gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-36716 | 5a848f6e7cf838001a46a93a | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged ... | From what time do scholars like to study the affairs of congress? | From what time do scholars like to study the affairs of congress? | [
"From what time do scholars like to study the affairs of congress?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93579 | 5728ac583acd2414000dfcac | Estonia | On 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held the previous month... | Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR? | Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR? | [
"Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24369 | 5ad42ddc604f3c001a400955 | Bermuda | Bermuda has developed a proud Rugby Union community. The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011 Caribbean championships, defeating Guyana in the final. They previously beat The Bahamas and Mexico to take the crown. Rugby 7's is also played, with four rounds scheduled to take place in the 2011–2012 season. The Bermuda 7'... | What country has a proud Union Rugby community? | What country has a proud Union Rugby community? | [
"What country has a proud Union Rugby community?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78384 | 572fa95304bcaa1900d76b71 | Greeks | The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian lang... | What other language has this same trait ? | What other language has this same trait ? | [
"What other language has this same trait ?"
] | {
"text": [
"word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80066 | 5726b478f1498d1400e8e820 | Samoa | The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the demonstrators. Ch... | What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people? | What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people? | [
"What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Peace, Samoa\""
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93449 | 5731449ea5e9cc1400cdbdf0 | Light-emitting_diode | Because of their long life, fast switching times, and their ability to be seen in broad daylight due to their high output and focus, LEDs have been used in brake lights for cars' high-mounted brake lights, trucks, and buses, and in turn signals for some time, but many vehicles now use LEDs for their rear light clusters... | Because of their high output, LED lights are very useful where? | Because of their high output, LED lights are very useful where? | [
"Because of their high output, LED lights are very useful where?"
] | {
"text": [
"brake lights for cars"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29349 | 5a5660c76349e2001acdcd36 | Swaziland | The constitution for independent Swaziland was promulgated by Britain in November 1963 under the terms of which legislative and executive councils were established. This development was opposed by the Swazi National Council (liqoqo). Despite such opposition, elections took place and the first Legislative Council of Swa... | What constitution did Britian put into effect in the 19th century? | What constitution did Britian put into effect in the 19th century? | [
"What constitution did Britian put into effect in the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32506 | 570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d73 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica? | When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica? | [
"When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"1983"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80080 | 5a62562ff8d794001af1bf7b | Samoa | After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962, upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated. Samoa also signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand. Samoa, the first small-island country in th... | What other day does New Zealand celebrate its independence day each year? | What other day does New Zealand celebrate its independence day each year? | [
"What other day does New Zealand celebrate its independence day each year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36592 | 5731036405b4da19006bccde | Immaculate_Conception | The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ", by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. But the r... | What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ? | What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ? | [
"What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ?"
] | {
"text": [
"The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98967 | 5a82325a31013a001a3352c4 | Turner_Classic_Movies | In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, Ted Turner acquired the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio for $1.5 billion. Concerns over Turner Entertainment's corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less th... | In what year did Ted Turner buy UA? | In what year did Ted Turner buy UA? | [
"In what year did Ted Turner buy UA?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89572 | 572fba92a23a5019007fc8e7 | The_Blitz | The cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were so large they interfered with rescue work, pub visits increased in number (beer was never rationed), and 13,000 attended cricket at Lord's. People left shelters when told instead of refusing to leave, although many housewives reportedly enjoyed the break from housework. Some... | What were Spitfire Funds used for? | What were Spitfire Funds used for? | [
"What were Spitfire Funds used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"to build fighters"
],
"answer_start": [
996
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7949 | 5726d4d1708984140094d2ac | Copyright_infringement | The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit." Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer a... | What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit? | What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit? | [
"What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?"
] | {
"text": [
"misdemeanor"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43063 | 5a85c17db4e223001a8e71f5 | Poultry | The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first an... | How long have humans avoided domesticated poultry? | How long have humans avoided domesticated poultry? | [
"How long have humans avoided domesticated poultry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53086 | 5706abd252bb891400689b4a | Bird_migration | The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well a... | What is the primary cue for migration? | What is the primary cue for migration? | [
"What is the primary cue for migration?"
] | {
"text": [
"changes in the day length"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20088 | 5733ad384776f41900660fec | University_of_Notre_Dame | The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life m... | How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame? | How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame? | [
"How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"14"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27089 | 570985f3ed30961900e84274 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the "Mitzvot", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret... | What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as? | What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as? | [
"What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mitzvot"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85385 | 572809d54b864d19001642ba | European_Central_Bank | Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member stat... | How much does the ECB have as capital? | How much does the ECB have as capital? | [
"How much does the ECB have as capital?"
] | {
"text": [
"five billion euros"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112309 | 57292f37af94a219006aa169 | Race_(human_categorization) | The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who... | How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific? | How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific? | [
"How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific?"
] | {
"text": [
"non-race specific"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65723 | 5728d69d4b864d1900164f23 | Detroit | Nearly two-thirds of all murders in Michigan in 2011 occurred in Detroit. Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008, violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011. The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com r... | What is Detroit's rate of property crime? | What is Detroit's rate of property crime? | [
"What is Detroit's rate of property crime?"
] | {
"text": [
"62.18 per 1,000"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42310 | 5ad2685bd7d075001a42926c | Karl_Popper | Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents ... | What did Popper not have sophisticated views on? | What did Popper not have sophisticated views on? | [
"What did Popper not have sophisticated views on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73016 | 56d367d259d6e414001462fc | American_Idol | American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars. Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a pan... | What year did Pop Idol make its television debut? | What year did Pop Idol make its television debut? | [
"What year did Pop Idol make its television debut?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13976 | 56de848f4396321400ee29c9 | BBC_Television | On 5 July 2004, the BBC celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins (although it had produced the Television Newsreel for several years before 1954). This event was marked by the release of a DVD, which showed highlights of the BBC's television coverage of significant events over the half-centu... | When was the 50th anniversary of BBC news broadcasts? | When was the 50th anniversary of BBC news broadcasts? | [
"When was the 50th anniversary of BBC news broadcasts?"
] | {
"text": [
"5 July 2004"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-481 | 56f96a3c9e9bad19000a08ee | Marshall_Islands | United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy. Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the U.S. is committed to provide US$57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2013, and then US$62.7 million through 2023, at which time a trust fund, made up of U.... | How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023? | How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023? | [
"How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023?"
] | {
"text": [
"US$62.7 million"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27093 | 5a57df4d770dc0001aeefe4b | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the "Mitzvot", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret... | What was given very few explanations on how to use it? | What was given very few explanations on how to use it? | [
"What was given very few explanations on how to use it?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108864 | 5a7a47e417ab25001a8a0457 | Literature | In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought ... | Ancient Chinese literature placed little emphasis on historiography, which had detailed what? | Ancient Chinese literature placed little emphasis on historiography, which had detailed what? | [
"Ancient Chinese literature placed little emphasis on historiography, which had detailed what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37795 | 5728de7fff5b5019007da893 | London | London is the world's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world property journal (2015) report. As of 2015[update] the residential property in London is worth $2.2 trillion - same value as that of Brazil annual GDP. The city has the highest property prices of any European city according t... | What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014? | What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014? | [
"What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014?"
] | {
"text": [
"€24,252"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2460 | 56d21c3ae7d4791d00902651 | Buddhism | While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as record... | The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition? | The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition? | [
"The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?"
] | {
"text": [
"contemplative"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23433 | 5ad145f4645df0001a2d14e2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university ... | Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Kansas? | Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Kansas? | [
" Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Kansas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88776 | 570f31ba5ab6b81900390e9a | Circadian_rhythm | Due to the work nature of airline pilots, who often cross several timezones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to fatigue. T... | What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue? | What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue? | [
"What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue?"
] | {
"text": [
"research studies"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92727 | 5a6fe0258abb0b001a675fe9 | Alsace | Alsace is one of the most conservative régions of France. It is one of just two régions in metropolitan France where the conservative right won the 2004 région elections and thus controls the Alsace Regional Council. Conservative leader Nicolas Sarkozy got his best score in Alsace (over 65%) in the second round of the ... | What was one of the few regions to vote against the European Constitution? | What was one of the few regions to vote against the European Constitution? | [
"What was one of the few regions to vote against the European Constitution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20419 | 5729765a6aef051400154f48 | Glass | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. Th... | How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle? | How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle? | [
"How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?"
] | {
"text": [
"1000 °C"
],
"answer_start": [
669
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77069 | 572693fddd62a815002e8a15 | Dutch_language | Dutch is written using the Latin script. Dutch uses one additional character beyond the standard alphabet, the digraph IJ. It has a relatively high proportion of doubled letters, both vowels and consonants, due to the formation of compound words and also to the spelling devices for distinguishing the many vowel sounds ... | What's the name for the additional character Dutch uses? | What's the name for the additional character Dutch uses? | [
"What's the name for the additional character Dutch uses?"
] | {
"text": [
"digraph"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112654 | 5acec34832bba1001ae4b31a | United_States_Army | The American Civil War was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties. After most slave states, located in the southern U.S., formed the Confederate States, C.S. troops led by former U.S. Army officers, mobilized a very large fraction of Southern white manpower. Forces of the United States (the "Union" or "t... | What was the least expensive war for the U.S.? | What was the least expensive war for the U.S.? | [
"What was the least expensive war for the U.S.?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15541 | 57070b1490286e26004fc83f | Black_people | The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Cen... | What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry? | What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry? | [
"What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?"
] | {
"text": [
"17–18%"
],
"answer_start": [
673
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14307 | 572ed03ccb0c0d14000f15d2 | Han_dynasty | The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 西汉; traditional Chinese: 西漢; pinyin: Xī Hàn) or Former Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 前汉; traditional Chinese: 前漢; pinyin: Qiánhàn) (206 BC – 9 AD). During this period the capital was at... | Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu? | Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu? | [
"Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu?"
] | {
"text": [
"Luoyang"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114476 | 570a61844103511400d5969c | Emotion | Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades with many fields contributing including psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history, sociology, and even computer science. The numerous theories that attempt to explain the origin, neurobiology, experience, and function of emotions... | Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion? | Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion? | [
"Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?"
] | {
"text": [
"computer science"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28707 | 5a0f91a2decec900184755d0 | Canadian_football | The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end ... | If a quarter's time expires while the ball is pending how long is the quarter extended? | If a quarter's time expires while the ball is pending how long is the quarter extended? | [
"If a quarter's time expires while the ball is pending how long is the quarter extended?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102020 | 5a514ec4ce860b001aa3fceb | States_of_Germany | A new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics (Rutz, Miegel, Ottnad etc.) and politicians (Döring, Apel, and others) made proposals – some of them ... | What advantage is it for richer states if territorial reform is enacted? | What advantage is it for richer states if territorial reform is enacted? | [
"What advantage is it for richer states if territorial reform is enacted? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97004 | 56e1170de3433e1400422bc2 | Canon_law | In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as "practice and procedure" or "church order", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship. | What aspect of management is covered by church order? | What aspect of management is covered by church order? | [
"What aspect of management is covered by church order?"
] | {
"text": [
"government"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37887 | 572fec5d947a6a140053cdfd | Roman_Republic | Convinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Macedonian War, 150 to 148 ... | In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end? | In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end? | [
"In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?"
] | {
"text": [
"148 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43602 | 5726dd6d5951b619008f8079 | Korean_War | UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west, Wonju in the center, and the territory north of Samcheok in the east, where the battlefront stabilized and held. The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and matériel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle... | Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul? | Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul? | [
"Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul?"
] | {
"text": [
"The PVA had outrun its logistics capability"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111589 | 572b858934ae481900deae65 | Education | Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged ... | What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education? | What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education? | [
"What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?"
] | {
"text": [
"UNESCO"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12930 | 5acffe3177cf76001a686721 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first... | What established the Third Republic? | What established the Third Republic? | [
"What established the Third Republic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20941 | 5acfc61077cf76001a685e6f | Prime_minister | In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the ... | What does the lower house seldom use? | What does the lower house seldom use? | [
"What does the lower house seldom use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84145 | 573082f4396df91900096161 | Translation | Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syl... | How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts? | How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts? | [
"How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?"
] | {
"text": [
"by subdividing or combining notes"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114177 | 57267eb8708984140094c7f3 | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a "Birthday Suit Girl" to mark the first anniversa... | What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper? | What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper? | [
"What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sex"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62660 | 5a7b9cdb21c2de001afea1c1 | Software_testing | Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will b... | Bottom Up Testing helps determine levels of software developed and makes it harder to complete what? | Bottom Up Testing helps determine levels of software developed and makes it harder to complete what? | [
"Bottom Up Testing helps determine levels of software developed and makes it harder to complete what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32326 | 5ad2d616d7d075001a42a3fb | Antarctica | On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the ... | What was unveiled on 7 September 2006? | What was unveiled on 7 September 2006? | [
"What was unveiled on 7 September 2006?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75371 | 5ad1396f645df0001a2d1277 | Labour_Party_(UK) | Wilson's government was responsible for a number of sweeping social and educational reforms under the leadership of Home Secretary Roy Jenkins such as the abolishment of the death penalty in 1964, the legalisation of abortion and homosexuality (initially only for men aged 21 or over, and only in England and Wales) in 1... | What stopped a currency crisis? | What stopped a currency crisis? | [
"What stopped a currency crisis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79847 | 5706324275f01819005e7a6b | MP3 | During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.) | Domain samples are transformed into what? | Domain samples are transformed into what? | [
"Domain samples are transformed into what?"
] | {
"text": [
"frequency-domain samples"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111129 | 5a81fdc831013a001a335063 | Group_(mathematics) | for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime, as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups, which are basic to number theory. Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is c... | What is algebraic geometry adapted to the needs of? | What is algebraic geometry adapted to the needs of? | [
"What is algebraic geometry adapted to the needs of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85094 | 5a285975d1a287001a6d0bc0 | Mali | Malian musical traditions are derived from the griots, who are known as "Keepers of Memories". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabaté, the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Touré, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, and s... | What is not common among friends? | What is not common among friends? | [
"What is not common among friends?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30497 | 5729a094af94a219006aa589 | Appalachian_Mountains | In Pennsylvania, there are over sixty summits that rise over 2,500 ft (800 m); the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3,000 ft (900 m). In Maryland, Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain are conspicuous points reaching 3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft (878 m) respectively. On the same side of the Great Valley, south of... | How many peaks are over 4,000 feet in WV? | How many peaks are over 4,000 feet in WV? | [
"How many peaks are over 4,000 feet in WV?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than 150 peaks"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49079 | 571ae53e9499d21900609b97 | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | In 361, after the death of Emperor Constantius, shortly followed by the murder of the very unpopular Bishop George, Athanasius returned to his patriarchate. The following year he convened a council at Alexandria, and presided over it with Eusebius of Vercelli. Athanasius appealed for unity among all those who had faith... | What happened to Bishop George? | What happened to Bishop George? | [
"What happened to Bishop George?"
] | {
"text": [
"murder"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88770 | 5a220e23819328001af389e8 | Circadian_rhythm | A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their ... | What kind of clock does not have genetic functions? | What kind of clock does not have genetic functions? | [
"What kind of clock does not have genetic functions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7975 | 5acfdcfa77cf76001a686333 | Copyright_infringement | The United States No Electronic Theft Act (NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, in response to LaMacchia, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement. Maximum penal... | How much were statutory damages lowered by? | How much were statutory damages lowered by? | [
"How much were statutory damages lowered by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56785 | 5727bf733acd2414000deb64 | Gramophone_record | From the mid-1950s through the 1960s, in the U.S. the common home record player or "stereo" (after the introduction of stereo recording) would typically have had these features: a three- or four-speed player (78, 45, 33 1⁄3, and sometimes 16 2⁄3 rpm); with changer, a tall spindle that would hold several records and aut... | What format was less common but could sometimes be found on home stereos? | What format was less common but could sometimes be found on home stereos? | [
"What format was less common but could sometimes be found on home stereos?"
] | {
"text": [
"16 2⁄3 rpm"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83262 | 5727b4f54b864d1900163ae4 | Dominican_Order | In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework—a rule—to organize th... | What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution? | What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution? | [
"What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rule of St. Augustine"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64903 | 5ad1248d645df0001a2d0f1f | Renewable_energy_commercialization | By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30% . Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contribute... | Renewables did not contribute what percentage to our energy consumption? | Renewables did not contribute what percentage to our energy consumption? | [
"Renewables did not contribute what percentage to our energy consumption?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110644 | 572ff7df947a6a140053cea4 | Iran | The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros ... | When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper? | When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper? | [
"When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?"
] | {
"text": [
"10th to 8th millennium BC"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79997 | 5706649675f01819005e7b93 | MP3 | There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder. | Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what? | Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what? | [
"Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what?"
] | {
"text": [
"any known patent restrictions"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32631 | 5ad2a781d7d075001a429e0c | Antarctica | Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa—had existed since the times of Ptolemy... | What continent has an indigenous population that arrived in the 19th century? | What continent has an indigenous population that arrived in the 19th century? | [
"What continent has an indigenous population that arrived in the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79390 | 5a3c09b8cc5d22001a521d5d | Heian_period | The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be... | What system kept the aristocrates from accumulating too much wealth? | What system kept the aristocrates from accumulating too much wealth? | [
"What system kept the aristocrates from accumulating too much wealth?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98343 | 56f8ac5d9b226e1400dd0dd1 | Alps | The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps. | Where are Urtica dioica found? | Where are Urtica dioica found? | [
"Where are Urtica dioica found?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113864 | 5a56d5296349e2001acdcf7c | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%). These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation. | What percentage of airfields are managed by training areas and ranges? | What percentage of airfields are managed by training areas and ranges? | [
"What percentage of airfields are managed by training areas and ranges?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70099 | 570b690bec8fbc190045b9fb | Great_Plains | After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They (and Americans as well) also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain f... | what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area? | what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area? | [
"what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area?"
] | {
"text": [
"packages of land and transportation"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56815 | 5727c9d34b864d1900163d1e | Gramophone_record | Through the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, various methods to improve the dynamic range of mass-produced records involved highly advanced disc cutting equipment. These techniques, marketed, to name two, as the CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering, were used to reduce inner-groove distortion. RCA Victor introduce... | What technique were used to reduce inner-groove distortion? | What technique were used to reduce inner-groove distortion? | [
"What technique were used to reduce inner-groove distortion?"
] | {
"text": [
"CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19643 | 5ad5ffa05b96ef001a10affe | Comprehensive_school | By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to a... | What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '60s? | What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '60s? | [
"What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '60s?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41416 | 56cddec762d2951400fa692f | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhi... | What happened to the cargo train? | What happened to the cargo train? | [
"What happened to the cargo train?"
] | {
"text": [
"caught on fire"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65290 | 5726f1425951b619008f8301 | Crimean_War | During this period, the Russian Black Sea Fleet was operating against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople (currently named Istanbul) and the Caucasus ports, while the Ottoman fleet sought to protect this supply line. The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the har... | At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force? | At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force? | [
"At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?"
] | {
"text": [
"harbour at Sinop"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13889 | 56de7aaa4396321400ee294a | BBC_Television | Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF.[original research?] | On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s? | On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s? | [
"On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s?"
] | {
"text": [
"VHF"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33597 | 57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b5 | Film_speed | The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed w... | What is the Scheinergrade system used for? | What is the Scheinergrade system used for? | [
"What is the Scheinergrade system used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8352 | 5a7ccb9fe8bc7e001a9e2045 | Thuringia | Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades. Nevertheless, they are more important than in the most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions. 54% of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use. The fertile basins such as the large Thuringian Basin or the smaller Goldene Aue, Or... | Which regions don't value agriculture? | Which regions don't value agriculture? | [
"Which regions don't value agriculture?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25975 | 57098edded30961900e8430e | Copper | Together with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between ... | How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray? | How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray? | [
"How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray?"
] | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29654 | 570c5213fed7b91900d458b0 | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues—the Feast of the Assumption is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, Dormition or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others. While t... | How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate? | How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate? | [
"How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate?"
] | {
"text": [
"12"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92468 | 5730ed1ea5e9cc1400cdbaed | United_States_Air_Force | Specific concerns include a compounded inability for the Air Force to replace its aging fleet, and an overall reduction of strength and readiness. The USAF attempted to make these adjustments by primarily cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower, but Congress re... | How much money did Congress give to the USAF to enable them to replace some of the grounded fleet? | How much money did Congress give to the USAF to enable them to replace some of the grounded fleet? | [
"How much money did Congress give to the USAF to enable them to replace some of the grounded fleet? "
] | {
"text": [
"$208 million"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35331 | 5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c4 | Gothic_architecture | The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century. The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture; within the Roman c... | What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch? | What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch? | [
"What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sassanian architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114732 | 5ad253a8d7d075001a428d1c | Emotion | This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano (1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially in work contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which in turn influence attitudes and beha... | Along with Cropanzano, who did not develop a communication-based theory of emotional experience? | Along with Cropanzano, who did not develop a communication-based theory of emotional experience? | [
"Along with Cropanzano, who did not develop a communication-based theory of emotional experience?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108018 | 5acd30aa07355d001abf3890 | Estonian_language | The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national ... | Which Estonian playwright works were printed from 1810 to 1820? | Which Estonian playwright works were printed from 1810 to 1820? | [
"Which Estonian playwright works were printed from 1810 to 1820?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45615 | 571a9a4110f8ca1400305193 | Ashkenazi_Jews | The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe. The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Eu... | The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country? | The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country? | [
"The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?"
] | {
"text": [
"through what is now Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40649 | 5ad69228191832001aa7b25c | Paper | Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be re... | How is paperfoam uncommonly disposed of? | How is paperfoam uncommonly disposed of? | [
" How is paperfoam uncommonly disposed of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49138 | 572709795951b619008f850d | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active diseas... | What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection? | What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection? | [
"What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61180 | 5acece2e32bba1001ae4b4ad | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | What is supposed to be the first resort for police? | What is supposed to be the first resort for police? | [
"What is supposed to be the first resort for police?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19831 | 573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques"... | What did the highland peasants resist attempts at? | What did the highland peasants resist attempts at? | [
"What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?"
] | {
"text": [
"dissolution of communal landholdings"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91457 | 5acea6ad32bba1001ae4aef7 | Avicenna | In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology fo... | What philosopher did Avicenna not discuss in his The Book of Healing text? | What philosopher did Avicenna not discuss in his The Book of Healing text? | [
"What philosopher did Avicenna not discuss in his The Book of Healing text?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23327 | 5ad141b5645df0001a2d13fc | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope not replaced? | When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope not replaced? | [
"When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope not replaced?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30767 | 57267b3c708984140094c78b | Mexico_City | In 1941, the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City. In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegacion... | When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City? | When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City? | [
"When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City?"
] | {
"text": [
"1941"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11988 | 56e14e56cd28a01900c67785 | Universal_Studios | "Junior" Laemmle persuaded his father to bring Universal up to date. He bought and built theaters, converted the studio to sound production, and made several forays into high-quality production. His early efforts included the critically mauled part-talkie version of Edna Ferber's novel Show Boat (1929), the lavish musi... | In what year was the musical Broadway produced? | In what year was the musical Broadway produced? | [
"In what year was the musical Broadway produced?"
] | {
"text": [
"1929"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106187 | 5725c6e189a1e219009abe83 | Hellenistic_period | Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235–222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to... | What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese? | What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese? | [
"What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?"
] | {
"text": [
"independent"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23692 | 5acf9dee77cf76001a685546 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What happens with Prime Minister's Rule? | What happens with Prime Minister's Rule? | [
"What happens with Prime Minister's Rule?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91008 | 572abb93be1ee31400cb81e3 | John_Kerry | In January 1977, Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney, essentially making Kerry his campaign and media surrogate because Droney was afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig's Disease). As First Assistant, Kerry tried cases, which included winning convictions in a high-profile... | When did Kerry become an ADA? | When did Kerry become an ADA? | [
"When did Kerry become an ADA?"
] | {
"text": [
"January 1977"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94087 | 5a5d206c5e8782001a9d5e81 | Cork_(city) | The city's municipal government was dominated by about 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe — in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. The medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when... | Who exported salt, iron and wine to continental Europe? | Who exported salt, iron and wine to continental Europe? | [
"Who exported salt, iron and wine to continental Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116228 | 5734009a4776f41900661692 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than ... | How is Punjabi written? | How is Punjabi written? | [
"How is Punjabi written?"
] | {
"text": [
"in a Shahmukhi script"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67814 | 572ff8ff947a6a140053ceb7 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is loca... | Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean? | Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean? | [
"Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean?"
] | {
"text": [
"Atlantic Ocean"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87292 | 56d1161117492d1400aab8e0 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee's only published book until Go Set a Watchman, an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964. | When did Lee die? | When did Lee die? | [
"When did Lee die?"
] | {
"text": [
"February 2016"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68700 | 572ef91ac246551400ce47fa | Modern_history | In China, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For... | What caused urbanization to increase in China? | What caused urbanization to increase in China? | [
"What caused urbanization to increase in China?"
] | {
"text": [
"the population grew"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36417 | 57302051947a6a140053d14d | Printed_circuit_board | The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed... | What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses? | What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses? | [
"What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses?"
] | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54464 | 56df765f56340a1900b29bac | Christian | According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman—the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians ar... | Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue? | Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue? | [
"Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christianity"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109295 | 5727a1eeff5b5019007d9160 | Carnival | The most famed Carnival festivities are in Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have revived Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in Azogues (Cañar Province).... | Where are the most famed Carnival festivities? | Where are the most famed Carnival festivities? | [
"Where are the most famed Carnival festivities?"
] | {
"text": [
"Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
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