gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-107260 | 57351496879d6814001cab11 | Hunting | A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds. In Tanzania, it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist. While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation, the average safari hunter generally stays in tented cam... | Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist? | Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist? | [
"Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist?"
] | {
"text": [
"remote areas"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101153 | 5726d25e5951b619008f7f13 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | For Germany, because an autarkic economic approach or an alliance with Britain were impossible, closer relations with the Soviet Union to obtain raw materials became necessary, if not just for economic reasons alone. Moreover, an expected British blockade in the event of war would create massive shortages for Germany i... | Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war? | Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war? | [
"Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war? "
] | {
"text": [
"Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
740
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14466 | 572f90a604bcaa1900d76a87 | Han_dynasty | The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin. In the beginning of the Han, Emperor Gaozu closed the government mint in favor of private minting of coins. This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow Grand Empress Dowager Lü Zhi (d. 180 BC), who abolished private minting. In 182 BC, Lü Zhi issued ... | In what year were private manufactures allowed to create coins that were exactly 2.6g in mass? | In what year were private manufactures allowed to create coins that were exactly 2.6g in mass? | [
"In what year were private manufactures allowed to create coins that were exactly 2.6g in mass?"
] | {
"text": [
"175 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82161 | 5726861f708984140094c8dd | Pesticide | Many pesticides can be grouped into chemical families. Prominent insecticide families include organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates. Organochlorine hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT) could be separated into dichlorodiphenylethanes, cyclodiene compounds, and other related compounds. They operate by disrupting the sodi... | What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds? | What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds? | [
"What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds?"
] | {
"text": [
"Phenoxy compounds"
],
"answer_start": [
1160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113695 | 572f580c947a6a140053c896 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA s... | What president announced the new CIA director? | What president announced the new CIA director? | [
"What president announced the new CIA director?"
] | {
"text": [
"Truman"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100231 | 5acd30f207355d001abf389b | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | The second generation of the system, officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2, will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites, and is under construction as of January 2015[update]. It became operational in China in December 2011, with... | Which system is also known as COMPANION or BeiDou-23? | Which system is also known as COMPANION or BeiDou-23? | [
"Which system is also known as COMPANION or BeiDou-23?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87946 | 572837113acd2414000df728 | God | In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence (perfect goodness),... | What is infinite knowledge classified as? | What is infinite knowledge classified as? | [
"What is infinite knowledge classified as?"
] | {
"text": [
"omniscience"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40402 | 5ad4fb9a5b96ef001a10a878 | Paper | Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter. | What is the only thing recycled papers can be made from? | What is the only thing recycled papers can be made from? | [
"What is the only thing recycled papers can be made from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35378 | 5ad0dc38645df0001a2d06de | Gothic_architecture | Suger, friend and confidant of the French Kings, Louis VI and Louis VII, decided in about 1137, to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis, attached to an abbey which was also a royal residence. He began with the West Front, reconstructing the original Carolingian façade with its single door. He designed the façade of ... | Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1237? | Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1237? | [
"Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1237?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22409 | 5a361403788daf001a5f8704 | Himachal_Pradesh | A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service an... | What is each geographical unit divided into and governed by a district? | What is each geographical unit divided into and governed by a district? | [
"What is each geographical unit divided into and governed by a district?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38765 | 570c75c9fed7b91900d459d3 | FC_Barcelona | FC Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in all competitions (including friendlies) is Lionel Messi with 474 goals. Messi is also the all-time highest goalscorer for Barcelona in all official competitions, excluding friendlies, with 445 goals. He is the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European (82 goals) and inter... | What is Messi's total goal scores in official competitions? | What is Messi's total goal scores in official competitions? | [
"What is Messi's total goal scores in official competitions?"
] | {
"text": [
"445"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11734 | 56fae1818f12f31900630230 | Somalis | Besides their traditional areas of inhabitation in Greater Somalia, a Somali community mainly consisting of entrepreneurs, academics, and students also exists in Egypt. In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general Sudan area. Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum, the expatriate commun... | In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion? | In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion? | [
"In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eastleigh"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78812 | 5730a767396df91900096248 | Greeks | The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. During the Ottoman rule of Greece, a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core, notably in Southern Italy, the Caucasus, Syria and Egypt. By the earl... | What has lead to the current situation of vast dispersion of the Greek people ? | What has lead to the current situation of vast dispersion of the Greek people ? | [
"What has lead to the current situation of vast dispersion of the Greek people ?"
] | {
"text": [
"a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora."
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10624 | 5acf955a77cf76001a68536c | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | The word comic comes from the nonhumorous pieces found where? | The word comic comes from the nonhumorous pieces found where? | [
"The word comic comes from the nonhumorous pieces found where?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44929 | 56f8e4e39e9bad19000a06b7 | Gene | For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism. However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases. | What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease? | What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease? | [
"What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease?"
] | {
"text": [
"gene therapy techniques"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77520 | 57265fb5dd62a815002e82fd | British_Empire | During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of t... | When did England become Great Britain? | When did England become Great Britain? | [
"When did England become Great Britain?"
] | {
"text": [
"1707"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58859 | 572ab067be1ee31400cb8181 | Rajasthan | In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (th... | What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan? | What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan? | [
"What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan?"
] | {
"text": [
"23%"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46315 | 5ad3e772604f3c001a3ff607 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body. The religion does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices; members who openly disagree with the religion's teachings are expelled and shunned. Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel receiv... | What religion accommodates members who question its teachings? | What religion accommodates members who question its teachings? | [
"What religion accommodates members who question its teachings?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70513 | 56dfdfae231d4119001abe4b | Pub | Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrou... | Who pioneered the circular bar? | Who pioneered the circular bar? | [
"Who pioneered the circular bar?"
] | {
"text": [
"Isambard Kingdom Brunel"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115620 | 57098a07ed30961900e842c3 | England_national_football_team | England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World C... | Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup? | Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup? | [
"Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup?"
] | {
"text": [
"Spain"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21126 | 5a772c362d6d7f001a4a9f45 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | Likewise the migration of Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans also began as a result of political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s. The uprising of the Sandinista revolution which toppled the Somoza dictatorship in 1979 caused many Nicaraguans to migrate particularly from those opposing the Sandinistas. T... | What other Spanish Speaking people come to Florida? | What other Spanish Speaking people come to Florida? | [
"What other Spanish Speaking people come to Florida?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21010 | 5a76eaf72d6d7f001a4a9ef8 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, as well as six million Spanish language students. Together, this makes the United States of America the second largest Hispanophone count... | What country has more first language Spanish-speakers than Mexico? | What country has more first language Spanish-speakers than Mexico? | [
"What country has more first language Spanish-speakers than Mexico?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29606 | 570c481ffed7b91900d45829 | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | In the 19th century, a house near Ephesus in Turkey was found, based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, an Augustinian nun in Germany. It has since been visited as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption. The Gospel of John states t... | In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found? | In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found? | [
"In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found?"
] | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77133 | 5a297d9803c0e7001a3e17bb | United_Nations_Population_Fund | UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people: | What fund doesn't work with governments? | What fund doesn't work with governments? | [
"What fund doesn't work with governments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91145 | 5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e858 | Avicenna | Ibn Sina created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age, in which the translations of Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Mid- and Neo-Platonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and dev... | What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age? | What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age? | [
"What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Kindi school"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9660 | 5725dbef271a42140099d2ad | Montevideo | The National History Museum of Montevideo is located in the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera. It exhibits artifacts related to the history of Uruguay. In a process begun in 1998, the National Museum of Natural History (1837) and the National Museum of Anthropology (1981), merged in 2001, becoming the Na... | The National History Museum of Montevideo is located where? | The National History Museum of Montevideo is located where? | [
"The National History Museum of Montevideo is located where?"
] | {
"text": [
"the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10447 | 5acf88c177cf76001a68514a | Comics | Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some America... | When did comic supplements stop showing up in Japan? | When did comic supplements stop showing up in Japan? | [
"When did comic supplements stop showing up in Japan?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66654 | 5acecc8432bba1001ae4b476 | Brigham_Young_University | In literature and journalism, BYU has produced several best-selling authors, including Orson Scott Card '75, Brandon Sanderson '00 & '05, Ben English '98, and Stephenie Meyer '95. BYU also graduated American activist and contributor for ABC News Elizabeth Smart-Gilmour. Other media personalities include former CBS News... | When did Miss America Sharlene Johnson graduate? | When did Miss America Sharlene Johnson graduate? | [
"When did Miss America Sharlene Johnson graduate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57229 | 572feebca23a5019007fcb71 | Muslim_world | The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights (In Persian: hezār-o-yek šab > Arabic: ʔalf-layl-at-wa-l’-layla= One thousand Night and (one) Night) or *Arabian Nights, a name invented by early Western translators, which is a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and lat... | Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights? | Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights? | [
"Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antoine Galland"
],
"answer_start": [
885
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25980 | 5a835042e60761001a2eb565 | Copper | Together with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between ... | How many grains of sand have a natural color that isn't gray? | How many grains of sand have a natural color that isn't gray? | [
"How many grains of sand have a natural color that isn't gray?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36219 | 5ace6bfc32bba1001ae4a655 | Printed_circuit_board | Matte solder is usually fused to provide a better bonding surface or stripped to bare copper. Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface oxidation of bare copper. The places to which components will be mounted are typically plated, because untreated bare copper oxidizes quickly, and therefore is not readil... | Shiny solder is usually fused to do what? | Shiny solder is usually fused to do what? | [
"Shiny solder is usually fused to do what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13620 | 5a35755b788daf001a5f8600 | Glacier | Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially imp... | Where is all the fresh water on earth contained? | Where is all the fresh water on earth contained? | [
"Where is all the fresh water on earth contained?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12719 | 5ad31741604f3c001a3fdb58 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displa... | What would happen to a pope's gelero when he dies? | What would happen to a pope's gelero when he dies? | [
"What would happen to a pope's gelero when he dies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83177 | 56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9d | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | In 2012, Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy, which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. The Institute's mission is to "[advance] post-partisanship, where leaders put people over political parties and work to... | What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to? | What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to? | [
"What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10967 | 5ad29eded7d075001a429c55 | Anthropology | Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist... | Who was known for is attacks on evolutionist on religious grounds? | Who was known for is attacks on evolutionist on religious grounds? | [
"Who was known for is attacks on evolutionist on religious grounds?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68710 | 572efb66c246551400ce4819 | Modern_history | The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was founded after the fall of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus. The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Chongzhen Emperor, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied w... | Who was Beijing captured by in 1644? | Who was Beijing captured by in 1644? | [
"Who was Beijing captured by in 1644?"
] | {
"text": [
"Li Zicheng's peasant rebels"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-266 | 56f78981aef2371900625bad | Marshall_Islands | The European powers recognized the islands as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874. However, Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884, and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885. In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with othe... | In what year did the Marshall Islands achieve total sovereignty? | In what year did the Marshall Islands achieve total sovereignty? | [
"In what year did the Marshall Islands achieve total sovereignty?"
] | {
"text": [
"1986"
],
"answer_start": [
694
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98100 | 56e19b21e3433e140042300a | Hydrogen | Consequently, steam reforming typically employs an excess of H
2O. Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction, especially with an iron oxide catalyst. This reaction is also a common industrial source of carbon dioxide: | How can it be recovered through steam? | How can it be recovered through steam? | [
"How can it be recovered through steam?"
] | {
"text": [
"use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43327 | 5a8615a4b4e223001a8e746d | Poultry | In general, avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people; however, people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia, where the d... | Why is the avian influenza considered to be completely safe? | Why is the avian influenza considered to be completely safe? | [
"Why is the avian influenza considered to be completely safe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18974 | 572fd905a23a5019007fca85 | Premier_League | Between the 1992–93 season and the 2012–13 season, Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times (as well as supplying five of the runners-up), behind Spain's La Liga with six wins, and Italy's Serie A with five wins, and ahead of, among others, Germany's Bundesliga with three wins (see table here).... | How many times have Premier League teams been runners up in the World Cup? | How many times have Premier League teams been runners up in the World Cup? | [
"How many times have Premier League teams been runners up in the World Cup?"
] | {
"text": [
"they have also been runners-up twice,"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13385 | 56e7a96937bdd419002c42e8 | Nanjing | Nanjing is an important railway hub in eastern China. It serves as rail junction for the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) (which is itself composed of the old Jinpu and Huning Railways), Nanjing–Tongling Railway (Ningtong), Nanjing–Qidong (Ningqi), and the Nanjing-Xian (Ningxi) which encompasses the Hefei–Nanjing Railway. Nan... | What lines comprise the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) line? | What lines comprise the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) line? | [
"What lines comprise the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) line?"
] | {
"text": [
"the old Jinpu and Huning Railways"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114866 | 5a7de5f270df9f001a8752c3 | Matter | There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter, and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter instead. In the early universe, it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented, and the disappearance o... | What is the disappearance of matter linked to? | What is the disappearance of matter linked to? | [
"What is the disappearance of matter linked to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24729 | 56cef613aab44d1400b88d2b | New_York_City | The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island.... | The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state? | The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state? | [
"The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state?"
] | {
"text": [
"New Jersey"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4983 | 56e12f74e3433e1400422ca1 | Boston | Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-b... | Who bought FleetBoston Financial? | Who bought FleetBoston Financial? | [
"Who bought FleetBoston Financial?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bank of America"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81548 | 57240e580a492a190043560a | Queen_Victoria | According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed he... | How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal? | How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal? | [
"How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?"
] | {
"text": [
"122"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79751 | 57061f8275f01819005e79b6 | MP3 | As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaborat... | What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg? | What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg? | [
"What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?"
] | {
"text": [
"doctoral"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31571 | 570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d95 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | From the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of... | How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s? | How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s? | [
"How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s?"
] | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8590 | 56df57b996943c1400a5d3d7 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July ... | Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918? | Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918? | [
"Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Soviet Russian Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114801 | 5a7db89470df9f001a875094 | Matter | In the context of relativity, mass is not an additive quantity, in the sense that one can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system. Thus, in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses, but the energy–momentum tensor that quantifies the am... | What does gravity contribute to in a system? | What does gravity contribute to in a system? | [
"What does gravity contribute to in a system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116325 | 573405aa4776f41900661719 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, A... | Who is the 'Queen of Music'? | Who is the 'Queen of Music'? | [
"Who is the 'Queen of Music'?"
] | {
"text": [
"Malika-i-Mauseequi"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79165 | 56d135e0e7d4791d00902015 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version. Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story. Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP.com, Ele... | What 2 critics gave Twilight Princess awards for Best Graphics and Best Story? | What 2 critics gave Twilight Princess awards for Best Graphics and Best Story? | [
"What 2 critics gave Twilight Princess awards for Best Graphics and Best Story?"
] | {
"text": [
"IGN and Nintendo Power"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36663 | 5732013eb9d445190005e70d | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor,... | John Rhodes served as minority leader beginning in what year? | John Rhodes served as minority leader beginning in what year? | [
"John Rhodes served as minority leader beginning in what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1973"
],
"answer_start": [
902
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60885 | 5a36f7b995360f001af1b386 | Gregorian_calendar | Because the spring equinox was tied to the date of Easter, the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable. The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon (computed using the Metonic cycle) that falls on or after the vernal equinox, whic... | What did the Church of Rome place on 21 March | What did the Church of Rome place on 21 March | [
"What did the Church of Rome place on 21 March"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108966 | 5726e16df1498d1400e8ee87 | Literature | As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the "literary" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but ... | The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where? | The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where? | [
"The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where?"
] | {
"text": [
"journals"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87524 | 5a68dbd78476ee001a58a7f5 | IBM | IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into IBM Research. As of 2013[update] the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science... | What is one invention made by the Watson company that is used by people everyday? | What is one invention made by the Watson company that is used by people everyday? | [
"What is one invention made by the Watson company that is used by people everyday?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81199 | 5723f5dc0dadf01500fa1fc5 | Queen_Victoria | At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after her father and his three older brothers: the Prince Regent, the Duke of York, and the Duke of Clarence (later William IV). The Prince Regent and the Duke of York were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers... | What was th elength of time between the deaths of Victoria's father and grandfather? | What was th elength of time between the deaths of Victoria's father and grandfather? | [
"What was th elength of time between the deaths of Victoria's father and grandfather?"
] | {
"text": [
"within a week of each other"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16796 | 5725b404271a42140099d057 | Israel | The first record of the name Israel (as ysrỉꜣr) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as ... | When does the first record of the name Israel occurs? | When does the first record of the name Israel occurs? | [
"When does the first record of the name Israel occurs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Merneptah stele"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75228 | 572863cb3acd2414000df98f | Labour_Party_(UK) | The 1923 general election was fought on the Conservatives' protectionist proposals but, although they got the most votes and remained the largest party, they lost their majority in parliament, necessitating the formation of a government supporting free trade. Thus, with the acquiescence of Asquith's Liberals, Ramsay Ma... | In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM? | In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM? | [
"In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM?"
] | {
"text": [
"1924"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43621 | 5726e345708984140094d4e1 | Korean_War | On 1 March 1951 Mao sent a cable to Stalin, in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the urgent need for air cover, especially over supply lines. Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort, Stalin finally agreed to supply two air force divisions, three anti-aircraft divisions, and six tho... | What did China introduce to the war in 1951? | What did China introduce to the war in 1951? | [
"What did China introduce to the war in 1951?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Chinese Air Force"
],
"answer_start": [
951
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74077 | 56e485f58c00841900fbafe0 | Architecture | Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The wide... | What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects? | What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects? | [
"What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?"
] | {
"text": [
"pointed arch"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90166 | 5acf926d77cf76001a6852d8 | Somerset | Some of the county's secondary schools have specialist school status. Some schools have sixth forms and others transfer their sixth formers to colleges. Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton. Others have changed their names over th... | How many students attend the Richard Huish College? | How many students attend the Richard Huish College? | [
"How many students attend the Richard Huish College?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109404 | 5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eea | Dutch_Republic | The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands... | What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814? | What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814? | [
"What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-842 | 56df7e625ca0a614008f9b44 | Plymouth | The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park ... | In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park? | In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park? | [
"In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?"
] | {
"text": [
"a brass plaque"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83981 | 573062ec396df919000960dc | Translation | The movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed skepticism, writes Chri... | Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic? | Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic? | [
"Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic?"
] | {
"text": [
"Educated Arabs and Turks"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15485 | 5706cbc50eeca41400aa0e3b | Black_people | Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, t... | What year was his report from? | What year was his report from? | [
"What year was his report from?"
] | {
"text": [
"1913"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91208 | 5ace3e6532bba1001ae4a01f | Avicenna | According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer,ءMahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurispru... | Who learned arithmatic by the age of 10? | Who learned arithmatic by the age of 10? | [
"Who learned arithmatic by the age of 10?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116156 | 5733fbd54776f41900661645 | Punjab,_Pakistan | Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attacks and influence from the west and witnessed centuries of foreign invasions by the Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest uni... | Who was Chanakya? | Who was Chanakya? | [
"Who was Chanakya?"
] | {
"text": [
"great Vedic thinker and politician"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55467 | 572664a15951b619008f716f | Presbyterianism | Above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations. The presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate ... | Which step was recently abolished by Scotland? | Which step was recently abolished by Scotland? | [
"Which step was recently abolished by Scotland?"
] | {
"text": [
"Synod"
],
"answer_start": [
811
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29341 | 5a565d366349e2001acdcd2e | Swaziland | In 1903, after British victory in the Anglo-Boer war, Swaziland became a British protectorate. Much of its early administration (for example, postal services) being carried out from South Africa until 1906 when the Transvaal colony was granted self-government. Following this, Swaziland was partitioned into European and... | Who did Swaziland become a protectorate of in the 19th century? | Who did Swaziland become a protectorate of in the 19th century? | [
"Who did Swaziland become a protectorate of in the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3304 | 570806c390286e26004fc980 | Imamah_(Shia_doctrine) | According to Ismā‘īlīsm, Allah has sent "seven" great prophets known as “Nātıq” (Spoken) in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam. All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as “Sāmad (Silent) Imām”. At the end of each seven “Sāmad” silsila, one great “Nātıq” (Spoken) has ben sent in order to ... | What is the great prophets assistant called? | What is the great prophets assistant called? | [
"What is the great prophets assistant called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sāmad (Silent) Imām"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37001 | 5725c64b271a42140099d190 | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD ... | How much were the grants for | How much were the grants for | [
"How much were the grants for "
] | {
"text": [
"The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92845 | 573358b94776f41900660865 | Tajikistan | Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definiti... | What does the suffix -stan mean? | What does the suffix -stan mean? | [
"What does the suffix -stan mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"place of\" or \"country\""
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12088 | 5ad14c29645df0001a2d1643 | Universal_Studios | In 1945, the British entrepreneur J. Arthur Rank, hoping to expand his American presence, bought into a four-way merger with Universal, the independent company International Pictures, and producer Kenneth Young. The new combine, United World Pictures, was a failure and was dissolved within one year. Rank and Internatio... | When did Arthur J. Rank buy into a four-way merger? | When did Arthur J. Rank buy into a four-way merger? | [
"When did Arthur J. Rank buy into a four-way merger?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12715 | 56defa09c65bf219000b3e6d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displa... | What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal? | What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal? | [
"What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?"
] | {
"text": [
"scarlet biretta"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33057 | 5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1efa | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | What is not a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe. | What is not a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe. | [
"What is not a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe."
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63767 | 5727caa02ca10214002d965f | USB | Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage... | Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed? | Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed? | [
"Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?"
] | {
"text": [
"to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15363 | 570652ab75f01819005e7b46 | Black_people | In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against ... | When did the Arab apartheid intensify? | When did the Arab apartheid intensify? | [
"When did the Arab apartheid intensify? "
] | {
"text": [
"early 1991"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84020 | 57306f658ab72b1400f9c4e5 | Translation | Mark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language ... | For what language did Twain create a back-translation? | For what language did Twain create a back-translation? | [
"For what language did Twain create a back-translation?"
] | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52082 | 5ad38355604f3c001a3fe4eb | Miami | Miami is partitioned into many different sections, roughly into North, South, West and Downtown. The heart of the city is Downtown Miami and is technically on the eastern side of the city. This area includes Brickell, Virginia Key, Watson Island, and PortMiami. Downtown is South Florida's central business district, and... | Where is South Beach in relation to Uptown? | Where is South Beach in relation to Uptown? | [
"Where is South Beach in relation to Uptown?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73075 | 56d36bc559d6e41400146347 | American_Idol | Once in Hollywood, the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds. Until season ten, there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood. In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually. For the next round, the contestants put themselves in small groups ... | In which seasons were contestants required to write original lyrics? | In which seasons were contestants required to write original lyrics? | [
"In which seasons were contestants required to write original lyrics?"
] | {
"text": [
"two and three"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36513 | 5a272fdbc93d92001a400409 | Immaculate_Conception | By 750, the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East, under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne. In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans, whether these introduced it directly from the East or too... | What was widely celebrated in the West by 750? | What was widely celebrated in the West by 750? | [
"What was widely celebrated in the West by 750?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38665 | 570c3666ec8fbc190045bdca | FC_Barcelona | In late December, Barcelona's appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was unsuccessful and the original transfer ban was reinstated, leaving the club unable to utilise the 2015 winter and summer transfer windows. On 5 January 2015, Zubizareta was sacked by the board after 4 years as director of football. The next ... | When was Zubizareta fired by the board? | When was Zubizareta fired by the board? | [
"When was Zubizareta fired by the board?"
] | {
"text": [
"5 January 2015"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77327 | 573218f2e17f3d1400422687 | Armenians | In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. The... | What dynasty was Ashot I part of? | What dynasty was Ashot I part of? | [
"What dynasty was Ashot I part of?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Bagratid Dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83665 | 5acd898407355d001abf464b | Florida | These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area and ignored Spanish officials. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After... | When did meetings end? | When did meetings end? | [
"When did meetings end?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90901 | 572a982b34ae481900deaba7 | John_Kerry | Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He graduated from Yale University class of 1966 with a political science major. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and during 1968–1969 served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-... | What group was Kerry a spokesman for? | What group was Kerry a spokesman for? | [
"What group was Kerry a spokesman for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vietnam Veterans Against the War"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1873 | 570b47b6ec8fbc190045b959 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The military history of the American side of the war involved different strategies over the years. The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons, and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trai... | Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War? | Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War? | [
"Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War?"
] | {
"text": [
"the White House"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67223 | 57271f3b708984140094da1c | Nutrition | Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have bee... | Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food? | Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food? | [
"Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?"
] | {
"text": [
"last longer without becoming spoiled"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92416 | 5730e0b7f6cb411900e2450f | United_States_Air_Force | Airlift is "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic, operational, or tactical objectives" (AFDD 3–17, Air Mobility Operations). The rapid and flexible options afforded by airlift allow military forces and national leaders the ability to respond and operate in a va... | What objectives does Airlift support? | What objectives does Airlift support? | [
"What objectives does Airlift support? "
] | {
"text": [
"strategic, operational, or tactical"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85057 | 5a285625d1a287001a6d0b9e | Mali | Although Mali has enjoyed a reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population after independe... | What exists between the settled Tuaregs and the nomadic Songhai? | What exists between the settled Tuaregs and the nomadic Songhai? | [
"What exists between the settled Tuaregs and the nomadic Songhai?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68593 | 5a2f4e01a83784001a7d26ef | Mesozoic | Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan M... | What continent split to destroy the passive continental margin near the Atlantic? | What continent split to destroy the passive continental margin near the Atlantic? | [
"What continent split to destroy the passive continental margin near the Atlantic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68786 | 572f11a2dfa6aa1500f8d5bb | Modern_history | Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end o... | After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy? | After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy? | [
"After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?"
] | {
"text": [
"World War I."
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66946 | 572840c42ca10214002da198 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of ... | When did Gorbachev resign? | When did Gorbachev resign? | [
"When did Gorbachev resign?"
] | {
"text": [
"December 25, 1991"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72012 | 57271452f1498d1400e8f34c | Capacitor | Several other types of capacitor are available for specialist applications. Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy. Supercapacitors made from carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, or highly porous electrode materials, offer extremely high capacitance (up to 5 kF as of 2010[update]) and can be used in some applicatio... | What is the main feature of a supercapacitor? | What is the main feature of a supercapacitor? | [
"What is the main feature of a supercapacitor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21117 | 572eaddec246551400ce44e7 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | Likewise the migration of Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans also began as a result of political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s. The uprising of the Sandinista revolution which toppled the Somoza dictatorship in 1979 caused many Nicaraguans to migrate particularly from those opposing the Sandinistas. T... | Why did the Nicaraguans come to America? | Why did the Nicaraguans come to America? | [
"Why did the Nicaraguans come to America?"
] | {
"text": [
"political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110636 | 572ff3e2947a6a140053ce73 | Iran | Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis (Greek: Περσίς), meaning "land of the Persians." As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, the term persisted, even long after the... | After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region? | After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region? | [
"After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?"
] | {
"text": [
"the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85804 | 5ad2b4aed7d075001a429fcc | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | The unlicensed clone market has flourished following Nintendo's discontinuation of the NES. Some of the more exotic of these resulting systems have gone beyond the functionality of the original hardware and have included variations such as a portable system with a color LCD (e.g. PocketFami). Others have been produced ... | What thrived after the SNES was discontinued? | What thrived after the SNES was discontinued? | [
"What thrived after the SNES was discontinued?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75276 | 5728720dff5b5019007da22b | Labour_Party_(UK) | Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by Neil Kinnock, with Roy Hattersley as his deputy. The new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies. The miners strike of 1984–85 over coal mine closures, for which miners' leader Arthur Scargill was blamed, and the Wapping dispute led to clashes with the left of the... | Who was Neil Knnocks deputy? | Who was Neil Knnocks deputy? | [
"Who was Neil Knnocks deputy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Roy Hattersley"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47347 | 5726f9a1708984140094d767 | Madonna_(entertainer) | Influences also came to her from the art world, most notably through the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. The music video of the song "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo. Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka's Art Deco paintings and has included them in ... | Whose art influence Madonna? | Whose art influence Madonna? | [
"Whose art influence Madonna?"
] | {
"text": [
"Frida Kahlo"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40269 | 5727ea07ff5b5019007d9862 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven has been depicted in a number of movies. Scenes in the film All About Eve (1950) are set at the Taft Hotel (now Taft Apartments) on the corner of College and Chapel streets, and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway "tryouts" is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon (1953). The city was fic... | What Spielberg movie provided a fictional account of the slave ship mutiny trials that took place in New Haven? | What Spielberg movie provided a fictional account of the slave ship mutiny trials that took place in New Haven? | [
"What Spielberg movie provided a fictional account of the slave ship mutiny trials that took place in New Haven?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amistad"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78931 | 56d128ed17492d1400aabada | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most Zelda titles to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language... | How does Link express emotions? | How does Link express emotions? | [
"How does Link express emotions?"
] | {
"text": [
"nods and facial expressions"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
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