gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-684 | 56df64688bc80c19004e4bac | Plymouth | The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 (22nd largest in the UK out of 165). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around £160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It... | About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total? | About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total? | [
"About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total?"
] | {
"text": [
"£160 million"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88829 | 570f42aa80d9841400ab3573 | Circadian_rhythm | For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual w... | What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults? | What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults? | [
"What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults?"
] | {
"text": [
"06:00"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108299 | 5acd20ca07355d001abf35f6 | Aspirated_consonant | When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiratio... | An unaspirated consonant consists of what? | An unaspirated consonant consists of what? | [
"An unaspirated consonant consists of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20720 | 56cd73af62d2951400fa65c6 | IPod | On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod user... | What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase? | What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase? | [
"What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mac computers"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14067 | 56f8c6939e9bad19000a048c | Brain | All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prosencephalon, mes... | The forebrain during development is known as what? | The forebrain during development is known as what? | [
"The forebrain during development is known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"prosencephalon"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13982 | 5a836086e60761001a2eb629 | BBC_Television | On 5 July 2004, the BBC celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins (although it had produced the Television Newsreel for several years before 1954). This event was marked by the release of a DVD, which showed highlights of the BBC's television coverage of significant events over the half-centu... | What series won a BATFA award? | What series won a BATFA award? | [
"What series won a BATFA award?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22998 | 5735ca406c16ec1900b927df | Kathmandu | Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatina... | What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum? | What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum? | [
"What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum?"
] | {
"text": [
"animistic"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54230 | 56df07a33277331400b4d8d3 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instru... | Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer? | Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer? | [
"Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109213 | 572787e6dd62a815002e9f98 | Carnival | For the King's funeral, people dress in elaborate mourning costume, many of them cross-dressing men who carry bouquets of phallic vegetables. In the funeral house, the body of the King is surrounded by an honor guard and weeping concubines, crying over the loss of sexual pleasure brought about by his death. The King's ... | Who weeps around the body of the King? | Who weeps around the body of the King? | [
"Who weeps around the body of the King?"
] | {
"text": [
"concubines"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7232 | 57300eeb04bcaa1900d770cd | Georgian_architecture | The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically rather restrained, and sometimes almost completely absen... | Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture? | Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture? | [
"Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture?"
] | {
"text": [
"the exterior"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94552 | 5726959d708984140094caed | Queen_(band) | In 1982, the band released the album Hot Space, a departure from their trademark seventies sound, this time being a mixture of rock, pop rock, dance, funk, and R&B. Most of the album was recorded in Munich during the most turbulent period in the band's history, and Taylor and May lamented the new sound, with both being... | What was the name of Freddie Mercury's personal manager? | What was the name of Freddie Mercury's personal manager? | [
"What was the name of Freddie Mercury's personal manager?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paul Prenter"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106224 | 5725cf9089a1e219009abf16 | Hellenistic_period | Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army o... | Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period? | Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period? | [
"Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?"
] | {
"text": [
"Agathocles of Syracuse"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113548 | 572ed90fdfa6aa1500f8d44b | Vacuum | The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively,... | When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what? | When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what? | [
"When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"stages"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89656 | 572ffa51947a6a140053ced6 | The_Blitz | While Göring was optimistic the Luftwaffe could prevail, Hitler was not. On 17 September he postponed Operation Sea Lion (as it turned out, indefinitely) rather than gamble Germany's newly gained military prestige on a risky cross-Channel operation, particularly in the face of a sceptical Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Un... | When did the OKL switch to night raids? | When did the OKL switch to night raids? | [
"When did the OKL switch to night raids?"
] | {
"text": [
"7 October"
],
"answer_start": [
600
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29828 | 570d0128fed7b91900d45bb7 | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: "And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him ... An... | Who did Jesus say were his "brother, and sister, and mother?" | Who did Jesus say were his "brother, and sister, and mother?" | [
"Who did Jesus say were his \"brother, and sister, and mother?\""
] | {
"text": [
"Whoever does the will of God"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41887 | 5730a569069b531400832200 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system—the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's "Ultra Games" brand), those ... | What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit? | What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit? | [
"What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ultra Games"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24218 | 5ad416c5604f3c001a400353 | Bermuda | There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US Consul General is Robert Settje, who took office in A... | Who is Robert Wade? | Who is Robert Wade? | [
"Who is Robert Wade?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50902 | 572ec79bcb0c0d14000f1551 | Seven_Years%27_War | In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt t... | What city did Frederick lay siege to? | What city did Frederick lay siege to? | [
"What city did Frederick lay siege to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Olmütz"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4615 | 5a611100e9e1cc001a33ce89 | Pope_John_XXIII | The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually ca... | When was Pope Pius IX at a spiritual retreat? | When was Pope Pius IX at a spiritual retreat? | [
"When was Pope Pius IX at a spiritual retreat?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79631 | 57313d9fa5e9cc1400cdbd9d | Kievan_Rus%27 | The Crusades brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus'. In 1204 the forces of the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople, making the Dnieper trade route marginal. At the same time the Teutonic Knights (of the Northern Crusades) were conquering the Baltic region and threatening t... | What group was attacking the the Baltic Region in 1204? | What group was attacking the the Baltic Region in 1204? | [
"What group was attacking the the Baltic Region in 1204?"
] | {
"text": [
"Teutonic Knights"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-461 | 56f9668e9e9bad19000a08d2 | Marshall_Islands | In October 2011, the government declared that an area covering nearly 2,000,000 square kilometres (772,000 sq mi) of ocean shall be reserved as a shark sanctuary. This is the world's largest shark sanctuary, extending the worldwide ocean area in which sharks are protected from 2,700,000 to 4,600,000 square kilometres (... | What is forbidden in shark sanctuaries? | What is forbidden in shark sanctuaries? | [
"What is forbidden in shark sanctuaries?"
] | {
"text": [
"shark fishing"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38218 | 572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f0 | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | Where is the Göbekli Tepe temple located? | Where is the Göbekli Tepe temple located? | [
"Where is the Göbekli Tepe temple located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Turkey"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112365 | 57293db73f37b3190047817e | Race_(human_categorization) | Other researchers point out that finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups does not necessarily imply genetic causation of the difference. They suggest that medical practices should maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argu... | What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for "race specific" diseases? | What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for "race specific" diseases? | [
"What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for \"race specific\" diseases?"
] | {
"text": [
"living conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86432 | 5a611fcfe9e1cc001a33cf62 | Gymnastics | On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies.... | Why are uneven bars round? | Why are uneven bars round? | [
"Why are uneven bars round?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82940 | 56e0838f231d4119001ac234 | Saint_Helena | The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012. | When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced? | When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced? | [
"When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?"
] | {
"text": [
"2012"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28332 | 5ad4cfbe5b96ef001a10a153 | Steven_Spielberg | After completing filming on Ready Player One, while it is in its lengthy, effects-heavy post-production, he will film his long-planned adaptation of David Kertzer's acclaimed The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. The book follows the true story of a young Jewish boy in 1858 Italy who was secretly baptized by a family serv... | In what year does most of The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara take place? | In what year does most of The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara take place? | [
"In what year does most of The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara take place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101895 | 5a47261d5fd40d001a27dd5b | States_of_Germany | The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bavaria (in German: Bayern), B... | What state was officially not a part of Britain? | What state was officially not a part of Britain? | [
"What state was officially not a part of Britain?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48171 | 56fa04db8f12f31900630099 | Wood | If a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down on the outside... | Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for? | Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for? | [
"Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for?"
] | {
"text": [
"light"
],
"answer_start": [
776
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96558 | 5727784d708984140094de7c | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the day goes dark for three hours. Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies. The curtain of the Temple is torn in two. Matthew follows Mark, adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints. Luke also follows Mark, though he describes the rebels as co... | How does Mark say Jesus' life ends? | How does Mark say Jesus' life ends? | [
"How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66697 | 57278722dd62a815002e9f91 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | The CTAG (Latvian: Cilvēktiesību aizstāvības grupa, Human Rights Defense Group) Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liepāja by three workers: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss. Its name refers to the human-rights statements of the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki-86 was the... | What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly? | What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly? | [
"What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly?"
] | {
"text": [
"Helsinki-86"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42766 | 570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cdd | Franco-Prussian_War | The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensate... | What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire? | What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire? | [
"What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire?"
] | {
"text": [
"a contact-detonated shell"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50508 | 572eab33cb0c0d14000f1439 | Neptune | Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbi... | Where did most Neptune trojans form? | Where did most Neptune trojans form? | [
"Where did most Neptune trojans form?"
] | {
"text": [
"alongside Neptune"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95967 | 5726bdacf1498d1400e8e9b7 | Hokkien | The Amoy dialect (Xiamen) is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. Taiwanese is also a hybrid of these two dialects. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on the Quanzhou variety, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. There are minor variations in pro... | Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou? | Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou? | [
"Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou?"
] | {
"text": [
"Taiwanese"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9604 | 5725ce3c89a1e219009abf05 | Montevideo | Also of major note in Ciudad Vieja is the Plaza de la Constitución (or Plaza Matriz). During the first decades of Uruguayan independence this square was the main hub of city life. On the square are the Cabildo—the seat of colonial government—and the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral. The cathedral is the burial place o... | Where is the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala located? | Where is the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala located? | [
"Where is the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala located? "
] | {
"text": [
"Plaza Zabala"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35846 | 570a5f946d058f1900182ddb | Imperial_College_London | Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947, to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus. Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December 1949. On 29 January 1950, the government announced that it was intended that Imperial should expand ... | Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department? | Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department? | [
"Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wolfson Foundation"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92633 | 572780475951b619008f8b7d | Alsace | Holy Roman Empire central power had begun to decline following years of imperial adventures in Italian lands, often ceding hegemony in Western Europe to France, which had long since centralized power. France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward, first to the rivers Rhône and Meuse, and when those borders we... | What was the name of the period when France was crushed military? | What was the name of the period when France was crushed military? | [
"What was the name of the period when France was crushed military?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Hundred Years' War"
],
"answer_start": [
694
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-976 | 5a8460d97cf838001a46a7b4 | Endangered_Species_Act | Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. "The purpose of the notice and c... | What case took 45 days to be heard? | What case took 45 days to be heard? | [
"What case took 45 days to be heard?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18278 | 570e28710dc6ce1900204e07 | Eritrea | The culture of Eritrea has been largely shaped by the country's location on the Red Sea coast. One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony. Coffee (Ge'ez ቡን būn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. During the coffee ceremony, there are tr... | How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony? | How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony? | [
"How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104336 | 5728abdeff5b5019007da428 | Mandolin | In the early 20th century several mandolin orchestras (Estudiantinas) were active in Belgium. Today only a few groups remain: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen). Gerda Abts is a well known mandolin virtuoso in Belg... | Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin? | Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin? | [
"Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71338 | 5727d0914b864d1900163dc1 | Oklahoma | Oklahoma is located in a humid subtropical region. Oklahoma lies in a transition zone between humid continental climate to the north, semi-arid climate to the west, and humid subtropical climate in the central, south and eastern portions of the state. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characteriz... | What natural-disaster-based nickname does Oklahoma's region have? | What natural-disaster-based nickname does Oklahoma's region have? | [
"What natural-disaster-based nickname does Oklahoma's region have?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tornado Alley"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86132 | 57302410947a6a140053d174 | Tucson,_Arizona | Southeast Tucson continues to experience rapid residential development. The area includes Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The area is considered to be south of Golf Links Road. It is the home of Santa Rita High School, Chuck Ford Park (Lakeside Park), Lakeside Lake, Lincoln Park (upper and lower), The Lakecrest Neighborh... | Where is a great place to bird watch in Southeast Tuscon? | Where is a great place to bird watch in Southeast Tuscon? | [
"Where is a great place to bird watch in Southeast Tuscon?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Atterbury Wash"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29816 | 5ad17cdb645df0001a2d1e0b | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality i... | What feasts did Karl Barth attend? | What feasts did Karl Barth attend? | [
"What feasts did Karl Barth attend?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45927 | 5ace461032bba1001ae4a15e | YouTube | Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, Time praised Web 2.0 for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", and added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. ... | What did the Guardian say about the comments on YouTube in 2006? | What did the Guardian say about the comments on YouTube in 2006? | [
"What did the Guardian say about the comments on YouTube in 2006?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25077 | 56cffe23234ae51400d9c22d | New_York_City | Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia presence has declined in the city in th... | The first major crime groups in NYC were in the 1820s known as what? | The first major crime groups in NYC were in the 1820s known as what? | [
"The first major crime groups in NYC were in the 1820s known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99891 | 56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5d | Middle_Ages | The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reach... | What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style? | What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style? | [
"What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102645 | 57303e1db2c2fd1400568ad0 | Association_football | The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the fo... | throughout when can players move the ball in any direction? | throughout when can players move the ball in any direction? | [
"throughout when can players move the ball in any direction?"
] | {
"text": [
"the pitch"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23747 | 5acfc75077cf76001a685efd | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What is communism seen as? | What is communism seen as? | [
"What is communism seen as? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42826 | 570d4eb5b3d812140066d67b | Franco-Prussian_War | The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro–Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by ... | As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume? | As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume? | [
"As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume?"
] | {
"text": [
"strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states"
],
"answer_start": [
820
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81978 | 5acfbe1d77cf76001a685bf4 | Royal_assent | In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all the required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the House of Commons may, under certain circumstances, direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage ... | What is presented for royal assent in the US? | What is presented for royal assent in the US? | [
"What is presented for royal assent in the US?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40465 | 56e75d7100c9c71400d77012 | Paper | All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of ap... | What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier? | What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier? | [
"What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier?"
] | {
"text": [
"density"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53160 | 5706f6a190286e26004fc76f | Bird_migration | Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel, which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues. Th... | What is studied quantitatively inside the cage? | What is studied quantitatively inside the cage? | [
"What is studied quantitatively inside the cage?"
] | {
"text": [
"The orientation behaviour"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77683 | 57267c87708984140094c7b1 | British_Empire | By the turn of the 20th century, fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the metropole and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of "splendid isolation". Germany was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most lik... | Which country did Britain ally with in 1904? | Which country did Britain ally with in 1904? | [
"Which country did Britain ally with in 1904?"
] | {
"text": [
"France"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81067 | 5723e7b30dadf01500fa1f93 | Queen_Victoria | At the time of her accession, the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne, who at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced Queen, who relied on him for advice. Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was "passionately fond of her as he might be of... | Who was in charge of the Governemnt at the time of Victorias ascession? | Who was in charge of the Governemnt at the time of Victorias ascession? | [
"Who was in charge of the Governemnt at the time of Victorias ascession?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lord Melbourne"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115796 | 5a8dc5d7df8bba001a0f9bf4 | Richard_Feynman | Richard Phillips Feynman (/ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics... | What diagrams was Feynman unknown for making? | What diagrams was Feynman unknown for making? | [
"What diagrams was Feynman unknown for making?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31818 | 570da4f7df2f5219002ed0a9 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as "measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites." In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th... | What does GBAD stand for? | What does GBAD stand for? | [
"What does GBAD stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ground Based AD"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2909 | 57302a1204bcaa1900d7729c | British_Isles | At the end of the last ice age, what are now the British Isles were joined to the European mainland as a mass of land extending north west from the modern-day northern coastline of France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Ice covered almost all of what is now Scotland, most of Ireland and Wales, and the hills of northern E... | What happened to British Isles area when the ice melted after the last ice age? | What happened to British Isles area when the ice melted after the last ice age? | [
"What happened to British Isles area when the ice melted after the last ice age?"
] | {
"text": [
"sea levels rose"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53418 | 5a6907a88476ee001a58a9e6 | Sichuan | Established in 1988, Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone (Chinese: 成都高新技术产业开发区; pinyin: Chéngdū Gāoxīn Jìshù Chǎnyè Kāifā Qū) was approved as one of the first national hi-tech development zones in 1991. In 2000, it was open to APEC and has been recognized as a national advanced hi-tech development zone in succe... | When was the APEC Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone established? | When was the APEC Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone established? | [
"When was the APEC Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone established?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71676 | 56f8f3eb9e9bad19000a076e | Near_East | By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over "the eastern question," Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the... | Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization? | Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization? | [
"Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arnold J. Toynbee"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94338 | 5a7e798048f7d9001a063728 | Cork_(city) | The Cork area has seen improvements in road infrastructure in recent years. For example, the Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s, to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre. Shortly afterwards, the first sections of the South Ring dual carriageway were opened. Work continued thro... | Why did the N25 South Ring Road open in 2006? | Why did the N25 South Ring Road open in 2006? | [
"Why did the N25 South Ring Road open in 2006?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100821 | 572ee666dfa6aa1500f8d4a4 | Post-punk | Until recently, in most critical writing the post-punk era was "often dismissed as an awkward period in which punk's gleeful ructions petered out into the vacuity of the Eighties". Contemporary scholars have argued to the contrary, asserting that the period produced significant innovations and music on its own. Simon R... | What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight? | What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight? | [
"What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight?"
] | {
"text": [
"significant innovations and music"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69493 | 570aa3634103511400d598af | Houston | METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004, with the inaugural track ("Red Line") running about 8 miles (13 km) from the University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park. METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10-year expansion plan that will ... | How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Houston light rail? | How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Houston light rail? | [
"How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Houston light rail?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109983 | 5ad3fb9b604f3c001a3ffb64 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | As noted in the introduction to this article, the American public has maintained its position of support for capital punishment for murder. However, when given a choice between the death penalty and life imprisonment without parole, support has traditionally been significantly lower than polling which has only mentione... | What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1916? | What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1916? | [
"What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1916?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1933 | 570b50126b8089140040f86d | Military_history_of_the_United_States | As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition forc... | What was the goal of this operation? | What was the goal of this operation? | [
"What was the goal of this operation?"
] | {
"text": [
"to protect civilians"
],
"answer_start": [
814
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12964 | 56dced1b66d3e219004dab5a | Republic_of_the_Congo | Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship. | Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with? | Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with? | [
"Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4925 | 56e112eecd28a01900c67558 | Boston | Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated populatio... | What is the estimated population of Greater Boston? | What is the estimated population of Greater Boston? | [
"What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"4.7 million people"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109586 | 5728f0992ca10214002daae6 | Samurai | During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aris... | What was another name for the Tokugawa era? | What was another name for the Tokugawa era? | [
"What was another name for the Tokugawa era?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Edo period"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112720 | 5a70ba5a8abb0b001a6760e3 | Xbox_360 | At launch, the Xbox 360 was available in two configurations: the "Xbox 360" package (unofficially known as the 20 GB Pro or Premium), priced at US$399 or GB£279.99, and the "Xbox 360 Core", priced at US$299 and GB£209.99. The original shipment of the Xbox 360 version included a cut-down version of the Media Remote as a... | How much was the Xbox 360 Arcade? | How much was the Xbox 360 Arcade? | [
"How much was the Xbox 360 Arcade?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79099 | 5a8db6e3df8bba001a0f9b9b | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the "Twilight Hack" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which... | What version of ELF patched the hack vulnerability? | What version of ELF patched the hack vulnerability? | [
"What version of ELF patched the hack vulnerability?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48833 | 57199b4a10f8ca1400304e4c | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | His biography of Anthony the Great entitled Life of Antony(Βίος καὶ Πολιτεία Πατρὸς Ἀντωνίου, Vita Antonii) became his most widely-read work. Translated into several languages, it played an important role in the spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity. Depicting Anthony as an illiterate and h... | The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what? | The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what? | [
"The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Augustine's De trinitate"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60393 | 5ace34e132bba1001ae49e3f | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Washington University has over 300 undergraduate student organizations on campus. Most are funded by the Washington University Student Union, which has a $2 million plus annual budget that is completely student-controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country. Known as SU for short, the St... | How many weekly lecture series are there on the Washington University campus each year? | How many weekly lecture series are there on the Washington University campus each year? | [
"How many weekly lecture series are there on the Washington University campus each year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77367 | 5732288cb9d445190005e85f | Armenians | Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia,... | What does Hayastantsis mean? | What does Hayastantsis mean? | [
"What does Hayastantsis mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"those that are from Armenia"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111799 | 5acd84fe07355d001abf4546 | Education | Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be calle... | what is considered the least important factor in a child's education? | what is considered the least important factor in a child's education? | [
"what is considered the least important factor in a child's education?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7703 | 5a18c7099aa02b0018605ebe | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, ha... | When did Robert Needham Cust introduced the term Iranian? | When did Robert Needham Cust introduced the term Iranian? | [
"When did Robert Needham Cust introduced the term Iranian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93063 | 5733e78f4776f41900661493 | Tajikistan | The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris ov... | What people live in the southeast area of the country? | What people live in the southeast area of the country? | [
"What people live in the southeast area of the country?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Pamiri people"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90165 | 5acf926d77cf76001a6852d7 | Somerset | Some of the county's secondary schools have specialist school status. Some schools have sixth forms and others transfer their sixth formers to colleges. Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton. Others have changed their names over th... | What 5 grades A-C percentage to they get at City of Bath Boys' School? | What 5 grades A-C percentage to they get at City of Bath Boys' School? | [
"What 5 grades A-C percentage to they get at City of Bath Boys' School?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77206 | 56df687496943c1400a5d4ea | United_Nations_Population_Fund | However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else. | What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program? | What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program? | [
"What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?"
] | {
"text": [
"vehicles and computers"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17991 | 5a10d9ce06e79900185c341f | Internet_service_provider | For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchron... | What is available to customers with less demanding requirements? | What is available to customers with less demanding requirements? | [
"What is available to customers with less demanding requirements?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104245 | 5ad20e80d7d075001a4282a8 | Mandolin | The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. V... | How wide is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks? | How wide is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks? | [
" How wide is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15803 | 5a82f5d3e60761001a2eb25d | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | What sets a contagious disease equal to a standard infectious disease? | What sets a contagious disease equal to a standard infectious disease? | [
"What sets a contagious disease equal to a standard infectious disease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84735 | 5ad4d6685b96ef001a10a2b7 | San_Diego | The San Diego Symphony at Symphony Towers performs on a regular basis and is directed by Jahja Ling. The San Diego Opera at Civic Center Plaza, directed by Ian Campbell, was ranked by Opera America as one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States. Old Globe Theatre at Balboa Park produces about 15 plays and mu... | How far back to San Francisco's roots in the arts and theater sector go? | How far back to San Francisco's roots in the arts and theater sector go? | [
"How far back to San Francisco's roots in the arts and theater sector go?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70783 | 57311ee005b4da19006bcdb9 | Bird | The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thoracic, lumbar a... | What does the skeleton consist of? | What does the skeleton consist of? | [
"What does the skeleton consist of?"
] | {
"text": [
"very lightweight bones"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9854 | 5727fbf84b864d190016415b | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the ... | What was Nasser negotiating in 1953? | What was Nasser negotiating in 1953? | [
"What was Nasser negotiating in 1953?"
] | {
"text": [
"British withdrawal from the Suez Canal"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33221 | 5726398eec44d21400f3dc5c | Incandescent_light_bulb | One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause "hot spots" to form at points of higher resistivity; a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life. These hot spots ev... | Which type of alloys can decrease "stairstep" irregularities in light bulb filaments? | Which type of alloys can decrease "stairstep" irregularities in light bulb filaments? | [
"Which type of alloys can decrease \"stairstep\" irregularities in light bulb filaments?"
] | {
"text": [
"alloys of tungsten and rhenium"
],
"answer_start": [
929
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96178 | 5728cb7bff5b5019007da6c2 | Paris | Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7 °C (45 °F). Light night frosts are however quite common,... | How often does the temperature drop below -5 C | How often does the temperature drop below -5 C | [
"How often does the temperature drop below -5 C"
] | {
"text": [
"a few days a year"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107616 | 5a62986bf8d794001af1c142 | Royal_Dutch_Shell | In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was "trampling American's rights." According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the... | How were the winners' podiums controlled? | How were the winners' podiums controlled? | [
"How were the winners' podiums controlled?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25432 | 5acfa4f277cf76001a6856e1 | Namibia | A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG (United Nations Transition Assistance Group) under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process, elections and supervise military withdrawals. As UNTAG began to deploy peacekeepers, military observer... | Who was the head of the SWAPO party? | Who was the head of the SWAPO party? | [
"Who was the head of the SWAPO party?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12240 | 5ad165eb645df0001a2d19ac | Universal_Studios | In the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except for the two first films it... | What happened in 1970? | What happened in 1970? | [
"What happened in 1970?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115729 | 5727cb4d4b864d1900163d37 | Galicia_(Spain) | All along the Galician coast are various archipelagos near the mouths of the rías. These archipelagos provide protected deepwater harbors and also provide habitat for seagoing birds. A 2007 inventory estimates that the Galician coast has 316 archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks. Among the most important of thes... | Which island is part of Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park? | Which island is part of Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park? | [
"Which island is part of Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cortegada"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18461 | 570e3f550b85d914000d7dbf | Eritrea | A typical traditional Eritrean dish consists of injera accompanied by a spicy stew, which frequently includes beef, kid, lamb or fish. Overall, Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles those of neighboring Ethiopia, Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal location. Er... | Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine? | Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine? | [
"Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine?"
] | {
"text": [
"their coastal location"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67364 | 5709fb5e4103511400d594ce | Hanover | After 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP (Nazi party). A large Jewish population then existed in Hanover. In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family. However, Poland refused to accept them, leaving them ... | What does the NSDAP stand for? | What does the NSDAP stand for? | [
"What does the NSDAP stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nazi party"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111102 | 5a81f74231013a001a334ff0 | Group_(mathematics) | A group is called finite if it has a finite number of elements. The number of elements is called the order of the group. An important class is the symmetric groups SN, the groups of permutations of N letters. For example, the symmetric group on 3 letters S3 is the group consisting of all possible orderings of the three... | What are the group of symmetries of a S3? | What are the group of symmetries of a S3? | [
"What are the group of symmetries of a S3?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46207 | 57324f0de99e3014001e6698 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community impro... | What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing? | What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing? | [
"What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing?"
] | {
"text": [
"voting"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9276 | 57326c5ae99e3014001e6798 | The_Bronx | Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both a New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousn... | Who made a film called 'Bronx Burning'? | Who made a film called 'Bronx Burning'? | [
"Who made a film called 'Bronx Burning'?"
] | {
"text": [
"Edwin Pagan"
],
"answer_start": [
879
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60279 | 572fd7e304bcaa1900d76db2 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917, the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988. The school's academic programs include BSBA, MBA, Professional MBA (PMBA), Executive MBA (EMBA), MS in Finance, MS in Supply Chain Management, MS in Customer Analytics, Master of Accounting... | What was the original name of Olin Business School? | What was the original name of Olin Business School? | [
"What was the original name of Olin Business School? "
] | {
"text": [
"the School of Commerce and Finance"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90109 | 5acf88e277cf76001a68515e | Somerset | Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings, 523 scheduled monuments, 192 conservation areas, 41 parks and gardens including those at Barrington Court, Holnicote Estate, Prior Park Landscape Garden and Tintinhull Garden, 36 English Heritage sites and 19 National Trust sites, including Clevedon Court, Fyne Court, Montacute Hou... | What is the most visited park and garden in Somerset? | What is the most visited park and garden in Somerset? | [
"What is the most visited park and garden in Somerset?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99414 | 5a8a485d3b2508001a72a987 | 51st_state | In 2010 there was an attempt to register a 51st State Party with the New Zealand Electoral Commission. The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America. The party's secretary is Paulus Telfer, a former Christchurch mayoral candidate. On February 5, 2010, the party applied to regis... | Can people in New Zealand vote for the Electoral Commission Party? | Can people in New Zealand vote for the Electoral Commission Party? | [
"Can people in New Zealand vote for the Electoral Commission Party?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112069 | 5727dc042ca10214002d9831 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natura... | What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced? | What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced? | [
"What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?"
] | {
"text": [
"supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51822 | 570c578fb3d812140066d164 | John,_King_of_England | In the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to emerge, based on research into the record evidence of his reign, such as pipe rolls, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by Vivian Galbraith in 1945 proposed a "new approach" to understanding the ruler. The use of recorded e... | Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a "new approach?" | Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a "new approach?" | [
"Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a \"new approach?\""
] | {
"text": [
"Vivian Galbraith"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32712 | 5ad2c4c7d7d075001a42a17a | Antarctica | About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming. Some of these species are cryptoendoliths as a result of evolution under extreme conditions, and have significantly contributed to shaping the impressive rock formations of the McMurdo D... | What has significantly contributed to shaping the Dry McMurdo Valleys? | What has significantly contributed to shaping the Dry McMurdo Valleys? | [
"What has significantly contributed to shaping the Dry McMurdo Valleys?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51255 | 572b323ebe1ee31400cb8286 | Empiricism | This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it. The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as "When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of... | Who wrote 'Against the Professors'? | Who wrote 'Against the Professors'? | [
"Who wrote 'Against the Professors'?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sextus"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
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