gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-12516 | 5733d6e64776f41900661329 | Antibiotics | Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that i... | How have researchers been doing this? | How have researchers been doing this? | [
"How have researchers been doing this?"
] | {
"text": [
"infecting pathogenic bacteria"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63350 | 5a7a114017ab25001a8a02bf | Buckingham_Palace | Various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay, and the area was mostly wasteland. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the s... | What product did the mulberry garden avoid? | What product did the mulberry garden avoid? | [
"What product did the mulberry garden avoid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23991 | 5ad3e5ce604f3c001a3ff5ae | Bermuda | Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea, roughly 578 nautical miles (1,070 km (665 mi)) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles (1,100 km (684 mi)) southeast of Martha's Vineyard of Mas... | How many nautical kilometers is Bermuda from Miami, Florida? | How many nautical kilometers is Bermuda from Miami, Florida? | [
"How many nautical kilometers is Bermuda from Miami, Florida?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32219 | 570d9260b3d812140066da55 | Antarctica | Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), tho... | Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? | Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? | [
"Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? "
] | {
"text": [
"tundra"
],
"answer_start": [
780
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60033 | 56f9906d9e9bad19000a0ad3 | Zhejiang | The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them in 2014, variously named "Three Rectifications and One Demolition" operations or "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activ... | When did the rapid development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them? | When did the rapid development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them? | [
"When did the rapid development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them?"
] | {
"text": [
"2014"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112337 | 5729347aaf94a219006aa18f | Race_(human_categorization) | According to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race is only skin deep "is simply not tr... | What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races? | What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races? | [
"What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races?"
] | {
"text": [
"forensic"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45842 | 5731af89e17f3d14004222f8 | YouTube | Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing. In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales. In January 2012, it was estimated that visit... | What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008? | What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008? | [
"What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008?"
] | {
"text": [
"$200 million"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81189 | 57265f505951b619008f70d2 | Queen_Victoria | Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after... | Who raised Victoria? | Who raised Victoria? | [
"Who raised Victoria?"
] | {
"text": [
"mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23152 | 56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b5 | Human_Development_Index | A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian... | What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country? | What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country? | [
"What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a \"high development\" country?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.8"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37701 | 57289825ff5b5019007da320 | London | With 120,000 students in London, the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK. It includes four large multi-faculty universities – King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courta... | From what school in London would a student receive an MBA? | From what school in London would a student receive an MBA? | [
"From what school in London would a student receive an MBA?"
] | {
"text": [
"the London Business School"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69068 | 572f9c0bb2c2fd1400568243 | Modern_history | Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South. Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contrib... | What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century? | What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century? | [
"What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?"
] | {
"text": [
"brutal dictatorships"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37653 | 57287a762ca10214002da3b5 | London | London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world. Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. London Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, is the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the ma... | The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London? | The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London? | [
"The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London?"
] | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67539 | 57269c97708984140094cbbe | Norfolk_Island | Sir John Call argued the advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited and that New Zealand flax grew there. In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales. The decision to settle Norfolk Island was t... | What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island? | What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island? | [
"What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island?"
] | {
"text": [
"Empress Catherine II of Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15177 | 572f88c2a23a5019007fc706 | Hyderabad | Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Bengali, Gujarati (including Memon), Kannada (including Nawayathi), Malayalam, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities. Hyderabad is home to a unique dialect of Urdu cal... | Which is the largest ethnic community in Hyderabad? | Which is the largest ethnic community in Hyderabad? | [
"Which is the largest ethnic community in Hyderabad?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hadhrami"
],
"answer_start": [
707
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83010 | 56de80edcffd8e1900b4b98e | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two foot rests. | In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests? | In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests? | [
"In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests?"
] | {
"text": [
"Munich stone-lifting contest"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18240 | 570e21540dc6ce1900204dd7 | Eritrea | Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Mas... | Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program? | Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program? | [
"Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eritrean"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76564 | 5a39a31e2f14dd001ac72505 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthélemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of sna... | How many West Indian cuisine restaurants are there? | How many West Indian cuisine restaurants are there? | [
"How many West Indian cuisine restaurants are there?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96499 | 572770dd5951b619008f89fe | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which t... | What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen? | What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen? | [
"What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 1968 archeological discovery"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30418 | 5726bc975951b619008f7c8c | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | Raleigh is also served by Triangle Transit (known formerly as the Triangle Transit Authority, or TTA). Triangle Transit offers scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region's other principal cities of Durham, Cary and Chapel Hill, as well as to and from the Raleigh-Durham Inter... | What does Triangle Transit offer? | What does Triangle Transit offer? | [
"What does Triangle Transit offer?"
] | {
"text": [
"scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72124 | 572722c0708984140094da55 | Capacitor | In single phase squirrel cage motors, the primary winding within the motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor, but is capable of sustaining one. To start the motor, a secondary "start" winding has a series non-polarized starting capacitor to introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current. W... | What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do? | What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do? | [
"What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do?"
] | {
"text": [
"introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24637 | 56cee398aab44d1400b88bff | New_York_City | In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George ... | What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790? | What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790? | [
"What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?"
] | {
"text": [
"Philadelphia"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83011 | 56de81a14396321400ee299b | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a re... | What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title? | What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title? | [
"What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title?"
] | {
"text": [
"1969"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7040 | 5ad4e7dc5b96ef001a10a5ec | Red | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, lea... | What are blue shapes most likely to win? | What are blue shapes most likely to win? | [
"What are blue shapes most likely to win?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39127 | 5731cf05e17f3d1400422448 | Protestantism | The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep person... | What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.? | What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.? | [
"What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?"
] | {
"text": [
"The First Great Awakening"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94482 | 5726764b708984140094c6ed | Queen_(band) | In July 1973, Queen finally under a Trident/EMI deal released their eponymous debut album, an effort influenced by the heavy metal and progressive rock of the day. The album was received well by critics; Gordon Fletcher of Rolling Stone said "their debut album is superb", and Chicago's Daily Herald called it an "above ... | In what year was Queen's first album released? | In what year was Queen's first album released? | [
"In what year was Queen's first album released?"
] | {
"text": [
"1973"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63945 | 5ace5e2332bba1001ae4a421 | Annelid | Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as p... | How do annelids never reproduce? | How do annelids never reproduce? | [
"How do annelids never reproduce?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24133 | 572947026aef051400154c50 | Bermuda | In 1610, all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture sailed on to Jamestown. Among them was John Rolfe, whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda. Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas, a daughter of the powerful Powhatan, leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coa... | What is St. George credited with? | What is St. George credited with? | [
"What is St. George credited with?"
] | {
"text": [
"oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World."
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20194 | 5733c4494776f419006611de | University_of_Notre_Dame | The Notre Dame football team has a long history, first beginning when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students. In the long history since then, 13 Fighting Irish teams have won consensus national championships (although the university only claim... | In terms of Notre Dame students in the College Football Hall of Fame the amount of students named is what ? | In terms of Notre Dame students in the College Football Hall of Fame the amount of students named is what ? | [
"In terms of Notre Dame students in the College Football Hall of Fame the amount of students named is what ?"
] | {
"text": [
"the most"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115987 | 572e8d5bc246551400ce4333 | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as ... | Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech? | Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech? | [
"Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?"
] | {
"text": [
"Stephen Wolfram"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67220 | 57271f3b708984140094da19 | Nutrition | Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have bee... | When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin? | When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin? | [
"When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"two hundred years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94474 | 57265bcbdd62a815002e8296 | Queen_(band) | Having attended art college, Mercury also designed Queen's logo, called the Queen crest, shortly before the release of the band's first album. The logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members: two lions for Leo (Deacon and Taylor), a crab for Cancer (May), and two fairies for Virgo (Mercury). The lions embrace a ... | Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share? | Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share? | [
"Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share?"
] | {
"text": [
"Leo"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98804 | 56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8e0 | Heresy | The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as... | What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics? | What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics? | [
"What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?"
] | {
"text": [
"death sentence"
],
"answer_start": [
658
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21851 | 570aba3b4103511400d59970 | Aircraft_carrier | The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers. The ships will be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft in peace time with a tailored group of up to 50, a... | When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational? | When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational? | [
"When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational?"
] | {
"text": [
"2020"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100260 | 5acd33c007355d001abf3936 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | The official English name of the system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. It is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu. The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation. Hist... | Ancient anthropologists named the constellation what? | Ancient anthropologists named the constellation what? | [
"Ancient anthropologists named the constellation what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45817 | 5731a8f7e17f3d14004222d1 | YouTube | YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debates (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a techPresident co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape. Desc... | What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee? | What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee? | [
"What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee?"
] | {
"text": [
"2007"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21537 | 5a65159cc2b11c001a425c00 | Sumer | Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (ensi), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized warf... | How many inhabitants did Sumeria have during the Uruk period? | How many inhabitants did Sumeria have during the Uruk period? | [
"How many inhabitants did Sumeria have during the Uruk period?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110094 | 5ad3f93e604f3c001a3ffaa5 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, 1965. The last use of the electric chair between... | Who was executed on March 30, 1990? | Who was executed on March 30, 1990? | [
"Who was executed on March 30, 1990?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7132 | 5ad4f5dc5b96ef001a10a7b4 | Red | Major League Baseball is especially well known for red teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings are the oldest professional baseball team, dating back to 1869. The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the Atlanta Braves, but its name survives as the origin for both the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox. During the... | What color are the Anaheim Angels known for? | What color are the Anaheim Angels known for? | [
"What color are the Anaheim Angels known for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62702 | 5acd009507355d001abf3162 | Pain | In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classified pain according to specific characteristics: (1) region of the body involved (e.g. abdomen, lower limbs), (2) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain (e.g.,... | What is the definition of pathological dysfunction? | What is the definition of pathological dysfunction? | [
"What is the definition of pathological dysfunction?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104721 | 57334b0b4776f4190066080a | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As ... | When did the issuance of CDO peak? | When did the issuance of CDO peak? | [
"When did the issuance of CDO peak?"
] | {
"text": [
"Q1 2007"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86616 | 5a78bb2fb73996001af5af64 | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified on... | What was opened as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK? | What was opened as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK? | [
"What was opened as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6699 | 5728400b3acd2414000df7c1 | PlayStation_3 | Critical and commercial reception to PS3 improved over time, after a series of price revisions, Blu-ray's victory over HD DVD, and the release of several well received titles. Ars Technica's original launch review gave PS3 only a 6/10, but second review of the console in June 2008 rated it a 9/10. In September 2009, IG... | Where did IGN place the PS3 on their 2009 list of the best video game consoles ever? | Where did IGN place the PS3 on their 2009 list of the best video game consoles ever? | [
"Where did IGN place the PS3 on their 2009 list of the best video game consoles ever?"
] | {
"text": [
"15th"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-834 | 56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b11 | Plymouth | Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarte... | What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital? | What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital? | [
"What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?"
] | {
"text": [
"Derriford Hospital"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47749 | 57267bd6dd62a815002e86bb | Napoleon | Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As Ch... | How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800? | How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800? | [
"How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?"
] | {
"text": [
"a month"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38046 | 5730260904bcaa1900d77231 | Roman_Republic | Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and decla... | Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar's death? | Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar's death? | [
"Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar's death?"
] | {
"text": [
"fear of retaliation"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25538 | 5acfaf7977cf76001a685858 | Namibia | According to the Namibia Labour Force Survey Report 2012, conducted by the Namibia Statistics Agency, the country's unemployment rate is 27.4%. "Strict unemployment" (people actively seeking a full-time job) stood at 20.2% in 2000, 21.9% in 2004 and spiraled to 29.4% in 2008. Under a broader definition (including peopl... | Who leads the Namibia Statistics Agency? | Who leads the Namibia Statistics Agency? | [
"Who leads the Namibia Statistics Agency?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54134 | 56deea68c65bf219000b3e23 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as w... | Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located? | Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located? | [
"Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Halifax"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13511 | 56e7c15800c9c71400d7758b | Nanjing | Nanjing has been the educational centre in southern China for more than 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013. The number of National key laboratories, National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the natio... | What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about? | What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about? | [
"What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about?"
] | {
"text": [
"some of the most prominent"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68230 | 57304e4b069b531400832038 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are "feeder" schools into Bishop England ... | Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school? | Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school? | [
"Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bishop England High School"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83811 | 5acd9c7b07355d001abf480e | Florida | In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as "snowbirds". South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area are dominated by both racial minorities and white liberals. Because of... | What party dominates Northern Florida? | What party dominates Northern Florida? | [
" What party dominates Northern Florida?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15705 | 5726e382708984140094d4e8 | Chinese_characters | Modern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as 厘米 límǐ "centimeter" (厘 centi-, 米 meter) or 千瓦 qiānwǎ "kilowatt". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabi... | What is a less systematic example? | What is a less systematic example? | [
"What is a less systematic example?"
] | {
"text": [
"túshūguǎn"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106414 | 572600a9ec44d21400f3d7f7 | Hellenistic_period | Athens retained its position as the most prestigious seat of higher education, especially in the domains of philosophy and rhetoric, with considerable libraries and philosophical schools. Alexandria had the monumental Museum (i.e. research center) and Library of Alexandria which was estimated to have had 700,000 volume... | Which city held the most prestigious seat of higher education? | Which city held the most prestigious seat of higher education? | [
"Which city held the most prestigious seat of higher education?"
] | {
"text": [
"Athens"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99084 | 572787c4f1498d1400e8fb10 | Turner_Classic_Movies | Turner Classic Movies also airs regularly scheduled weekly film blocks, which are periodically preempted for special themed month-long or seasonal scheduling events, such as the "31 Days of Oscar" film series in the month preceding the Academy Awards and the month-long "Summer Under the Stars" in August; all featured p... | On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown? | On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown? | [
"On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sunday"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85008 | 5a284cb7d1a287001a6d0b22 | Mali | The president serves as a chief of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The unicameral National Assembly is Mali's sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms... | What country is the Council of ministers the legislative body for? | What country is the Council of ministers the legislative body for? | [
"What country is the Council of ministers the legislative body for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114749 | 570a7f296d058f1900182eb5 | Emotion | This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivi... | Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model? | Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model? | [
"Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model?"
] | {
"text": [
"shyness"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52027 | 572a71897a1753140016af76 | Miami | During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami p... | For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man? | For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man? | [
"For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man?"
] | {
"text": [
"speaking directly to a white woman"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45499 | 571a76a610f8ca1400305058 | Ashkenazi_Jews | According to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family... | Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem? | Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem? | [
"Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem?"
] | {
"text": [
"halakhic questions"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104260 | 5728a6773acd2414000dfbdf | Mandolin | Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. Th... | How many octaves did the Lombardi cover? | How many octaves did the Lombardi cover? | [
"How many octaves did the Lombardi cover?"
] | {
"text": [
"three octaves"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41790 | 56cee14aaab44d1400b88bcb | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (刘绍坤), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008 for "disseminating rumors and destroying social order" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu’s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, ... | Who was a Sichuan school teacher? | Who was a Sichuan school teacher? | [
"Who was a Sichuan school teacher?"
] | {
"text": [
"Liu Shaokun"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4172 | 56d4eb762ccc5a1400d8334e | Beyoncé | Beyoncé has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US, and over 118 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed... | How many records has Beyoncé sold in the United States? | How many records has Beyoncé sold in the United States? | [
"How many records has Beyoncé sold in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"over 15 million"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2296 | 56d1d169e7d4791d00902235 | Buddhism | The first truth explains the nature of dukkha. Dukkha is commonly translated as "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc., and it is said to have the following three aspects: | Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word? | Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word? | [
"Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dukkha"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13152 | 5ad0290d77cf76001a686c1e | Republic_of_the_Congo | Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in... | What country has a narrow range of languages? | What country has a narrow range of languages? | [
"What country has a narrow range of languages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96006 | 5726c2cc5951b619008f7d86 | Hokkien | Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Ch... | Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where? | Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where? | [
"Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?"
] | {
"text": [
"the state of Chu"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-185 | 56f8e59e9b226e1400dd11a6 | Guinea-Bissau | The prevalence of HIV-infection among the adult population is 1.8%. Only 20% of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns. | What infection has a very small prevalence in Guinea-Bissau? | What infection has a very small prevalence in Guinea-Bissau? | [
"What infection has a very small prevalence in Guinea-Bissau?"
] | {
"text": [
"HIV"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10415 | 5acf7d5e77cf76001a684f69 | Comics | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | When did news books make an appearance? | When did news books make an appearance? | [
"When did news books make an appearance?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58896 | 5a4705365fd40d001a27dd47 | Rajasthan | Rajasthan is famous for its forts, carved temples, and decorated havelis, which were built by Rajput kings in pre-Muslim era Rajasthan.[citation needed] Rajasthan's Jaipur Jantar Mantar, Mehrangarh Fort and Stepwell of Jodhpur, Dilwara Temples, Chittorgarh Fort, Lake Palace, miniature paintings in Bundi, and numerous c... | What color are havelis painted in Ajmer? | What color are havelis painted in Ajmer? | [
"What color are havelis painted in Ajmer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58729 | 572a9ea0be1ee31400cb80cc | Rajasthan | The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850 kilometres (530 mi). Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River,... | What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range? | What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range? | [
"What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range?"
] | {
"text": [
"530 mi"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15862 | 5a82fcfbe60761001a2eb2ca | Infection | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | What can be identified given no effort? | What can be identified given no effort? | [
"What can be identified given no effort?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78321 | 5727a0b22ca10214002d9253 | Child_labour | BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa. Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour. The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and t... | What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations? | What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations? | [
"What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?"
] | {
"text": [
"denied"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96183 | 5728cc7b3acd2414000dfec5 | Paris | The budget of the city for 2013 was €7.6 billion, of which 5.4 billion went for city administration, while €2.2 billion went for investment. The largest part of the budget (38 percent) went for public housing and urbanism projects; 15 percent for roads and transport; 8 percent for schools (which are mostly financed by ... | What was the budget of the city in 2013 | What was the budget of the city in 2013 | [
"What was the budget of the city in 2013"
] | {
"text": [
"€7.6 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-482 | 56f96a3c9e9bad19000a08ef | Marshall_Islands | United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy. Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the U.S. is committed to provide US$57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2013, and then US$62.7 million through 2023, at which time a trust fund, made up of U.... | What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands? | What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands? | [
"What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Amended Compact of Free Association"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72447 | 57267541708984140094c6c9 | Greece | The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and nations, such as the Latin and Frankish stat... | Where did Greece culture begin? | Where did Greece culture begin? | [
"Where did Greece culture begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mycenaean Greece"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3270 | 5a596a473e1742001a15d0d2 | Genome | Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genet... | What does horizontal gene transfer explain about nuclear chromosomes? | What does horizontal gene transfer explain about nuclear chromosomes? | [
"What does horizontal gene transfer explain about nuclear chromosomes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80279 | 572f9e5504bcaa1900d76aed | Bacteria | Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and... | How big is Epulopiscium bacteria? | How big is Epulopiscium bacteria? | [
"How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.7 mm"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114565 | 5ad24cbcd7d075001a428c04 | Emotion | There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions... | What does Solomon believe emotions not to be? | What does Solomon believe emotions not to be? | [
" What does Solomon believe emotions not to be?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105001 | 5a3e92305a76c5001a3a8355 | Palermo | The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis (Παλεάπολις), the Ancient Greek world for "old city", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (Νεάπολις), "new city". The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole ... | What was built during the 500's BC.? | What was built during the 500's BC.? | [
"What was built during the 500's BC.?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95575 | 5ad3dec5604f3c001a3ff480 | Yale_University | Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financial... | Why don't New Haven city officials dislike Yale? | Why don't New Haven city officials dislike Yale? | [
"Why don't New Haven city officials dislike Yale?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47628 | 572fdf3904bcaa1900d76e1f | Armenia | Football is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggrega... | What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975? | What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975? | [
"What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975?"
] | {
"text": [
"FC Ararat Yerevan team"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59259 | 5a20747a54a786001a36b34c | Alloy | Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bendin... | What does annealing harden? | What does annealing harden? | [
"What does annealing harden?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114627 | 5ad26049d7d075001a428fc1 | Emotion | The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both di... | Along with class and race, what isn't regarded as an essential category of historical analysis? | Along with class and race, what isn't regarded as an essential category of historical analysis? | [
"Along with class and race, what isn't regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22451 | 5709667eed30961900e840a2 | Himachal_Pradesh | Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive... | What three seasons does Himachal experience? | What three seasons does Himachal experience? | [
"What three seasons does Himachal experience?"
] | {
"text": [
"summer, winter, and rainy season"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40949 | 5a6bc2004eec6b001a80a599 | Predation | The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption. The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species. Sometimes, however, predation has indirect benefits to t... | What group seems to have changed the most through evoulution? | What group seems to have changed the most through evoulution? | [
"What group seems to have changed the most through evoulution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83276 | 5727bded4b864d1900163c36 | Dominican_Order | Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlar... | Who did Dominic entrust to start his school? | Who did Dominic entrust to start his school? | [
"Who did Dominic entrust to start his school?"
] | {
"text": [
"Matthew of Paris"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93896 | 572e8900dfa6aa1500f8d0e8 | Cyprus | International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 37% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north. At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved to the areas under the control of the Turkish Forces and settled in the properties o... | How many Greek Cypriots had been displaced from their homes? | How many Greek Cypriots had been displaced from their homes? | [
"How many Greek Cypriots had been displaced from their homes?"
] | {
"text": [
"180,000"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105210 | 5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1de | History_of_science | Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful success... | What classification guide did Theophrastus create? | What classification guide did Theophrastus create? | [
"What classification guide did Theophrastus create?"
] | {
"text": [
"the first taxonomy"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31962 | 5726de88708984140094d424 | Myanmar | In August 2007, an increase in the price of diesel and petrol led to Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government. The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007. The crackdown was harsh, with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed. There were... | How did the world respond to the reported acts of military violence during the Burmese revolution of 2007? | How did the world respond to the reported acts of military violence during the Burmese revolution of 2007? | [
"How did the world respond to the reported acts of military violence during the Burmese revolution of 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10200 | 56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a0 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to? | What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to? | [
"What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?"
] | {
"text": [
"insects"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41393 | 56d5098a9d1b871400ae0609 | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500,000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale (CSIS), described as "very destructive" on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) from which CSIS drew reference. (USGS, using the Modified Mercalli intensity... | What town was closest to the main epicenter? | What town was closest to the main epicenter? | [
"What town was closest to the main epicenter?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yingxiu, Wenchuan"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56529 | 572ecc0fcb0c0d14000f157f | Geography_of_the_United_States | The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It ... | How far north do the Interior Highlands reach? | How far north do the Interior Highlands reach? | [
"How far north do the Interior Highlands reach?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arctic Ocean"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56386 | 572793ed5951b619008f8e03 | Nonprofit_organization | In the United States, two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has an endowment of US$38 billion, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture, which has an endowment of approximately $14.8 billion. Outside the Un... | How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth? | How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth? | [
"How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth?"
] | {
"text": [
"US$38 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37054 | 5725cb95271a42140099d1ed | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financi... | how did they work on college financing | how did they work on college financing | [
"how did they work on college financing "
] | {
"text": [
"Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery\" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104291 | 5ad21289d7d075001a428305 | Mandolin | These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States... | Why is the F-5 mandolin less expensive? | Why is the F-5 mandolin less expensive? | [
" Why is the F-5 mandolin less expensive?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92836 | 5733eb534776f419006614ef | Tajikistan | The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christ... | What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home? | What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home? | [
"What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15728 | 5726e74b708984140094d559 | Chinese_characters | The cursive script (草書(书), cǎoshū, literally "grass script") is used informally. The basic character shapes are suggested, rather than explicitly realized, and the abbreviations are sometimes extreme. Despite being cursive to the point where individual strokes are no longer differentiable and the characters often illeg... | What script is used informally? | What script is used informally? | [
"What script is used informally?"
] | {
"text": [
"cursive"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66744 | 5727965bf1498d1400e8fce6 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | On October 2, the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two-day congress. Väljas attended, gambling that the front could help Estonia become a model of economic and political revival, while moderating separatist and other radical tendencies. On November 16, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian... | What was the name of the group that made its platform known on October 2? | What was the name of the group that made its platform known on October 2? | [
"What was the name of the group that made its platform known on October 2?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Popular Front"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108547 | 572bf5e2dfb02c14005c6b09 | Tennessee | The first recorded European excursions into what is now called Tennessee were three expeditions led by Spanish explorers, namely Hernando de Soto in 1540, Tristan de Luna in 1559, and Juan Pardo in 1567. Pardo recorded the name "Tanasqui" from a local Indian village, which evolved to the state's current name. At that t... | By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region? | By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region? | [
"By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region?"
] | {
"text": [
"1838"
],
"answer_start": [
834
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105370 | 57282afc4b864d1900164648 | History_of_science | In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporar... | What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth? | What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth? | [
"What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?"
] | {
"text": [
"the germ theory of disease"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25341 | 5730b76c8ab72b1400f9c6e6 | Namibia | Namibia (i/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: Republik Namibia (help·info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the... | What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia? | What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia? | [
"What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Namibië"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93626 | 5728b6bbff5b5019007da540 | Estonia | Estonia is situated in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. Average temperatures range from 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) on the Baltic islands to 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) inland in July, the warmest month, and f... | What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands? | What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands? | [
"What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands?"
] | {
"text": [
"16.3 °C (61.3 °F)"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53661 | 5ad26e1ed7d075001a4293e0 | Dialect | The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors: In Northern Germany, dialects are less common than in the South. In cities, dialects are less common than on the countryside. In a public environment, dialects are less common than in a familiar environment. | What are more common in Southern German than in the North? | What are more common in Southern German than in the North? | [
"What are more common in Southern German than in the North?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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