gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-20518 | 56cc60186d243a140015ef5d | IPod | Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth hea... | The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font? | The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font? | [
"The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?"
] | {
"text": [
"Helvetica"
],
"answer_start": [
1018
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33201 | 57263203ec44d21400f3dc12 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form o... | What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament? | What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament? | [
"What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires."
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93184 | 5730f39205b4da19006bcc7f | Light-emitting_diode | The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasa... | Who demonstrated the first blue LED? | Who demonstrated the first blue LED? | [
"Who demonstrated the first blue LED?"
] | {
"text": [
"Shuji Nakamura"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98921 | 5a5ad9109c0277001abe71ea | Heresy | The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the offi... | What organization has started several breakaway groups? | What organization has started several breakaway groups? | [
"What organization has started several breakaway groups?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77725 | 57268766dd62a815002e8844 | British_Empire | After the German occupation of France in 1940, Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany, until the entry of the Soviet Union to the war in 1941. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill successfully lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt for military aid from the United States, but Roosevelt was not yet read... | Which British Prime Minister signed the Atlantic Charter? | Which British Prime Minister signed the Atlantic Charter? | [
"Which British Prime Minister signed the Atlantic Charter?"
] | {
"text": [
"Churchill"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112378 | 572942763f37b319004781b8 | Race_(human_categorization) | In the United States, the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights. There is active debate regarding the cause of a marked correlation between the recorded crimes, punishments meted out, and the country's populations. Many consider de facto racial profiling... | What is a violation of civil rights in the United States? | What is a violation of civil rights in the United States? | [
"What is a violation of civil rights in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"racial profiling"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62528 | 5a7b813621c2de001afea0b9 | Software_testing | White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as we... | An external perspective is used in white-box testing as well as what else is used to develop test cases? | An external perspective is used in white-box testing as well as what else is used to develop test cases? | [
"An external perspective is used in white-box testing as well as what else is used to develop test cases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4550 | 572801a52ca10214002d9b43 | Pope_John_XXIII | Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile... | He was elected pope after how many ballots? | He was elected pope after how many ballots? | [
"He was elected pope after how many ballots?"
] | {
"text": [
"eleven ballots"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63605 | 57261ed8ec44d21400f3d921 | Buckingham_Palace | Adjacent to the palace is the Royal Mews, also designed by Nash, where the royal carriages, including the Gold State Coach, are housed. This rococo gilt coach, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1760, has painted panels by G. B. Cipriani. It was first used for the State Opening of Parliament by George III in 1762 and ... | Who designed the Royal Mews? | Who designed the Royal Mews? | [
"Who designed the Royal Mews?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nash"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110643 | 572ff7df947a6a140053cea3 | Iran | The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros ... | What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found? | What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found? | [
"What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Zagros region"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39934 | 572a2e1aaf94a219006aa86c | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush, who was born when his father, former president George H. W. Bush, was living in New Haven while a student at Yale. In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush, as Yale students, New Haven was also the temporary home of f... | Yale University is heavily affiliate with our presidential candidates since what year? | Yale University is heavily affiliate with our presidential candidates since what year? | [
"Yale University is heavily affiliate with our presidential candidates since what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
827
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11976 | 5ad13ae0645df0001a2d12e9 | Universal_Studios | In 2006, after almost 80 years, NBC Universal sold all Walt Disney-produced Oswald cartoons, along with the rights to the character himself, back to Disney. In return, Disney released ABC sportscaster Al Michaels from his contract so he could work on NBC's Sunday night NFL football package. However, Universal retained ... | What did Universal retain ownership of from 1923 to 1949? | What did Universal retain ownership of from 1923 to 1949? | [
"What did Universal retain ownership of from 1923 to 1949?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31015 | 572740e1f1498d1400e8f52e | Mexico_City | Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods. Consumers may buy in fixed indoor markets, mobile markets (tianguis), from street vendors, from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good, in convenience stores and traditional ... | What is a common way stores are distributed in Mexico City? | What is a common way stores are distributed in Mexico City? | [
"What is a common way stores are distributed in Mexico City?"
] | {
"text": [
"in a street dedicated to a certain type of good"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48746 | 57284ec24b864d1900164921 | War_on_Terror | Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by ... | What is the likely fate of the 'war on terror'? | What is the likely fate of the 'war on terror'? | [
"What is the likely fate of the 'war on terror'?"
] | {
"text": [
"it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105152 | 5726ebefdd62a815002e9551 | History_of_science | The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and o... | When was the word "scientist" created? | When was the word "scientist" created? | [
"When was the word \"scientist\" created?"
] | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60912 | 5a37191595360f001af1b409 | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years, giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long. This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,300 years with respect to the mean tropical year. However, because of the p... | In the Julia system what is the error rate for the vernal equinox first 7700 years? | In the Julia system what is the error rate for the vernal equinox first 7700 years? | [
"In the Julia system what is the error rate for the vernal equinox first 7700 years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23496 | 5731d701e17f3d140042248b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification? | Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification? | [
"Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?"
] | {
"text": [
"religion"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29410 | 5a567cbb6349e2001acdcdbd | Swaziland | A small, landlocked kingdom, Swaziland is bordered in the North, West and South by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the East. Swaziland has a land area of 17,364 km2. Swaziland has four separate geographical regions. These run from North to South and are determined by altitude. Swaziland is located at ... | How many seperate privinces does Swaziland have? | How many seperate privinces does Swaziland have? | [
"How many seperate privinces does Swaziland have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53358 | 5a68fe0e8476ee001a58a998 | Sichuan | Sichuan is one of the major industrial centers of China. In addition to heavy industries such as coal, energy, iron and steel, the province has also established a light industrial sector comprising building materials, wood processing, food and silk processing. Chengdu and Mianyang are the production centers for textile... | How much of Chinas wine did light industrial sectors produce in 2000? | How much of Chinas wine did light industrial sectors produce in 2000? | [
"How much of Chinas wine did light industrial sectors produce in 2000?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61785 | 5ace3ce432bba1001ae49fd5 | Madrasa | During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to thei... | Which class of people founded the madaris during the ancient period? | Which class of people founded the madaris during the ancient period? | [
"Which class of people founded the madaris during the ancient period?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3585 | 56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9646 | Beyoncé | A self-described "modern-day feminist", Beyoncé creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love, relationships, and monogamy, as well as female sexuality and empowerment. On stage, her dynamic, highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary... | In which years did Time rate Beyonce in the 100 most influential people in the world? | In which years did Time rate Beyonce in the 100 most influential people in the world? | [
"In which years did Time rate Beyonce in the 100 most influential people in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"2013 and 2014"
],
"answer_start": [
970
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20806 | 5acf70f877cf76001a684e40 | Prime_minister | A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime ... | Who selects the Prime Minister? | Who selects the Prime Minister? | [
"Who selects the Prime Minister?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69588 | 5ad4230e604f3c001a400808 | Houston | Four separate and distinct state universities are located in Houston. The University of Houston is a nationally recognized Tier One research university, and is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 40,000 students on its... | What university is located in Houston'd fourth ward? | What university is located in Houston'd fourth ward? | [
" What university is located in Houston'd fourth ward?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84614 | 5ad4d1d35b96ef001a10a1be | San_Diego | San Diego County has one of the highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list among counties in the United States. Because of its diversity of habitat and its position on the Pacific Flyway, San Diego County has recorded the presence of 492 bird species, more than any other regio... | What is special about the animal and plant species found in San Francisco? | What is special about the animal and plant species found in San Francisco? | [
"What is special about the animal and plant species found in San Francisco?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93111 | 5aceeeed32bba1001ae4b956 | Tajikistan | Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State U... | What university has 86 departments in 25 facilities? | What university has 86 departments in 25 facilities? | [
"What university has 86 departments in 25 facilities?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98939 | 56de73eb4396321400ee2933 | Heresy | Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained accept... | What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline? | What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline? | [
"What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?"
] | {
"text": [
"exoheretic"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34936 | 5a8ca1cafd22b3001a8d8c44 | Memory | In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the se... | Which four processes does phychology recognize as memory? | Which four processes does phychology recognize as memory? | [
"Which four processes does phychology recognize as memory?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36922 | 5a0cac31f5590b0018dab4ec | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely app... | What does the OA policy for data sets do? | What does the OA policy for data sets do? | [
"What does the OA policy for data sets do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38147 | 573050168ab72b1400f9c438 | Roman_Republic | Men typically wore a toga, and women a stola. The woman's stola differed in looks from a toga, and was usually brightly coloured. The cloth and the dress distinguished one class of people from the other class. The tunic worn by plebeians, or common people, like shepherds and slaves, was made from coarse and dark materi... | What was typically worn after the loss of a loved one in the Roman Republic? | What was typically worn after the loss of a loved one in the Roman Republic? | [
"What was typically worn after the loss of a loved one in the Roman Republic?"
] | {
"text": [
"The toga pulla"
],
"answer_start": [
934
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94035 | 572ead24dfa6aa1500f8d2a0 | Cyprus | Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels... | Which television broadcasters produce art and cultural programming? | Which television broadcasters produce art and cultural programming? | [
"Which television broadcasters produce art and cultural programming?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10321 | 5a8015308f0597001ac00182 | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved? | What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved? | [
"What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68267 | 5ad425bd604f3c001a4008f7 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Two SSBN "Boomer" squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval ... | What type of security force guards the 2600 nuclear warheads? | What type of security force guards the 2600 nuclear warheads? | [
"What type of security force guards the 2600 nuclear warheads?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107223 | 5735106dacc1501500bac3ee | Hunting | In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for ... | What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess? | What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess? | [
"What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess?"
] | {
"text": [
"the head or pelt of an animal"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83487 | 5ad260fbd7d075001a428fe3 | Dominican_Order | Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227, some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching, a duty in which women could not traditionally engage... | What did some of the brethren not have issues with? | What did some of the brethren not have issues with? | [
"What did some of the brethren not have issues with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36235 | 572fb648b2c2fd140056839e | Printed_circuit_board | Electrochemical migration (ECM) is the growth of conductive metal filaments on or in a printed circuit board (PCB) under the influence of a DC voltage bias. Silver, zinc, and aluminum are known to grow whiskers under the influence of an electric field. Silver also grows conducting surface paths in the presence of halid... | Along with silver and aluminum, what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field? | Along with silver and aluminum, what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field? | [
"Along with silver and aluminum, what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field?"
] | {
"text": [
"zinc"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30556 | 5729a3881d0469140077959e | Appalachian_Mountains | The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in... | What other tree is common there? | What other tree is common there? | [
"What other tree is common there?"
] | {
"text": [
"hickories"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45503 | 571a786110f8ca1400305072 | Ashkenazi_Jews | Of the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, the majority of whom were Ashkenazi, about 6 million – more than two-thirds – were systematically murdered in the Holocaust. These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews (91%); 900,000 of 1.5 million in Ukraine (60%); and 50–90%... | Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi? | Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi? | [
"Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 6 million"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2267 | 56d127f317492d1400aabab7 | Buddhism | The above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence.[web 4] Rebirths in some of the higher heavens, known as the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes, can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis (non-returners). Rebirths in the Ārūpyadhātu (formless realms) can be attained by only thos... | What is another name for Ārūpyadhātu? | What is another name for Ārūpyadhātu? | [
"What is another name for Ārūpyadhātu?"
] | {
"text": [
"formless realms"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71967 | 5acf670e77cf76001a684d76 | Capacitor | Capacitors made with any type of dielectric material will show some level of "dielectric absorption" or "soakage". On discharging a capacitor and disconnecting it, after a short time it may develop a voltage due to hysteresis in the dielectric. This effect can be objectionable in applications such as precision sample a... | After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to underdevelop a voltage? | After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to underdevelop a voltage? | [
"After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to underdevelop a voltage?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48904 | 5aceb82732bba1001ae4b184 | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | Athanasius's episcopate began on 9 May 328 as the Alexandrian Council elected Athanasius to succeed the aged Alexander. That council also denounced various heresies and schisms, many of which continued to preoccupy his 45-year-long episcopate (c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373). Patriarch Athanasius spent over 17 years in five... | How many exiles did he evade? | How many exiles did he evade? | [
" How many exiles did he evade?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13538 | 570cef82b3d812140066d341 | Digestion | The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein source... | What does this site serve primarily as? | What does this site serve primarily as? | [
"What does this site serve primarily as?"
] | {
"text": [
"a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine."
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89575 | 572fbbdfb2c2fd14005683c3 | The_Blitz | The civilians of London had an enormous role to play in the protection of their city. Many civilians who were unwilling or unable to join the military became members of the Home Guard, the Air Raid Precautions service (ARP), the Auxiliary Fire Service, and many other organisations. The AFS had 138,000 personnel by July... | Who was given the name Blitz Scouts? | Who was given the name Blitz Scouts? | [
"Who was given the name Blitz Scouts?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scout Association"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38516 | 56dee7883277331400b4d7e5 | Materialism | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is... | Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance? | Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance? | [
"Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance?"
] | {
"text": [
"fields"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71454 | 5727df983acd2414000deea6 | Oklahoma | With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions, Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary, secondary, and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008[update]. Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation ... | What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008? | What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008? | [
"What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008?"
] | {
"text": [
"$7,755"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92643 | 5a6fd4f28abb0b001a675f83 | Alsace | In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain b... | What did Charles the Bold sell to Archduke Sigismund? | What did Charles the Bold sell to Archduke Sigismund? | [
"What did Charles the Bold sell to Archduke Sigismund?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71818 | 5726e2c1dd62a815002e93e9 | Capacitor | Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a "battery" to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term "battery", (denoti... | Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars? | Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars? | [
"Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?"
] | {
"text": [
"stored on the glass"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64041 | 57282a944b864d190016463a | Annelid | Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on ei... | What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by? | What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by? | [
"What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by?"
] | {
"text": [
"vertical mesenteries"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114077 | 5a42ca724a4859001aac7319 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | How must diffrence of l;ength be set? | How must diffrence of l;ength be set? | [
"How must diffrence of l;ength be set?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111562 | 572b7304f75d5e190021fdde | Education | After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe'... | What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature? | What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature? | [
"What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?"
] | {
"text": [
"Catholic Church became the sole preserver"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61996 | 5ace835632bba1001ae4a903 | Madrasa | In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madaris or Islamic schools are known as Sekolah Agama (Malay: religious school) in Malaysia and Indonesia, โรงเรียนศาสนาอิสลาม (Thai: school of Islam) in Thailand and madaris in the Philippines. In countries where I... | Who decides if non-Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris? | Who decides if non-Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris? | [
"Who decides if non-Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62975 | 5a7a08ac17ab25001a8a023b | Czech_language | Czech (/ˈtʃɛk/; čeština Czech pronunciation: [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna]), formerly known as Bohemian (/boʊˈhiːmiən, bə-/; lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language, spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech's closest relat... | How many people speak Polish? | How many people speak Polish? | [
"How many people speak Polish?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68033 | 5ad41e9e604f3c001a400653 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes,... | How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1870? | How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1870? | [
"How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1870?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114016 | 5a42bf8e4a4859001aac72d4 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue ... | What becomes flat when the bucket stops spinning? | What becomes flat when the bucket stops spinning? | [
"What becomes flat when the bucket stops spinning?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66278 | 5a652128c2b11c001a425c54 | ASCII | Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like syst... | What used carriage return(CR) alone as a data stream? | What used carriage return(CR) alone as a data stream? | [
"What used carriage return(CR) alone as a data stream?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79063 | 5a8db1e5df8bba001a0f9b7b | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme. Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of "forcing" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use. He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus... | Who wanted gestures implemented for hand control? | Who wanted gestures implemented for hand control? | [
"Who wanted gestures implemented for hand control?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-699 | 56df660896943c1400a5d4d8 | Plymouth | The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical C... | When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth? | When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth? | [
"When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?"
] | {
"text": [
"1910"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58028 | 5ad41512604f3c001a4002dc | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor m... | Which organization believed in the non-class based argument? | Which organization believed in the non-class based argument? | [
"Which organization believed in the non-class based argument?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11019 | 5ad2bcd8d7d075001a42a0a7 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cu... | What studies how people use the world around them? | What studies how people use the world around them? | [
"What studies how people use the world around them?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29764 | 570cdd7cb3d812140066d2cf | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Mary resided in "her own house"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal — the first stage of a Jewish marriage — the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, "I am the h... | What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream? | What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream? | [
"What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?"
] | {
"text": [
"divorce her"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94952 | 5710a874b654c5140001f9fc | Age_of_Enlightenment | The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It als... | The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group? | The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group? | [
"The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?"
] | {
"text": [
"elite Parisian scholars"
],
"answer_start": [
809
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84103 | 57307a82069b53140083210b | Translation | Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's works was undertaken by ... | Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy? | Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy? | [
"Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cosimo de' Medici"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54166 | 5ad3eb5a604f3c001a3ff715 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division o... | How many air force wings are located outside of Canada? | How many air force wings are located outside of Canada? | [
" How many air force wings are located outside of Canada?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85019 | 5a284d65d1a287001a6d0b35 | Mali | Mali's constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement. Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and administrative powers, an... | What do lower courts resolve at the local level? | What do lower courts resolve at the local level? | [
"What do lower courts resolve at the local level?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99922 | 572ab1da34ae481900deac39 | Guam | The Chamorros, Guam's indigenous people, settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to visit the island on March 6, 1521. Guam was colonized in 1668 with settlers, like Diego Luis de San Vitores, a Catholic missionary. Between the 1500s and the 1700s,... | What is the official name given for Guam's indigenous people? | What is the official name given for Guam's indigenous people? | [
"What is the official name given for Guam's indigenous people?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chamorros"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100763 | 5a285341d1a287001a6d0b71 | Post-punk | However, during this period, major figures and artists in the scene began leaning away from underground aesthetics. In the music press, the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships; it is estimated that within several years, NME suffered the loss of half its circu... | What scene was not club-oriented? | What scene was not club-oriented? | [
"What scene was not club-oriented?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15349 | 57064d0675f01819005e7b26 | Black_people | According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Am... | How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century? | How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century? | [
"How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?"
] | {
"text": [
"in ways that resemble multi-racials"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104719 | 573349f34776f41900660803 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate... | What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages? | What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages? | [
"What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages?"
] | {
"text": [
"mortgage-backed securities (MBS)"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35807 | 570a5e0e6d058f1900182dbc | Imperial_College_London | In 2003, it was reported that one third of female academics "believe that discrimination or bullying by managers has held back their careers". It was said then that "A spokesman for Imperial said the college was acting on the recommendations and had already made changes". Nevertheless, allegations of bullying have cont... | After the 2003 incident, what was the next major year in which conerns were raised? | After the 2003 incident, what was the next major year in which conerns were raised? | [
"After the 2003 incident, what was the next major year in which conerns were raised?"
] | {
"text": [
"2007"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101507 | 56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ae | Dog | In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called... | What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity? | What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity? | [
"What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?"
] | {
"text": [
"bitch"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30367 | 5acd628907355d001abf4028 | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises (now defunct) in Raleigh, including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991–1998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League (2000–2004); the Raleigh–Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football (1991); the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global... | What team played soccer in Chapel hill in 2004? | What team played soccer in Chapel hill in 2004? | [
"What team played soccer in Chapel hill in 2004?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114052 | 572a211b3f37b31900478718 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | What follows a geodesic of space-time? | What follows a geodesic of space-time? | [
"What follows a geodesic of space-time?"
] | {
"text": [
"an inertial frame of reference"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66083 | 570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb40 | ASCII | DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compa... | What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft? | What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft? | [
"What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?"
] | {
"text": [
"MS-DOS"
],
"answer_start": [
747
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27251 | 572ed956c246551400ce4720 | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | Where are most transistors found? | Where are most transistors found? | [
"Where are most transistors found?"
] | {
"text": [
"embedded in integrated circuits"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34253 | 572945bdaf94a219006aa239 | Alaska | One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as "The Biggest Picture Ever Made." Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up "Camp Hollywood" in North... | In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located? | In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located? | [
"In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Northwest"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46467 | 57265296f1498d1400e8dc05 | Department_store | In New York City in 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart established the "Marble Palace" on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing "free entrance" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in whi... | What selling methods did the Marble Palace use? | What selling methods did the Marble Palace use? | [
"What selling methods did the Marble Palace use?"
] | {
"text": [
"cash and not credit"
],
"answer_start": [
1039
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45260 | 5a60da5ce9e1cc001a33cda4 | Sahara | The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western. The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical (cT) air mass which is hot and dry. Hot, dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert ... | What is the North Atlantic Ocean an extension of? | What is the North Atlantic Ocean an extension of? | [
"What is the North Atlantic Ocean an extension of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82716 | 56e03942231d4119001abfe8 | Saint_Helena | Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for be... | Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown? | Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown? | [
"Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?"
] | {
"text": [
"East India Company"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98033 | 56e0af0c231d4119001ac34e | Hydrogen | To avoid the implication of the naked "solvated proton" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the "hydronium ion" (H
3O+). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as being organized into cl... | What other term is a solvated protons referred as? | What other term is a solvated protons referred as? | [
"What other term is a solvated protons referred as?"
] | {
"text": [
"hydronium ion"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82296 | 5a711f1d0efcfe001a8afd5d | Pesticide | Pesticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control. Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides, which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds, or persistent pesticides, which may take months or years before they are broken down: ... | Where do microbes usually come from when in the environment? | Where do microbes usually come from when in the environment? | [
"Where do microbes usually come from when in the environment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114191 | 5726808c708984140094c837 | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972–75) was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative. An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy, may have helped ... | When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S? | When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S? | [
"When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?"
] | {
"text": [
"1973"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114416 | 5ad24432d7d075001a428a49 | Emotion | Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form... | What does Plutchik see as the negative equivalent of disgust? | What does Plutchik see as the negative equivalent of disgust? | [
" What does Plutchik see as the negative equivalent of disgust?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53660 | 5ad26e1ed7d075001a4293df | Dialect | The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors: In Northern Germany, dialects are less common than in the South. In cities, dialects are less common than on the countryside. In a public environment, dialects are less common than in a familiar environment. | What is more common in Northern German than in the South? | What is more common in Northern German than in the South? | [
"What is more common in Northern German than in the South?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54218 | 5ad3ecbb604f3c001a3ff783 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under c... | What type of support does The Health Services Group refuse? | What type of support does The Health Services Group refuse? | [
" What type of support does The Health Services Group refuse?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114581 | 570a6db44103511400d596f3 | Emotion | Emotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality,... | Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system? | Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system? | [
"Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system?"
] | {
"text": [
"nervous"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73526 | 56db3174e7c41114004b4f1c | American_Idol | The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Ryan Seacrest returned to host, while Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackso... | Who took Urban's spot at the New York auditions? | Who took Urban's spot at the New York auditions? | [
"Who took Urban's spot at the New York auditions?"
] | {
"text": [
"Adam Lambert"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82040 | 572aaca8be1ee31400cb8144 | Royal_assent | Independently of the method used to signify royal assent, it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments, once the assent has been duly notified to both houses, not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula, but to certify that assent has been granted. The clerk ... | What is omitted when an act is published? | What is omitted when an act is published? | [
"What is omitted when an act is published?"
] | {
"text": [
"signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100505 | 56e12219e3433e1400422c59 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready. | What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites? | What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites? | [
"What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?"
] | {
"text": [
"testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86830 | 570bcd11ec8fbc190045bafe | Biodiversity | The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are som... | How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor? | How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor? | [
"How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor?"
] | {
"text": [
"1837"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103235 | 571de14eb64a571400c71dc7 | Multiracial_American | The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. Creolization, assimilation and integration have been continuing processes. The African-... | How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s? | How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s? | [
"How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?"
] | {
"text": [
"less than 5%"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25934 | 5a836094e60761001a2eb633 | Copper | The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion... | What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are apart? | What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are apart? | [
"What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are apart?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-383 | 56f95b769e9bad19000a087a | Marshall_Islands | The Japanese enlarged administration and appointed local leaders, which weakened the authority of local traditional leaders. Japan also tried to change the social organization in the islands from Matrilineality to the Japanese Patriarchal system, but with no success. Moreover, during the 1930s, one third of all land up... | What system of social organization was used in Japan? | What system of social organization was used in Japan? | [
"What system of social organization was used in Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Japanese Patriarchal system"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95179 | 56df880c56340a1900b29d16 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to st... | How old was Mabel when she became deaf? | How old was Mabel when she became deaf? | [
"How old was Mabel when she became deaf?"
] | {
"text": [
"15"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89807 | 5730528c396df91900096066 | The_Blitz | By April and May 1941, the Luftwaffe was still getting through to their targets, taking no more than one- to two-percent losses on any given mission. On 19/20 April 1941, in honour of Hitler's 52nd birthday, 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs. Losses were minimal. In the following month, 22 Germ... | How many German bombers were shot down by the RAF in May? | How many German bombers were shot down by the RAF in May? | [
"How many German bombers were shot down by the RAF in May?"
] | {
"text": [
"38 German bombers"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89580 | 572fbceaa23a5019007fc92a | The_Blitz | The WVS (Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence) was set up under the direction of Samuel Hoare, Home Secretary in 1938 specifically in the event of air raids. Hoare considered it the female branch of the ARP. They organised the evacuation of children, established centres for those displaced by bombing, and opera... | How many gas mask were issued before the war? | How many gas mask were issued before the war? | [
"How many gas mask were issued before the war?"
] | {
"text": [
"50 million"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1768 | 5ad178b7645df0001a2d1d7c | Military_history_of_the_United_States | In January 2002, the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops (later raised to 2,000) to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida, such as Abu Sayyaf, under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines. Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago, where terrorists a... | Where did terrorist fighting take place? | Where did terrorist fighting take place? | [
" Where did terrorist fighting take place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25189 | 56d1179117492d1400aab90d | New_York_City | New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world. | How many New Yorkers ride the bus on a daily basis? | How many New Yorkers ride the bus on a daily basis? | [
"How many New Yorkers ride the bus on a daily basis?"
] | {
"text": [
"200,000"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78685 | 5ad29becd7d075001a429bdc | Greeks | During and after the Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad. Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in Fran... | Who already had contact over a network of countries ready to offer assistance to the French? | Who already had contact over a network of countries ready to offer assistance to the French? | [
" Who already had contact over a network of countries ready to offer assistance to the French?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102552 | 5a79cce217ab25001a8a0079 | Association_football | The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and only in their penalty area. Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may also use their head or torso to do so instead. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the matc... | What year did the Football Association remove The Laws of the Game? | What year did the Football Association remove The Laws of the Game? | [
"What year did the Football Association remove The Laws of the Game?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36839 | 5a84b82d7cf838001a46aa56 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority lead... | How many Republicans are affiliated with the GOP? | How many Republicans are affiliated with the GOP? | [
"How many Republicans are affiliated with the GOP?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43440 | 5726884cf1498d1400e8e2f2 | Korean_War | At dawn on Sunday, 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire. The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops had attacked first, and that they were aiming to arrest and execute the "bandit traitor Syngman Rhee". Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula ... | Who provoked a conflict by crossing the 38th parallel? | Who provoked a conflict by crossing the 38th parallel? | [
"Who provoked a conflict by crossing the 38th parallel?"
] | {
"text": [
"Korean People's Army"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
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