gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-80834 | 5724d7b50a492a1900435644 | Queen_Victoria | Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointe... | How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister? | How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister? | [
"How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister?"
] | {
"text": [
"for the remainder of Victoria's reign"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112803 | 570b26c7ec8fbc190045b888 | Xbox_360 | The Xbox 360's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard; a tabbed interface that featured five "Blades" (formerly four blades), and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain. It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it, or when the disc tray was ejected, but the user ha... | The simple dashboard could be accessed by pressing what controller button? | The simple dashboard could be accessed by pressing what controller button? | [
"The simple dashboard could be accessed by pressing what controller button?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67926 | 5ad419ca604f3c001a400481 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn ... | Whose 1740 plan was used to fortified the city? | Whose 1740 plan was used to fortified the city? | [
"Whose 1740 plan was used to fortified the city?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46617 | 572671565951b619008f72c7 | Department_store | The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end an... | What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? | What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? | [
"What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? "
] | {
"text": [
"high-end and luxury items"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60488 | 5ace20e832bba1001ae49b56 | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.70 square miles (74.33 km2), of which, 27.83 square miles (72.08 km2) of it is land and 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is water, much of which is part of the Huron River. Ann Arbor is about 35 miles (56 km) west of Detroit. Ann Arbor Charter To... | What airport has an elevation of 893 feet? | What airport has an elevation of 893 feet? | [
"What airport has an elevation of 893 feet?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108033 | 56e3c47839bdeb14003478fd | Estonian_language | Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ... | Who conquered the ancient Estonians? | Who conquered the ancient Estonians? | [
"Who conquered the ancient Estonians?"
] | {
"text": [
"Danes and Germans"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112916 | 5a70ba578abb0b001a6760d8 | Xbox_360 | Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models; the Xbox 360 S (also referred to as the "Slim") replaced the original "Elite" and "Arcade" models in 2010. The S model carries a smaller, streamlined appearance with an angular case, and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to allevi... | What kind of case did the Elite have? | What kind of case did the Elite have? | [
"What kind of case did the Elite have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107930 | 5acfbce377cf76001a685b84 | Umayyad_Caliphate | The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Alla... | Who has a positive reception from later Islamic historians? | Who has a positive reception from later Islamic historians? | [
"Who has a positive reception from later Islamic historians?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39322 | 573255dfb9d445190005ea4c | Protestantism | Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up ag... | What is the term for checks and balances in a political system? | What is the term for checks and balances in a political system? | [
"What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?"
] | {
"text": [
"separation of powers"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75175 | 5ad12065645df0001a2d0e76 | Labour_Party_(UK) | The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. Some members of the trades union movement bec... | What years was the voting franchise shrunk? | What years was the voting franchise shrunk? | [
"What years was the voting franchise shrunk?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34789 | 5a21b51c8a6e4f001aa08e7a | Political_philosophy | Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as... | What did Averroes help reintroduce in Europe? | What did Averroes help reintroduce in Europe? | [
"What did Averroes help reintroduce in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46548 | 5ad0b0be645df0001a2d0055 | Department_store | The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong Island. At the beginning, the store mainly catered visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families. In 1900, the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Sto... | Who closed the first Chinese-owned department store? | Who closed the first Chinese-owned department store? | [
"Who closed the first Chinese-owned department store? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52635 | 572973b56aef051400154f02 | Planck_constant | A further complication is that the measurement of γ′p involves the measurement of an electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes, so a conversion factor is required. The symbol Γ′p-90 is used for the measured gyromagnetic ratio using conventional electrical units. In ... | How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there? | How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there? | [
"How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there?"
] | {
"text": [
"there are two methods of measuring the value"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75472 | 572693d7708984140094cabd | Cubism | Historians have divided the history of Cubism into phases. In one scheme, the first phase of Cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, a phrase coined by Juan Gris a posteriori, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1910 and 1912 in France. A second phase, Synthetic Cubism, rem... | From what years did Late Cubism take place? | From what years did Late Cubism take place? | [
"From what years did Late Cubism take place? "
] | {
"text": [
"1914 to 1921"
],
"answer_start": [
863
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8809 | 56e0a6c4231d4119001ac338 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | On August 23, after the failure of GKChP, in the presence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia. On November 6, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the RSFSR. | Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree? | Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree? | [
"Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gorbachev"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102528 | 56faceb3f34c681400b0c135 | High-definition_television | In the United States, as part of the FCC's plug and play agreement, cable companies are required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request. None of the direct broadcast satellite providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes... | Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes? | Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes? | [
"Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes?"
] | {
"text": [
"a set-top box with \"functional\" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97540 | 56d381b459d6e41400146595 | Frédéric_Chopin | At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found ... | When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin? | When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin? | [
"When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?"
] | {
"text": [
"June 1849"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63623 | 5a7a4d7117ab25001a8a04ae | Buckingham_Palace | In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace. The new King and his wife Queen Alexandra had always been at the forefront of London high society, and their friends, known as "the Marlborough House Set", were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age. Buckingham Palace—the ... | What year did Edward VII decline to ascend to the throne? | What year did Edward VII decline to ascend to the throne? | [
"What year did Edward VII decline to ascend to the throne?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70339 | 5a2c4e23bfd06b001a5aeb0d | Neoclassical_architecture | As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere tradition... | What was neoclassicism classified under starting in the twentieth century? | What was neoclassicism classified under starting in the twentieth century? | [
"What was neoclassicism classified under starting in the twentieth century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9124 | 573256660fdd8d15006c69e1 | The_Bronx | The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverda... | What parts of the Bronx have more hills? | What parts of the Bronx have more hills? | [
"What parts of the Bronx have more hills?"
] | {
"text": [
"western"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57528 | 5ad2183dd7d075001a4283f8 | Quran | In 1972, in a mosque in the city of Sana'a, Yemen, manuscripts were discovered that were later proved to be the most ancient Quranic text known to exist at the time. The Sana'a manuscripts contain palimpsests, a manuscript page from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again—a practice whic... | What version of the Quran was the scriptio inferior of the Sana'a manuscripts? | What version of the Quran was the scriptio inferior of the Sana'a manuscripts? | [
"What version of the Quran was the scriptio inferior of the Sana'a manuscripts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40276 | 5727eb704b864d190016402f | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven, including Mona Lisa Smile (2003), with Julia Roberts, The Life Before Her Eyes (2007), with Uma Thurman, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf. The filmin... | What Spielberg franchise was filmed in New Haven in 2008? | What Spielberg franchise was filmed in New Haven in 2008? | [
"What Spielberg franchise was filmed in New Haven in 2008?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90606 | 572fcdcab2c2fd1400568486 | Pacific_War | In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism, Western powers including Australia, the United States, Britain, and the Dutch government in exile, which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies, stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan, denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in C... | Why was denying supplies important to the western countries? | Why was denying supplies important to the western countries? | [
"Why was denying supplies important to the western countries?"
] | {
"text": [
"denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116211 | 5733ffe3d058e614000b6759 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which b... | Who visits Nankana Sahib? | Who visits Nankana Sahib? | [
"Who visits Nankana Sahib?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sikh pilgrims"
],
"answer_start": [
481
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27060 | 57098329200fba14003680ec | Orthodox_Judaism | In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamb... | How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published? | How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published? | [
"How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?"
] | {
"text": [
"177"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24912 | 56cf3934aab44d1400b88eaa | New_York_City | Christianity (59%), particularly Catholicism (33%), was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014, followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City, over half living in Brooklyn. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,0... | What is the third most popular faith in New York City? | What is the third most popular faith in New York City? | [
"What is the third most popular faith in New York City?"
] | {
"text": [
"Islam"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88850 | 5a2215e5819328001af389f1 | Circadian_rhythm | It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. Th... | what section of the brain rarely releases hormones? | what section of the brain rarely releases hormones? | [
"what section of the brain rarely releases hormones?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41179 | 5731715ce6313a140071cf42 | Egypt | On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution. The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms. The parliament may impeach the president. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The milita... | When was new constitution institutionalised? | When was new constitution institutionalised? | [
"When was new constitution institutionalised?"
] | {
"text": [
"18 January 2014"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20457 | 572984596aef051400154f9c | Glass | Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the int... | What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid? | What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid? | [
"What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid?"
] | {
"text": [
"first-order phase transition"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91199 | 5ace993e32bba1001ae4ac20 | Avicenna | A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstr... | Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Impurity follower? | Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Impurity follower? | [
"Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Impurity follower?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18047 | 5a10e3cc06e79900185c3455 | Internet_service_provider | Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usual... | What kind of television are free ISPs like? | What kind of television are free ISPs like? | [
"What kind of television are free ISPs like?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6430 | 572817fb2ca10214002d9dbc | PlayStation_3 | In December 2008, the CTO of Blitz Games announced that it would bring stereoscopic 3D gaming and movie viewing to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 with its own technology. This was first demonstrated publicly on PS3 using Sony's own technology in January 2009 at the Consumer Electronics Show. Journalists were shown Wipeout ... | What version of firmware update gave the PlayStation 3 its 3D capability? | What version of firmware update gave the PlayStation 3 its 3D capability? | [
"What version of firmware update gave the PlayStation 3 its 3D capability? "
] | {
"text": [
"3.30"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19972 | 5733849bd058e614000b5c57 | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began t... | Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin? | Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin? | [
"Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13042 | 5ad014c177cf76001a686919 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peo... | What does the Congolese Human Rights Observatory say Bantus are treated as? | What does the Congolese Human Rights Observatory say Bantus are treated as? | [
"What does the Congolese Human Rights Observatory say Bantus are treated as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101580 | 56d9a294dc89441400fdb663 | Dog | The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with media... | What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux? | What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux? | [
"What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?"
] | {
"text": [
"5.2 years"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113777 | 56f970f49e9bad19000a0923 | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | There are also three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff with particular remits, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations). The Surgeon General, represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff, and is the clinical head of that service. | How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there? | How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there? | [
"How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26476 | 57318db6a5e9cc1400cdc05a | University | Many scholars (including Makdisi) have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious madrasahs in Al-Andalus, the Emirate of Sicily, and the Middle East (during the Crusades). Other scholars see this argument as overstated. Lowe and Yasuhara have recently drawn on the well-documented influenc... | Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity? | Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity? | [
"Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sicily"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20558 | 56ce8214aab44d1400b88823 | IPod | For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causin... | iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass? | iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass? | [
"iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass?"
] | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96482 | 57276e1af1498d1400e8f7ee | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being cr... | How many statements did Jesus make on the cross? | How many statements did Jesus make on the cross? | [
"How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?"
] | {
"text": [
"seven statements"
],
"answer_start": [
740
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64765 | 573416864776f4190066182d | Portugal | Portugal’s national energy transmission company, Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydr... | Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution? | Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution? | [
"Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"hydropower plants on its rivers"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38119 | 573045afa23a5019007fd03a | Roman_Republic | One check on a magistrate's power was his collegiality. Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was provocatio. Provocatio was a primordial form of due process. It was a precursor to habeas corpus. If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a cit... | How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office? | How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office? | [
"How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office?"
] | {
"text": [
"at least two people"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40383 | 5ad4fa485b96ef001a10a852 | Paper | There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reactio... | What is a specialty process used to hardwoods with high silicate content? | What is a specialty process used to hardwoods with high silicate content? | [
"What is a specialty process used to hardwoods with high silicate content?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115565 | 59fb1bb6ee36d60018400d04 | England_national_football_team | The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events, and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in ... | Where does the Isle of Man football team play home games? | Where does the Isle of Man football team play home games? | [
"Where does the Isle of Man football team play home games?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35702 | 570a54a84103511400d5960e | Imperial_College_London | In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main ... | The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college? | The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college? | [
"The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college?"
] | {
"text": [
"Imperial College London"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58081 | 5ad416d9604f3c001a40035b | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative ... | Which President made their stance on non-affirmative action clear in 1995? | Which President made their stance on non-affirmative action clear in 1995? | [
"Which President made their stance on non-affirmative action clear in 1995?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103001 | 57280fad3acd2414000df368 | Unicode | Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and... | What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems? | What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems? | [
"What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems? "
] | {
"text": [
"Unicode"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49313 | 5a871d531d3cee001a6a10db | Tuberculosis | Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. D... | When was MDR-TB first observed? | When was MDR-TB first observed? | [
"When was MDR-TB first observed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31476 | 57295d303f37b319004782b6 | Germans | According to the latest nationwide census, Roman Catholics constituted 30.8% of the total population of Germany, followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3%. Other religions, atheists or not specified constituted 38.8% of the population at the time. Among "others" are Protestants not included in Evangelical Church... | Where is there a non-religious majority? | Where is there a non-religious majority? | [
"Where is there a non-religious majority?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hamburg and the East German states"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20087 | 5733ac31d058e614000b5ff7 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. It offers PhD, Master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. It was founded in 1986 through the ... | What company did Ray Kroc own? | What company did Ray Kroc own? | [
"What company did Ray Kroc own?"
] | {
"text": [
"McDonald's"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84529 | 572ff077b2c2fd1400568614 | San_Diego | From the start of the 20th century through the 1970s, the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego, "the tuna capital of the world". San Diego's first tuna cannery was founded in 1911, and by the mid-1930s the canneries employed more than 1,000 people. A large fishing fleet supporte... | How many jobs were created by the mid-1930s thanks to San Diego's tuna cannery that was developed in 1911? | How many jobs were created by the mid-1930s thanks to San Diego's tuna cannery that was developed in 1911? | [
"How many jobs were created by the mid-1930s thanks to San Diego's tuna cannery that was developed in 1911?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than 1,000"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48725 | 57284dd0ff5b5019007da13e | War_on_Terror | Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge aga... | When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act? | When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act? | [
"When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act?"
] | {
"text": [
"30 July 2003"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76747 | 572aba19f75d5e190021fc79 | Philadelphia | Philadelphia once comprised six congressional districts. However, as a result of the city's declining population, it now has only four: the 1st district, represented by Bob Brady; the 2nd, represented by Chaka Fattah; the 8th, represented by Mike Fitzpatrick; and the 13th, represented by Brendan Boyle. All but Fitzpatr... | How many congressional districts were there at the peak population? | How many congressional districts were there at the peak population? | [
"How many congressional districts were there at the peak population?"
] | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96772 | 5a8cb61ffd22b3001a8d8d8f | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | John Calvin supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches... | What did Karl Rahner believe Jesus could have successfully argued for? | What did Karl Rahner believe Jesus could have successfully argued for? | [
"What did Karl Rahner believe Jesus could have successfully argued for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3134 | 56dc587714d3a41400c267f5 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of ... | What is a recent development in sequencing methods? | What is a recent development in sequencing methods? | [
"What is a recent development in sequencing methods?"
] | {
"text": [
"massive parallel sequencing"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65503 | 5727bdea3acd2414000deb2a | Detroit | Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants feared black competition for jobs and housing. The federal governm... | What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers? | What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers? | [
"What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Packard"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26205 | 5726adef5951b619008f7a03 | Edmund_Burke | Burke's Reflections sparked a pamphlet war. Thomas Paine penned the Rights of Man in 1791 as a response to Burke; Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Men and James Mackintosh wrote Vindiciae Gallicae. Mackintosh was the first to see the Reflections as "the manifesto of a Counter Revolution". Ma... | Who said the Reflections were "the manifesto of a Counter Revolution"? | Who said the Reflections were "the manifesto of a Counter Revolution"? | [
"Who said the Reflections were \"the manifesto of a Counter Revolution\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"James Mackintosh"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53479 | 5727bce93acd2414000deb0f | Sichuan | Sichuan was China's most populous province before Chongqing became a directly-controlled municipality; it is currently the fourth most populous, after Guangdong, Shandong and Henan. As of 1832, Sichuan was the most populous of the 18 provinces in China, with an estimated population at that time of 21 million. It was th... | In what year was the Soviet Union disbanded? | In what year was the Soviet Union disbanded? | [
"In what year was the Soviet Union disbanded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1991"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92868 | 5aced07f32bba1001ae4b54a | Tajikistan | The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, move... | Who ruled the region until the 3rd century CE? | Who ruled the region until the 3rd century CE? | [
"Who ruled the region until the 3rd century CE?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17537 | 5ad2240ed7d075001a428517 | Spectre_(2015_film) | Bond travels to Austria to find White, who is dying of thallium poisoning. He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Américain; this will in turn lead him to Spectre. White then commits suicide. Bond locates Swann at the Ho... | Who is dying of potassium poisoning? | Who is dying of potassium poisoning? | [
"Who is dying of potassium poisoning?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6532 | 5ad2e1c8d7d075001a42a60c | PlayStation_3 | Since June 2009 VidZone has offered a free music video streaming service in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In October 2009, Sony Computer Entertainment and Netflix announced that the Netflix streaming service would also be available on PlayStation 3 in the United States. A paid Netflix subscription was required for... | Which users paid for a Blu-Ray disc to access services? | Which users paid for a Blu-Ray disc to access services? | [
"Which users paid for a Blu-Ray disc to access services?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2022 | 5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b2c | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and C... | When did Britain declare martial law in a South American colony? | When did Britain declare martial law in a South American colony? | [
"When did Britain declare martial law in a South American colony?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96024 | 5726c709f1498d1400e8eb03 | Hokkien | In the 1990s, marked by the liberalization of language development and mother tongue movement in Taiwan, Taiwanese Hokkien had undergone a fast pace in its development. In 1993, Taiwan became the first region in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwanese schools. In 2001, the local Taiwanese ... | What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools? | What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools? | [
"What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools?"
] | {
"text": [
"1993"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93776 | 5728d63f2ca10214002da904 | Estonia | Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovisi... | What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest? | What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest? | [
"What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7864 | 5726d0f55951b619008f7ee7 | Copyright_infringement | Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have disting... | In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute? | In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute? | [
"In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?"
] | {
"text": [
"theft, conversion, or fraud"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58923 | 5a302f6cf1f7c7001ab92cb1 | A_cappella | A cappella music was originally used in religious music, especially church music as well as anasheed and zemirot. Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing, as is the majority of secular vocal music from the Renaissance. The madrigal, up until its development in the early Baroque into an instrumentally-accomp... | What is an example of instrumentally accompanied singing? | What is an example of instrumentally accompanied singing? | [
"What is an example of instrumentally accompanied singing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114215 | 572685275951b619008f755a | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | These years included what was called "spectacularly malicious coverage" of the Labour Party by The Sun and other newspapers. During the general election of 1983 The Sun ran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph of Michael Foot, then aged almost 70, claiming he was unfit to be Prime Minister on grounds of hi... | How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president? | How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president? | [
"How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president?"
] | {
"text": [
"74"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9686 | 5725e0fb89a1e219009ac01c | Montevideo | Church and state are officially separated since 1916 in Uruguay. The religion with most followers in Montevideo is Roman Catholicism and has been so since the foundation of the city. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo was created as the Apostolic Vicariate of Montevideo in 1830. The vicariate was promoted to ... | When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created? | When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created? | [
"When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1830"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50189 | 5ace739f32bba1001ae4a70a | Neptune | Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranu... | What is neptune 17 times smaller than? | What is neptune 17 times smaller than? | [
"What is neptune 17 times smaller than?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95488 | 5726a0605951b619008f7825 | Yale_University | Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency... | When was the Yale School of Medicine established? | When was the Yale School of Medicine established? | [
"When was the Yale School of Medicine established?"
] | {
"text": [
"1810"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32690 | 570e18430b85d914000d7cc4 | Antarctica | Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families... | Where is the continental limit of Antarctica? | Where is the continental limit of Antarctica? | [
"Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"60th parallel south"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92881 | 5acef03332bba1001ae4b968 | Tajikistan | It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultu... | Who shrunk the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara? | Who shrunk the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara? | [
"Who shrunk the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17001 | 5725cd18ec44d21400f3d5d0 | Israel | Israel has one of the highest ratios of defense spending to GDP of all developed countries, only topped by Oman and Saudi Arabia. In 1984, for example, the country spent 24% of its GDP on defense. By 2006, that figure had dropped to 7.3%. Israel is one of the world's largest arms exporters, and was ranked fourth in the... | What percentage of it's GDP was spent on defense in 1984? | What percentage of it's GDP was spent on defense in 1984? | [
"What percentage of it's GDP was spent on defense in 1984?"
] | {
"text": [
"24%"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31426 | 572954806aef051400154cfc | Germans | The work of David Hilbert and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further. They were preceded by such key physicists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discov... | Who discovered X-Rays? | Who discovered X-Rays? | [
"Who discovered X-Rays?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112673 | 570d965afed7b91900d4624f | United_States_Army | On September 11, 2001, 53 Army civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al-Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks.... | Did they crash into the eastern or wester part of the Pentagon. | Did they crash into the eastern or wester part of the Pentagon. | [
"Did they crash into the eastern or wester part of the Pentagon."
] | {
"text": [
"west"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43165 | 57264781f1498d1400e8daf6 | Poultry | The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago, and a different wild species, the swan goose (Anser cygnoides), domesticated in Siberia about a thousand years later, is known as a Chinese goose. The two hybridise with each other and the large knob at the base of the beak, a no... | When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans? | When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans? | [
"When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1999 | 570b56026b8089140040f894 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the... | What other country besides the United States became a super power after World War II? | What other country besides the United States became a super power after World War II? | [
"What other country besides the United States became a super power after World War II?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35705 | 5a485f0184b8a4001a7e784c | Imperial_College_London | In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main ... | What school was given an award by the Privy Council? | What school was given an award by the Privy Council? | [
"What school was given an award by the Privy Council?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19659 | 5ad600cb5b96ef001a10b011 | Comprehensive_school | Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbou... | What concept does the government currently not support for education? | What concept does the government currently not support for education? | [
"What concept does the government currently not support for education?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102084 | 5a5166c4ce860b001aa3fd8b | States_of_Germany | The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the federal constitution, stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a cabinet led by a Min... | What principles does the basic law suggest that Germany is not required to conform to? | What principles does the basic law suggest that Germany is not required to conform to? | [
"What principles does the basic law suggest that Germany is not required to conform to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28946 | 571ac3f89499d21900609afe | Pharmaceutical_industry | Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy. To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax. In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spur... | When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented? | When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented? | [
"When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented?"
] | {
"text": [
"1906"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5121 | 56e15767cd28a01900c677fa | Boston | Boston has been called the "Athens of America" for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States." In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Bosto... | What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in? | What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in? | [
"What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in?"
] | {
"text": [
"the nineteenth century"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37637 | 572841f8ff5b5019007da021 | London | London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Around 325,000 people were employed in financial services in London until mid-2007. London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any other city in the world. Over 85 percent (3.2 million) of the... | Prior to mid-2007, approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector? | Prior to mid-2007, approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector? | [
"Prior to mid-2007, approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector?"
] | {
"text": [
"325,000"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82808 | 56e06cf57aa994140058e498 | Saint_Helena | Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena. The Governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom. | Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena? | Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena? | [
"Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Governor"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71885 | 5acf5b8177cf76001a684c25 | Capacitor | The simplest model capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric with permittivity ε . This model may also be used to make qualitative predictions for other device geometries. The plates are considered to extend uniformly over an area A and a charge density ±ρ = ±Q/A exists on thei... | Close to the outside of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field? | Close to the outside of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field? | [
"Close to the outside of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70424 | 56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d9 | Pub | By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (p... | Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written? | Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written? | [
"Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?"
] | {
"text": [
"1835–1836"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98532 | 572668b2f1498d1400e8dec4 | Marvel_Comics | While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these "big three", some notable heroes—many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks—include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and the Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil W... | What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues? | What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues? | [
"What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69254 | 5ad41bc5604f3c001a400548 | Houston | Houston (i/ˈhjuːstən/ HYOO-stən) is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people, within a land area of 599.6 square miles (1,553 km2), it also is the largest ci... | Where is Houston ranked among the least populous cities in the US? | Where is Houston ranked among the least populous cities in the US? | [
"Where is Houston ranked among the least populous cities in the US?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5720 | 5706b0a62eaba6190074ac3c | House_music | The house scene in cities such as Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London were also provided with many underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs alike which helped bolster an already contagious, but otherwise ignored by the mainstream, music genre. The earliest and influential UK house and techno record labels such as ... | what were the earliest and most influential record labels in UK house music? | what were the earliest and most influential record labels in UK house music? | [
"what were the earliest and most influential record labels in UK house music?"
] | {
"text": [
"Warp Records and Network Records"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38338 | 5a7d2f7670df9f001a874ffd | Neolithic | The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorw... | What era consisted of people living on roofs? | What era consisted of people living on roofs? | [
"What era consisted of people living on roofs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10868 | 56fdfc2c761e401900d28c8f | Computer | Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and la... | Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what? | Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what? | [
"Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"CPUs"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91324 | 5ace548832bba1001ae4a2ce | Avicenna | His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition, under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some time, paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism, but suppressed by the Parisian decrees o... | What did the 12th century Parisian decrees suppresse? | What did the 12th century Parisian decrees suppresse? | [
"What did the 12th century Parisian decrees suppresse?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85750 | 571120ccb654c5140001fb9d | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | The NES can be emulated on many other systems, most notably the PC. The first emulator was the Japanese-only Pasofami. It was soon followed by iNES, which was available in English and was cross-platform, in 1996. It was described as being the first NES emulation software that could be used by a non-expert. NESticle, a ... | What was the first NES emulator? | What was the first NES emulator? | [
"What was the first NES emulator?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pasofami"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15406 | 5706ab5375f01819005e7cf7 | Black_people | Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names. | What languages are most common? | What languages are most common? | [
"What languages are most common?"
] | {
"text": [
"Afrikaans or English"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50125 | 5a820f9431013a001a335176 | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main fact... | With the passage of phenomes what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change? | With the passage of phenomes what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change? | [
"With the passage of phenomes what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20340 | 5a670798f038b7001ab0c181 | Glass | In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated gl... | When did multi-storey buildings originate? | When did multi-storey buildings originate? | [
"When did multi-storey buildings originate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51455 | 572b4537f75d5e190021fd56 | Empiricism | Around the beginning of the 20th century, William James (1842–1910) coined the term "radical empiricism" to describe an offshoot of his form of pragmatism, which he argued could be dealt with separately from his pragmatism – though in fact the two concepts are intertwined in James's published lectures. James maintained... | Who came up with 'radical empiricism'? | Who came up with 'radical empiricism'? | [
"Who came up with 'radical empiricism'?"
] | {
"text": [
"William James"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84396 | 5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe919 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The S... | Which court is the only one able to set rules for procedures in State courts? | Which court is the only one able to set rules for procedures in State courts? | [
"Which court is the only one able to set rules for procedures in State courts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19171 | 5ad0e612645df0001a2d07ee | Premier_League | Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs. For the 2009–10 season, average attendances across the league clubs were 34,215 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,001,616. This represents an increase of 13,089 from the average attendance of... | With a total aggregate attendance of 34,215, how much was the average attendance across clubs for the 2009-10 season? | With a total aggregate attendance of 34,215, how much was the average attendance across clubs for the 2009-10 season? | [
"With a total aggregate attendance of 34,215, how much was the average attendance across clubs for the 2009-10 season?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71322 | 5727cf092ca10214002d9704 | Oklahoma | Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions, although cropland has largely replaced native grasses. Where rainfall is sparse in the western regions of the state, shortgrass... | How much of Oklahoma is covered in forests? | How much of Oklahoma is covered in forests? | [
"How much of Oklahoma is covered in forests?"
] | {
"text": [
"24 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82781 | 56e06979231d4119001ac0c9 | Saint_Helena | Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659, and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants, mainly descended from people from Britain – settlers ("planters") and soldiers – and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement – initially from Africa (the Cape Verde Islands, Gold Coa... | Where were slaves initially brought from to the island? | Where were slaves initially brought from to the island? | [
"Where were slaves initially brought from to the island?"
] | {
"text": [
"Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
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