gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-83226 | 5ad2463dd7d075001a428ae8 | Dominican_Order | Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a "mixed" spirituality. They were both activ... | What country did Benedictine Order nuns thrive? | What country did Benedictine Order nuns thrive? | [
"What country did Benedictine Order nuns thrive? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98294 | 56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccf | Alps | The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on 80 per... | Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants? | Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants? | [
"Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants?"
] | {
"text": [
"500"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29123 | 5ad38d67604f3c001a3fe5e9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a diseas... | What focuses on early-stage pathways? | What focuses on early-stage pathways? | [
"What focuses on early-stage pathways?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11682 | 56fad729f34c681400b0c153 | Somalis | The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With ver... | In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located? | In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located? | [
"In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located?"
] | {
"text": [
"northern"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88211 | 572c0ccddfb02c14005c6b77 | God | Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclu... | What is one called that believes he has the one religion, but that the others aren't necessarily wrong? | What is one called that believes he has the one religion, but that the others aren't necessarily wrong? | [
"What is one called that believes he has the one religion, but that the others aren't necessarily wrong?"
] | {
"text": [
"pluralism"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102561 | 5a79ce7517ab25001a8a008d | Association_football | Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th ce... | What organization has said that there is historical connections to association football with other games outside of Europe? | What organization has said that there is historical connections to association football with other games outside of Europe? | [
"What organization has said that there is historical connections to association football with other games outside of Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61395 | 572f46d8947a6a140053c856 | Flowering_plant | Recent studies, as by the APG, show that the monocots form a monophyletic group (clade) but that the dicots do not (they are paraphyletic). Nevertheless, the majority of dicot species do form a monophyletic group, called the eudicots or tricolpates. Of the remaining dicot species, most belong to a third major clade kno... | Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species? | Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species? | [
"Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species?"
] | {
"text": [
"paraphyletic"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115549 | 57098554200fba1400368125 | England_national_football_team | In February 2012, Capello resigned from his role as England manager, following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from team captaincy after accusations of racial abuse concerning the player. Following this, there was media speculation that Harry Redknapp would take the job. However, on 1... | In what year did Capello resign as England's football manager? | In what year did Capello resign as England's football manager? | [
"In what year did Capello resign as England's football manager?"
] | {
"text": [
"2012"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64683 | 573405584776f4190066170d | Portugal | Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Por... | What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of? | What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of? | [
"What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?"
] | {
"text": [
"copper"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83644 | 57265ad5dd62a815002e8284 | Florida | As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to est... | Who did Florida side with during the revolution | Who did Florida side with during the revolution | [
"Who did Florida side with during the revolution"
] | {
"text": [
"Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution."
],
"answer_start": [
641
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83007 | 56de7b7fcffd8e1900b4b968 | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 – NABBA [England], 1 – IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins... | What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965? | What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965? | [
"What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965?"
] | {
"text": [
"Junior Mr. Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47841 | 5726a23c708984140094cc6f | Napoleon | Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Con... | At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts? | At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts? | [
"At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Congress of Erfurt"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42147 | 5ad236bfd7d075001a42881d | Karl_Popper | Popper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of Economics, King's Col... | When was Popper thrown out of the Royal Society? | When was Popper thrown out of the Royal Society? | [
"When was Popper thrown out of the Royal Society?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21705 | 5730bbb2069b5314008322d1 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of t... | What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics? | What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics? | [
"What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics?"
] | {
"text": [
"use a place value numeral system"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11877 | 56e144b0cd28a01900c6770e | Universal_Studios | Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other co... | In what city and state are its production studios located? | In what city and state are its production studios located? | [
"In what city and state are its production studios located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Universal City, California"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17051 | 5725d27dec44d21400f3d633 | Israel | The nation's canonical folk songs, known as "Songs of the Land of Israel," deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland. The Hora circle dance introduced by early Jewish settlers was originally popular in the Kibbutzim and outlying communities. It became a symbol of the Zionist reconstructi... | What the nation's canonical folk songs known as? | What the nation's canonical folk songs known as? | [
"What the nation's canonical folk songs known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"Songs of the Land of Israel"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88376 | 56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2d | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | Chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions, including a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors... | Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall? | Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall? | [
"Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall?"
] | {
"text": [
"Green Party officials."
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72373 | 57265fcf708984140094c3f7 | Greece | In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports). In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in othe... | Where does Greece rank in number of tankers? | Where does Greece rank in number of tankers? | [
"Where does Greece rank in number of tankers?"
] | {
"text": [
"first"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35105 | 571a719310f8ca1400305041 | Memory | Interference can hamper memorization and retrieval. There is retroactive interference, when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information and proactive interference, where prior learning disrupts recall of new information. Although interference can lead to forgetting, it is important to keep in min... | What is proactive interference? | What is proactive interference? | [
"What is proactive interference?"
] | {
"text": [
"where prior learning disrupts recall of new information"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115931 | 572e86b8dfa6aa1500f8d0a9 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feyn... | Which nickname did Feynman receive? | Which nickname did Feynman receive? | [
"Which nickname did Feynman receive?"
] | {
"text": [
"Great Explainer"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63051 | 572b8919f75d5e190021fe3a | Czech_language | Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years, and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century. A biblical translation, the Kralice Bible, was published during the late sixteenth century (around the time of the King James and Luther versions) whic... | What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn? | What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn? | [
"What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn?"
] | {
"text": [
"widespread nationalism"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55651 | 5acfdbe277cf76001a686314 | Presbyterianism | African Presbyterian churches often incorporate diaconal ministries, including social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals. A number of partnerships exist between presbyteries in Africa and the PC(USA), including specific connections with Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Ghana and Zambia. Fo... | Which services do most African Presbyterian churches refuse to offer? | Which services do most African Presbyterian churches refuse to offer? | [
"Which services do most African Presbyterian churches refuse to offer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107405 | 57261cd638643c19005ad027 | Royal_Dutch_Shell | In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchang... | What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure? | What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure? | [
"What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?"
] | {
"text": [
"the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97981 | 56e0711b231d4119001ac142 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[note 1... | What is the atomic number used for hydrogen? | What is the atomic number used for hydrogen? | [
"What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?"
] | {
"text": [
"1"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21371 | 56e6d7086fe0821900b8ebc0 | Adult_contemporary_music | A notable pattern that developed during the 2000s and 2010s has been for certain pop songs to have lengthy runs on AC charts, even after the songs have fallen off the Hot 100. Adrian Moreira, senior vice president for adult music for RCA Music Group, said, "We've seen a fairly tidal shift in what AC will play". Rather ... | When do adult contemporary stations begin to play Top 40 songs? | When do adult contemporary stations begin to play Top 40 songs? | [
"When do adult contemporary stations begin to play Top 40 songs?"
] | {
"text": [
"after the hits had become established"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101603 | 56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b2 | Dog | Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for th... | In neutering, what is removed in a male dog? | In neutering, what is removed in a male dog? | [
"In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?"
] | {
"text": [
"testicles"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80732 | 57257bd469ff041400e58dff | Queen_Victoria | Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John... | What are some of the languages that Victoria studied? | What are some of the languages that Victoria studied? | [
"What are some of the languages that Victoria studied?"
] | {
"text": [
"French, German, Italian, and Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
1021
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64160 | 5ace8b2f32bba1001ae4a9ef | Annelid | Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than ar... | What type of worm have there been proposals to kill? | What type of worm have there been proposals to kill? | [
"What type of worm have there been proposals to kill?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90219 | 5acfd5f277cf76001a686271 | Tibet | The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades. The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism; in addition there is Bön, which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism, and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities. Tibetan Buddhism ... | What is the primary influence on staple foods in Tibet? | What is the primary influence on staple foods in Tibet? | [
"What is the primary influence on staple foods in Tibet?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78749 | 5ad29ea6d7d075001a429c4b | Greeks | The Greeks of the Classical era made several notable contributions to science and helped lay the foundations of several western scientific traditions, like philosophy, historiography and mathematics. The scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions in C... | What school practices were kept by the French world after the fall of Greece? | What school practices were kept by the French world after the fall of Greece? | [
" What school practices were kept by the French world after the fall of Greece?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70372 | 56dfb6067aa994140058e035 | Pub | The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to... | What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub? | What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub? | [
"What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?"
] | {
"text": [
"pub landlord"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111545 | 573236d2e17f3d1400422736 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices... | When did Julian become Augustus? | When did Julian become Augustus? | [
"When did Julian become Augustus?"
] | {
"text": [
"361"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60970 | 5aceb7e132bba1001ae4b17d | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | What was the title of the bottom of Paris's police, in English? | What was the title of the bottom of Paris's police, in English? | [
"What was the title of the bottom of Paris's police, in English?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112939 | 570b32c46b8089140040f7fc | Xbox_360 | Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions. Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information, friends list, and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold. To... | What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get? | What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get? | [
"What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get?"
] | {
"text": [
"integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6269 | 5727762cdd62a815002e9d7c | Late_Middle_Ages | King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458–1490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, he inv... | Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács? | Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács? | [
"Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?"
] | {
"text": [
"the forces of the Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
734
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44819 | 56f8c4f09e9bad19000a0460 | Gene | Organisms inherit their genes from their parents. Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent's genome. Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent.:1 | Where do organisms inherit their genes from? | Where do organisms inherit their genes from? | [
"Where do organisms inherit their genes from?"
] | {
"text": [
"from their parents"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12317 | 5731bd47e99e3014001e6238 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Whhat does intestinal flora reduce? | Whhat does intestinal flora reduce? | [
"Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?"
] | {
"text": [
"absorption of estrogens"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101129 | 5726d0bef1498d1400e8ec1c | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military ad... | When did the russian civil war take place? | When did the russian civil war take place? | [
"When did the russian civil war take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"1917–22"
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11690 | 56fad7df8f12f319006301eb | Somalis | In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities ... | Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis? | Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis? | [
"Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?"
] | {
"text": [
"Toronto"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4239 | 56bfe0a9a10cfb1400551363 | Beyoncé | On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Beyoncé is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyoncé's husband Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Includin... | What is a criticism of other streaming services? | What is a criticism of other streaming services? | [
"What is a criticism of other streaming services?"
] | {
"text": [
"low payout of royalties"
],
"answer_start": [
763
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61192 | 5acecee632bba1001ae4b4cd | Police | Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatchin... | What have computers in police cars disbled for reporting? | What have computers in police cars disbled for reporting? | [
"What have computers in police cars disbled for reporting?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114197 | 57268242dd62a815002e87ac | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | On 1 May, The Sun claimed to have 'sponsored' a British missile. Under the headline "Stick This Up Your Junta: A Sun missile for Galtieri’s gauchos", the newspaper published a photograph of a missile, (actually a Polaris missile stock shot from the Ministry of Defence) which had a large Sun logo printed on its side wit... | What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of? | What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of? | [
"What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of?"
] | {
"text": [
"a British missile"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11507 | 5727acd3ff5b5019007d9257 | North_Carolina | College sports are also popular in North Carolina, with 18 schools competing at the Division I level. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is headquartered in Greensboro, and both the ACC Football Championship Game (Charlotte) and the ACC Men's Basketball Tournament (Greensboro) were most recently held in North Carolina... | Where is the ACC headquarters? | Where is the ACC headquarters? | [
"Where is the ACC headquarters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greensboro"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9665 | 5725dcfb271a42140099d2b5 | Montevideo | The Museo Torres García is located in the Old Town, and exhibits Joaquín Torres García's unusual portraits of historical icons and cubist paintings akin to those of Picasso and Braque. The museum was established by Manolita Piña Torres, the widow of Torres Garcia, after his death in 1949. She also set up the García Tor... | Who established The Museo Torres Garcia? | Who established The Museo Torres Garcia? | [
"Who established The Museo Torres Garcia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manolita Piña Torres"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93616 | 5728b55c2ca10214002da62b | Estonia | In 1989, during the "Singing Revolution", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independen... | What was the name of the human chain? | What was the name of the human chain? | [
"What was the name of the human chain?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Baltic Way"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31572 | 570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d96 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | From the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of... | Where was the Observer Corps based? | Where was the Observer Corps based? | [
"Where was the Observer Corps based?"
] | {
"text": [
"Britain"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79297 | 572777c4708984140094de61 | Heian_period | Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life. Not only the shōen but also civil and reli... | Which class became a new military elite? | Which class became a new military elite? | [
"Which class became a new military elite?"
] | {
"text": [
"provincial upper class"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67263 | 57099526ed30961900e84361 | Animal | Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguis... | The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism? | The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism? | [
"The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism?"
] | {
"text": [
"animals"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108201 | 5acd477107355d001abf3bf1 | Estonian_language | Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Con... | When was Aavik's dictionary destroyed? | When was Aavik's dictionary destroyed? | [
" When was Aavik's dictionary destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14027 | 56f8bd499e9bad19000a03ed | Brain | The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interi... | Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid? | Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid? | [
"Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?"
] | {
"text": [
"alcohol"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110312 | 572808a2ff5b5019007d9b75 | Culture | In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, spo... | What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production? | What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production? | [
"What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?"
] | {
"text": [
"saw patterns of consumption and leisure"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50666 | 56e8800d0b45c0140094cce4 | Bern | As of 2000[update], there were 67,115 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.8 persons per household. There were 34,981 households that consist of only one person and 1,592 households with five or more people. In 2000[update], a total of 65,538 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occup... | What is the average of people per household in Bern? | What is the average of people per household in Bern? | [
"What is the average of people per household in Bern?"
] | {
"text": [
"1.8 persons"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108989 | 5726e512f1498d1400e8ef15 | Literature | Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person’s character that would not be obvious otherwise. It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An ent... | How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it? | How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it? | [
"How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?"
] | {
"text": [
"It benefits the psychological development and understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44666 | 56f8935baef23719006261d0 | Gene | The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ... | What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA? | What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA? | [
"What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA?"
] | {
"text": [
"RNA"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33807 | 57267360f1498d1400e8e001 | Film_speed | The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 ... | What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio? | What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio? | [
"What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio?"
] | {
"text": [
"the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13645 | 5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d6 | Glacier | Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, dependin... | What temperature makes a glacier polythermal? | What temperature makes a glacier polythermal? | [
"What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?"
] | {
"text": [
"partly cold-based and partly warm-based"
],
"answer_start": [
913
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80028 | 5726a5daf1498d1400e8e60c | Samoa | Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give t... | In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die? | In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die? | [
"In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?"
] | {
"text": [
"1894"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91843 | 5a8173b931013a001a334c2f | Cotton | In Iran (Persia), the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran. In Persian poets' poems, especially Ferdowsi's Shahname, there are references to co... | In what source can references to cotton be found in France? | In what source can references to cotton be found in France? | [
"In what source can references to cotton be found in France?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16718 | 572a8747be1ee31400cb807f | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being... | What is limited by the ignorance of humanity? | What is limited by the ignorance of humanity? | [
"What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?"
] | {
"text": [
"our ability to manipulate nature"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7244 | 5a1370b9c8eab200188dc96b | Georgian_architecture | In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, and rows of identical terraced houses became the norm. Even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an enormous amount of building ... | Where were the wealthy and poor persuaded to live? | Where were the wealthy and poor persuaded to live? | [
"Where were the wealthy and poor persuaded to live?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47474 | 572fab15b2c2fd14005682f3 | Armenia | Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.[citation ... | When was the Bolshevik Revolution? | When was the Bolshevik Revolution? | [
"When was the Bolshevik Revolution? "
] | {
"text": [
"1917"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20008 | 5733926d4776f41900660d8f | University_of_Notre_Dame | The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. served as president from 1946 to 1952. Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies... | Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame? | Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame? | [
"Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lobund Institute for Animal Studies"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108257 | 5acd1baa07355d001abf3561 | Aspirated_consonant | Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩. | How are aspirated consonants marked? | How are aspirated consonants marked? | [
"How are aspirated consonants marked?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65965 | 571a1d794faf5e1900b8a8aa | Seattle | The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington. The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933; SAM opened a museum downtown in 1991 (expanded and reopened 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM). SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (ope... | When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors? | When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors? | [
"When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors?"
] | {
"text": [
"1933"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2892 | 573026db947a6a140053d19b | British_Isles | The population of England rose rapidly during the 19th and 20th centuries whereas the populations of Scotland and Wales have shown little increase during the 20th century, with the population of Scotland remaining unchanged since 1951. Ireland for most of its history comprised a population proportionate to its land are... | How does Ireland's population compare to the rest of the British Isles? | How does Ireland's population compare to the rest of the British Isles? | [
"How does Ireland's population compare to the rest of the British Isles?"
] | {
"text": [
"less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44779 | 56f8ba5a9b226e1400dd0ebb | Gene | In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA).:6.1 Second, that mRNA is translated to protein.:6.2 RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated i... | How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein? | How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein? | [
"How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein?"
] | {
"text": [
"two steps are required"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17063 | 5725d3b0ec44d21400f3d64b | Israel | Israeli cuisine has adopted, and continues to adapt, elements of various styles of Jewish cuisine, particularly the Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi styles of cooking, along with Moroccan Jewish, Iraqi Jewish, Ethiopian Jewish, Indian Jewish, Iranian Jewish and Yemeni Jewish influences. It incorporates many foods trad... | What styles of cooking has Israeli cuisine adopted? | What styles of cooking has Israeli cuisine adopted? | [
"What styles of cooking has Israeli cuisine adopted?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88845 | 570f46f55ab6b81900390ec9 | Circadian_rhythm | It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. Th... | What section of the brain periodically releases hormones? | What section of the brain periodically releases hormones? | [
"What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?"
] | {
"text": [
"endocrine glands"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18045 | 5a10e3cc06e79900185c3453 | Internet_service_provider | Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usual... | What type of ISPs are free of restrictions? | What type of ISPs are free of restrictions? | [
"What type of ISPs are free of restrictions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9180 | 57325cf7e17f3d14004228f2 | The_Bronx | The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and pro... | When was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional? | When was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional? | [
"When was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?"
] | {
"text": [
"1989"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68549 | 570ace2c4103511400d59a1d | Mesozoic | The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, a... | According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause? | According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause? | [
"According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?"
] | {
"text": [
"Triassic-Jurassic extinction"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55426 | 57265956f1498d1400e8dccd | Presbyterianism | Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominat... | Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government? | Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government? | [
"Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government?"
] | {
"text": [
"First Book of Discipline"
],
"answer_start": [
809
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71928 | 57270870dd62a815002e9823 | Capacitor | The capacitance of certain capacitors decreases as the component ages. In ceramic capacitors, this is caused by degradation of the dielectric. The type of dielectric, ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors, while the operating voltage has a smaller effect. The aging process ma... | What causes the decrease of capacitance in ceramic capacitors as they age? | What causes the decrease of capacitance in ceramic capacitors as they age? | [
"What causes the decrease of capacitance in ceramic capacitors as they age?"
] | {
"text": [
"degradation of the dielectric"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74138 | 5acfa27f77cf76001a68565f | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are reli... | Who wrote canons in 2nd century BCE? | Who wrote canons in 2nd century BCE? | [
"Who wrote canons in 2nd century BCE?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34001 | 5ad40c5b604f3c001a400051 | Alaska | In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by perc... | Which church was established in Kodiak in 1759? | Which church was established in Kodiak in 1759? | [
"Which church was established in Kodiak in 1759?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50334 | 572e939ecb0c0d14000f12f5 | Neptune | Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four ... | How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? | How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? | [
"How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? "
] | {
"text": [
"17 times"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104624 | 5732b589cc179a14009dac21 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Fed... | How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans? | How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans? | [
"How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?"
] | {
"text": [
"prime"
],
"answer_start": [
666
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41603 | 56d6696d1c850414009470fb | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to €40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional €8,000,0... | How much money was donated from foreign sources? | How much money was donated from foreign sources? | [
"How much money was donated from foreign sources?"
] | {
"text": [
"83 million"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67554 | 5a81ad7231013a001a334d66 | Norfolk_Island | As early as 1794, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a penal settlement, as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain. The first group of people left in February 1805, and by 1808 only about 200 remained, forming a small settlement until the remna... | How many people died on Norfolk Island by 1808? | How many people died on Norfolk Island by 1808? | [
"How many people died on Norfolk Island by 1808?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78558 | 572fc3b7a23a5019007fc9ba | Greeks | The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbre... | Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ? | Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ? | [
"Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?"
] | {
"text": [
"the wealth of the extensive merchant class"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12469 | 5733d3334776f419006612e2 | Antibiotics | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections? | What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections? | [
"What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?"
] | {
"text": [
"mold"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58194 | 5ad419c7604f3c001a40047a | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: "To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?". Scholars such as Ronald Dworkin have asserted that n... | What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should have? | What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should have? | [
"What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63360 | 57260fd4271a42140099d412 | Buckingham_Palace | Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blake's house and developed much of today's garden, then known as Goring Great Garden. He did not, however, obtain the freehold interest in the mulberry garden. Unbeknown... | Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it's freehold on the property? | Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it's freehold on the property? | [
"Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it's freehold on the property?"
] | {
"text": [
"King Charles I"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102449 | 56faaac38f12f3190063019a | High-definition_television | PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at ... | In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at? | In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at? | [
"In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?"
] | {
"text": [
"30/60 Hz"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5344 | 572a26116aef05140015530d | Digimon | Digimon started out as digital pets called "Digital Monsters", similar in style and concept to the Tamagotchi. It was planned by WiZ and released by Bandai on June 26, 1997. The toy began as the simple concept of a Tamagotchi mainly for boys. The V-Pet is similar to its predecessors, with the exceptions of being more d... | What year was the third edition released? | What year was the third edition released? | [
"What year was the third edition released?"
] | {
"text": [
"1998"
],
"answer_start": [
738
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105241 | 5727d383ff5b5019007d962d | History_of_science | Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses. By the 12th century, they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses, but the knowledge o... | What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century? | What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century? | [
"What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"eclipses"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3169 | 56dc5cf614d3a41400c26813 | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is... | Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes? | Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes? | [
"Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?"
] | {
"text": [
"plasmids"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40797 | 5a6b958aa9e0c9001a4e9f7e | Predation | In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the p... | What is the definition of a host system? | What is the definition of a host system? | [
"What is the definition of a host system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61607 | 5a62795ff8d794001af1c00a | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | As of the 2006 Census, there were 100,646 inhabitants in St. John's itself, 151,322 in the urban area and 181,113 in the St. John's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Thus, St. John's is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city and Canada's 20th largest CMA. Apart from St. John's, the CMA includes 12 other communities: th... | In what year did the St. Johns CMA have 100,646 inhabitants? | In what year did the St. Johns CMA have 100,646 inhabitants? | [
"In what year did the St. Johns CMA have 100,646 inhabitants?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65573 | 5727d089ff5b5019007d95cf | Detroit | Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district. The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park w... | How large is Lafayette Park? | How large is Lafayette Park? | [
"How large is Lafayette Park?"
] | {
"text": [
"78-acre"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11080 | 5733c827d058e614000b6241 | Anthropology | Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Broni... | What is economic anthropology highly critical of? | What is economic anthropology highly critical of? | [
"What is economic anthropology highly critical of?"
] | {
"text": [
"discipline of economics"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21870 | 570abe786d058f19001830ca | Aircraft_carrier | On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft loadout is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend... | What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance? | What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance? | [
"What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance?"
] | {
"text": [
"extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105065 | 5a3ea2aa5a76c5001a3a83eb | Palermo | From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained u... | What general lead the Bourbons? | What general lead the Bourbons? | [
"What general lead the Bourbons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59031 | 5a303fbff1f7c7001ab92cff | A_cappella | A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen, a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John's Lutheran Church, where Christiansen wa... | At what college was F. Melius Christiansen a student? | At what college was F. Melius Christiansen a student? | [
"At what college was F. Melius Christiansen a student?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82901 | 56e07dac231d4119001ac1d9 | Saint_Helena | Saint FM provided a local radio service for the island which was also available on internet radio and relayed in Ascension Island. The station was not government funded. It was launched in January 2005 and closed on 21 December 2012. It broadcast news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the ... | What date was Saint FM radio closed? | What date was Saint FM radio closed? | [
"What date was Saint FM radio closed?"
] | {
"text": [
"21 December 2012"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61660 | 5a6280f6f8d794001af1c071 | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St. John's. It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot's discovery of Newfoundland, and Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The first transatlantic wireless transmission was received here by Guglielmo Marco... | What tower was built in the late 18th century? | What tower was built in the late 18th century? | [
"What tower was built in the late 18th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95826 | 5ad3ece8604f3c001a3ff78c | Yale_University | Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter)... | How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2003? | How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2003? | [
"How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2003?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65023 | 5ad133d5645df0001a2d1124 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and bra... | What is a promising cellulose source that can't be sustainably produced in many regions? | What is a promising cellulose source that can't be sustainably produced in many regions? | [
"What is a promising cellulose source that can't be sustainably produced in many regions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73656 | 56db5ff1e7c41114004b5021 | American_Idol | Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first ten years. According to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selli... | How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years? | How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years? | [
"How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years?"
] | {
"text": [
"345"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49349 | 5727bd804b864d1900163c1c | Tuberculosis | In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per 100,000 people in dif... | What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups? | What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups? | [
"What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups?"
] | {
"text": [
"84%"
],
"answer_start": [
736
]
} |
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