gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-57749 | 5ad232a3d7d075001a42876d | Quran | The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long... | What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly unrecited? | What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly unrecited? | [
"What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly unrecited?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39632 | 57278e8f708984140094e0c9 | FA_Cup | Since the start of the 1994–95 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored. However, to protect the identity of the competition, the sponsored name has always included 'The FA Cup' in addition to the sponsor's name, unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word 'cup' is preceded by only the sponsor's name. Spons... | What is the competition called now? | What is the competition called now? | [
"What is the competition called now? "
] | {
"text": [
"The Emirates FA Cup"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17936 | 56dfba2a7aa994140058e09b | Internet_service_provider | The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide ... | how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995? | how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995? | [
"how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?"
] | {
"text": [
"4 years"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58815 | 5a46ed955fd40d001a27dcf6 | Rajasthan | Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach ₹250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of ₹100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of cru... | How much does Cairn earn per day in revenue from crude oil? | How much does Cairn earn per day in revenue from crude oil? | [
"How much does Cairn earn per day in revenue from crude oil?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5934 | 57269fea708984140094cc1d | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colle... | What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages? | What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages? | [
"What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Autumn of the Middle Ages"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13726 | 5a35c60c788daf001a5f8668 | Glacier | Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially ... | What are found on every coninant including Australia? | What are found on every coninant including Australia? | [
"What are found on every coninant including Australia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31859 | 570daddb16d0071400510cb6 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The allies' most advanced technologies were showcased by the anti-aircraft defence against the German V-1 cruise missiles (V stands for Vergeltungswaffe, "retaliation weapon"). The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London, and then mo... | What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other? | What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other? | [
"What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antwerp"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34836 | 5a1e0fb23de3f40018b26484 | Political_philosophy | In the Ottoman Empire, these ideological reforms did not take place and these views did not integrate into common thought until much later. As well, there was no spread of this doctrine within the New World and the advanced civilizations of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, Mohican, Delaware, Huron and especially the Iroquois. Th... | What area did ideological reforms take place much earlier? | What area did ideological reforms take place much earlier? | [
"What area did ideological reforms take place much earlier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44781 | 56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebd | Gene | In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated i... | What is the second step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies? | What is the second step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies? | [
"What is the second step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?"
] | {
"text": [
"mRNA is translated to protein"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112456 | 5acec19832bba1001ae4b2de | United_States_Army | The War of 1812, the second and last American war against the United Kingdom, was less successful for the U.S. than the Revolution and Northwest Indian War against natives had been, though it ended on a high note for Americans as well. After the taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the Americans were able to seize part... | In the Battle of the New Orleans, who defeated the Americans? | In the Battle of the New Orleans, who defeated the Americans? | [
"In the Battle of the New Orleans, who defeated the Americans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19879 | 57318658e6313a140071d02a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and ... | What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards? | What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards? | [
"What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?"
] | {
"text": [
"indigenous civilizations"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51519 | 5705e91d52bb891400689681 | New_Delhi | After India gained independence in 1947, a limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1956, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Six... | The enforcement of the legislation of the Constitution Act began in what year? | The enforcement of the legislation of the Constitution Act began in what year? | [
"The enforcement of the legislation of the Constitution Act began in what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1993"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4795 | 5a74cf4342eae6001a389ac8 | Green | To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio ... | What type of copper salts are used in fireworks? | What type of copper salts are used in fireworks? | [
"What type of copper salts are used in fireworks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21148 | 572eb75ec246551400ce4556 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990, the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000. The number of Salvadoran immigr... | Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.? | Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.? | [
"Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000."
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42606 | 57100d1da58dae1900cd681d | Sexual_orientation | Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were "because of a sexual-orientation bias". Under the UK Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, as explained by Advisory, Concil... | Under this law what does this state that is required by employers? | Under this law what does this state that is required by employers? | [
"Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?"
] | {
"text": [
"workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17319 | 570e469c0dc6ce1900204f03 | Uranium | Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+
2 (unstable), and UO2+
2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively. A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for ... | What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents? | What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents? | [
"What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranyl acetate"
],
"answer_start": [
769
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30461 | 57299ee01d0469140077958c | Appalachian_Mountains | While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.paˈla.tʃɛn]. The name was soon altered by the Spa... | When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida? | When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida? | [
"When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida?"
] | {
"text": [
"1528"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-592 | 56de7c7a4396321400ee2961 | Plymouth | In the First World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the P... | How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz? | How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz? | [
"How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?"
] | {
"text": [
"over 3,700"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32758 | 5a32d52cbd0d7f001aef9473 | Central_African_Republic | What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia; however, the country's current borders were established by France, which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of aut... | At what time did various factions begin to rule the ACR as a colony? | At what time did various factions begin to rule the ACR as a colony? | [
"At what time did various factions begin to rule the ACR as a colony?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79618 | 5ad0144977cf76001a686903 | Kievan_Rus%27 | The decline of Constantinople – a main trading partner of Kievan Rus' – played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus'. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea (mainly Byzantine) through eastern Europe to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of Kiev ... | Who was not a major trading partner of Kievan Rus? | Who was not a major trading partner of Kievan Rus? | [
"Who was not a major trading partner of Kievan Rus?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95027 | 5710fbc0b654c5140001fa6b | Age_of_Enlightenment | Across continental Europe, but in France especially, booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness. The Encyclopédie, for example, narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes, the man in charge of the French censure. Indeed, many publishing companies were conveniently... | What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority? | What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority? | [
"What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority?"
] | {
"text": [
"general works"
],
"answer_start": [
993
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13173 | 5ad02ad977cf76001a686c76 | Republic_of_the_Congo | According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. | What is the percentage of Protestants in South Africa? | What is the percentage of Protestants in South Africa? | [
"What is the percentage of Protestants in South Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48600 | 572847c4ff5b5019007da0bb | War_on_Terror | In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda's organization, the Iraqi franchise, known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War, gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq an... | With support from Syrians, what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to? | With support from Syrians, what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to? | [
"With support from Syrians, what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL)"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37225 | 5727942cdd62a815002ea0ff | Switzerland | The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elect... | What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation? | What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation? | [
"What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation?"
] | {
"text": [
"one-year"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13906 | 5a834bdae60761001a2eb52f | BBC_Television | BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by ... | What channel was launched that caused BBC TV to be renamed BBC2? | What channel was launched that caused BBC TV to be renamed BBC2? | [
"What channel was launched that caused BBC TV to be renamed BBC2?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93188 | 5ad18fe7645df0001a2d1f74 | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | What color non-LED was demonstrated in 1994? | What color non-LED was demonstrated in 1994? | [
" What color non-LED was demonstrated in 1994?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101269 | 5726d90bf1498d1400e8ed09 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | After the Baltic states were forced to accept treaties, Stalin turned his sights on Finland, confident that Finnish capitulation could be attained without great effort. The Soviets demanded territories on the Karelian Isthmus, the islands of the Gulf of Finland and a military base near the Finnish capital Helsinki, whi... | How many Finnish people lost their homes? | How many Finnish people lost their homes? | [
"How many Finnish people lost their homes?"
] | {
"text": [
"422,000"
],
"answer_start": [
1105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13568 | 570cf297b3d812140066d36d | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What muscle movements are used for digestion? | What muscle movements are used for digestion? | [
"What muscle movements are used for digestion?"
] | {
"text": [
"swallowing and peristalsis"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96511 | 57277195708984140094ddb6 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, ... | What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels? | What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels? | [
"What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94867 | 57109269a58dae1900cd6a56 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686; by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the Encyclopédie. The cafés w... | In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created? | In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created? | [
"In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Café Procope"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94764 | 5710655aa58dae1900cd69ac | Age_of_Enlightenment | There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment; the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenments), between 1715 and 1789, from ... | In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published? | In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published? | [
"In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published?"
] | {
"text": [
"1687"
],
"answer_start": [
604
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49987 | 56fc2e0800a8df19004037c6 | Phonology | The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary. | Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language? | Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language? | [
"Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language?"
] | {
"text": [
"vocabulary"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-194 | 56f8e6839e9bad19000a06ce | Guinea-Bissau | Malaria kills more residents; 9% of the population have reported infection, It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS. In 2008, fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs. | What type of drugs did many young children not have access to in 2008? | What type of drugs did many young children not have access to in 2008? | [
"What type of drugs did many young children not have access to in 2008?"
] | {
"text": [
"antimalarial"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58683 | 5a46b10b5fd40d001a27dc71 | Rajasthan | Parts of what is now Rajasthan were part of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization,. It is believed that Western Kshatrapas (405–35 BC) were Saka rulers of the western part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Southe... | During what time period were the Hanumangarh in power? | During what time period were the Hanumangarh in power? | [
"During what time period were the Hanumangarh in power?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84356 | 5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f5 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however... | After which war did Congress begin using power to counterbalance the President? | After which war did Congress begin using power to counterbalance the President? | [
"After which war did Congress begin using power to counterbalance the President?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48735 | 57284e682ca10214002da275 | War_on_Terror | In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws. Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations, the United States an... | Which countries haven't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council? | Which countries haven't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council? | [
"Which countries haven't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council?"
] | {
"text": [
"the United States and Israel"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96780 | 5727a9314b864d19001639c6 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central import... | What church is the sacrifice important to? | What church is the sacrifice important to? | [
"What church is the sacrifice important to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Roman Catholic church"
],
"answer_start": [
954
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39942 | 572a2fefaf94a219006aa873 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven was the subject of Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City, a very influential book in political science by preeminent Yale professor Robert A. Dahl, which includes an extensive history of the city and thorough description of its politics in the 1950s. New Haven's theocratic history is also menti... | New Haven was the home to author that wrote God and Man at Yale, the writer's name was? | New Haven was the home to author that wrote God and Man at Yale, the writer's name was? | [
"New Haven was the home to author that wrote God and Man at Yale, the writer's name was?"
] | {
"text": [
"William F. Buckley, Jr."
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91404 | 5acea28132bba1001ae4ae39 | Avicenna | There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory, if prophecy could be questioned, and also because... | What did Avicenna love about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly? | What did Avicenna love about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly? | [
"What did Avicenna love about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58186 | 5ad41984604f3c001a40046a | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are some... | What is another term for kids who don't get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university? | What is another term for kids who don't get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university? | [
"What is another term for kids who don't get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44112 | 56d138c3e7d4791d0090203b | Kanye_West | As of 2013, West has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all-time. About.com ranked Kanye West No. 8 on their "Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers" list. On May 16, 2008, Kanye West was crowned by MTV as the year's No. 1 "Hottest MC in the Game." On December 17, 2010, Kanye West was vote... | What musician did West tie with for topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll 4 times each? | What musician did West tie with for topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll 4 times each? | [
"What musician did West tie with for topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll 4 times each?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bob Dylan"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72726 | 570fd1685ab6b81900391044 | Dell | Dell traces its origins to 1984, when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation, which at the time did business as PC's Limited, while a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Dell dropped out of school to focu... | What year did Dell design its own computer? | What year did Dell design its own computer? | [
"What year did Dell design its own computer?"
] | {
"text": [
"1985"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82232 | 5726a066708984140094cc2f | Pesticide | Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other ar... | What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species? | What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species? | [
"What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species?"
] | {
"text": [
"Over 98%"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61092 | 5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a77 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning? | Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning? | [
"Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning?"
] | {
"text": [
"because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc."
],
"answer_start": [
638
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33493 | 56f94c019b226e1400dd1300 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 40°48′27″N 73°57′18″W / 40.8076°N 73.9549°W / 40.8076; -73.9549 120th Street traverses the neighborhoods of Morningside Heights, Harlem, and Spanish Harlem. It begins on Riverside Drive at the Interchurch Center. It then runs east between the campuses of Barnard College and the Union Theological Seminary, then cross... | Morningside Park interrupts which street? | Morningside Park interrupts which street? | [
"Morningside Park interrupts which street?"
] | {
"text": [
"120th Street"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59849 | 5acfbc3a77cf76001a685b40 | Zhejiang | Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty, but it returned to prominence—particularly in Longquan—during the Southern Song and Yuan. Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-... | What period did Longquan ceramics rise? | What period did Longquan ceramics rise? | [
" What period did Longquan ceramics rise?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101818 | 56d9e23ddc89441400fdb891 | Dog | The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behav... | Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people? | Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people? | [
"Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?"
] | {
"text": [
"mental institutions"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1616 | 573183f0a5e9cc1400cdc00e | Mosaic | The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia. Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstr... | Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery? | Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery? | [
"Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery?"
] | {
"text": [
"king David IV"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105568 | 56e1c042cd28a01900c67b23 | Communications_in_Somalia | The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest ... | What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo? | What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo? | [
"What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?"
] | {
"text": [
"Radio Free Somalia"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75823 | 5705fcd775f01819005e783c | The_Times | Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit, Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch. Robert Holmes à Court, another Australian magnate had previously tried to buy The Times in 1980. | Who did a media magnate in the 1980s buy The Times from? | Who did a media magnate in the 1980s buy The Times from? | [
"Who did a media magnate in the 1980s buy The Times from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thomson"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58408 | 570e25080dc6ce1900204df1 | Sanskrit | Over 90 weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies are published in Sanskrit. Sudharma, a daily newspaper in Sanskrit, has been published out of Mysore, India, since 1970, while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years. Since 1974, there has been a short daily news bro... | What is the publication, Sudharma? | What is the publication, Sudharma? | [
"What is the publication, Sudharma?"
] | {
"text": [
"daily newspaper"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110829 | 57303166947a6a140053d262 | Iran | Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are Isfahan, Mashhad and Shiraz. In the early 2000s, the industry faced serious limitations in infrastructure, communications, industry standards and personnel training. The majority of the 300,000 tourist visas granted in 2003 were obtained by Asian Muslims,... | What was Iran's rank in the top 10 Middle East destinations according to UNESCO? | What was Iran's rank in the top 10 Middle East destinations according to UNESCO? | [
"What was Iran's rank in the top 10 Middle East destinations according to UNESCO?"
] | {
"text": [
"rated 4th"
],
"answer_start": [
708
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11684 | 56fad729f34c681400b0c155 | Somalis | The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With ver... | Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong? | Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong? | [
"Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sunni"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59836 | 56f9839d9e9bad19000a09fa | Zhejiang | The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its pros... | When was the Yuan dynasty established? | When was the Yuan dynasty established? | [
"When was the Yuan dynasty established?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lin'an"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11551 | 5727b52d2ca10214002d9477 | North_Carolina | Krispy Kreme, an international chain of doughnut stores, was started in North Carolina; the company's headquarters are in Winston-Salem. Pepsi-Cola was first produced in 1898 in New Bern. A regional soft drink, Cheerwine, was created and is still based in the city of Salisbury. Despite its name, the hot sauce Texas Pet... | Where was pepsi first produced? | Where was pepsi first produced? | [
"Where was pepsi first produced?"
] | {
"text": [
"New Bern"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71006 | 56e7860237bdd419002c409a | University_of_Kansas | KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM. The university is host to several museums including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and the Spencer Museum of Art. The libraries of the Unive... | Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas? | Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas? | [
"Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas?"
] | {
"text": [
"Anschutz Library"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40211 | 5727dd2d3acd2414000dee55 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | The Oak Street Connector (Connecticut Route 34) intersects I-91 at exit 1, just south of the I-95/I-91 interchange, and runs northwest for a few blocks as an expressway spur into downtown before emptying onto surface roads. The Wilbur Cross Parkway (Connecticut Route 15) runs parallel to I-95 west of New Haven, turning... | What thoroughfare in New Haven features the only highway tunnel in Connecticut? | What thoroughfare in New Haven features the only highway tunnel in Connecticut? | [
"What thoroughfare in New Haven features the only highway tunnel in Connecticut?"
] | {
"text": [
"Route 15"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62540 | 57291e76af94a219006aa0a3 | Software_testing | Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as... | When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other? | When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other? | [
"When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other?"
] | {
"text": [
"functional"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64941 | 5ad1282f645df0001a2d0fc6 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired g... | What are not often the most economic solution for new generating capacity? | What are not often the most economic solution for new generating capacity? | [
"What are not often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19467 | 5727e339ff5b5019007d97a2 | Rule_of_law | The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instanc... | What language is spoken in most rule of law countries? | What language is spoken in most rule of law countries? | [
"What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?"
] | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47514 | 572fbae9a23a5019007fc8f0 | Armenia | Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaija... | What prevented Armenia from getting it's commodities? | What prevented Armenia from getting it's commodities? | [
"What prevented Armenia from getting it's commodities?"
] | {
"text": [
"a railway and air blockade"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34220 | 57293f3e6aef051400154bd9 | Alaska | As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city–county. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alas... | In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska? | In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska? | [
"In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"The Bush\""
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29424 | 5a568f726349e2001acdce2c | Swaziland | Economic growth in Swaziland has lagged behind that of its neighbours. Real GDP growth since 2001 has averaged 2.8%, nearly 2 percentage points lower than growth in other Southern African Customs Union (SACU) member countries. Low agricultural productivity in the SNLs, repeated droughts, the devastating effect of HIV/A... | What have Swaziland's neighbors lagged behind in? | What have Swaziland's neighbors lagged behind in? | [
"What have Swaziland's neighbors lagged behind in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76761 | 572abf9af75d5e190021fc98 | Philadelphia | The city's K-12 enrollment in district run schools has dropped in the last five years from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015. During the same time period, the enrollment in charter schools has increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015. This consistent drop in enrollment has le... | How much does the city spend per year per child? | How much does the city spend per year per child? | [
"How much does the city spend per year per child?"
] | {
"text": [
"$12,570"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1567 | 57317b65e6313a140071cf90 | Mosaic | In 2003, the remains of a mosaic pavement were discovered under the ruins of the Bizere Monastery near the River Mureş in present-day Romania. The panels depict real or fantastic animal, floral, solar and geometric representations. Some archeologists supposed that it was the floor of an Orthodox church, built some time... | when were mosaic pavements uncovered at the Bizere Monastery? | when were mosaic pavements uncovered at the Bizere Monastery? | [
"when were mosaic pavements uncovered at the Bizere Monastery?"
] | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44854 | 56f8d0969e9bad19000a0588 | Gene | DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutati... | What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication? | What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication? | [
"What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication?"
] | {
"text": [
"mutations"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67861 | 573007ceb2c2fd1400568763 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C), on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899, although at the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999 down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985.... | What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989? | What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989? | [
"What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hurricane Hugo"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46896 | 57278dd1dd62a815002ea042 | Textual_criticism | The process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be... | What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available? | What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available? | [
"What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available?"
] | {
"text": [
"eclecticism"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17813 | 5ad24276d7d075001a42899c | Spectre_(2015_film) | On 13 March 2015, several members of the cast and crew, including Craig, Whishaw, Wilson and Mendes, as well as previous James Bond actor, Sir Roger Moore, appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mock... | Several members of the cast appeared on BBC Two on what date? | Several members of the cast appeared on BBC Two on what date? | [
"Several members of the cast appeared on BBC Two on what date?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106477 | 5726166d89a1e219009ac22c | Hellenistic_period | Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean. Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by ... | The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science? | The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science? | [
"The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hellenistic"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4686 | 572808cd2ca10214002d9c21 | Pope_John_XXIII | The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 201... | When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization? | When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization? | [
"When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization?"
] | {
"text": [
"5 July 2013"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111360 | 5731ea07b9d445190005e67a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time? | What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time? | [
"What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?"
] | {
"text": [
"sow"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36892 | 5a84e14b7cf838001a46ab0e | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party. Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the crea... | What did colleagues with conflicing views lay out for task forces? | What did colleagues with conflicing views lay out for task forces? | [
"What did colleagues with conflicing views lay out for task forces?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113848 | 56f97f629b226e1400dd14cc | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom's largest landowners, owning 227,300 hectares of land and foreshore (either freehold or leasehold) at April 2014, which was valued at "about £20 billion". The MoD also has "rights of access" to a further 222,000 hectares. In total, this is about 1.8% of the UK land m... | How much is the land owned by the MoD worth? | How much is the land owned by the MoD worth? | [
"How much is the land owned by the MoD worth?"
] | {
"text": [
"£20 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50013 | 5a81f32e31013a001a334fc9 | Phonology | The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of la... | When did Lass write about speech? | When did Lass write about speech? | [
"When did Lass write about speech?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42923 | 570d6ae5fed7b91900d46051 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be extremely effective, in contrast to the traditional French school. This was in large part due to the fact that the Prussian General Staff was created to study previous Prussian operations and learn to avoid mistakes. The structure also greatly strengthened Mol... | What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations? | What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations? | [
"What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations?"
] | {
"text": [
"learn to avoid mistakes"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53916 | 5ad3e0ba604f3c001a3ff4e1 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. | What year did the CAF join Europe? | What year did the CAF join Europe? | [
"What year did the CAF join Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42647 | 57101890b654c5140001f7d4 | Sexual_orientation | The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. ... | What do six of the questions asses? | What do six of the questions asses? | [
"What do six of the questions asses?"
] | {
"text": [
"sexual attraction"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74556 | 571b61ff9499d21900609c78 | Asphalt | In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalt... | When did Claridge's company liquidate? | When did Claridge's company liquidate? | [
"When did Claridge's company liquidate?"
] | {
"text": [
"1915"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73400 | 56d37bf859d6e414001464f6 | American_Idol | Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million. | How much money was brought in by the Idol Gives Back special on season nine of American Idol? | How much money was brought in by the Idol Gives Back special on season nine of American Idol? | [
"How much money was brought in by the Idol Gives Back special on season nine of American Idol?"
] | {
"text": [
"$45 million"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88283 | 56d8d5babfea0914004b7736 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standi... | What color was the chartered plane? | What color was the chartered plane? | [
"What color was the chartered plane?"
] | {
"text": [
"red and yellow"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95487 | 5ad3d467604f3c001a3ff2ab | Yale_University | In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous reforms of 1905–06 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall p... | Who represented Princeton before the rule changing discussions? | Who represented Princeton before the rule changing discussions? | [
"Who represented Princeton before the rule changing discussions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80736 | 5ad16b84645df0001a2d1a8c | Queen_Victoria | Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John... | Who was extremely unprotective over Victoria? | Who was extremely unprotective over Victoria? | [
"Who was extremely unprotective over Victoria?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98527 | 5a5f7f65eae51e001ab14b19 | Marvel_Comics | Timely's first publication, Marvel Comics #1 (cover dated Oct. 1939), included the first appearance of Carl Burgos' android superhero the Human Torch, and the first appearances of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, among other features. The issue was a great success, with it and a second printing the follo... | When was Funnies, Inc. founded? | When was Funnies, Inc. founded? | [
"When was Funnies, Inc. founded?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56056 | 56e7a13d00c9c71400d77431 | Arena_Football_League | On February 17, 2010, AF1 announced it would use the "Arena Football League" name. The league announced plans for the upcoming season and details of its contract with NFL Network to broadcast AFL games in 2010. AF1 teams were given the option of restoring historical names to their teams. In addition to the historical t... | On what date did AF1 announce that it would be called the Arena Football League? | On what date did AF1 announce that it would be called the Arena Football League? | [
"On what date did AF1 announce that it would be called the Arena Football League?"
] | {
"text": [
"February 17, 2010"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41871 | 5a42a5a04a4859001aac726b | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | On August 23, 1991,[a] Nintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a redesigned version of the Super Famicom, in North America for US$199. The SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for GB£150, with a German release following a few weeks later. Most of the PAL region versions o... | What was a redesign of the Super NES? | What was a redesign of the Super NES? | [
"What was a redesign of the Super NES?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86384 | 5a6115e6e9e1cc001a33cec2 | Gymnastics | The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked", by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and compet... | When did gymnasts start competing with clothing? | When did gymnasts start competing with clothing? | [
"When did gymnasts start competing with clothing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26195 | 5726ad5d5951b619008f79e7 | Edmund_Burke | Louis XVI translated the Reflections "from end to end" into French. Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox, disagreed with Burke and split with him. Fox thought the Reflections to be "in very bad taste" and "favouring Tory principles". Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privat... | What political party was Charles James Fox? | What political party was Charles James Fox? | [
"What political party was Charles James Fox?"
] | {
"text": [
"Whig"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90319 | 5acfeb0477cf76001a6864aa | Tibet | Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa Dynasty. The following 80 years saw the founding of the Gelug school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Je Tsongkhapa, and the founding of the important Ganden, Drepung and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. However,... | Who dominated politics after 1453? | Who dominated politics after 1453? | [
"Who dominated politics after 1453?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32723 | 570e1d420b85d914000d7cd8 | Antarctica | There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their ... | What do environmentalists want enacted? | What do environmentalists want enacted? | [
"What do environmentalists want enacted?"
] | {
"text": [
"stricter regulations"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23106 | 56de44f14396321400ee2742 | Human_Development_Index | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internati... | What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report? | What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report? | [
"What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?"
] | {
"text": [
"unavailability of certain crucial data"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58862 | 5a46fe175fd40d001a27dd25 | Rajasthan | In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (th... | What did the literacy rate in India increase to in 1991? | What did the literacy rate in India increase to in 1991? | [
"What did the literacy rate in India increase to in 1991?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88229 | 572c101b2babe914003c298c | God | The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, as does Alvin Plantinga, that ... | Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position? | Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position? | [
"Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position?"
] | {
"text": [
"Richard Swinburne"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20364 | 57296639af94a219006aa38a | Glass | There are three classes of components for oxide glasses: network formers, intermediates, and modifiers. The network formers (silicon, boron, germanium) form a highly cross-linked network of chemical bonds. The intermediates (titanium, aluminium, zirconium, beryllium, magnesium, zinc) can act as both network formers and... | What type of components change the network's shape? | What type of components change the network's shape? | [
"What type of components change the network's shape?"
] | {
"text": [
"modifiers"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84656 | 5ad4d3bf5b96ef001a10a218 | San_Diego | As of January 1, 2008 estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments revealed that the household median income for San Diego rose to $66,715, up from $45,733, and that the city population rose to 1,336,865, up 9.3% from 2000. The population was 45.3% non-Hispanic whites, down from 78.9% in 1970, 27.7% Hispanics,... | What did the average salary decrease to at the time of the 2008 census? | What did the average salary decrease to at the time of the 2008 census? | [
"What did the average salary decrease to at the time of the 2008 census?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87645 | 5a68f1788476ee001a58a8e6 | IBM | Other major campus installations include towers in Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta; software labs in Raleigh-Durham, Rome, Cracow and Toronto; Johannesburg, Seattle; and facilities in Hakozaki and Yamato. The company also operates the IBM Scientific Center, Hursley House, the Canada Head Office Building, IBM Rochester, an... | In what three cities does Eero Saarinen also have his works on display? | In what three cities does Eero Saarinen also have his works on display? | [
"In what three cities does Eero Saarinen also have his works on display?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26564 | 5a77c375b73996001af5a56b | University | There are several major exceptions on tuition fees. In many European countries, it is possible to study without tuition fees. Public universities in Nordic countries were entirely without tuition fees until around 2005. Denmark, Sweden and Finland then moved to put in place tuition fees for foreign students. Citizens o... | What were decreased to offset some of the impact? | What were decreased to offset some of the impact? | [
"What were decreased to offset some of the impact?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4747 | 572966e11d046914007793a7 | Green | In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between – th... | What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions? | What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions? | [
"What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions?"
] | {
"text": [
"additive"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112265 | 572927316aef051400154ad7 | Race_(human_categorization) | Basically, race in Brazil was "biologized", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatic... | What may full siblings belong to? | What may full siblings belong to? | [
"What may full siblings belong to?"
] | {
"text": [
"different racial groups"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106018 | 56e0f7ab7aa994140058e841 | Space_Race | As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy. | What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson? | What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson? | [
"What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
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