gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-53748 | 56e833ff00c9c71400d77623 | Dialect | The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and ... | Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language? | Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language? | [
"Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?"
] | {
"text": [
"American English"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43551 | 5726c9c25951b619008f7e20 | Korean_War | On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, wit... | What year did China decide to enter the war? | What year did China decide to enter the war? | [
"What year did China decide to enter the war?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11116 | 5733cf984776f419006612ac | Anthropology | Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", ... | When has anthropology developed related terms? | When has anthropology developed related terms? | [
"When has anthropology developed related terms?"
] | {
"text": [
"Over its history"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95053 | 5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba2 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and... | What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society? | What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society? | [
"What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society?"
] | {
"text": [
"a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's \"moral constitution\""
],
"answer_start": [
970
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88020 | 5a3c6421cc5d22001a521d9d | God | There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by r... | What do the Buddhist religions do regarding God? | What do the Buddhist religions do regarding God? | [
"What do the Buddhist religions do regarding God?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50857 | 572eb7dfcb0c0d14000f14ae | Seven_Years%27_War | Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army march... | How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony? | How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony? | [
"How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony?"
] | {
"text": [
"leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95201 | 56df8d8438dc421700152036 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a pate... | Which country did Bell first try to get a patent? | Which country did Bell first try to get a patent? | [
"Which country did Bell first try to get a patent?"
] | {
"text": [
"Britain"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43224 | 5a860962b4e223001a8e73df | Poultry | Guinea fowl originated in southern Africa, and the species most often kept as poultry is the helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris). It is a medium-sized grey or speckled bird with a small naked head with colourful wattles and a knob on top, and was domesticated by the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Guinea fowl... | Why are Guinea fowl useless to humans? | Why are Guinea fowl useless to humans? | [
"Why are Guinea fowl useless to humans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84778 | 573028d9a23a5019007fcebc | San_Diego | In July 2013, three former supporters of Mayor Bob Filner asked him to resign because of allegations of repeated sexual harassment. Over the ensuing six weeks, 18 women came forward to publicly claim that Filner had sexually harassed them, and multiple individuals and groups called for him to resign. On August 19 Filne... | How many women claimed to be sexually harassed by Filner? | How many women claimed to be sexually harassed by Filner? | [
"How many women claimed to be sexually harassed by Filner?"
] | {
"text": [
"18"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98893 | 56de723e4396321400ee291b | Heresy | Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theo... | What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times? | What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times? | [
"What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?"
] | {
"text": [
"Spanish inquisition"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13498 | 56e7bd1a00c9c71400d77579 | Nanjing | On 10 February 2010, the 122nd IOC session at Vancouver announced Nanjing as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games. The slogan of the 2014 Youth Olympic Games was “Share the Games, Share our Dreams”. The Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games featured all 28 sports on the Olympic programme and were held from 1... | When was the 2014 Youth Olympic Games? | When was the 2014 Youth Olympic Games? | [
"When was the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?"
] | {
"text": [
"from 16 to 28 August"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55373 | 5a317cbee4dcb1001abb2366 | Baptists | As early as the late 18th century, black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies, especially in the northern states. Not only did blacks set up some independent congregations in the South before the American Civil War, freedmen quickly separated from white congregations and assoc... | What percentage of all Americans identify with Baptist denominations? | What percentage of all Americans identify with Baptist denominations? | [
"What percentage of all Americans identify with Baptist denominations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99256 | 5a8a28a93b2508001a72a6e0 | 51st_state | In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referend... | What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a majority percent status? | What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a majority percent status? | [
"What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a majority percent status?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32621 | 570e10d20b85d914000d7c9b | Antarctica | Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa—had existed since the times of Ptolemy... | When was the first time humans visited Antarctica? | When was the first time humans visited Antarctica? | [
"When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42006 | 5730b1488ab72b1400f9c6a7 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | Throughout the course of its life, a number of peripherals were released which added to the functionality of the SNES. Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES: the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper (though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities) and t... | What type of accessory was the Super Scope? | What type of accessory was the Super Scope? | [
"What type of accessory was the Super Scope?"
] | {
"text": [
"light gun"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32998 | 5ad186e4645df0001a2d1ea2 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Can... | What does the acronym CFL not refer to? | What does the acronym CFL not refer to? | [
"What does the acronym CFL not refer to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116394 | 57070ba69e06ca38007e930b | Letter_case | As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters lik... | What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide? | What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide? | [
"What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?"
] | {
"text": [
"single codepoint"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76565 | 57338a774776f41900660cea | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barthélemy. It is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have al... | How often is the AG2R Race held? | How often is the AG2R Race held? | [
"How often is the AG2R Race held?"
] | {
"text": [
"every alternate year"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67337 | 5a105346decec90018475620 | Hanover | As an important railroad and road junction and production center, Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II, including the Oil Campaign. Targets included the AFA (Stöcken), the Deurag-Nerag refinery (Misburg), the Continental plants (Vahrenwald and Limmer), the United light metal works (VLW) ... | How many bombing raids destroyed 40% of the city? | How many bombing raids destroyed 40% of the city? | [
"How many bombing raids destroyed 40% of the city?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26706 | 5a8ccdb1fd22b3001a8d8eb9 | United_States_dollar | The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation "ps" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World fr... | Which century signaled the end of the sign? | Which century signaled the end of the sign? | [
"Which century signaled the end of the sign?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90295 | 5727cc684b864d1900163d5b | Tibet | The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The... | Who was the political authority of the region? | Who was the political authority of the region? | [
"Who was the political authority of the region?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sakya lama"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86387 | 5a6115e6e9e1cc001a33cec5 | Gymnastics | The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked", by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and compet... | What language does gymnazein come from? | What language does gymnazein come from? | [
"What language does gymnazein come from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92485 | 5730fe9da5e9cc1400cdbb6d | United_States_Air_Force | Beyond combat flight crew personnel, perhaps the most dangerous USAF jobs are Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), Combat rescue officer, Pararescue, Security Forces, Combat Control, Combat Weather, Tactical Air Control Party, and AFOSI agents, who deploy with infantry and special operations units who disarm bombs, rescu... | What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel? | What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel? | [
"What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tactical Air Control Party"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57819 | 572edbdacb0c0d14000f161d | Quran | Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But thi... | What was the original meaning of ta'wil? | What was the original meaning of ta'wil? | [
"What was the original meaning of ta'wil?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"to return\" or \"the returning place\""
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1605 | 5731822f05b4da19006bd206 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the r... | Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today? | Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today? | [
"Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today?"
] | {
"text": [
"Umm ar-Rasas"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73379 | 56db2305e7c41114004b4df4 | American_Idol | Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, "No Boundaries" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status, and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the U.S.[citation needed] | Who co-wrote the coronation song? | Who co-wrote the coronation song? | [
"Who co-wrote the coronation song?"
] | {
"text": [
"DioGuardi"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85728 | 5ad2b4cfd7d075001a429fd3 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | Although most hardware clones were not produced under license by Nintendo, certain companies were granted licenses to produce NES-compatible devices. The Sharp Corporation produced at least two such clones: the Twin Famicom and the SHARP 19SC111 television. The Twin Famicom was compatible with both Famicom cartridges a... | What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and IDS systems? | What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and IDS systems? | [
" What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and IDS systems?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38781 | 570c7a9afed7b91900d459e8 | FC_Barcelona | There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as El Clásico. From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catal... | What kind of tensions are the two teams viewed as displaying? | What kind of tensions are the two teams viewed as displaying? | [
"What kind of tensions are the two teams viewed as displaying?"
] | {
"text": [
"political and cultural"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99000 | 57277c1fdd62a815002e9e5b | Turner_Classic_Movies | In 2000, TCM started the annual Young Composers Film Competition, inviting aspiring composers to participate in a judged competition that offers the winner of each year's competition the opportunity to score a restored, feature-length silent film as a grand prize, mentored by a well-known composer, with the new work su... | In what year was Laugh, Clown, Laugh released? | In what year was Laugh, Clown, Laugh released? | [
"In what year was Laugh, Clown, Laugh released?"
] | {
"text": [
"1928"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102119 | 5729353d3f37b31900478102 | States_of_Germany | Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as we... | Every urban district is what in its own right? | Every urban district is what in its own right? | [
"Every urban district is what in its own right?"
] | {
"text": [
"municipality"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76952 | 572669c3f1498d1400e8dee5 | Dutch_language | As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the... | How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais? | How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais? | [
"How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?"
] | {
"text": [
"4,550"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19976 | 573385394776f41900660c7f | University_of_Notre_Dame | The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was r... | In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame? | In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame? | [
"In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"1849"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-754 | 56df6fe956340a1900b29b4c | Plymouth | The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away ... | Who operates Milehouse park and ride? | Who operates Milehouse park and ride? | [
"Who operates Milehouse park and ride?"
] | {
"text": [
"First South West"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27763 | 5acd192f07355d001abf34c1 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | What hindered the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst? | What hindered the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst? | [
"What hindered the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41677 | 56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a65 | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which incl... | How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts? | How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts? | [
"How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts?"
] | {
"text": [
"135,000"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49200 | 572764c9f1498d1400e8f756 | Tuberculosis | The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk... | Which of the four TB-causing bacteria do scientists think might be more common than we know? | Which of the four TB-causing bacteria do scientists think might be more common than we know? | [
"Which of the four TB-causing bacteria do scientists think might be more common than we know?"
] | {
"text": [
"M. microti"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101453 | 5ad28eddd7d075001a429a5d | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet–German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the p... | Which non-government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed? | Which non-government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed? | [
"Which non-government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5729 | 5706b11d0eeca41400aa0d36 | House_music | But house was also being developed on Ibiza,[citation needed] although no house artists or labels were coming from this tiny island at the time. By the mid-1980s a distinct Balearic mix of house was discernible.[citation needed] Several clubs such as Amnesia with DJ Alfredo were playing a mix of rock, pop, disco and ho... | what was a popular club in ibiza that started playing dance and house music? | what was a popular club in ibiza that started playing dance and house music? | [
"what was a popular club in ibiza that started playing dance and house music?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amnesia"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34135 | 5ad4116d604f3c001a400206 | Alaska | Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains ... | Which two cities are unserved by major airlines? | Which two cities are unserved by major airlines? | [
"Which two cities are unserved by major airlines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56725 | 5727a6242ca10214002d92de | Gramophone_record | In 1931, RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing record, marketed as program-transcription discs. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33 1⁄3 rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, with a duration of about ten minutes playing time per side. RCA Vict... | By when were long play records discontinued? | By when were long play records discontinued? | [
"By when were long play records discontinued?"
] | {
"text": [
"early 1933"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7412 | 572f59fc947a6a140053c8a7 | Database | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include ... | What is the most popular DBMS? | What is the most popular DBMS? | [
"What is the most popular DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [
"SQL language"
],
"answer_start": [
820
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4306 | 56dda5109a695914005b957c | Institute_of_technology | The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts". | In what century did the term polytechnic first show up? | In what century did the term polytechnic first show up? | [
"In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?"
] | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100579 | 5a282c07d1a287001a6d0ab4 | Post-punk | Nicholas Lezard described post-punk as "a fusion of art and music". The era saw the robust appropriation of ideas from literature, art, cinema, philosophy, politics and critical theory into musical and pop cultural contexts. Artists sought to refuse the common distinction between high and low culture and returned to th... | How did Nicholas Lezard refuse to describe post-punk? | How did Nicholas Lezard refuse to describe post-punk? | [
"How did Nicholas Lezard refuse to describe post-punk?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106663 | 572667f7dd62a815002e83e5 | East_India_Company | With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britai... | What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution? | What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution? | [
"What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Britain"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8869 | 57281a754b864d1900164495 | LaserDisc | By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater de... | Which country still exported players to North America until 2001? | Which country still exported players to North America until 2001? | [
"Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?"
] | {
"text": [
"Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32915 | 5a32f0a0bd0d7f001aef951e | Central_African_Republic | In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country's northwest were at risk of starvation but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations.[citation needed] On 8 January 2008, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistanc... | In what year did Ban Ki-Moon request assistance from the UN? | In what year did Ban Ki-Moon request assistance from the UN? | [
"In what year did Ban Ki-Moon request assistance from the UN?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49550 | 570d4fd7fed7b91900d45e6b | Valencia | In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the Falles, which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest (Fiestas de Interés Turístico Internacional) on 25 January 1965, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia), which was d... | What tennis event has Valencia hosted? | What tennis event has Valencia hosted? | [
"What tennis event has Valencia hosted?"
] | {
"text": [
"Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament"
],
"answer_start": [
718
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60214 | 5ace1c9032bba1001ae49b05 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Although Chancellor Wrighton had noted after the 2004 debate that it would be "improbable" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility, he subsequently changed his view and the university submitted a bid for the 2008 debates. "These one-of-a-kind events are great experien... | In what year did Wrighton become Chancellor? | In what year did Wrighton become Chancellor? | [
"In what year did Wrighton become Chancellor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53490 | 5a690ca88476ee001a58aa4a | Sichuan | Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in western Sichuan are populated by Tibetans and Qiang people. Tibetans speak the Khams and Amdo Tibetan, which are Tibetic languages, as well as various Qiangic languages. The Qiang speak Qiangic languages and often Tibetic languages... | What are the largest minorities of Southwest University for Nationalities? | What are the largest minorities of Southwest University for Nationalities? | [
"What are the largest minorities of Southwest University for Nationalities?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34611 | 56f8cd169e9bad19000a0532 | Southampton | The University of Southampton, which was founded in 1862 and received its Royal Charter as a university in 1952, has over 22,000 students. The university is ranked in the top 100 research universities in the world in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2010. In 2010, the THES - QS World University Rankings posit... | What organization ranked the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities worldwide in 2010? | What organization ranked the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities worldwide in 2010? | [
"What organization ranked the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities worldwide in 2010?"
] | {
"text": [
"THES - QS World University Rankings"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113661 | 572f4e74947a6a140053c870 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This... | What is DOD short for? | What is DOD short for? | [
"What is DOD short for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Department of Defense"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18951 | 5733ed1fd058e614000b65fb | Premier_League | The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the Capital One Cup (League Cup). Two Europa League places are reserved for the winne... | To which league is the fifth place Premier League team automatically qualified for? | To which league is the fifth place Premier League team automatically qualified for? | [
"To which league is the fifth place Premier League team automatically qualified for?"
] | {
"text": [
"UEFA Europa League"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49873 | 56cd8d2962d2951400fa66eb | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon... | Who did Altan Khan make peace with? | Who did Altan Khan make peace with? | [
"Who did Altan Khan make peace with?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Ming dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109198 | 57278281708984140094df9b | Carnival | The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. Rues of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday Dijo... | What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called? | What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called? | [
"What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called?"
] | {
"text": [
"cercavila"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103137 | 5ad2b2c0d7d075001a429f86 | Multiracial_American | Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. A... | Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic? | Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic? | [
"Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5645 | 5706ab2075f01819005e7cf0 | House_music | House also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcasts of society. The music appealed to those who didn't fit into mainstream American society and was especially celebrated by many black males. Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like "churc... | what community was deep house popular with? | what community was deep house popular with? | [
"what community was deep house popular with?"
] | {
"text": [
"the black community"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104227 | 5728a4972ca10214002da510 | Mandolin | Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes... | What is a plectrum? | What is a plectrum? | [
"What is a plectrum?"
] | {
"text": [
"pick"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33934 | 5728671d3acd2414000df99c | Alaska | The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the no... | The Inuplat population inhabit what areas? | The Inuplat population inhabit what areas? | [
"The Inuplat population inhabit what areas?"
] | {
"text": [
"The North Slope and Little Diomede Island"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16336 | 57317bc6e6313a140071cf9c | Muammar_Gaddafi | Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as The Green Book. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs reg... | What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book? | What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book? | [
"What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book?"
] | {
"text": [
"socialism"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57567 | 572eafd1c246551400ce4505 | Quran | In addition to and independent of the division into suras, there are various ways of dividing the Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading. The 30 juz' (plural ajzāʼ) can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month. Some of these parts are known by names—which are the first few ... | How many ajzā cover the entire Quran? | How many ajzā cover the entire Quran? | [
"How many ajzā cover the entire Quran?"
] | {
"text": [
"30"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88471 | 56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ebf | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay |
Sultanate of Oman: Muscat was the torch's only stop in the Middle East, on April 14. The relay covered 20 km. No protests or incidents were reported. One of the torchbearers was Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji. | Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East? | Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East? | [
"Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East?"
] | {
"text": [
"Muscat"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15074 | 572efd6403f9891900756b2f | Hyderabad | Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today, with the Charminar—commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah—coming to symbolise Hyderabad. Golconda fort is another major landmark. The influence of Mughlai culture is also evident in the city's distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabad... | Which two groups had an influence in making Hyderabad a cultural center? | Which two groups had an influence in making Hyderabad a cultural center? | [
"Which two groups had an influence in making Hyderabad a cultural center?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Qutb Shahis and Nizams"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10849 | 56fdf85a761e401900d28c7b | Computer | In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight... | What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent? | What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent? | [
"What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?"
] | {
"text": [
"0 to 255 or −128 to +127"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64356 | 5728359e2ca10214002da0d0 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several stunning publications. For his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy cons... | How did von Neumann raise the level of economics? | How did von Neumann raise the level of economics? | [
"How did von Neumann raise the level of economics?"
] | {
"text": [
"several stunning publications"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77644 | 572676c05951b619008f736e | British_Empire | During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company's affairs and estab... | The British East India Company was dissolved by which act? | The British East India Company was dissolved by which act? | [
"The British East India Company was dissolved by which act?"
] | {
"text": [
"Government of India Act"
],
"answer_start": [
770
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69892 | 5ad49c78ba00c4001a268da4 | Windows_8 | Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for tablet and laplet devices to be "certified" for Windows 8, and defined a convertible form factor as a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis. A conver... | What didn't Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12, 2013? | What didn't Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12, 2013? | [
"What didn't Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12, 2013?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15977 | 5a830ed5e60761001a2eb33e | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, ... | What does a balanced diet and regular exercise make impossible? | What does a balanced diet and regular exercise make impossible? | [
"What does a balanced diet and regular exercise make impossible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25383 | 5acf9c1277cf76001a685498 | Namibia | The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders... | In what year was Diogo Cao born? | In what year was Diogo Cao born? | [
"In what year was Diogo Cao born?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9529 | 5725bdfa271a42140099d110 | Montevideo | The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliación were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Tr... | When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights? | When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights? | [
"When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?"
] | {
"text": [
"1886"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54526 | 570ce035fed7b91900d45a57 | Macintosh | With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by the Macintosh IIcx, a more compact version with fewer slots and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030, the Macintosh SE/30. Later tha... | How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx? | How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx? | [
"How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?"
] | {
"text": [
"40 MHz"
],
"answer_start": [
771
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63589 | 5725f0ec271a42140099d34a | Buckingham_Palace | State banquets also take place in the Ballroom; these formal dinners are held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state. On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal "white tie and decorations", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt p... | In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps? | In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps? | [
"In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps?"
] | {
"text": [
"November"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30439 | 5ace129332bba1001ae49a43 | Appalachian_Mountains | Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and M... | How many provinces does the Grenville Orogeny have? | How many provinces does the Grenville Orogeny have? | [
"How many provinces does the Grenville Orogeny have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18763 | 5ad0b828645df0001a2d0154 | Premier_League | The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014–15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bund... | Which league is the least watched in the world? | Which league is the least watched in the world? | [
"Which league is the least watched in the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101621 | 56d5da871c85041400946e37 | Dog | Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with ... | Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species? | Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species? | [
"Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?"
] | {
"text": [
"humans."
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73205 | 56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbb | American_Idol | Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song "Flying Without Wings" with his single release from the show "This Is the Night", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer. | What was the name of Studdard's coronation song? | What was the name of Studdard's coronation song? | [
"What was the name of Studdard's coronation song?"
] | {
"text": [
"Flying Without Wings"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110164 | 5ad3fe50604f3c001a3ffc37 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on Octo... | Who was freed on October 30, 2012? | Who was freed on October 30, 2012? | [
" Who was freed on October 30, 2012?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52980 | 5705f90475f01819005e77fc | Bird_migration | These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrant... | What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens? | What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens? | [
"What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?"
] | {
"text": [
"higher concentrations of migrating birds"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51305 | 572b34a6111d821400f38dd4 | Empiricism | British empiricism, though it was not a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science. The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and René Descartes, who is described as... | What type of philosopher was Spinoza? | What type of philosopher was Spinoza? | [
"What type of philosopher was Spinoza?"
] | {
"text": [
"rationalist"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64684 | 573405584776f4190066170e | Portugal | Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Por... | What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of? | What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of? | [
"What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?"
] | {
"text": [
"tin, tungsten and uranium"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103754 | 5a3c0201cc5d22001a521d10 | East_Prussia | A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Frit... | How many Curonians had German names? | How many Curonians had German names? | [
"How many Curonians had German names?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21288 | 56e6c362de9d371400068022 | Adult_contemporary_music | After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced. Better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Eas... | What chart did the Easy Listening chart begin to diverge from? | What chart did the Easy Listening chart begin to diverge from? | [
"What chart did the Easy Listening chart begin to diverge from?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Hot 100 chart"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79094 | 56d132b717492d1400aabc0a | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the "Twilight Hack" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which... | What version of the Wii patched the hack vulnerability? | What version of the Wii patched the hack vulnerability? | [
"What version of the Wii patched the hack vulnerability?"
] | {
"text": [
"4.0"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90326 | 5acfebf877cf76001a6864e2 | Tibet | The 5th Dalai Lama is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland under the control of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, after defeating the rival Kagyu and Jonang sects and the secular ruler, the Tsangpa prince, in a prolonged civil war. His efforts were successful in part because of aid from Güshi Khan, the Oirat le... | What was Gushi Oirat the leader of? | What was Gushi Oirat the leader of? | [
"What was Gushi Oirat the leader of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103897 | 573425f84776f41900661969 | Montana | Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 w... | When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west? | When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west? | [
"When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?"
] | {
"text": [
"1881"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100850 | 572ee844c246551400ce479d | Post-punk | At the turn of the 21st century, a post-punk revival developed in British and American alternative and indie rock, which soon started appearing in other countries, as well. The earliest sign of a revival was the emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s. However, the first commercially successful bands – t... | What early sign heralded the post-punk revival? | What early sign heralded the post-punk revival? | [
"What early sign heralded the post-punk revival?"
] | {
"text": [
"emergence of various underground bands"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113046 | 570d9f0316d0071400510c00 | Adolescence | A third gain in cognitive ability involves thinking about thinking itself, a process referred to as metacognition. It often involves monitoring one's own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents' improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective s... | At what age does self-consciousness in general peak? | At what age does self-consciousness in general peak? | [
"At what age does self-consciousness in general peak?"
] | {
"text": [
"fifteen"
],
"answer_start": [
892
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110563 | 572674d5dd62a815002e859a | Professional_wrestling | Although professional wrestling in Mexico (lucha libre) also has stories and characters, they are less emphasized. Wrestlers in Mexico are traditionally more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers than professional wrestlers in the U.S. who, more often, rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents. The di... | How does lucha libre's tag team matches differ? | How does lucha libre's tag team matches differ? | [
"How does lucha libre's tag team matches differ? "
] | {
"text": [
"often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S"
],
"answer_start": [
899
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72962 | 5ad36ba0604f3c001a3fe164 | Dell | Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009. It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products. In... | What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of nontoxic chemicals? | What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of nontoxic chemicals? | [
"What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of nontoxic chemicals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85089 | 5726e209f1498d1400e8ee9a | Mali | Malian musical traditions are derived from the griots, who are known as "Keepers of Memories". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabaté, the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Touré, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, and s... | What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held? | What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held? | [
"What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held?"
] | {
"text": [
"mask"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49879 | 56cd8f8962d2951400fa671a | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that... | Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan? | Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan? | [
"Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ming general Qu Neng"
],
"answer_start": [
1047
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-198 | 56f8e7679e9bad19000a06e1 | Guinea-Bissau | Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries, cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths. A 2008 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225. | Where are there reported cholera rates that are lowering? | Where are there reported cholera rates that are lowering? | [
"Where are there reported cholera rates that are lowering?"
] | {
"text": [
"surrounding countries"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95049 | 5710ffffa58dae1900cd6b9e | Age_of_Enlightenment | In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and... | Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas? | Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas? | [
"Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas?"
] | {
"text": [
"Royal Society of London"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95944 | 5a13416ac8eab200188dc949 | Hokkien | Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the ret... | What do Hokkien varieties nolonger have that are still found in other Chinese varieties? | What do Hokkien varieties nolonger have that are still found in other Chinese varieties? | [
"What do Hokkien varieties nolonger have that are still found in other Chinese varieties?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81028 | 5ad17de4645df0001a2d1e28 | Queen_Victoria | Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvi... | What year did Victoria's second daughter Alfred die? | What year did Victoria's second daughter Alfred die? | [
"What year did Victoria's second daughter Alfred die?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16038 | 57343074d058e614000b6ace | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pne... | Who tends to initially diagnose an infection? | Who tends to initially diagnose an infection? | [
"Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?"
] | {
"text": [
"primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29165 | 571aeca132177014007e9fee | Pharmaceutical_industry | Every major company selling the antipsychotics — Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges ... | How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for? | How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for? | [
"How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for?"
] | {
"text": [
"$301 million"
],
"answer_start": [
680
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43491 | 57269adedd62a815002e8ada | Korean_War | Acting on State Secretary Acheson's recommendation, President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals. The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces, a... | Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression? | Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression? | [
"Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zhou Enlai"
],
"answer_start": [
641
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22413 | 57096337ed30961900e8405b | Himachal_Pradesh | The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated ₹ 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could ... | Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita? | Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita? | [
"Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?"
] | {
"text": [
"fourth"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110614 | 572fee8db2c2fd1400568600 | Iran | Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the area into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. Iran reached the pi... | When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area? | When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area? | [
"When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area?"
] | {
"text": [
"625 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101239 | 5ad28121d7d075001a4297ea | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | The day after the Pact was signed, the French and British military negotiation delegation urgently requested a meeting with Soviet military negotiator Kliment Voroshilov. On August 25, Voroshilov told them "[i]n view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation." Th... | Who shouldn't accept the annexation of Poland? | Who shouldn't accept the annexation of Poland? | [
"Who shouldn't accept the annexation of Poland?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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