Hans Gamper — now known as Joan Gamper — became club p... | When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club? | When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club? | [
"When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club?"
] | {
"text": [
"1908"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90328 | 5727d6102ca10214002d97ac | Tibet | Qing dynasty rule in Tibet began with their 1720 expedition to the country when they expelled the invading Dzungars. Amdo came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern Kham was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called Ambans to Lhasa. In ... | When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet? | When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet? | [
"When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet?"
] | {
"text": [
"1720"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86908 | 570bd493ec8fbc190045bb48 | Biodiversity | Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, sym... | What type of diversity arrives uninvited? | What type of diversity arrives uninvited? | [
"What type of diversity arrives uninvited?"
] | {
"text": [
"associated diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57059 | 5728c1a84b864d1900164d6a | Apollo | As a god of archery, Apollo was known as Aphetor (/əˈfiːtər/ ə-FEE-tər; Ἀφήτωρ, Aphētōr, from ἀφίημι, "to let loose") or Aphetorus (/əˈfɛtərəs/ ə-FET-ər-əs; Ἀφητόρος, Aphētoros, of the same origin), Argyrotoxus (/ˌɑːrdʒᵻrəˈtɒksəs/ AR-ji-rə-TOK-səs; Ἀργυρότοξος, Argyrotoxos, literally "with silver bow"), Hecaërgus (/ˌhɛ... | As god of archery, Apollo was known by what name? | As god of archery, Apollo was known by what name? | [
"As god of archery, Apollo was known by what name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aphetor"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4596 | 5a610e97e9e1cc001a33ce6a | Pope_John_XXIII | Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued ... | What did Pope Benedict XVI continue the gradual reform of? | What did Pope Benedict XVI continue the gradual reform of? | [
"What did Pope Benedict XVI continue the gradual reform of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58594 | 5a296fa403c0e7001a3e177a | Sanskrit | Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Pāṇinian" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they ... | What is described as Vedic and evolved outof earlier Panini? | What is described as Vedic and evolved outof earlier Panini? | [
"What is described as Vedic and evolved outof earlier Panini?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48439 | 5a83891ae60761001a2eb783 | War_on_Terror | Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series... | What has Richard Ashcroft argued about the "war on terrorism?" | What has Richard Ashcroft argued about the "war on terrorism?" | [
"What has Richard Ashcroft argued about the \"war on terrorism?\""
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84091 | 5a7e379370df9f001a875589 | Translation | The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sabio (Alphonse the Wi... | When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences removed from Latin? | When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences removed from Latin? | [
"When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences removed from Latin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103788 | 5733d858d058e614000b63c7 | Montana | Montana's motto, Oro y Plata, Spanish for "Gold and Silver", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during t... | What is Montana's motto? | What is Montana's motto? | [
"What is Montana's motto? "
] | {
"text": [
"Oro y Plata"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75924 | 5706117a75f01819005e7936 | The_Times | The Times Literary Supplement (TLS) first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times, becoming a separately paid-for weekly literature and society magazine in 1914. The Times and the TLS have continued to be co-owned, and as of 2012 the TLS is also published by News International and cooperates closely with The Time... | The editorial offices of The Times Literary Supplement is based in what location in London? | The editorial offices of The Times Literary Supplement is based in what location in London? | [
"The editorial offices of The Times Literary Supplement is based in what location in London?"
] | {
"text": [
"Times House, Pennington Street"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21352 | 56e6ceb06fe0821900b8eb90 | Adult_contemporary_music | In 1996, Billboard created a new chart called Adult Top 40, which reflects programming on radio stations that exists somewhere between "adult contemporary" music and "pop" music. Although they are sometimes mistaken for each other, the Adult Contemporary chart and the Adult Top 40 chart are separate charts, and songs r... | What chart is the Adult Top 40 chart sometimes confused with? | What chart is the Adult Top 40 chart sometimes confused with? | [
"What chart is the Adult Top 40 chart sometimes confused with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Adult Contemporary"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101260 | 5726d8c75951b619008f7fd5 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy, the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation,) allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania's territory (with the exception of left bank of river S... | How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made? | How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made? | [
"How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eleven days"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92276 | 5a501ebc99b975001ade80df | Asthma | Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarge... | What kind of dysfunction can be seen only in adults with COPD? | What kind of dysfunction can be seen only in adults with COPD? | [
"What kind of dysfunction can be seen only in adults with COPD?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41310 | 5731ea310fdd8d15006c665f | Egypt | Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt. The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world. Al Ahly is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals Zamalek... | In terms of international trophies, whos is the most successful club? | In terms of international trophies, whos is the most successful club? | [
"In terms of international trophies, whos is the most successful club?"
] | {
"text": [
"Al Ahly"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67962 | 573021c8a23a5019007fce04 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of... | What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy? | What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy? | [
"What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?"
] | {
"text": [
"the deerskin trade"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38389 | 572a3bef3f37b319004787fb | Neolithic | Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served... | What were perforated stones used for? | What were perforated stones used for? | [
"What were perforated stones used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"spindle whorls or loom weights"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60045 | 56f990ce9e9bad19000a0adf | Zhejiang | Islam arrived 1,400 years ago in Zhejiang. Today Islam is practiced by a small number of people including virtually all the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang. Another religion present in the province is She shamanism (practiced by She ethnic minority). | How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam? | How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam? | [
"How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam?"
] | {
"text": [
"virtually all"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47859 | 5726a6bedd62a815002e8c04 | Napoleon | In the early morning of 10 April, leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the Inn River and invaded Bavaria. The early Austrian attack surprised the French; Napoleon himself was still in Paris when he heard about the invasion. He arrived at Donauwörth on the 17th to find the Grande Armée in a dangerous position, ... | What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia? | What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia? | [
"What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Battle of Eckmühl"
],
"answer_start": [
780
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23303 | 5ad14105645df0001a2d13e4 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What approach was the only one taken in the 18th century? | What approach was the only one taken in the 18th century? | [
"What approach was the only one taken in the 18th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36917 | 5725b72fec44d21400f3d43d | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely app... | What did the foundation announce in November 2014 | What did the foundation announce in November 2014 | [
"What did the foundation announce in November 2014"
] | {
"text": [
"In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111286 | 5731c01cb9d445190005e503 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome? | Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome? | [
"Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aeneas"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2719 | 57300a5fa23a5019007fcca5 | British_Isles | The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km2, and a combined population of just under 70 mil... | Where are the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey located? | Where are the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey located? | [
"Where are the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey located?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the Channel Islands"
],
"answer_start": [
659
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87696 | 5729d2193f37b3190047857b | IBM | DeveloperWorks is a website run by IBM for software developers and IT professionals. It contains how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-st... | IBM runs what website for software developers? | IBM runs what website for software developers? | [
"IBM runs what website for software developers?"
] | {
"text": [
"DeveloperWorks"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99523 | 56fb61e68ddada1400cd63af | Middle_Ages | The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The sett... | People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula? | People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula? | [
"People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula?"
] | {
"text": [
"Slavic"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
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