gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-101325 | 5ad286a9d7d075001a4298ef | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as "Fascist propaganda". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that "there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being electe... | Who accepted the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany? | Who accepted the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany? | [
"Who accepted the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116141 | 5a68ba408476ee001a58a7c6 | Punjab,_Pakistan | There are 48 departments in Punjab government. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. All Secretaries report to the Chief Secretary of Punjab, who is... | What does the Chief Minister send to the Chief Secretary? | What does the Chief Minister send to the Chief Secretary? | [
"What does the Chief Minister send to the Chief Secretary?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92978 | 5aced97e32bba1001ae4b756 | Tajikistan | The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain ... | Accusers believed that Vice President Emomalii Rahmon did what? | Accusers believed that Vice President Emomalii Rahmon did what? | [
"Accusers believed that Vice President Emomalii Rahmon did what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87991 | 572bfa9ef182dd1900d7c7a3 | God | The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant eit... | What language does the English word God come from? | What language does the English word God come from? | [
"What language does the English word God come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"German"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107650 | 5acf6cae77cf76001a684de8 | Umayyad_Caliphate | The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية, trans. Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: الأمويون, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بنو أمية, Banū ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya"), hailing from ... | How many square miles big was the Umayyad Caliphate at it's smallest? | How many square miles big was the Umayyad Caliphate at it's smallest? | [
"How many square miles big was the Umayyad Caliphate at it's smallest?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46680 | 5ad0c5ea645df0001a2d02b5 | Department_store | In the 21st century the most famous department store in Russia is GUM in Moscow, followed by TsUM and the Petrovsky Passage. Other popular stores are Mega (shopping malls), Stockmann, and Marks & Spencer. Media Markt, M-video, Technosila, and White Wind (Beliy Veter) sell large number of electronic devices. In St. Pete... | What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the current Soviet Union? | What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the current Soviet Union? | [
"What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the current Soviet Union?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7219 | 5ad502c35b96ef001a10a974 | Red | After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sic... | What happened in 1950? | What happened in 1950? | [
"What happened in 1950?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63570 | 57261c35271a42140099d488 | Buckingham_Palace | Court presentations of aristocratic young ladies to the monarch took place at the palace from the reign of Edward VII. These young women were known as débutantes, and the occasion—termed their "coming out"—represented their first entrée into society. Débutantes wore full court dress, with three tall ostrich feathers in... | After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with? | After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with? | [
"After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with?"
] | {
"text": [
"less formal afternoon receptions"
],
"answer_start": [
633
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49496 | 570d3ebefed7b91900d45d8d | Valencia | Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron... | What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle? | What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle? | [
"What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?"
] | {
"text": [
"20"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110776 | 573023baa23a5019007fce30 | Iran | Shiraz, with a population of around 1.4 million (2011 census), is the sixth major city of Iran. It is the capital of Fars Province, and was also a former capital of Iran. The area was greatly influenced by the Babylonian civilization, and after the emergence of the ancient Persians, soon came to be known as Persis. Per... | What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province? | What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province? | [
"What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province?"
] | {
"text": [
"Babylonian civilization"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6323 | 5ad33cdf604f3c001a3fdb86 | PlayStation_3 | The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports, three Ethernet ports and six USB ports; however, when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006, these were reduced to one HDMI port, one Ethernet port and four USB ports, presumably to cut costs. Two hardware configurations were also announced f... | By the time the system appeared at E3 2005, how many Ethernet ports was it down to? | By the time the system appeared at E3 2005, how many Ethernet ports was it down to? | [
"By the time the system appeared at E3 2005, how many Ethernet ports was it down to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53892 | 56dde17c9a695914005b9640 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. | Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces? | Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces? | [
"Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?"
] | {
"text": [
"Queen Elizabeth II"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6461 | 5ad2df1bd7d075001a42a59e | PlayStation_3 | PlayStation 3 uses the Cell microprocessor, designed by Sony, Toshiba and IBM, as its CPU, which is made up of one 3.2 GHz PowerPC-based "Power Processing Element" (PPE) and eight Synergistic Processing Elements (SPEs). The eighth SPE is disabled to improve chip yields. Only six of the seven SPEs are accessible to deve... | Which PlayStaytion uses a Cell processor? | Which PlayStaytion uses a Cell processor? | [
"Which PlayStaytion uses a Cell processor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4229 | 56bfdecca10cfb1400551355 | Beyoncé | In October 2014, it was announced that Beyoncé with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop, in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. The new division was created for Topshop to break into the activewear market, wi... | Who did Beyonce partner with in London? | Who did Beyonce partner with in London? | [
"Who did Beyonce partner with in London?"
] | {
"text": [
"Topshop"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109503 | 5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f63 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services? | What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services? | [
"What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8066 | 5ad013e577cf76001a6868f9 | Copyright_infringement | Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement... | What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from accepting a license for certain uses? | What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from accepting a license for certain uses? | [
"What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from accepting a license for certain uses?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65119 | 5ad13736645df0001a2d11c6 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associa... | What company never had to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy? | What company never had to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy? | [
" What company never had to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85705 | 57111d93a58dae1900cd6c65 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | By 1988, industry observers stated that the NES's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo cartridges was larger than that for all home computer software. Compute! reported in 1989 that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988, almost as many as the number of Commodore 64s sold in its fir... | Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems? | Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems? | [
"Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems?"
] | {
"text": [
"Compute!"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41914 | 5a42ac754a4859001aac7296 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | Game players were not the only ones to notice the violence in this game; US Senators Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman convened a Congressional hearing on December 9, 1993 to investigate the marketing of violent video games to children.[e] While Nintendo took the high ground with moderate success, the hearings led to the cre... | How successful was Senator Herb Kohl during the hearing? | How successful was Senator Herb Kohl during the hearing? | [
"How successful was Senator Herb Kohl during the hearing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38125 | 57304721b2c2fd1400568b5d | Roman_Republic | The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates; each consul served for one year. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroa... | Who was responsible for the handling of the Roman census? | Who was responsible for the handling of the Roman census? | [
"Who was responsible for the handling of the Roman census?"
] | {
"text": [
"two censors"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40866 | 57266ac25951b619008f7215 | Predation | Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferr... | When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is? | When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is? | [
"When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?"
] | {
"text": [
"scarce"
],
"answer_start": [
687
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87413 | 56cf54baaab44d1400b89010 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library... | To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year? | To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year? | [
"To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1963"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93761 | 5728d3cd2ca10214002da8c0 | Estonia | The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in ... | What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia? | What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia? | [
"What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?"
] | {
"text": [
"the late 1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12156 | 5ad155de645df0001a2d17e5 | Universal_Studios | At this time, Hal B. Wallis, who had latterly worked as a major producer at Paramount, moved over to Universal, where he produced several films, among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson's Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), and the equally lavish Mary, Queen of Scots (1971). Though neither could claim to be a big ... | What year did Anne, Queen of Scots come out? | What year did Anne, Queen of Scots come out? | [
"What year did Anne, Queen of Scots come out?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70583 | 56dfe86b7aa994140058e251 | Pub | Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the "Marquis of Granby". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, p... | After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named? | After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named? | [
"After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Manners, Marquess of Granby"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105557 | 5a550413134fea001a0e17df | Communications_in_Somalia | There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. ... | What is the total number of internet news located in Somalia? | What is the total number of internet news located in Somalia? | [
"What is the total number of internet news located in Somalia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55040 | 5a3968522f14dd001ac722ee | Everton_F.C. | The Everton board finally ran out of patience with Smith and he was sacked in March 2002 after an FA Cup exit at Middlesbrough, with Everton in real danger of relegation. David Moyes, was his replacement and guided Everton to a safe finish in fifteenth place. In 2002–03 Everton finished seventh, their highest finish si... | Who coached Middlebrough in 2002? | Who coached Middlebrough in 2002? | [
"Who coached Middlebrough in 2002?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64487 | 57334124d058e614000b57dd | Portugal | The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under t... | Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations? | Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations? | [
"Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Christian kingdoms of the north"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17587 | 56cf3cd2aab44d1400b88ec8 | Spectre_(2015_film) | In November 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects. Included within these were several memos relating to the production of Spectre, claiming that the film was over budget, detailing early... | When did hackers get into the Sony Pictures e-mail system? | When did hackers get into the Sony Pictures e-mail system? | [
"When did hackers get into the Sony Pictures e-mail system?"
] | {
"text": [
"November 2014"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51797 | 570c54a7b3d812140066d11d | John,_King_of_England | The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papa... | John acquired key land between Poitou and where? | John acquired key land between Poitou and where? | [
"John acquired key land between Poitou and where?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gascony"
],
"answer_start": [
851
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70614 | 56dfeb4f231d4119001abe90 | Pub | In the 1950s some British pubs would offer "a pie and a pint", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours. The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s. In the late 1960s "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with ... | What was "chicken in a basket" served in? | What was "chicken in a basket" served in? | [
"What was \"chicken in a basket\" served in?"
] | {
"text": [
"a wicker basket"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37420 | 5727bdfe3acd2414000deb2f | Switzerland | Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exception to events such as Hillclimbing. During this period, the country still produced successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni, Sebastian Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, successful World Touring Car C... | What was banned in Switzerland in 1955 after the Le Mans disaster? | What was banned in Switzerland in 1955 after the Le Mans disaster? | [
"What was banned in Switzerland in 1955 after the Le Mans disaster?"
] | {
"text": [
"Motorsport racecourses and events"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27249 | 572ed956c246551400ce471e | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor? | What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor? | [
"What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109970 | 57100ee5a58dae1900cd6838 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | In the 2010s, American jurisdictions have experienced a shortage of lethal injection drugs, due to anti-death penalty advocacy and low production volume. Hospira, the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug in 2011. The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be use... | What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital? | What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital? | [
"What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital?"
] | {
"text": [
"Danish"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49861 | 56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cf | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the M... | Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by? | Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by? | [
"Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Karmapa"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86606 | 5a78872bb73996001af5a7c9 | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any... | What school document had no impact on the standards of the Board for admittance? | What school document had no impact on the standards of the Board for admittance? | [
"What school document had no impact on the standards of the Board for admittance?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80634 | 5a66baa0f038b7001ab0c0d0 | Data_compression | The majority of video compression algorithms use lossy compression. Uncompressed video requires a very high data rate. Although lossless video compression codecs perform at a compression factor of 5-12, a typical MPEG-4 lossy compression video has a compression factor between 20 and 200. As in all lossy compression, th... | What has a data rate between 5 and 12? | What has a data rate between 5 and 12? | [
"What has a data rate between 5 and 12?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112048 | 5727d5053acd2414000ded99 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His... | Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species? | Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species? | [
"Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?"
] | {
"text": [
"William Thomson"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26244 | 5726b00ef1498d1400e8e75c | Edmund_Burke | Burke knew that many members of the Whig Party did not share Fox's views and he wanted to provoke them into condemning the French Revolution. Burke wrote that he wanted to represent the whole Whig party "as tolerating, and by a toleration, countenancing those proceedings" so that he could "stimulate them to a public de... | Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles? | Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles? | [
"Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Whig party"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42832 | 570d5595b3d812140066d6e3 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logisti... | What entity controlled the Prussian army? | What entity controlled the Prussian army? | [
"What entity controlled the Prussian army?"
] | {
"text": [
"the General Staff"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20450 | 572982021d046914007794f1 | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crys... | What must happen quickly for glass to form? | What must happen quickly for glass to form? | [
"What must happen quickly for glass to form?"
] | {
"text": [
"cooling"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92219 | 5a4fecc9af0d07001ae8cc9b | Asthma | Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mil... | Why is spirometry used to diagnose COPD? | Why is spirometry used to diagnose COPD? | [
"Why is spirometry used to diagnose COPD?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99860 | 56fb91df8ddada1400cd64f7 | Middle_Ages | During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates inde... | What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to? | What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to? | [
"What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to?"
] | {
"text": [
"scholasticism"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50908 | 572ec8ffc246551400ce4681 | Seven_Years%27_War | In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Fer... | What caused alarm in France? | What caused alarm in France? | [
"What caused alarm in France?"
] | {
"text": [
"re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95988 | 5726c099708984140094d087 | Hokkien | The existence of literary and colloquial readings (文白異讀), called tha̍k-im (讀音), is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south. The bulk of literary readings (文讀, bûn-tha̍k), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty, are mainly used in formal p... | Literary readings are usually used where? | Literary readings are usually used where? | [
"Literary readings are usually used where?"
] | {
"text": [
"formal phrases and written language"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87193 | 570b1c0c6b8089140040f716 | Videoconferencing | Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconferen... | In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed? | In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed? | [
"In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1992"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54835 | 570d2954fed7b91900d45c7f | Macintosh | Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gassée had steadfastly refused to... | Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989? | Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989? | [
"Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jean-Louis Gassée"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62811 | 572f7b9704bcaa1900d769f7 | Pain | In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: "sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), "affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and "cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as apprais... | How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of? | How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of? | [
"How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22653 | 5727c05eff5b5019007d9449 | Exhibition_game | Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league, but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary. The two Canadian MLB teams, the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League, met annuall... | What league are the Toronto Bluejays in? | What league are the Toronto Bluejays in? | [
"What league are the Toronto Bluejays in?"
] | {
"text": [
"American League"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108142 | 5acd427d07355d001abf3ae0 | Estonian_language | In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always ... | What is "a yellow house" in Finnish? | What is "a yellow house" in Finnish? | [
"What is \"a yellow house\" in Finnish? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17980 | 5a10d81806e79900185c3414 | Internet_service_provider | ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics. | Computer motherboards are used to do what? | Computer motherboards are used to do what? | [
"Computer motherboards are used to do what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114938 | 5a6b0007a9e0c9001a4e9e4e | Wayback_Machine | The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the "WABAC machine" (pro... | What was the machine used by Rocky named? | What was the machine used by Rocky named? | [
"What was the machine used by Rocky named?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74218 | 56e4c4a539bdeb14003479ce | Architecture | One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, o... | What school was a response to Brutalism? | What school was a response to Brutalism? | [
"What school was a response to Brutalism?"
] | {
"text": [
"the school of metaphoric architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7960 | 5726d529dd62a815002e91a6 | Copyright_infringement | United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal ... | What loophole did the ruling give rise to? | What loophole did the ruling give rise to? | [
"What loophole did the ruling give rise to?"
] | {
"text": [
"LaMacchia Loophole"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81397 | 5724052a0ba9f01400d97b27 | Queen_Victoria | During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no sho... | How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss? | How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss? | [
"How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss?"
] | {
"text": [
"twice"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54056 | 56dedf113277331400b4d795 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 suppl... | What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020? | What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020? | [
"What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?"
] | {
"text": [
"around 124,000"
],
"answer_start": [
637
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58071 | 57274163708984140094db70 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative acti... | What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices? | What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices? | [
"What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?"
] | {
"text": [
"make special efforts at inclusion"
],
"answer_start": [
624
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13929 | 56de7eb84396321400ee297d | BBC_Television | David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Pl... | What are some shows that Attenborough created with the BBC Natural History Unit? | What are some shows that Attenborough created with the BBC Natural History Unit? | [
"What are some shows that Attenborough created with the BBC Natural History Unit?"
] | {
"text": [
"Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54981 | 5a3961672f14dd001ac722d9 | Everton_F.C. | Everton were founder members of the Premier League in 1992, but struggled to find the right manager. Howard Kendall had returned in 1990 but could not repeat his previous success, while his successor, Mike Walker, was statistically the least successful Everton manager to date. When former Everton player Joe Royle took ... | In what year was Mike Walker made Everton manager? | In what year was Mike Walker made Everton manager? | [
"In what year was Mike Walker made Everton manager?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16204 | 572ebf5303f98919007569eb | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the ... | What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s? | What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s? | [
"What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115675 | 5727b0de4b864d1900163a85 | Galicia_(Spain) | In the early 5th century, the deep crisis suffered by the Roman Empire allowed different tribes of Central Europe (Suebi, Vandals and Alani) to cross the Rhine and penetrate into the rule on 31 December 406. Its progress towards the Iberian Peninsula forced the Roman authorities to establish a treaty (foedus) by which ... | Which Visigothic king took over control of Galicia from the Suebi? | Which Visigothic king took over control of Galicia from the Suebi? | [
"Which Visigothic king took over control of Galicia from the Suebi?"
] | {
"text": [
"Leovigild"
],
"answer_start": [
803
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83046 | 56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9ea | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the "International Star of the Decade". His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof L... | What Schwarzenegger film was 1991's highest-grossing movie? | What Schwarzenegger film was 1991's highest-grossing movie? | [
"What Schwarzenegger film was 1991's highest-grossing movie?"
] | {
"text": [
"Terminator 2: Judgment Day"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93018 | 5733de6d4776f419006613bf | Tajikistan | According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase f... | What is the average amount lived on per day? | What is the average amount lived on per day? | [
"What is the average amount lived on per day?"
] | {
"text": [
"US$1.25 per day"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54387 | 5ad2dcaed7d075001a42a53d | Christian | Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī (صليبي "Crusader") from ṣalīb (صليب "cross") which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations. However, Salibi is a modern term; historically, Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as al-Faranj or Al... | Which Arabic term refers to Crusaders with positive connotations? | Which Arabic term refers to Crusaders with positive connotations? | [
"Which Arabic term refers to Crusaders with positive connotations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104865 | 57337343d058e614000b5b33 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficie... | What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions? | What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions? | [
"What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?"
] | {
"text": [
"some forms of securitization"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74333 | 5ace2eff32bba1001ae49d11 | Asphalt | The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitume... | The term asphalt is often preferred by who? | The term asphalt is often preferred by who? | [
"The term asphalt is often preferred by who?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55676 | 5acfdda177cf76001a68634c | Presbyterianism | Korean Presbyterian denominations are active in evangelism and many of its missionaries are being sent overseas, being the second biggest missionary sender in the world after the United States. GSM, the missionary body of the "Hapdong" General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea, is the single largest Presbyteri... | Who is the biggest missionary sender in the world after the US? | Who is the biggest missionary sender in the world after the US? | [
"Who is the biggest missionary sender in the world after the US?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10818 | 56fdf33b19033b140034cdf5 | Computer | Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term "bugs" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947. | What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer? | What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer? | [
"What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer?"
] | {
"text": [
"moth"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75037 | 572ec9f6c246551400ce468c | Elevator | Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel. This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building. The phase-two key switch located on the COP has three positions: off, on, and hold. By turning phase two on, t... | What actions must a firefighter take to activate Phase-two mode? | What actions must a firefighter take to activate Phase-two mode? | [
"What actions must a firefighter take to activate Phase-two mode?"
] | {
"text": [
"manually pushes and holds the door close button"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5836 | 5ad29df8d7d075001a429c3c | House_music | A new generation of clubs such as Liverpool's Cream and the Ministry of Sound were opened to provide a venue for more commercial sounds. Major record companies began to open "superclubs" promoting their own acts. These superclubs entered into sponsorship deals initially with fast food, soft drinks, and clothing compani... | Who began opening gabbers? | Who began opening gabbers? | [
"Who began opening gabbers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93139 | 5ad18eac645df0001a2d1f27 | Light-emitting_diode | Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientifi... | When was non-Electroluminescence discovered? | When was non-Electroluminescence discovered? | [
" When was non-Electroluminescence discovered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1038 | 5a848a6d7cf838001a46a8ea | Endangered_Species_Act | There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded," ... the exemption provision is basically a nonf... | How many exemptions were granted in 2009? | How many exemptions were granted in 2009? | [
"How many exemptions were granted in 2009?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88992 | 5acd421407355d001abf3aba | Hunter-gatherer | Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by Homo erectus, and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago, and ... | Which subsistence strategy started with the Neolithic Revolution? | Which subsistence strategy started with the Neolithic Revolution? | [
"Which subsistence strategy started with the Neolithic Revolution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24000 | 5ad3e9c6604f3c001a3ff6a3 | Bermuda | The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the same process that formed the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete ... | When was the caldera partially above sea level? | When was the caldera partially above sea level? | [
"When was the caldera partially above sea level?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64029 | 5ace81a032bba1001ae4a8b6 | Annelid | As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks i... | What worms are very slow to retreat from danger? | What worms are very slow to retreat from danger? | [
"What worms are very slow to retreat from danger?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5498 | 5ad262a3d7d075001a4290b8 | House_music | In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Frank... | Where is Ross music extremely popular? | Where is Ross music extremely popular? | [
"Where is Ross music extremely popular?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109870 | 5ad3f56b604f3c001a3ff989 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | As of November 2008, there is only one person on death row facing capital punishment who has not been convicted of murder. Demarcus Sears remains under a death sentence in Georgia for the crime of "kidnapping with bodily injury." Sears was convicted in 1986 for the kidnapping and bodily injury of victim Gloria Ann Wilb... | A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to freedom? | A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to freedom? | [
"A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to freedom?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32918 | 5a32f0a0bd0d7f001aef9521 | Central_African_Republic | In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country's northwest were at risk of starvation but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations.[citation needed] On 8 January 2008, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistanc... | What did the UN Peacebuliding Commission decide on Jan 8, 2008? | What did the UN Peacebuliding Commission decide on Jan 8, 2008? | [
"What did the UN Peacebuliding Commission decide on Jan 8, 2008?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107130 | 57345209879d6814001ca511 | Hunting | Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the s... | When do hunting regulations date from in the US? | When do hunting regulations date from in the US? | [
"When do hunting regulations date from in the US?"
] | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28510 | 5a0f3ddedecec90018475500 | Canadian_football | Canadian football is also played at the high school, junior, collegiate, and semi-professional levels: the Canadian Junior Football League, formed May 8, 1974, and Quebec Junior Football League are leagues for players aged 18–22, many post-secondary institutions compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport for the Vanier ... | When was the Alberta Football League formed? | When was the Alberta Football League formed? | [
"When was the Alberta Football League formed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38411 | 5acd0a8407355d001abf320b | Materialism | Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism. | What is the definition of neutral monism? | What is the definition of neutral monism? | [
"What is the definition of neutral monism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101798 | 56d6339d1c85041400946ff4 | Dog | Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated to... | Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans? | Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans? | [
"Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"retinal damage and decreased vision."
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95262 | 56df9f954a1a83140091eba4 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell had delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske (S&H) managed to set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. The Siem... | Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell? | Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell? | [
"Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?"
] | {
"text": [
"royalties"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43212 | 572653db5951b619008f6fcd | Poultry | In the early 20th century, Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production. By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing, but the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production. After the war, t... | Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ? | Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ? | [
"Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies"
],
"answer_start": [
685
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30057 | 5a553224134fea001a0e19c8 | CBC_Television | CBC announced on April 4, 2012, that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31, 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place, thus reducing the total number of the corporation's television transmitters across the country down to 27. According to the ... | The CBC decided to terminate all digital and analog broadcasts on this date? | The CBC decided to terminate all digital and analog broadcasts on this date? | [
"The CBC decided to terminate all digital and analog broadcasts on this date?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13530 | 570cee7ffed7b91900d45aff | Digestion | The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cel... | What are endosymbionts of the bacteria? | What are endosymbionts of the bacteria? | [
"What are endosymbionts of the bacteria?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Ti and Ri plasmids"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53464 | 5727bc74ff5b5019007d93cc | Sichuan | The majority of the province's population is Han Chinese, who are found scattered throughout the region with the exception of the far western areas. Thus, significant minorities of Tibetan, Yi, Qiang and Nakhi people reside in the western portion that are impacted by inclement weather and natural disasters, environment... | Which part of Sichuan has the worst weather and subjected to natural disasters? | Which part of Sichuan has the worst weather and subjected to natural disasters? | [
"Which part of Sichuan has the worst weather and subjected to natural disasters?"
] | {
"text": [
"far western areas."
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109961 | 57100c99a58dae1900cd6812 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | Four states in the modern era, Nebraska in 2008, New York and Kansas in 2004, and Massachusetts in 1984, had their statutes ruled unconstitutional by state courts. The death rows of New York and Massachusetts were disestablished, and attempts to restore the death penalty were unsuccessful. Kansas successfully appealed ... | In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas? | In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas? | [
"In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas?"
] | {
"text": [
"State v. Kleypas"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31790 | 570da01f16d0071400510c0e | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate thi... | What protects the outer layer? | What protects the outer layer? | [
"What protects the outer layer?"
] | {
"text": [
"AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116220 | 57340043d058e614000b676c | Punjab,_Pakistan | The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rare... | What was the record heat spike in Multan? | What was the record heat spike in Multan? | [
"What was the record heat spike in Multan?"
] | {
"text": [
"54 °C"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22865 | 5735b2a8dc94161900571f38 | Kathmandu | The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya, opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle. An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas. In 1944, the fire servic... | When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department? | When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department? | [
"When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department?"
] | {
"text": [
"1944"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69962 | 57304af1069b531400832000 | Windows_8 | Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a closed platform subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the PC as an open platform. Markus "Notch" Persson (creator of the indie game Minecraft), Gabe Newell (co-founder of Valve Corporation and develop... | Who created Minecraft? | Who created Minecraft? | [
"Who created Minecraft?"
] | {
"text": [
"Markus \"Notch\" Persson"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79006 | 56cd96c162d2951400fa6759 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding,[l] which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004. The game was scheduled to be released the next year, and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker; a true sequel to it was released for the... | Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature? | Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature? | [
"Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature?"
] | {
"text": [
"Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111883 | 57277fec5951b619008f8b75 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s? | Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s? | [
"Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Herbert Spencer"
],
"answer_start": [
1047
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113311 | 572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1d2 | Vacuum | In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the ... | Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century? | Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century? | [
"Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?"
] | {
"text": [
"13th and 14th"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68638 | 5a2f504fa83784001a7d26f6 | Mesozoic | The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large... | What caused the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event? | What caused the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event? | [
"What caused the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31746 | 570d972b16d0071400510b95 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the airc... | What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding? | What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding? | [
"What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?"
] | {
"text": [
"small errors in distance"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36278 | 5ace82d832bba1001ae4a8ea | Printed_circuit_board | In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard test configuration procedure, the most common one being the Joint Tes... | The JAG test architecture provides a means to what? | The JAG test architecture provides a means to what? | [
"The JAG test architecture provides a means to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110825 | 57303166947a6a140053d25e | Iran | Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are Isfahan, Mashhad and Shiraz. In the early 2000s, the industry faced serious limitations in infrastructure, communications, industry standards and personnel training. The majority of the 300,000 tourist visas granted in 2003 were obtained by Asian Muslims,... | What does Teheran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Shiraz have in common? | What does Teheran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Shiraz have in common? | [
"What does Teheran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Shiraz have in common?"
] | {
"text": [
"the most popular tourist destinations"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13923 | 56de7e1d4396321400ee2976 | BBC_Television | In 1967 Tom and Jerry cartoons first aired on BBC One, with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17:00, with occasional morning showings on CBBC. The BBC stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000. | On what channel was Tom and Jerry sometimes shown in the mornings? | On what channel was Tom and Jerry sometimes shown in the mornings? | [
"On what channel was Tom and Jerry sometimes shown in the mornings?"
] | {
"text": [
"CBBC"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
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