gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-89604 | 572fd16804bcaa1900d76d88 | The_Blitz | British air doctrine, since the time of Chief of the Air Staff Hugh Trenchard in the early 1920s, had stressed offence was the best means of defence. British defensive strategy revolved around offensive action, what became known as the cult of the offensive. To prevent German formations from hitting targets in Britain,... | What was wrong with the anti aircraft units? | What was wrong with the anti aircraft units? | [
"What was wrong with the anti aircraft units?"
] | {
"text": [
"poorly equipped and lacking in numbers"
],
"answer_start": [
891
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109640 | 5728f514af94a219006a9e5f | Samurai | Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than ... | What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in? | What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in? | [
"What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jesuit"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59608 | 5726be1add62a815002e8f12 | Electric_motor | Doubly fed electric motors have two independent multiphase winding sets, which contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process, with at least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed operation. Two independent multiphase winding sets (i.e., dual armature) are the max... | What is one of the independent multiphase winding sets configured for? | What is one of the independent multiphase winding sets configured for? | [
"What is one of the independent multiphase winding sets configured for?"
] | {
"text": [
"variable speed operation"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97646 | 56d39abf59d6e414001467fd | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precurs... | Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who? | Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who? | [
"Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?"
] | {
"text": [
"Elsner"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41795 | 56d65c671c850414009470bc | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (刘绍坤), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008 for "disseminating rumors and destroying social order" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu’s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, ... | Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy? | Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy? | [
"Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy?"
] | {
"text": [
"in a media interview"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1914 | 570b4c3c6b8089140040f864 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries (primarily the United States and its principal allies) to neutralize international terrorist groups (primarily Islamic Extremist terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda) and ensure that countries considered by the US and some of its allies to ... | Since the start of the war on Terrorism, attacks on US service members have occurred in which two US states? | Since the start of the war on Terrorism, attacks on US service members have occurred in which two US states? | [
"Since the start of the war on Terrorism, attacks on US service members have occurred in which two US states?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arkansas and Texas"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73316 | 56db1edbe7c41114004b4d95 | American_Idol | Season seven premiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants, the so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Con... | Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract? | Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract? | [
"Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract?"
] | {
"text": [
"Carly Smithson"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12590 | 5ad2e74a604f3c001a3fd95d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted ... | Who reasserted the earliest influence of temporal subjects? | Who reasserted the earliest influence of temporal subjects? | [
"Who reasserted the earliest influence of temporal subjects?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112911 | 570b30386b8089140040f7f3 | Xbox_360 | Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models; the Xbox 360 S (also referred to as the "Slim") replaced the original "Elite" and "Arcade" models in 2010. The S model carries a smaller, streamlined appearance with an angular case, and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to allevi... | By what other name is the 360 S model known? | By what other name is the 360 S model known? | [
"By what other name is the 360 S model known?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Slim\""
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70499 | 56dfddab7aa994140058e1e3 | Pub | By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and sp... | What is another name for the lounge bar? | What is another name for the lounge bar? | [
"What is another name for the lounge bar?"
] | {
"text": [
"saloon"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115577 | 59fb1ceeee36d60018400d10 | England_national_football_team | To begin with, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908. Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, ... | What was the name of one of the home stadiums England played in prior to 1923? | What was the name of one of the home stadiums England played in prior to 1923? | [
"What was the name of one of the home stadiums England played in prior to 1923?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61273 | 572efb9cc246551400ce4820 | Flowering_plant | The apparently sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record initially posed such a problem for the theory of evolution that it was called an "abominable mystery" by Charles Darwin. However, the fossil record has considerably grown since the time of Darwin, and recently discovered angiosperm fossils s... | What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record? | What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record? | [
"What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record?"
] | {
"text": [
"abominable mystery"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18986 | 572fd9cd04bcaa1900d76dc6 | Premier_League | The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world, with total club revenues of €2.48 billion in 2009–10. In 2013–14, due to improved television revenues and cost controls, the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues. In 2010 the Premier ... | What were some of the reasons for the increased revenues in 2013-14? | What were some of the reasons for the increased revenues in 2013-14? | [
"What were some of the reasons for the increased revenues in 2013-14?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97601 | 56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0fa | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka o... | What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz? | What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz? | [
"What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?"
] | {
"text": [
"faster tempos"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104302 | 5728a9a74b864d1900164bd2 | Mandolin | The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European c... | What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of? | What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of? | [
"What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of? "
] | {
"text": [
"violin"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97400 | 56cc100b6d243a140015ee8c | Frédéric_Chopin | During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839–43, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and com... | Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano? | Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano? | [
"Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pauline Viardot"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19109 | 572fe742947a6a140053cdce | Premier_League | The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports. Premier League viewership has increased rapidly, with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014–15 season, up 118% from 2012–13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN/ESPN2 (220,000 viewers), and NBC Sports has been wi... | How many years did NBC Sports receive an extension for with the Premier League in 2015? | How many years did NBC Sports receive an extension for with the Premier League in 2015? | [
"How many years did NBC Sports receive an extension for with the Premier League in 2015?"
] | {
"text": [
"NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21237 | 5a774ac42d6d7f001a4a9fb4 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish, following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov. Moreover, non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic maj... | How much did advertising for the English market increase from 1999 to 2000. | How much did advertising for the English market increase from 1999 to 2000. | [
"How much did advertising for the English market increase from 1999 to 2000."
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52147 | 5ad38d80604f3c001a3fe5f0 | Miami | Several large companies are headquartered in or around Miami, including but not limited to: Akerman Senterfitt, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Arrow Air, Bacardi, Benihana, Brightstar Corporation, Burger King, Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Carnival Cruise Lines, Crispin Porter + Bogusky, Duany Plater-Zyberk & Co... | Approximately how many multinationals have their English American operation headquarters in Miami? | Approximately how many multinationals have their English American operation headquarters in Miami? | [
"Approximately how many multinationals have their English American operation headquarters in Miami?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108118 | 56e42e3739bdeb1400347920 | Estonian_language | Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writ... | From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis? | From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis? | [
"From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis?"
] | {
"text": [
"standard German orthography"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98691 | 57268cd2f1498d1400e8e371 | Marvel_Comics | With the new millennium, Marvel Comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force #119 (October 2001). Marvel also crea... | What was the first book published under this new ratings system? | What was the first book published under this new ratings system? | [
"What was the first book published under this new ratings system?"
] | {
"text": [
"X-Force #119"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21238 | 5a774ac42d6d7f001a4a9fb5 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish, following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov. Moreover, non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic maj... | What language is used in the State of the Union? | What language is used in the State of the Union? | [
"What language is used in the State of the Union?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13973 | 5a835b79e60761001a2eb617 | BBC_Television | While the "footprint" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels "free-to-air" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved... | What was smaller than the footprint of the Astra 2D satellite? | What was smaller than the footprint of the Astra 2D satellite? | [
"What was smaller than the footprint of the Astra 2D satellite?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70039 | 5ad4a204ba00c4001a268e89 | Windows_8 | In June 2014, state broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV) broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security. The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan, who stated that operating systems could aggregate "sensitive user information" that could be used to "understand the... | What does CTCV stand for? | What does CTCV stand for? | [
"What does CTCV stand for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92135 | 57280b532ca10214002d9c7a | Asthma | Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are u... | What are the characteristics of asthma? | What are the characteristics of asthma? | [
"What are the characteristics of asthma?"
] | {
"text": [
"recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49590 | 570d5dadb3d812140066d757 | Valencia | The Valencia Metro derailment occurred on 3 July 2006 at 1 pm. CEST (1100 UTC) between Jesús and Plaça d'Espanya stations on Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. 43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured. It was not immediately clear what caused the crash. Both the Valencian government ... | Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous? | Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous? | [
"Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40362 | 5ad68d9c191832001aa7b1a9 | Paper | The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing b... | What process doesn't change the properties of the fibres used in papermaking? | What process doesn't change the properties of the fibres used in papermaking? | [
"What process doesn't change the properties of the fibres used in papermaking?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111039 | 5a81d44431013a001a334f10 | Group_(mathematics) | For any prime number p, there is also the multiplicative group of integers modulo p. Its elements are the integers 1 to p − 1. The group operation is multiplication modulo p. That is, the usual product is divided by p and the remainder of this division is the result of modular multiplication. For example, if p = 5, the... | What is p divided by? | What is p divided by? | [
"What is p divided by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9399 | 5a6b9825a9e0c9001a4e9f92 | Myocardial_infarction | Tobacco smoking (including secondhand smoke) and short-term exposure to air pollution such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide (but not ozone) have been associated with MI. Other factors that increase the risk of MI and are associated with worse outcomes after an MI include lack of physical activit... | What forms of air pollution does smoking tobacco cause? | What forms of air pollution does smoking tobacco cause? | [
"What forms of air pollution does smoking tobacco cause?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108523 | 572cad3cdfb02c14005c6bfb | Tennessee | Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate, with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians, which are classified as having a mountain temperate climate or a humid continental climate due to cooler temperatures. The Gulf of Mexico is the dominant factor in the climate of Tennessee, with w... | What is Tennessee's average annual precipitation in inches? | What is Tennessee's average annual precipitation in inches? | [
"What is Tennessee's average annual precipitation in inches?"
] | {
"text": [
"50"
],
"answer_start": [
713
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12798 | 5ad30688604f3c001a3fdad9 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given t... | Where do Cardinal deacons not originally derive from? | Where do Cardinal deacons not originally derive from? | [
"Where do Cardinal deacons not originally derive from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63050 | 572b8919f75d5e190021fe39 | Czech_language | Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years, and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century. A biblical translation, the Kralice Bible, was published during the late sixteenth century (around the time of the King James and Luther versions) whic... | When was the Kralice Bible published? | When was the Kralice Bible published? | [
"When was the Kralice Bible published?"
] | {
"text": [
"late sixteenth century"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40609 | 5ad69176191832001aa7b23a | Paper | Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the... | What percentage of harvested bushes are used in the manufacturing of paper? | What percentage of harvested bushes are used in the manufacturing of paper? | [
"What percentage of harvested bushes are used in the manufacturing of paper?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30511 | 5ace21e832bba1001ae49b72 | Appalachian_Mountains | The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about 2,000 ft (600 m) in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) and then diminishes in height southward to th... | What is the lowest point in the commonwealth? | What is the lowest point in the commonwealth? | [
"What is the lowest point in the commonwealth?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59564 | 5726b731dd62a815002e8dca | Electric_motor | When used with a load that has a torque curve that increases with speed, the motor will operate at the speed where the torque developed by the motor is equal to the load torque. Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up, and increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque ... | Where are slip losses dissipated? | Where are slip losses dissipated? | [
"Where are slip losses dissipated?"
] | {
"text": [
"secondary resistors"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63216 | 5a7a50b117ab25001a8a04d8 | Czech_language | The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix—for example, the imperfective psát (to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective napsat (to write down, to finish writing). The most common prefixes are na-, o-, po-, s-, u... | What might prefixes have happen to make other imperfective verbs? | What might prefixes have happen to make other imperfective verbs? | [
"What might prefixes have happen to make other imperfective verbs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38580 | 5acd158a07355d001abf33f2 | Materialism | Scientific "Materialism" is often synonymous with, and has so far been described, as being a reductive materialism. In recent years, Paul and Patricia Churchland have advocated a radically contrasting position (at least, in regards to certain hypotheses); eliminativist materialism holds that some mental phenomena simpl... | Reductive materialism is not synonymous with what? | Reductive materialism is not synonymous with what? | [
"Reductive materialism is not synonymous with what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28126 | 57319038a5e9cc1400cdc097 | Steven_Spielberg | Next, Spielberg teamed with Star Wars creator and friend George Lucas on an action adventure film, Raiders of the Lost Ark, the first of the Indiana Jones films. The archaeologist and adventurer hero Indiana Jones was played by Harrison Ford (whom Lucas had previously cast in his Star Wars films as Han Solo). The film ... | When did the first Indiana Jones movie come out? | When did the first Indiana Jones movie come out? | [
"When did the first Indiana Jones movie come out?"
] | {
"text": [
"1981"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67576 | 5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bd8 | Norfolk_Island | After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the ... | When was the Commonwealth of Australia created? | When was the Commonwealth of Australia created? | [
"When was the Commonwealth of Australia created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1901"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52547 | 5a3abca93ff257001ab8422f | Planck_constant | The "photoelectrons" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (corresponding to a photon energy t... | What is infused as a result of the photoneutral effect? | What is infused as a result of the photoneutral effect? | [
"What is infused as a result of the photoneutral effect?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91101 | 572ac792111d821400f38d62 | John_Kerry | Kerry said on September 9 in response to a reporter's question about whether Syrian President Bashar al-Assad could avert a military strike: "He could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week. Turn it over, all of it, without delay, and allow a full and total ac... | When did the UN Security Council order Syria's chemical weapons be destroyed? | When did the UN Security Council order Syria's chemical weapons be destroyed? | [
"When did the UN Security Council order Syria's chemical weapons be destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 28"
],
"answer_start": [
1016
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91161 | 5726b81fdd62a815002e8e07 | Avicenna | The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries ... | Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm? | Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm? | [
"Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?"
] | {
"text": [
"Al-Biruni"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89205 | 56dfc4a47aa994140058e179 | Hunter-gatherer | Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniqu... | What do some agriculturalists often do? | What do some agriculturalists often do? | [
"What do some agriculturalists often do?"
] | {
"text": [
"hunt and gather"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1594 | 57317f98e6313a140071cfcd | Mosaic | An exceptionally well preserved, carpet-like mosaic floor was uncovered in 1949 in Bethany, the early Byzantine church of the Lazarium which was built between 333 and 390. Because of its purely geometrical pattern, the church floor is to be grouped with other mosaics of the time in Palestine and neighboring areas, espe... | A church was built on top of the Byzantine church of the Lazarium in waht century? | A church was built on top of the Byzantine church of the Lazarium in waht century? | [
"A church was built on top of the Byzantine church of the Lazarium in waht century?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 6th"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51048 | 570a82334103511400d597b7 | Old_English | Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works ... | What people brought Old English to Britain? | What people brought Old English to Britain? | [
"What people brought Old English to Britain?"
] | {
"text": [
"Anglo-Saxon settlers"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106835 | 572687e3708984140094c8ff | East_India_Company | Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access t... | Are you able to search most of the records online today? | Are you able to search most of the records online today? | [
"Are you able to search most of the records online today?"
] | {
"text": [
"The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18153 | 570db36a16d0071400510d01 | Eritrea | In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World... | What was the longest line in the world during its time? | What was the longest line in the world during its time? | [
"What was the longest line in the world during its time?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Asmara–Massawa Cableway"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79911 | 570641f775f01819005e7ad8 | MP3 | Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s. | What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows? | What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows? | [
"What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows?"
] | {
"text": [
"640 kbit/s"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75614 | 5acfcf1477cf76001a686115 | Cubism | In Du "Cubisme" Metzinger and Gleizes explicitly related the sense of time to multiple perspective, giving symbolic expression to the notion of ‘duration’ proposed by the philosopher Henri Bergson according to which life is subjectively experienced as a continuum, with the past flowing into the present and the present ... | The Cubist didn't use what kind of treatment of space and time? | The Cubist didn't use what kind of treatment of space and time? | [
" The Cubist didn't use what kind of treatment of space and time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6880 | 5ad4d5b75b96ef001a10a293 | Red | Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune t... | What five elements is the world made of according to the Ming dynasty? | What five elements is the world made of according to the Ming dynasty? | [
"What five elements is the world made of according to the Ming dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48526 | 5a85b666b4e223001a8e71a8 | War_on_Terror | The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an in... | When do NATO forces have to leave Afghanistan by? | When do NATO forces have to leave Afghanistan by? | [
"When do NATO forces have to leave Afghanistan by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55607 | 5acfd5f877cf76001a68627a | Presbyterianism | Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's l... | In what year was the Presbyterian Church in Colonial America established? | In what year was the Presbyterian Church in Colonial America established? | [
"In what year was the Presbyterian Church in Colonial America established?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113436 | 5a87aa881d3cee001a6a12c5 | Vacuum | Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temper... | What kind of filament does the RTD use? | What kind of filament does the RTD use? | [
"What kind of filament does the RTD use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49697 | 56cc36926d243a140015eecf | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618–907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders bet... | Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? | Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? | [
"Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? "
] | {
"text": [
"The Yarlung rulers of Tibet"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40249 | 572bbb82111d821400f38f62 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Yale and New Haven are working to build a medical and biotechnology research hub in the city and Greater New Haven region, and are succeeding to some extent.[citation needed] The city, state and Yale together run Science Park, a large site three blocks northwest of Yale's Science Hill campus. This multi-block site, app... | What is the name of the collaborated project between Yale University, Connecticut and New Haven city? | What is the name of the collaborated project between Yale University, Connecticut and New Haven city? | [
"What is the name of the collaborated project between Yale University, Connecticut and New Haven city? "
] | {
"text": [
"Science Park"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88661 | 56db75c2e7c41114004b5149 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming t... | Who attended the celebrations? | Who attended the celebrations? | [
"Who attended the celebrations?"
] | {
"text": [
"IOC"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20855 | 5acfa94777cf76001a685794 | Prime_minister | In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission ... | What war took place in the 1700's? | What war took place in the 1700's? | [
"What war took place in the 1700's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90907 | 572a98e6111d821400f38c1e | John_Kerry | In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small ... | When did Kerry run for president? | When did Kerry run for president? | [
"When did Kerry run for president?"
] | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110440 | 57265f5df1498d1400e8dd96 | Professional_wrestling | Illegal pinning methods include using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing, which are therefore popular cheating methods for heels, unless certain stipulations make such an advantage legal. Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee (as they have to see if their shoulders are down) and are ... | What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee? | What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee? | [
"What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee? "
] | {
"text": [
"results in nullification of the pin attempt,"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47349 | 5726f9a1708984140094d769 | Madonna_(entertainer) | Influences also came to her from the art world, most notably through the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. The music video of the song "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo. Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka's Art Deco paintings and has included them in ... | Madonna collects whose painting? | Madonna collects whose painting? | [
"Madonna collects whose painting?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tamara de Lempicka"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95119 | 56df7fea56340a1900b29c5c | Alexander_Graham_Bell | Intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with a live subject, the family's Skye Terrier, "Trouve". After he taught it to growl continuously, Bell would reach into its mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and vocal cords to produce a crude-sounding "Ow ah oo ga ma ma". With little convincin... | What did Bell instruct his dog to do? | What did Bell instruct his dog to do? | [
"What did Bell instruct his dog to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"growl continuously"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101485 | 56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d83169 | Dog | Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species (variously supposed as being the dhole, golden jackal, or gray wolf), extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago. Being the old... | Testing revealed today's dogs trace back by how many years? | Testing revealed today's dogs trace back by how many years? | [
"Testing revealed today's dogs trace back by how many years?"
] | {
"text": [
"40,000"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32614 | 570e0f250dc6ce1900204dad | Antarctica | In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "t... | When did the most widespread melting of ice occur? | When did the most widespread melting of ice occur? | [
"When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114264 | 57269d17708984140094cbc7 | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | On 7 July 2004, in response to verbal attacks in Liverpool on Wayne Rooney, just before his transfer from Everton to Manchester United, who had sold his life story to The Sun, the paper devoted a full-page editorial to an apology for the "awful error" of its Hillsborough coverage and argued that Rooney (who was still o... | What was Rooney's age at the time of the Hillsborough disaster? | What was Rooney's age at the time of the Hillsborough disaster? | [
"What was Rooney's age at the time of the Hillsborough disaster?"
] | {
"text": [
"three years old"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4630 | 572806282ca10214002d9bd9 | Pope_John_XXIII | On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While i... | When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize? | When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize? | [
"When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize?"
] | {
"text": [
"10 May 1963"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33864 | 57285d362ca10214002da2bc | Alaska | The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotze... | What resource is the North Slope known for? | What resource is the North Slope known for? | [
"What resource is the North Slope known for?"
] | {
"text": [
"massive reserves of crude oil"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108391 | 5acd2b2a07355d001abf379f | Aspirated_consonant | Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has ... | Sanskrit has a three-way distinction in what? | Sanskrit has a three-way distinction in what? | [
"Sanskrit has a three-way distinction in what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28084 | 5ad4b0075b96ef001a109d96 | Steven_Spielberg | Based on the strength of his work, Universal signed Spielberg to do four TV films. The first was a Richard Matheson adaptation called Duel. The film is about a psychotic Peterbilt 281 tanker truck driver who chases the terrified driver (Dennis Weaver) of a small Plymouth Valiant and tries to run him off the road. Speci... | Who starred as the father in The Sugarland Express? | Who starred as the father in The Sugarland Express? | [
"Who starred as the father in The Sugarland Express?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15825 | 57341e404776f419006618c3 | Infection | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "R... | Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected? | Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected? | [
"Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected?"
] | {
"text": [
"Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18189 | 570db7e416d0071400510d33 | Eritrea | Eritrea can be split into three ecoregions. To the east of the highlands are the hot, arid coastal plains stretching down to the southeast of the country. The cooler, more fertile highlands, reaching up to 3000m has a different habitat. Habitats here vary from the sub-tropical rainforest at Filfil Solomona to the preci... | How many ecoregions make up Eritrea? | How many ecoregions make up Eritrea? | [
"How many ecoregions make up Eritrea?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106006 | 56e0f5587aa994140058e81b | Space_Race | The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn's: Aurora 7 on May 24, 1962 duplicated Glenn's three orbits; Sigma 7 on October 3, 1962, six orbits; and Faith 7 on May 15, 1963, 22 orbits (32.4 hours), the maximum capability of the spacecraft. NASA at first intended to launch one more mission, extendi... | How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's? | How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's? | [
"How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's?"
] | {
"text": [
"3"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74712 | 570e5b3b0dc6ce1900204f8a | Melbourne | Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the... | Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase? | Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase? | [
"Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase?"
] | {
"text": [
"1945"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20038 | 573398ebd058e614000b5e68 | University_of_Notre_Dame | A Science Hall was built in 1883 under the direction of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as "LaFortune" or "LaFun," it is a 4-story building of 83,000 square feet that provides the... | After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named? | After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named? | [
"After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named?"
] | {
"text": [
"Joseph LaFortune"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56777 | 5727bd22ff5b5019007d93e0 | Gramophone_record | Eventually the 12-inch (300 mm) 33 1⁄3 rpm LP prevailed as the predominant format for musical albums, and 10-inch LPs were no longer issued. The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP record was an album called Hall of Fame, CL 2600, issued on October 26, 1956, containing six songs, on... | Did the 45 rpm or 12 inch disc offer longer playing time? | Did the 45 rpm or 12 inch disc offer longer playing time? | [
"Did the 45 rpm or 12 inch disc offer longer playing time?"
] | {
"text": [
"12-inch LP"
],
"answer_start": [
886
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70979 | 56e782a500c9c71400d771f7 | University_of_Kansas | On February 20, 1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund and a site for the university, in or near the town, of not less than forty acres (16 ha) of land. If Lawrence failed to meet... | What competing city was next in line if Lawrence would have been unable to meet the requirements necessary to get KU built in its city? | What competing city was next in line if Lawrence would have been unable to meet the requirements necessary to get KU built in its city? | [
"What competing city was next in line if Lawrence would have been unable to meet the requirements necessary to get KU built in its city?"
] | {
"text": [
"Emporia"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106507 | 57261cc4271a42140099d491 | Hellenistic_period | Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New... | How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes? | How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes? | [
"How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?"
] | {
"text": [
"12-month"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21486 | 5730a771069b53140083220b | Sumer | Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Neo-Sumerian Empire or Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance) approximately 2100-2000 BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use. The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is considered to have been the world's first city, where ... | What language was in use in the Neo-Sumerian Empire? | What language was in use in the Neo-Sumerian Empire? | [
"What language was in use in the Neo-Sumerian Empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"Akkadian"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15872 | 5a82fd94e60761001a2eb2d4 | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | What can organisms never be directly identified by? | What can organisms never be directly identified by? | [
"What can organisms never be directly identified by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10291 | 56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b632 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasi... | What is it called when parasites need their host to live? | What is it called when parasites need their host to live? | [
"What is it called when parasites need their host to live?"
] | {
"text": [
"biotrophic"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112308 | 57292f37af94a219006aa168 | Race_(human_categorization) | The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who... | What is the word "Latino" often used as a synonym for? | What is the word "Latino" often used as a synonym for? | [
"What is the word \"Latino\" often used as a synonym for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hispanic"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52868 | 5727ac44ff5b5019007d9245 | Political_party | There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25%... | Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding? | Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding? | [
"Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?"
] | {
"text": [
"25%"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110530 | 572670f2708984140094c616 | Professional_wrestling | The women's division of professional wrestling has maintained a recognized world champion since 1937, when Mildred Burke won the original World Women's title. She then formed the World Women's Wrestling Association in the early 1950s and recognized herself as the first champion, although the championship would be vacat... | What did Mildred Burke form? | What did Mildred Burke form? | [
"What did Mildred Burke form?"
] | {
"text": [
"Women's Wrestling Association"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39218 | 5731f0f0b9d445190005e6c9 | Protestantism | Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley—an Anglican priest and evangelist. This evangelical movement originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout ... | Who was the inspiration for Methodism? | Who was the inspiration for Methodism? | [
"Who was the inspiration for Methodism?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Wesley"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34103 | 5ad41050604f3c001a400196 | Alaska | Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry... | Which part of Alaska has a road system connecting it to other areas? | Which part of Alaska has a road system connecting it to other areas? | [
"Which part of Alaska has a road system connecting it to other areas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43204 | 5a86079eb4e223001a8e73cb | Poultry | The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domes... | Why are quails always silent? | Why are quails always silent? | [
"Why are quails always silent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109028 | 5726ebab708984140094d600 | Literature | A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate infor... | Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians? | Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians? | [
"Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?"
] | {
"text": [
"Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29704 | 5ad17151645df0001a2d1bb7 | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their po... | What church did Mary give The Theotokia to? | What church did Mary give The Theotokia to? | [
"What church did Mary give The Theotokia to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100883 | 572787165951b619008f8c5f | Hindu_philosophy | Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita, the s... | How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu? | How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu? | [
"How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu?"
] | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86536 | 5a78822bb73996001af5a6b7 | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. | What year was the Institute of British Architects removed? | What year was the Institute of British Architects removed? | [
"What year was the Institute of British Architects removed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105149 | 5726eab6f1498d1400e8efce | History_of_science | The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural wo... | What kind of phenomena does science study? | What kind of phenomena does science study? | [
"What kind of phenomena does science study?"
] | {
"text": [
"real world"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93964 | 572e9c50c246551400ce43d4 | Cyprus | According to the latest International Monetary Fund estimates, its per capita GDP (adjusted for purchasing power) at $30,769 is just above the average of the European Union.[citation needed] Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its low tax rates. Tourism, financial services and shipping ... | What is the per capita GDP of Cyprus given by the IMF? | What is the per capita GDP of Cyprus given by the IMF? | [
"What is the per capita GDP of Cyprus given by the IMF?"
] | {
"text": [
"$30,769"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14364 | 572ee81bdfa6aa1500f8d4b9 | Han_dynasty | General Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside. He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works, taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee. After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian, ... | What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to? | What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to? | [
"What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Emperor Xian"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106164 | 5725c25489a1e219009abe02 | Hellenistic_period | The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisi... | Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia? | Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia? | [
"Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Seleucus"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98661 | 5726888e708984140094c924 | Marvel_Comics | Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the comic book boom of the early 1990s, launching the successful 2099 line of comics set in the future (Spider-Man 2099, etc.) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Cli... | What trading card company did Marvel team up with to license these trading cards? | What trading card company did Marvel team up with to license these trading cards? | [
"What trading card company did Marvel team up with to license these trading cards?"
] | {
"text": [
"SkyBox International"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114184 | 57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d6 | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it mi... | Who did the Sun support in 1974? | Who did the Sun support in 1974? | [
"Who did the Sun support in 1974?"
] | {
"text": [
"Edward Heath"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33810 | 5a67d93ff038b7001ab0c495 | Film_speed | The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 ... | What are the individual pixels defined by? | What are the individual pixels defined by? | [
"What are the individual pixels defined by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14956 | 5ad3d77b604f3c001a3ff350 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Isabelle Stengers wrote that "Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education." Indeed, in recent deca... | Who was one of the last theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas? | Who was one of the last theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas? | [
"Who was one of the last theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89519 | 572f8b28b2c2fd14005681d0 | The_Blitz | Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage, the problem for the Luftwaffe was its unclear strategy and poor intelligence. OKL had not been informed that Britain was to be considered a potential opponent until early 1938. It had no time to gather reliable intelligence on Britain's industries. Moreover, OK... | What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain? | What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain? | [
"What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain?"
] | {
"text": [
"failure before it began"
],
"answer_start": [
915
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16527 | 573191a8a5e9cc1400cdc0cc | Muammar_Gaddafi | Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female Amazonian Guard, who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy. However, according to psychologist Seham Sergewa, after the civil war several of the guards told her they had been pressured into joining and raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. He hired several U... | In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard? | In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard? | [
"In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard?"
] | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105691 | 572ec5f7cb0c0d14000f1536 | Compact_disc | Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD... | When did Audio CDs become available for purchase? | When did Audio CDs become available for purchase? | [
"When did Audio CDs become available for purchase?"
] | {
"text": [
"1982"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
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