gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-100709 | 572e956cc246551400ce4387 | Post-punk | In the mid 1970s, various American groups (some with ties to Downtown Manhattan's punk scene, including Television and Suicide) had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music. Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region's derelict industrial environments, employing conceptual art t... | From what region did the group Devo originate? | From what region did the group Devo originate? | [
"From what region did the group Devo originate? "
] | {
"text": [
"Midwestern"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21002 | 5a75097097ca42001a521dfd | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, as well as six million Spanish language students. Together, this makes the United States of America the second largest Hispanophone count... | 45 million people speak Spanish as a first or second language in what country? | 45 million people speak Spanish as a first or second language in what country? | [
"45 million people speak Spanish as a first or second language in what country? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25721 | 57095c13efce8f15003a7e21 | Copper | Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distributio... | What is the most important market for copper today? | What is the most important market for copper today? | [
"What is the most important market for copper today?"
] | {
"text": [
"Electrical wiring"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96842 | 56e0f150231d4119001ac480 | Canon_law | Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane"). | What is the Greek term for canon? | What is the Greek term for canon? | [
"What is the Greek term for canon?"
] | {
"text": [
"kanon"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71237 | 5acf63c777cf76001a684d27 | University_of_Kansas | The school newspaper of the University of Kansas is University Daily Kansan, which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition, often called "The Pulitzers of College Journalism" in 2007. In Winter 2008, a group of students created KU... | What low profile contest has the Daily Kansan won? | What low profile contest has the Daily Kansan won? | [
"What low profile contest has the Daily Kansan won?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97838 | 5a81ffc731013a001a335099 | Humanism | After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi... | Where was Renaissance humanism against the law? | Where was Renaissance humanism against the law? | [
"Where was Renaissance humanism against the law?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108663 | 572ca113dfb02c14005c6bb5 | Tennessee | In the early 21st century, Republican voters control most of the state, especially in the more rural and suburban areas outside of the cities; Democratic strength is mostly confined to the urban cores of the four major cities, and is particularly strong in the cities of Nashville and Memphis. The latter area includes a... | Which two Tennessee cities are most supportive of the Democratic Party? | Which two Tennessee cities are most supportive of the Democratic Party? | [
"Which two Tennessee cities are most supportive of the Democratic Party?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nashville and Memphis"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50243 | 5aceb4fb32bba1001ae4b0e8 | Neptune | Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared clo... | Who mistook Neptune for Jupiter? | Who mistook Neptune for Jupiter? | [
"Who mistook Neptune for Jupiter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44808 | 56f8c02a9e9bad19000a041e | Gene | Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabo... | What example of post-translational modification of a protein was first described in 1961? | What example of post-translational modification of a protein was first described in 1961? | [
"What example of post-translational modification of a protein was first described in 1961?"
] | {
"text": [
"The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24901 | 56cf3862aab44d1400b88e90 | New_York_City | Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Egypt, Ghana, and Nigeria from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Cent... | Of all the countries in South America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013? | Of all the countries in South America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013? | [
"Of all the countries in South America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ecuador"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22211 | 5a7b6b7321c2de001afe9ffc | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish. For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules i... | What year did the National Archives open to the public? | What year did the National Archives open to the public? | [
"What year did the National Archives open to the public?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59155 | 5a305c33f1f7c7001ab92d70 | A_cappella | Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and ... | Who won the Contemporary A Cappella Society final season? | Who won the Contemporary A Cappella Society final season? | [
"Who won the Contemporary A Cappella Society final season?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2616 | 56d273d059d6e41400146008 | Buddhism | This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. I... | What were the emissaries used for? | What were the emissaries used for? | [
"What were the emissaries used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"to spread Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22937 | 5735c0d8e853931400426b4c | Kathmandu | The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to the King Tribhuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to... | Who was the penultimate king of Nepal? | Who was the penultimate king of Nepal? | [
"Who was the penultimate king of Nepal?"
] | {
"text": [
"Birendra"
],
"answer_start": [
803
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110486 | 57266781dd62a815002e83cb | Professional_wrestling | In Latin America and English-speaking countries, most wrestlers (and other on-stage performers) portray character roles, sometimes with personalities wildly different from their own. These personalities are a gimmick intended to heighten interest in a wrestler without regard to athletic ability. Some can be unrealistic... | What is common apparel in lucha libre? | What is common apparel in lucha libre? | [
"What is common apparel in lucha libre? "
] | {
"text": [
"masks"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101708 | 56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fb | Dog | Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence ... | Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population? | Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population? | [
"Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?"
] | {
"text": [
"Athabascan"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22562 | 5727b9623acd2414000deaa3 | Exhibition_game | An exhibition game (also known as a friendly, a scrimmage, a demonstration, a preseason game, a warmup match, or a preparation match, depending at least in part on the sport) is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player's or the team's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced. In team spor... | What is 'a warmup match' another term for? | What is 'a warmup match' another term for? | [
"What is 'a warmup match' another term for?"
] | {
"text": [
"exhibition game"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109418 | 56dde17c66d3e219004dad88 | Dutch_Republic | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the wo... | Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city? | Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city? | [
"Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amsterdam"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33964 | 5728a5753acd2414000dfbc3 | Alaska | Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. State... | From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges? | From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges? | [
"From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges?"
] | {
"text": [
"mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17485 | 5ad21fd7d7d075001a4284b5 | Spectre_(2015_film) | The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre, marking the group's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's Diamonds Are Forever,[N 2] and tying Craig's series of films together with an overarching storyline. Several recurring James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve M... | Diamonds Aren't Forever was released in what year? | Diamonds Aren't Forever was released in what year? | [
"Diamonds Aren't Forever was released in what year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6438 | 5ad34016604f3c001a3fdbd6 | PlayStation_3 | In December 2008, the CTO of Blitz Games announced that it would bring stereoscopic 3D gaming and movie viewing to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 with its own technology. This was first demonstrated publicly on PS3 using Sony's own technology in January 2009 at the Consumer Electronics Show. Journalists were shown Wipeout ... | Along with Wipeout HD, what game did the press view in 3D in late 2009? | Along with Wipeout HD, what game did the press view in 3D in late 2009? | [
"Along with Wipeout HD, what game did the press view in 3D in late 2009?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98485 | 56f8d2919e9bad19000a059d | Alps | In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu... | When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen? | When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen? | [
"When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen?"
] | {
"text": [
"1930"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33813 | 5a67d93ff038b7001ab0c498 | Film_speed | The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 ... | The weighted average of the luminance and the noise in the electronic gain is defined as what? | The weighted average of the luminance and the noise in the electronic gain is defined as what? | [
"The weighted average of the luminance and the noise in the electronic gain is defined as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62907 | 5acd4df707355d001abf3c8e | Pain | Cultural barriers can also keep a person from telling someone they are in pain. Religious beliefs may prevent the individual from seeking help. They may feel certain pain treatment is against their religion. They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near. Many people fear the stigma of addic... | What can cultural beliefs keep a person from doing? | What can cultural beliefs keep a person from doing? | [
"What can cultural beliefs keep a person from doing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61500 | 5a62309df8d794001af1bebe | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | St. John's is one of the oldest settlements in North America, with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that. It is not, however, the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada, having been preceded by the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids, founded in 1... | What is the oldest settlement in The America's? | What is the oldest settlement in The America's? | [
"What is the oldest settlement in The America's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93560 | 5728a94c4b864d1900164bc2 | Estonia | After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558–... | When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed? | When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed? | [
"When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?"
] | {
"text": [
"4 December 1435"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32109 | 5728e7593acd2414000e019b | Myanmar | Following Thein Sein's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron, the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013, in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community. In a speech at Ch... | What official was the first to visit the grounds of Great Britain from Burma? | What official was the first to visit the grounds of Great Britain from Burma? | [
"What official was the first to visit the grounds of Great Britain from Burma?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thein Sein"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98475 | 56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0594 | Alps | At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is i... | How many people visit the Alps every year? | How many people visit the Alps every year? | [
"How many people visit the Alps every year? "
] | {
"text": [
"over 120 million"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65079 | 5ad13603645df0001a2d1188 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China... | What country is building its coal subsidy? | What country is building its coal subsidy? | [
"What country is building its coal subsidy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23066 | 5ad0cac9645df0001a2d0393 | Human_Development_Index | The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: | What does UNDD stand for? | What does UNDD stand for? | [
"What does UNDD stand for? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111950 | 5727a5574b864d1900163941 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling a... | Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase "Struggle for Existence?" | Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase "Struggle for Existence?" | [
"Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase \"Struggle for Existence?\""
] | {
"text": [
"\"a large and metaphorical sense"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20960 | 56dd36749a695914005b9568 | Prime_minister | In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minis... | What is the Russian term for prime minister? | What is the Russian term for prime minister? | [
"What is the Russian term for prime minister?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chairman of the government"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112289 | 57292b8e6aef051400154b28 | Race_(human_categorization) | The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends... | In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature? | In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature? | [
"In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?"
] | {
"text": [
"European"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22424 | 5a3625b0788daf001a5f875a | Himachal_Pradesh | Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una dist... | Where on the population chart is the Shimla district census wise, after being followed by Tripura? | Where on the population chart is the Shimla district census wise, after being followed by Tripura? | [
"Where on the population chart is the Shimla district census wise, after being followed by Tripura?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114317 | 5726b1655951b619008f7ab9 | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | In January 2008 the Wapping presses printed The Sun for the last time and London printing was transferred to Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, where News International had built what is claimed to be the largest printing centre in Europe with 12 presses. The site also produces The Times and S... | When was The Sun printed on the Wapping presses for the last time? | When was The Sun printed on the Wapping presses for the last time? | [
"When was The Sun printed on the Wapping presses for the last time?"
] | {
"text": [
"January 2008"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104145 | 5ad16e61645df0001a2d1afe | Mandolin | Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which exert more press... | How are teardrop-shaped holes covered or bordered? | How are teardrop-shaped holes covered or bordered? | [
"How are teardrop-shaped holes covered or bordered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82373 | 56e6fca46fe0821900b8ec7e | Daylight_saving_time | Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust... | What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time? | What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time? | [
"What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?"
] | {
"text": [
"summer time"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96464 | 572907f7af94a219006a9fa0 | Paris | After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits. Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse,... | When were the 3 new cemeteries open? | When were the 3 new cemeteries open? | [
"When were the 3 new cemeteries open?"
] | {
"text": [
"1804"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50542 | 572eaf62cb0c0d14000f147f | Neptune | From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Tri... | What is the second most massive Neptunian moon? | What is the second most massive Neptunian moon? | [
"What is the second most massive Neptunian moon? "
] | {
"text": [
"Proteus"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52807 | 5a73b3ec42eae6001a389986 | Political_party | In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' fail... | How likely is it that there was voting fraud in the 1998 election? | How likely is it that there was voting fraud in the 1998 election? | [
"How likely is it that there was voting fraud in the 1998 election?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59747 | 56f92d4b9e9bad19000a07fa | Zhejiang | The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵... | What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form? | What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form? | [
"What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hangzhou Bay"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44823 | 56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0464 | Gene | Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1 | Why do sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome? | Why do sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome? | [
"Why do sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome?"
] | {
"text": [
"because they inherit one complete set from each parent"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60388 | 57300d78b2c2fd14005687b5 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Washington University has over 300 undergraduate student organizations on campus. Most are funded by the Washington University Student Union, which has a $2 million plus annual budget that is completely student-controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country. Known as SU for short, the St... | What percentage of students are involved in Greek life at Washington University? | What percentage of students are involved in Greek life at Washington University? | [
"What percentage of students are involved in Greek life at Washington University?"
] | {
"text": [
"35%"
],
"answer_start": [
954
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1490 | 5731628fe6313a140071ceb3 | Mosaic | A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Tran... | What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons? | What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons? | [
"What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?"
] | {
"text": [
"wax or resin"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34017 | 5728cfe02ca10214002da880 | Alaska | Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the econ... | What are some of Alaska's industrial products? | What are some of Alaska's industrial products? | [
"What are some of Alaska's industrial products?"
] | {
"text": [
"crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16610 | 572a4d0f1d046914007798eb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection? | What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection? | [
"What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?"
] | {
"text": [
"Committee on Social Thought"
],
"answer_start": [
722
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48702 | 5a85ef2cb4e223001a8e7308 | War_on_Terror | The British 16th Air Assault Brigade (later reinforced by Royal Marines) formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Austr... | How many special forces troops were there from Denmark? | How many special forces troops were there from Denmark? | [
"How many special forces troops were there from Denmark?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12871 | 5acff47177cf76001a68660e | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Demo... | What is the Central African Republic also known as? | What is the Central African Republic also known as? | [
"What is the Central African Republic also known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13046 | 56dcfce466d3e219004dab83 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and C... | What ocean connects to the Congo? | What ocean connects to the Congo? | [
"What ocean connects to the Congo?"
] | {
"text": [
"Atlantic Ocean"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101060 | 5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba3 | Hindu_philosophy | Dvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different from Brahman. Brahman exis... | In what century did Nimbarka live? | In what century did Nimbarka live? | [
"In what century did Nimbarka live?"
] | {
"text": [
"13th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42102 | 57288fbf3acd2414000dfb22 | Karl_Popper | He worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children, for w... | When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university? | When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university? | [
"When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?"
] | {
"text": [
"1922"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53638 | 5ad26bbcd7d075001a429363 | Dialect | The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression, A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot ("אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט": "A language is a dialect with an army and navy") in YIVO Bleter 25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the q... | What is illustrated by the frequency by Max Weinreich published his expression? | What is illustrated by the frequency by Max Weinreich published his expression? | [
"What is illustrated by the frequency by Max Weinreich published his expression?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41212 | 57319331497a88190024905b | Egypt | The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later... | Where is the Arab League headquarters? | Where is the Arab League headquarters? | [
"Where is the Arab League headquarters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cairo"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50337 | 572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f8 | Neptune | Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four ... | What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? | What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? | [
"What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? "
] | {
"text": [
"ice giant"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108487 | 572bd7e52babe914003c2956 | Tennessee | The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo, the Spanish explorer, when he and his men passed through an American Indian village named "Tanasqui" in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named... | Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee? | Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee? | [
"Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee?"
] | {
"text": [
"Captain Juan Pardo"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23915 | 572845ec4b864d190016488e | Federalism | Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. ... | In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do? | In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do? | [
"In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?"
] | {
"text": [
"shared sovereignty"
],
"answer_start": [
665
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32553 | 5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f42 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | Who were the first permenat residents of regions near Antarctica? | Who were the first permenat residents of regions near Antarctica? | [
"Who were the first permenat residents of regions near Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99851 | 56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2b | Middle_Ages | Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that... | In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic? | In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic? | [
"In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?"
] | {
"text": [
"1415"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56393 | 5a45a5ff19a820001a1edae2 | Nonprofit_organization | In the United States, two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has an endowment of US$38 billion, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture, which has an endowment of approximately $14.8 billion. Outside the Un... | What was the British Welcome Trust originally funded by? | What was the British Welcome Trust originally funded by? | [
"What was the British Welcome Trust originally funded by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10299 | 56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71e | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other? | What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other? | [
"What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amensalism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11468 | 5727a28c3acd2414000de871 | North_Carolina | According to a Forbes article written in 2013 Employment in the "Old North State" has gained many different industry sectors. See the following article summary: science, technology, energy and math, or STEM, industries in the area surrounding North Carolina's capital have grown 17.9 percent since 2001, placing Raleigh-... | What is the Nickname given to North Carolina? | What is the Nickname given to North Carolina? | [
"What is the Nickname given to North Carolina?"
] | {
"text": [
"Old North State"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94193 | 5727bb46ff5b5019007d939e | Cork_(city) | Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner). It also prints the Evening Echo, which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys, who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper. Today, the shouts of the vendors selling the Echo can stil... | Who are the Echo Boys? | Who are the Echo Boys? | [
"Who are the Echo Boys?"
] | {
"text": [
"poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62623 | 5a7b96bd21c2de001afea186 | Software_testing | Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can en... | Why are alpha version made available to the public? | Why are alpha version made available to the public? | [
"Why are alpha version made available to the public?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50934 | 572ecf2fc246551400ce46c6 | Seven_Years%27_War | Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin... | Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly? | Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly? | [
"Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?"
] | {
"text": [
"he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order."
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92480 | 5730f918e6313a140071cb20 | United_States_Air_Force | "Chopped" units are referred to as forces. The top-level structure of these forces is the Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force (AETF). The AETF is the Air Force presentation of forces to a CCDR for the employment of Air Power. Each CCDR is supported by a standing Component Numbered Air Force (C-NAF) to provide planni... | What does the C-NAF provide support to? | What does the C-NAF provide support to? | [
"What does the C-NAF provide support to?"
] | {
"text": [
"planning and execution of aerospace forces"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62762 | 5acd0acd07355d001abf321b | Pain | People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, b... | What are the scales of the Multiphasic Minnesota Personality Inventory? | What are the scales of the Multiphasic Minnesota Personality Inventory? | [
"What are the scales of the Multiphasic Minnesota Personality Inventory?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53554 | 5ad25c9dd7d075001a428eb7 | Dialect | A nonstandard dialect, like a standard dialect, has a complete vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support. Examples of a nonstandard English dialect are Southern American English, Western Australian English, Scouse and Tyke. The Dialect Test was designed by Joseph Wrigh... | Unlike a nonstandard dialect, what does a standard dialect have? | Unlike a nonstandard dialect, what does a standard dialect have? | [
"Unlike a nonstandard dialect, what does a standard dialect have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36170 | 572f9d1db2c2fd1400568262 | Printed_circuit_board | Semi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the unm... | What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century? | What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century? | [
"What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"General Electric"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99557 | 56fb6507b28b3419009f1d09 | Middle_Ages | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam? | What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam? | [
"What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zoroastrianism"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56575 | 5a0f39abdecec900184754e5 | Geography_of_the_United_States | On average, the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth. The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington, at 692 inches (1,758 cm); the record there was 1,122 inches (2,850 cm) in the winter of 1971–72. This record was broken by the Mt. Baker Ski Area in nort... | Other places significant snowfall in the cascade Range or what? | Other places significant snowfall in the cascade Range or what? | [
"Other places significant snowfall in the cascade Range or what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85902 | 5ad2b00ad7d075001a429f2b | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | Video output connections varied from one model of the console to the next. The original HVC-001 model of the Family Computer featured only radio frequency (RF) modulator output. When the console was released in North America and Europe, support for composite video through RCA connectors was added in addition to the RF ... | The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which input for use in North America and Europe? | The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which input for use in North America and Europe? | [
"The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which input for use in North America and Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41260 | 5731d53d0fdd8d15006c6595 | Egypt | Drinking water supply and sanitation in Egypt is characterised by both achievements and challenges. Among the achievements are an increase of piped water supply between 1990 and 2010 from 89% to 100% in urban areas and from 39% to 93% in rural areas despite rapid population growth, the elimination of open defecation in... | From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to rural areas? | From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to rural areas? | [
"From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to rural areas?"
] | {
"text": [
"39% to 93%"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76184 | 5726ca95f1498d1400e8eb54 | Utrecht | The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town Utrecht was granted city rights by Henry V in 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed through the heart of the town became evermore ca... | What did Utrecht's location allow | What did Utrecht's location allow | [
"What did Utrecht's location allow "
] | {
"text": [
"allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands."
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103275 | 571de4b45569731900639093 | Multiracial_American | During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation H... | What did westerners call the women of Hawaii? | What did westerners call the women of Hawaii? | [
"What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hawaiian squaws"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33074 | 5ad18e11645df0001a2d1f13 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiatio... | What is the lower limit for LER of an incandescent lamp? | What is the lower limit for LER of an incandescent lamp? | [
"What is the lower limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108501 | 572bdc34f182dd1900d7c790 | Tennessee | The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessee's eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The state line between Tennessee and North Carolina crosses... | What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point? | What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point? | [
"What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point?"
] | {
"text": [
"6,643 feet"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60321 | 5ace2d7a32bba1001ae49cc5 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | In the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools, the law school is ranked 18th nationally, out of over 180 law schools. In particular, its Clinical Education Program is currently ranked 4th in the nation. This year, the median score placed the average student in the 96th percentile of test takers. Th... | In 2015 what graduate school was ranked best by US News & World Report? | In 2015 what graduate school was ranked best by US News & World Report? | [
"In 2015 what graduate school was ranked best by US News & World Report?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60880 | 570b2a686b8089140040f7bb | Gregorian_calendar | Because the spring equinox was tied to the date of Easter, the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable. The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon (computed using the Metonic cycle) that falls on or after the vernal equinox, whic... | Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox? | Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox? | [
"Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox?"
] | {
"text": [
"21 March"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94295 | 5a5d6b095e8782001a9d5ef8 | Cork_(city) | Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where ov... | Where is the main area of industry in the north of Ireland? | Where is the main area of industry in the north of Ireland? | [
"Where is the main area of industry in the north of Ireland?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8739 | 5ace059132bba1001ae49983 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945. | Near what town did the RSFSR leave territory in 1944? | Near what town did the RSFSR leave territory in 1944? | [
"Near what town did the RSFSR leave territory in 1944?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79388 | 57278381708984140094dfb9 | Heian_period | The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be... | The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what? | The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what? | [
"The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what?"
] | {
"text": [
"organizational dynamism"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12781 | 5ad30ab4604f3c001a3fdaf9 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex). | How are Cardinal deacons recognized at quarterly Urbi et Orbi papal blessings? | How are Cardinal deacons recognized at quarterly Urbi et Orbi papal blessings? | [
"How are Cardinal deacons recognized at quarterly Urbi et Orbi papal blessings?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108401 | 5acd2c2e07355d001abf37c0 | Aspirated_consonant | Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and... | All of the Dravidian languages have a distinction between what? | All of the Dravidian languages have a distinction between what? | [
"All of the Dravidian languages have a distinction between what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15069 | 572efb57dfa6aa1500f8d519 | Hyderabad | Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became... | What dynasty controlled Hyderabad until the early 18th century? | What dynasty controlled Hyderabad until the early 18th century? | [
"What dynasty controlled Hyderabad until the early 18th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Qutb Shahi dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103874 | 573421c4d058e614000b69aa | Montana | The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various ... | What was the name of the first US Army post? | What was the name of the first US Army post? | [
"What was the name of the first US Army post?"
] | {
"text": [
"Camp Cooke"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99741 | 56fb80728ddada1400cd64a1 | Middle_Ages | Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to th... | Who wrote the Decretum? | Who wrote the Decretum? | [
"Who wrote the Decretum?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gratian"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64596 | 5733ca654776f4190066123e | Portugal | Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) a... | What type of climate does the island of the Azores have? | What type of climate does the island of the Azores have? | [
"What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mediterranean"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11753 | 56fae3818f12f3190063024b | Somalis | A number of writing systems have been used over the years for transcribing the language. Of these, the Somali alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972. The script wa... | Who invented the Osmanya script? | Who invented the Osmanya script? | [
"Who invented the Osmanya script?"
] | {
"text": [
"Osman Yusuf Kenadid"
],
"answer_start": [
782
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109509 | 5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6b | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort? | When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort? | [
"When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12507 | 5733d670d058e614000b6379 | Antibiotics | Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a... | What do vaccines need to work? | What do vaccines need to work? | [
"What do vaccines need to work?"
] | {
"text": [
"immune modulation or augmentation"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56702 | 57279e2cff5b5019007d9123 | Gramophone_record | In the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78 rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled albums, typically with artwork on the front cover and liner notes on the back or inside cover. Most albums included three or four records, with two sides each, making six or eight t... | What is typically found on the front cover of an album? | What is typically found on the front cover of an album? | [
"What is typically found on the front cover of an album?"
] | {
"text": [
"artwork"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11981 | 56e14c5fcd28a01900c67773 | Universal_Studios | In 1928, Laemmle, Sr. made his son, Carl, Jr. head of Universal Pictures as a 21st birthday present. Universal already had a reputation for nepotism—at one time, 70 of Carl, Sr.'s relatives were supposedly on the payroll. Many of them were nephews, resulting in Carl, Sr. being known around the studios as "Uncle Carl." ... | What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's? | What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's? | [
"What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's?"
] | {
"text": [
"William Wyler"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52941 | 5705ea4175f01819005e7755 | Bird_migration | The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps. | What might help migrating birds navigate? | What might help migrating birds navigate? | [
"What might help migrating birds navigate?"
] | {
"text": [
"mental maps"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72506 | 5726881edd62a815002e8863 | Greece | In the 20th century, Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music, with figures such as Iannis Xenakis, Nikos Skalkottas, and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence. At the same time, composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis, Manos H... | What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored? | What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored? | [
"What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zorba the Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43929 | 56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83119 | Kanye_West | On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Alaïa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-... | The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews? | The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews? | [
"The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews?"
] | {
"text": [
"mixed-to-negative"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49637 | 570d6ae3b3d812140066d8b1 | Valencia | About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic locat... | In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre? | In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre? | [
"In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus"
],
"answer_start": [
603
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15603 | 570713c490286e26004fc8cc | Black_people | Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than act... | What is another word for "Light Skinned" | What is another word for "Light Skinned" | [
"What is another word for \"Light Skinned\""
] | {
"text": [
"mulatto"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101570 | 56d9a199dc89441400fdb652 | Dog | A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine... | What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs? | What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs? | [
"What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?"
] | {
"text": [
"dark"
],
"answer_start": [
890
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5894 | 57268c14dd62a815002e891e | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and E... | In what years was the Great Famine? | In what years was the Great Famine? | [
"In what years was the Great Famine?"
] | {
"text": [
"1315–1317"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85540 | 572835132ca10214002da0be | European_Central_Bank | The ECB's first supplementary longer-term refinancing operation (LTRO) with a six-month maturity was announced March 2008. Previously the longest tender offered was three months. It announced two 3-month and one 6-month full allotment of Long Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs). The first tender was settled 3 April, an... | When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered? | When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered? | [
"When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered?"
] | {
"text": [
"March 2008"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
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