gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-113733 | 56f959f79e9bad19000a086a | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | During the 1920s and 1930s, British civil servants and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during World War I, concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three Services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom—the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Ai... | Who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence? | Who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence? | [
"Who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence?"
] | {
"text": [
"Stanley Baldwin"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87367 | 56d19cf4e7d4791d00902079 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well. For example, Atticus must shoot a rabid dog, even though it is not his job to do so. Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight agains... | What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of? | What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of? | [
"What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of?"
] | {
"text": [
"fight against the town's racism"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30596 | 5ace308632bba1001ae49d48 | Appalachian_Mountains | The Appalachians are also home to two species of fir, the boreal balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and the southern high elevation endemic, Fraser fir (Abies fraseri). Fraser fir is confined to the highest parts of the southern Appalachian Mountains, where along with red spruce it forms a fragile ecosystem known as the Sout... | What type of tree is found most often below 5,500 ft? | What type of tree is found most often below 5,500 ft? | [
"What type of tree is found most often below 5,500 ft?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26949 | 5709e6f06d058f1900182c10 | United_States_dollar | Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The "large-sized notes" issued ... | Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes? | Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes? | [
"Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Federal Reserve"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57630 | 5ad228d0d7d075001a42856d | Quran | It's generally accepted that there are around 750 verses in the Quran dealing with natural phenomenon. In many of these verses the study of nature is "encouraged and highly recommended," and historical Islamic scientists like Al-Biruni and Al-Battani derived their inspiration from verses of the Quran. Mohammad Hashim K... | Who argued that the Quran inspired the last practitioners of the scientific method we use today? | Who argued that the Quran inspired the last practitioners of the scientific method we use today? | [
"Who argued that the Quran inspired the last practitioners of the scientific method we use today?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95861 | 5a1dcfee4ea40d0018b06fa6 | Hokkien | Hokkien /hɒˈkiɛn/ (traditional Chinese: 福建話; simplified Chinese: 福建话; pinyin: Fújiànhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-kiàn oē) or Quanzhang (Quanzhou–Zhangzhou / Chinchew–Changchew; BP: Zuánziū–Ziāngziū) is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas... | What dialect is Min closely related to? | What dialect is Min closely related to? | [
"What dialect is Min closely related to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17976 | 56dfbd5e231d4119001abd5b | Internet_service_provider | ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics. | what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? | what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? | [
"what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? "
] | {
"text": [
"telephone lines"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17671 | 56cf4745aab44d1400b88f0e | Spectre_(2015_film) | Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around Lon... | In what film studio was some of the film shot? | In what film studio was some of the film shot? | [
"In what film studio was some of the film shot?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pinewood Studios"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65543 | 5727c8943acd2414000dec53 | Detroit | Detroit's protracted decline has resulted in severe urban decay and thousands of empty buildings around the city. Some parts of Detroit are so sparsely populated that the city has difficulty providing municipal services. The city has considered various solutions, such as demolishing abandoned homes and buildings; remov... | What is the term for when a city falls into disrepair? | What is the term for when a city falls into disrepair? | [
"What is the term for when a city falls into disrepair? "
] | {
"text": [
"urban decay"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68759 | 572f0842cb0c0d14000f1721 | Modern_history | The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America. Developing during the Enlightenment e... | Where did Enlightenment gain momentum? | Where did Enlightenment gain momentum? | [
"Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?"
] | {
"text": [
"Europe and America"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83196 | 5ad24257d7d075001a428993 | Dominican_Order | Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Domin... | What did not place the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages? | What did not place the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages? | [
"What did not place the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55475 | 5726684cdd62a815002e83f8 | Presbyterianism | Presbyterianism is historically a confessional tradition. This has two implications. The obvious one is that confessional churches express their faith in the form of "confessions of faith," which have some level of authoritative status. However this is based on a more subtle point: In confessional churches, theology is... | What is not a sole matter individually in a confessional church? | What is not a sole matter individually in a confessional church? | [
"What is not a sole matter individually in a confessional church?"
] | {
"text": [
"theology"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72498 | 572684faf1498d1400e8e26c | Greece | The Heptanesean kantádhes (καντάδες 'serenades'; sing.: καντάδα) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree. For the first part of the next century, several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs durin... | What influenced Greek modern song considerably? | What influenced Greek modern song considerably? | [
"What influenced Greek modern song considerably?"
] | {
"text": [
"Heptanesean kantádhes"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6860 | 57312d2a05b4da19006bce4e | Red | Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Sa... | Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting? | Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting? | [
"Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?"
] | {
"text": [
"Virgin Mary"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15338 | 5706498475f01819005e7b09 | Black_people | Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Af... | When were the Arab Invasions? | When were the Arab Invasions? | [
"When were the Arab Invasions?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 7th century"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11559 | 5727b70a2ca10214002d94a5 | North_Carolina | Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War. Many farmers grew some tobacco, and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular. Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), founded by R. J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies ... | The invention of cigarettes made what popular? | The invention of cigarettes made what popular? | [
"The invention of cigarettes made what popular?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tobacco"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57136 | 5728dc28ff5b5019007da856 | Apollo | Coronis, was daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths. Pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus. A crow informed Apollo of the affair. When first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black (where they were previously white) as a punishment for spreading untruths. When h... | Who was the daughter of Phlegyas? | Who was the daughter of Phlegyas? | [
"Who was the daughter of Phlegyas?"
] | {
"text": [
"Coronis"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94011 | 572ea349cb0c0d14000f13b9 | Cyprus | One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although conceptual art is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene.... | What types of places can Cypriots visit to experience art? | What types of places can Cypriots visit to experience art? | [
"What types of places can Cypriots visit to experience art?"
] | {
"text": [
"Municipal art galleries"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81731 | 5706bc1f2eaba6190074acd6 | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.4% had someone living alone who w... | What was the average family size in Atlantic City? | What was the average family size in Atlantic City? | [
"What was the average family size in Atlantic City?"
] | {
"text": [
"3.26"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19008 | 5733eefdd058e614000b6625 | Premier_League | In 2011, a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion. The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011. In 2012–13, Swansea qualified for the Europa League ... | Against which team did Swansea City play its first Premier League game? | Against which team did Swansea City play its first Premier League game? | [
"Against which team did Swansea City play its first Premier League game?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wigan Athletic"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73101 | 56d36d2859d6e4140014636a | American_Idol | From seasons four to seven and nine, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top t... | How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol? | How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol? | [
"How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol?"
] | {
"text": [
"twelve"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4443 | 56de59f24396321400ee2847 | Institute_of_technology | Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for... | What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities? | What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities? | [
"What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?"
] | {
"text": [
"Central Institutions"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108072 | 5acd3cb907355d001abf39cf | Estonian_language | The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70%. And again as in Latvia, today many of the remnant non-Estonians in Estonia have adopted the Estonian language; about 40% at the 2000 census. | What percentage of Soviets spoke Estonian? | What percentage of Soviets spoke Estonian? | [
"What percentage of Soviets spoke Estonian? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28402 | 5731cdbce17f3d1400422433 | Steven_Spielberg | Spielberg first met actress Amy Irving in 1976 at the suggestion of director Brian De Palma, who knew he was looking for an actress to play in Close Encounters. After meeting her, Spielberg told his co-producer Julia Phillips, "I met a real heartbreaker last night.":293 Although she was too young for the role, she and ... | Who did Spielberg begin dating in 1976? | Who did Spielberg begin dating in 1976? | [
"Who did Spielberg begin dating in 1976?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amy Irving"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29449 | 5a56950b6349e2001acdce58 | Swaziland | Swaziland's currency is pegged to the South African Rand, subsuming Swaziland's monetary policy to South Africa. Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union, which may equal as much as 70% of government revenue this year, and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned i... | What is the currency in Swaziland and South Africa? | What is the currency in Swaziland and South Africa? | [
"What is the currency in Swaziland and South Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2241 | 56d1caf1e7d4791d009021bc | Buddhism | In Buddhism, Karma (from Sanskrit: "action, work") is the force that drives saṃsāra—the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (Pali: "kusala") and bad, unskillful (Pāli: "akusala") actions produce "seeds" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The... | Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what? | Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what? | [
"Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"sīla"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114421 | 5ad245c7d7d075001a428ab0 | Emotion | Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emo... | What was the name of the book that Darwin drew on emotions? | What was the name of the book that Darwin drew on emotions? | [
"What was the name of the book that Darwin drew on emotions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106874 | 57344599acc1501500babd64 | Hunting | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory ... | Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what? | Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what? | [
"Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what?"
] | {
"text": [
"earlier Australopithecines"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40443 | 5ad500215b96ef001a10a8ea | Paper | Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may ... | What type of paper has a thick layer of material applied to create a more more suitable surface for halftone screens? | What type of paper has a thick layer of material applied to create a more more suitable surface for halftone screens? | [
"What type of paper has a thick layer of material applied to create a more more suitable surface for halftone screens?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99110 | 57278bc7708984140094e068 | Turner_Classic_Movies | "Funday Night at the Movies" was replaced in 2008 by "Essentials Jr.", a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials (originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell, then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011, and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season), which included such family-... | Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.? | Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.? | [
"Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abigail Breslin"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82983 | 56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d6 | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | On May 20, 1971, his brother, Meinhard, died in a car accident. Meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp, and the couple had a three-year-old son, Patrick. Schwarzenegger would pay for Patrick's education and help him to emigra... | What caused Schwarzenegger's father Gustav's death? | What caused Schwarzenegger's father Gustav's death? | [
"What caused Schwarzenegger's father Gustav's death?"
] | {
"text": [
"stroke"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98879 | 5a5ad2d99c0277001abe71ba | Heresy | Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the ... | Who was executed in the 16th entury? | Who was executed in the 16th entury? | [
"Who was executed in the 16th entury?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107411 | 57261e2bec44d21400f3d90f | Royal_Dutch_Shell | In February 2010 Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture, Raízen, comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses. In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, inc... | In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture? | In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture? | [
"In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture?"
] | {
"text": [
"2010"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78138 | 57275cfcf1498d1400e8f6ef | Child_labour | The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy, preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmfu... | Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans? | Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans? | [
"Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?"
] | {
"text": [
"short life expectancy"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61345 | 572f3e7d04bcaa1900d767bd | Flowering_plant | Flower evolution continues to the present day; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that some of them cannot be pollinated in nature. Many modern domesticated flower species were formerly simple weeds, which sprouted only when the ground was disturbed. Some of them tended to grow with human crops... | What heritage do many modern domesticated flower species have? | What heritage do many modern domesticated flower species have? | [
"What heritage do many modern domesticated flower species have?"
] | {
"text": [
"formerly simple weeds"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60869 | 570b28ab6b8089140040f7a5 | Gregorian_calendar | In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. ... | Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple? | Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple? | [
"Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple?"
] | {
"text": [
"irregularities"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35464 | 5726bf8f5951b619008f7d1a | Gothic_architecture | Above the main portal there is generally a large window, like that at York Minster, or a group of windows such as those at Ripon Cathedral. In France there is generally a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral. Rose windows are also often found in the façades of churches of Spain and Italy, but are rarer elsewhere an... | What type of window is often found above the main portal at cathedrals in France such as the Reims Cathedral? | What type of window is often found above the main portal at cathedrals in France such as the Reims Cathedral? | [
"What type of window is often found above the main portal at cathedrals in France such as the Reims Cathedral?"
] | {
"text": [
"a rose window"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101131 | 5ad27ab8d7d075001a429621 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military ad... | Lenin acknowledged the dependence of which countries? | Lenin acknowledged the dependence of which countries? | [
"Lenin acknowledged the dependence of which countries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48903 | 5aceb82732bba1001ae4b183 | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | Athanasius's episcopate began on 9 May 328 as the Alexandrian Council elected Athanasius to succeed the aged Alexander. That council also denounced various heresies and schisms, many of which continued to preoccupy his 45-year-long episcopate (c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373). Patriarch Athanasius spent over 17 years in five... | Who did Athanasius proceed? | Who did Athanasius proceed? | [
"Who did Athanasius proceed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22777 | 57359d61e853931400426a53 | Kathmandu | The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and h... | What animals notably resided in Nagdaha? | What animals notably resided in Nagdaha? | [
"What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?"
] | {
"text": [
"snakes"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4043 | 56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512ad | Beyoncé | In 2006, Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also the name of a song in B'Day) which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick. They made the... | Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance? | Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance? | [
"Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance?"
] | {
"text": [
"2006 BET Awards"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80322 | 572faebea23a5019007fc889 | Bacteria | In most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called "murein" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides containing D-amino acids.... | Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi? | Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi? | [
"Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bacterial cell walls are different"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80835 | 57258041cc50291900b2853f | Queen_Victoria | Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointe... | Who was returned to power in 1892? | Who was returned to power in 1892? | [
"Who was returned to power in 1892?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gladstone"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85031 | 5726d60bf1498d1400e8ec9f | Mali | In 2007, about 48 percent of Malians were younger than 12 years old, 49 percent were 15–64 years old, and 3 percent were 65 and older. The median age was 15.9 years. The birth rate in 2014 is 45.53 births per 1,000, and the total fertility rate (in 2012) was 6.4 children per woman. The death rate in 2007 was 16.5 death... | What was the total fertility rate per woman as of 2012? | What was the total fertility rate per woman as of 2012? | [
"What was the total fertility rate per woman as of 2012?"
] | {
"text": [
"6.4 children"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68573 | 5a2f511aa83784001a7d26fd | Mesozoic | Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringi... | What weather condition became much more stable? | What weather condition became much more stable? | [
"What weather condition became much more stable?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74727 | 570e5daf0dc6ce1900204faf | Melbourne | During a visit in 1885 English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase "Marvellous Melbourne", which stuck long into the twentieth century and is still used today by Melburnians. Growing building activity culminated in a "land boom" which, in 1888, reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by co... | What did Melbourne's hydraulic facilities help create that spurred high-rise developments? | What did Melbourne's hydraulic facilities help create that spurred high-rise developments? | [
"What did Melbourne's hydraulic facilities help create that spurred high-rise developments?"
] | {
"text": [
"elevators"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62003 | 572a8cd234ae481900deab74 | Madrasa | In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS, English: Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4. Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range ... | What will the uniform be at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah? | What will the uniform be at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah? | [
"What will the uniform be at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?"
] | {
"text": [
"the songkok for boys and tudong for girls"
],
"answer_start": [
965
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20307 | 572936abaf94a219006aa1a6 | Glass | Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) ... | What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black? | What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black? | [
"What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black?"
] | {
"text": [
"iron polysulfides"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83510 | 5ad26321d7d075001a4290f0 | Dominican_Order | Women could not be professed to the Dominican religious life before the age of thirteen. The formula for profession contained in the Constitutions of Montargis Priory (1250) demands that nuns pledge obedience to God, the Blessed Virgin, their prioress and her successors according to the Rule of St. Augustine and the in... | What were candidates to profession not tested to do? | What were candidates to profession not tested to do? | [
"What were candidates to profession not tested to do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69177 | 5709c252200fba14003682b4 | Houston | In 2006, the Houston metropolitan area ranked first in Texas and third in the U.S. within the Category of "Best Places for Business and Careers" by Forbes magazine. Foreign governments have established 92 consular offices in Houston's metropolitan area, the third highest in the nation. Forty foreign governments maintai... | How many foreign countries have trade offices in Houston? | How many foreign countries have trade offices in Houston? | [
"How many foreign countries have trade offices in Houston?"
] | {
"text": [
"Forty"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52951 | 5705f22952bb891400689702 | Bird_migration | Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selb... | Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows? | Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows? | [
"Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?"
] | {
"text": [
"Elliott Coues"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103069 | 572817d93acd2414000df456 | Unicode | Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Tha... | Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? | Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? | [
"Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? "
] | {
"text": [
"its ordering of Thai characters"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5173 | 56e162a3e3433e1400422e46 | Boston | The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The arena seats 18,624 for b... | How many teams is TD garden the home to? | How many teams is TD garden the home to? | [
"How many teams is TD garden the home to?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42329 | 5ad26a32d7d075001a429307 | Karl_Popper | Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phen... | What do large and slow changes to the phenotype do? | What do large and slow changes to the phenotype do? | [
"What do large and slow changes to the phenotype do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17746 | 5ad23d95d7d075001a428899 | Spectre_(2015_film) | After wrapping up in England, production travelled to Morocco in June, with filming taking place in Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud, after preliminary work was completed by the production's second unit. An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the "Largest film stunt explosion" in cinematic history, w... | Mexico was the site for which Guinness World Record? | Mexico was the site for which Guinness World Record? | [
"Mexico was the site for which Guinness World Record?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100112 | 5ace5eae32bba1001ae4a443 | Guam | The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of "free association" with the United States. The Compacts give cit... | Which Pacific Islands culture is most culturally similar to Guam? | Which Pacific Islands culture is most culturally similar to Guam? | [
"Which Pacific Islands culture is most culturally similar to Guam?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111528 | 57323080e17f3d1400422703 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors wa... | What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove? | What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove? | [
"What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?"
] | {
"text": [
"Donatists"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93779 | 5728d63f2ca10214002da907 | Estonia | Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovisi... | What performer has represented Estonia two different times? | What performer has represented Estonia two different times? | [
"What performer has represented Estonia two different times?"
] | {
"text": [
"Maarja-Liis Ilus"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104962 | 5a3e5acc378766001a0025b6 | Palermo | The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to ... | Who gained control of the city in 1072? | Who gained control of the city in 1072? | [
"Who gained control of the city in 1072?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21666 | 5a653cdbc2b11c001a425cce | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By... | What writing form was invented by the Sumerian? | What writing form was invented by the Sumerian? | [
"What writing form was invented by the Sumerian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48258 | 56fa2d76f34c681400b0bfed | Wood | In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. T... | Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor? | Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor? | [
"Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor?"
] | {
"text": [
"rate of growth"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43027 | 570d7c8bb3d812140066d9eb | Franco-Prussian_War | At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime orga... | What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word "Kreis?" | What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word "Kreis?" | [
"What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word \"Kreis?\""
] | {
"text": [
"literally \"circle\""
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100199 | 572b6affbe1ee31400cb8377 | Guam | The Government of Guam maintains the island's main health care facility, Guam Memorial Hospital, in Tamuning. U.S. board certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties. In addition, the U.S. Naval Hospital in Agana Heights serves active-duty members and dependents of the military community. There is one sub... | Who runs Guam's main health care facility? | Who runs Guam's main health care facility? | [
"Who runs Guam's main health care facility?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Government of Guam"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75152 | 572f1256cb0c0d14000f1762 | Elevator | The passenger cabs are mechanically separated from the lift mechanism, thus allowing the elevator shafts to be used continuously while passengers board and embark from the cabs, as well as move through show scenes on various floors. The passenger cabs, which are automated guided vehicles or AGVs, move into the vertical... | What does this allow riders to do at the top? | What does this allow riders to do at the top? | [
"What does this allow riders to do at the top?"
] | {
"text": [
"look out from the top of the structure"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66866 | 572826324b864d19001645ab | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Va... | The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where? | The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where? | [
"The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gulag Camp No. 36"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79651 | 5ad0178c77cf76001a686994 | Kievan_Rus%27 | In the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, ... | When did Vladimir-Suzdal assert itself as a minor power? | When did Vladimir-Suzdal assert itself as a minor power? | [
"When did Vladimir-Suzdal assert itself as a minor power?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43736 | 56d0fdf617492d1400aab6fd | Kanye_West | After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 h... | What school did Kanye West go to in 1997? | What school did Kanye West go to in 1997? | [
"What school did Kanye West go to in 1997?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chicago's American Academy of Art"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12277 | 5a65bb37c2b11c001a425d21 | Antibiotics | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | How long does the infection process take? | How long does the infection process take? | [
"How long does the infection process take?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89061 | 5acd4fef07355d001abf3cd6 | Hunter-gatherer | Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary. | The peoples of the Pacific East Coast lived what kind of lifestyle? | The peoples of the Pacific East Coast lived what kind of lifestyle? | [
"The peoples of the Pacific East Coast lived what kind of lifestyle?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50822 | 572ea780dfa6aa1500f8d25b | Seven_Years%27_War | The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort th... | Where did the French build Fort Duquesne? | Where did the French build Fort Duquesne? | [
"Where did the French build Fort Duquesne?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Forks\" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77229 | 5a299bd203c0e7001a3e1850 | United_Nations_Population_Fund | But Amnesty International found no evidence that UNFPA had supported the coercion. A 2001 study conducted by the pro-life Population Research Institute (PRI) falsely claimed that the UNFPA shared an office with the Chinese family planning officials who were carrying out forced abortions. "We located the family planning... | In January 2006, who destroyed UNFPA's new country programme? | In January 2006, who destroyed UNFPA's new country programme? | [
"In January 2006, who destroyed UNFPA's new country programme?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102388 | 5ad3c44c604f3c001a3fefa9 | High-definition_television | If all three parameters are used, they are specified in the following form: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate] or [frame size]/[frame or field rate][scanning system].[citation needed] Often, frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context. In this case, the remaining numeric... | What are the three SDTV parameters? | What are the three SDTV parameters? | [
"What are the three SDTV parameters?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108578 | 572c022a750c471900ed4c7c | Tennessee | Many major battles of the American Civil War were fought in Tennessee—most of them Union victories. Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Navy captured control of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers in February 1862. They held off the Confederate counterattack at Shiloh in April. Memphis fell to the Union in June, following a ... | During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis? | During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis? | [
"During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis?"
] | {
"text": [
"June"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71895 | 5acf5c7f77cf76001a684c2f | Capacitor | The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume, permittivity, and dielectric strength. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much... | When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the lack of effective capacitance of the capacitor? | When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the lack of effective capacitance of the capacitor? | [
"When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the lack of effective capacitance of the capacitor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99487 | 56fb2ed48f12f319006302eb | Middle_Ages | Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiq... | Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods? | Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods? | [
"Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christoph Cellarius"
],
"answer_start": [
1067
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23822 | 5acfc69677cf76001a685eb4 | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment wi... | What is the German advanced law? | What is the German advanced law? | [
"What is the German advanced law?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6684 | 5ad34c62604f3c001a3fdcb5 | PlayStation_3 | In January 2008, Kaz Hirai, CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment, suggested that the console may start making a profit by early 2009, stating that, "the next fiscal year starts in April and if we can try to achieve that in the next fiscal year that would be a great thing" and that "[profitability] is not a definite commi... | What other Microsoft gaming console was Hirai setting his sales goal to beat? | What other Microsoft gaming console was Hirai setting his sales goal to beat? | [
"What other Microsoft gaming console was Hirai setting his sales goal to beat?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99829 | 56fb896db28b3419009f1e1a | Middle_Ages | Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantr... | What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era? | What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era? | [
"What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era?"
] | {
"text": [
"the peasantry"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51415 | 5a57dca7770dc0001aeefe3a | Empiricism | In the extreme empiricism of the neopositivists—at least before the 1930s—any genuinely synthetic assertion must be reducible to an ultimate assertion (or set of ultimate assertions) that expresses direct observations or perceptions. In later years, Carnap and Neurath abandoned this sort of phenomenalism in favor of a ... | What position did Hilary Putnam favour? | What position did Hilary Putnam favour? | [
"What position did Hilary Putnam favour?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66047 | 570bce516b8089140040fa46 | ASCII | Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machine... | What is the space also known as what? | What is the space also known as what? | [
"What is the space also known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"invisible graphic:223"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68096 | 5ad4209f604f3c001a40070e | Charleston,_South_Carolina | On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jack... | On what day was the Confederate flag added from South Carolina State House? | On what day was the Confederate flag added from South Carolina State House? | [
"On what day was the Confederate flag added from South Carolina State House?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98637 | 5a5fd1bbeae51e001ab14c8f | Marvel_Comics | Goodman, now disconnected from Marvel, set up a new company called Seaboard Periodicals in 1974, reviving Marvel's old Atlas name for a new Atlas Comics line, but this lasted only a year and a half. In the mid-1970s a decline of the newsstand distribution network affected Marvel. Cult hits such as Howard the Duck fell ... | The mid-1970s brought what favourable change for Marvel? | The mid-1970s brought what favourable change for Marvel? | [
"The mid-1970s brought what favourable change for Marvel?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96778 | 5727a9314b864d19001639c4 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central import... | Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting? | Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting? | [
"Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jesus willingly sacrificed himself"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47520 | 572fbbe6a23a5019007fc917 | Armenia | The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediate... | Who gained the most from the Karabakh War? | Who gained the most from the Karabakh War? | [
"Who gained the most from the Karabakh War?"
] | {
"text": [
"Karabakh Armenian forces"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62215 | 57268b24708984140094c999 | Chicago_Cubs | "Baseball's Sad Lexicon," also known as "Tinker to Evers to Chance" after its refrain, is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams. The poem is presented as a single, rueful stanza from the point of view of a New York Giants fan seeing the talented Chicago Cubs infield of shortstop Joe Tinker, second baseman Johnn... | What poem did Franklin Pierce Adams write? | What poem did Franklin Pierce Adams write? | [
"What poem did Franklin Pierce Adams write? "
] | {
"text": [
"\"Baseball's Sad Lexicon,"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50705 | 56e8904199e8941900975e90 | Bern | Bern was the site of the 1954 Football (Soccer) World Cup Final, a huge upset for the Hungarian Golden Team, who were beaten 3–2 by West Germany. The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf, which also was one of the venues for the European football championship 2008 in which it ho... | What football team is based in Bern? | What football team is based in Bern? | [
"What football team is based in Bern?"
] | {
"text": [
"BSC Young Boys"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51401 | 572b41aabe1ee31400cb82c3 | Empiricism | The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific disc... | What are pseudoproblems? | What are pseudoproblems? | [
"What are pseudoproblems?"
] | {
"text": [
"most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems"
],
"answer_start": [
1077
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91562 | 5acead8732bba1001ae4b003 | Avicenna | The soviet film "Youth of Genius" (1982), filmed and studios Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, dedicated to children and youth years Avicenna. The film's director Elyor Ishmuhamedov. Romantic and stormy, performed works, danger and irresistible thirst of knowledge was the youth of Al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn... | Who wrote the 1895 novel The Walking Drum? | Who wrote the 1895 novel The Walking Drum? | [
"Who wrote the 1895 novel The Walking Drum?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98919 | 5a5ad9109c0277001abe71e8 | Heresy | The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the offi... | Who reformed Scientology making splinter groups heretical? | Who reformed Scientology making splinter groups heretical? | [
"Who reformed Scientology making splinter groups heretical?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116047 | 572e916a03f98919007567bd | Richard_Feynman | Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet gov... | When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva? | When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva? | [
"When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?"
] | {
"text": [
"The day after he died"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13870 | 5a8326f2e60761001a2eb449 | BBC_Television | On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be need... | What day did Britain declare war on Germany? | What day did Britain declare war on Germany? | [
"What day did Britain declare war on Germany?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3740 | 56be96653aeaaa14008c9117 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and... | Beyonce gave her entire salary from Cadillac Records to which organization? | Beyonce gave her entire salary from Cadillac Records to which organization? | [
"Beyonce gave her entire salary from Cadillac Records to which organization?"
] | {
"text": [
"Phoenix House"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34837 | 5a1e0fb23de3f40018b26485 | Political_philosophy | In the Ottoman Empire, these ideological reforms did not take place and these views did not integrate into common thought until much later. As well, there was no spread of this doctrine within the New World and the advanced civilizations of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, Mohican, Delaware, Huron and especially the Iroquois. Th... | Where in the New World was this doctrine spread? | Where in the New World was this doctrine spread? | [
"Where in the New World was this doctrine spread?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54099 | 5ad3e833604f3c001a3ff635 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. It also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to ... | By how much did opening these jobs to men increase the recruiting pool by? | By how much did opening these jobs to men increase the recruiting pool by? | [
" By how much did opening these jobs to men increase the recruiting pool by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26928 | 5709e2fb6d058f1900182bf1 | United_States_dollar | Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, go... | What was the fixed value of gold? | What was the fixed value of gold? | [
"What was the fixed value of gold?"
] | {
"text": [
"$35 per ounce"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109266 | 572798f0dd62a815002ea192 | Carnival | Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states. Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile (now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have celebra... | What does Mardi Gras translate to in French? | What does Mardi Gras translate to in French? | [
"What does Mardi Gras translate to in French?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fat Tuesday"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75742 | 5705dec952bb89140068963b | The_Times | The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly ow... | What year did The Daily Universal Register initially start? | What year did The Daily Universal Register initially start? | [
"What year did The Daily Universal Register initially start?"
] | {
"text": [
"1785"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10351 | 5acf6bcf77cf76001a684dd1 | Comics | Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other informa... | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics? | In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics? | [
"In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can't be used to show the dialogue in comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113689 | 572f5607b2c2fd1400568039 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). O... | In what year was the OSS dissolved? | In what year was the OSS dissolved? | [
"In what year was the OSS dissolved?"
] | {
"text": [
"1945"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30387 | 5acd63d307355d001abf4050 | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km2) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship-caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 pub... | How many ponds are there? | How many ponds are there? | [
"How many ponds are there?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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