gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-75945 | 5706158575f01819005e7962 | The_Times | In The Wombles, Uncle Bulgaria read The Times and asked for the other Wombles to bring him any copies that they found amongst the litter. The newspaper played a central role in the episode Very Behind the Times (Series 2, Episode 12). | In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter? | In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter? | [
"In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter?"
] | {
"text": [
"Uncle Bulgaria"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100257 | 5acd33c007355d001abf3933 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | The official English name of the system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. It is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu. The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation. Hist... | What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Japanese? | What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Japanese? | [
"What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Japanese?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112185 | 57290ceeaf94a219006a9fda | Race_(human_categorization) | One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace's observation that such variations, insofar as it is affected by natural selection, slow migration, or genetic drift, are distributed along geographic gradations or clines. In part this is due to isolat... | What is Frank Livingstone's profession? | What is Frank Livingstone's profession? | [
"What is Frank Livingstone's profession?"
] | {
"text": [
"anthropologist"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57004 | 57280150ff5b5019007d9ac6 | Gramophone_record | In spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, collectors, and DJs. Old rec... | Are records generally out of print as of date? | Are records generally out of print as of date? | [
"Are records generally out of print as of date?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53639 | 5ad26bbcd7d075001a429364 | Dialect | The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression, A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot ("אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט": "A language is a dialect with an army and navy") in YIVO Bleter 25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the q... | Which language is YIVO Bleter a linguist of? | Which language is YIVO Bleter a linguist of? | [
"Which language is YIVO Bleter a linguist of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104564 | 57325b55e17f3d14004228e8 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier acc... | One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower? | One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower? | [
"One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower?"
] | {
"text": [
"subprime"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20202 | 5733ca05d058e614000b6265 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g. Zahm House's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of ... | From where does the Band of the Fighting Irish lead a march to the Notre Dame Stadium for football home games? | From where does the Band of the Fighting Irish lead a march to the Notre Dame Stadium for football home games? | [
"From where does the Band of the Fighting Irish lead a march to the Notre Dame Stadium for football home games?"
] | {
"text": [
"the steps of Bond Hall"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18587 | 5726e30ddd62a815002e93f8 | Nigeria | Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, an... | What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria? | What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria? | [
"What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria?"
] | {
"text": [
"savannah"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104680 | 5733399bd058e614000b5798 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings—the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe—testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scar... | How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis? | How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis? | [
"How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis?"
] | {
"text": [
"900,000"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85221 | 57278d70708984140094e0a6 | Supreme_court | Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all oth... | What unique electoral power does this German high court possess? | What unique electoral power does this German high court possess? | [
"What unique electoral power does this German high court possess?"
] | {
"text": [
"the power and authority to outlaw political parties"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28350 | 5731ca31b9d445190005e55d | Steven_Spielberg | Spielberg's films often deal with several recurring themes. Most of his films deal with ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances. In an AFI interview in August 2000 Spielberg commented on his interest in the possibility of extr... | Which of Spielberg's parents liked sci-fi? | Which of Spielberg's parents liked sci-fi? | [
"Which of Spielberg's parents liked sci-fi?"
] | {
"text": [
"his father"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33590 | 57263d16271a42140099d7b5 | Film_speed | The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer consisted of a frame holding an opaque screen with an array of typically 25 numbered, gradually pigmented squares brought into contact with the photographic plate during a timed test exposure under a phosphorescent tablet excited before by the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon. The ... | What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? | What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? | [
"What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? "
] | {
"text": [
"'degrees' Warnerke"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72205 | 572629b789a1e219009ac480 | Greece | Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were mostly Greek-speaking, though generally not from Greece itself. The New Testament was written in Greek, and some of it... | In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived? | In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived? | [
"In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50785 | 572e89ce03f989190075675a | Seven_Years%27_War | The War of the Austrian Succession had seen the belligerents aligned on a time-honoured basis. France’s traditional enemies, Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced just as they had done against Louis XIV. Prussia, the leading anti-Austrian state in Germany, had been supported by France. Neither group, however, found ... | Did the loss of Silesia by Austria intensify its battle with Prussia? | Did the loss of Silesia by Austria intensify its battle with Prussia? | [
"Did the loss of Silesia by Austria intensify its battle with Prussia?"
] | {
"text": [
". Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84953 | 5726c4a7708984140094d0eb | Mali | 26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of then President Moussa Traoré. He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-mak... | Who was president during the March protests? | Who was president during the March protests? | [
"Who was president during the March protests?"
] | {
"text": [
"Moussa Traoré"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92471 | 5730ee17497a881900248a73 | United_States_Air_Force | The Department of the Air Force is one of three military departments within the Department of Defense, and is managed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense. The senior officials in the Office of the Secretary are the Under Secretary of the Ai... | Who appoints the top positions in the USAF, including the Assistant Secretaries and General Council? | Who appoints the top positions in the USAF, including the Assistant Secretaries and General Council? | [
"Who appoints the top positions in the USAF, including the Assistant Secretaries and General Council?"
] | {
"text": [
"President"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61620 | 5a627caef8d794001af1c032 | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | St. John's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean. The civil service which is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city's labour force and to the stability of its economy, which supp... | What ocean industry has been key in stabilizing the economy? | What ocean industry has been key in stabilizing the economy? | [
"What ocean industry has been key in stabilizing the economy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68791 | 572f140403f9891900756b81 | Modern_history | Beginning the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States o... | What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as? | What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as? | [
"What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"American Revolutionary War"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62910 | 5acd4df707355d001abf3c91 | Pain | Cultural barriers can also keep a person from telling someone they are in pain. Religious beliefs may prevent the individual from seeking help. They may feel certain pain treatment is against their religion. They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near. Many people fear the stigma of addic... | What do stoic women do about pain? | What do stoic women do about pain? | [
"What do stoic women do about pain?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23889 | 5acfbd5b77cf76001a685ba8 | Federalism | Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism". The country has been quoted as being "an extraordinarily decentralized country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, 38% for the re... | What type of state isn't Spain? | What type of state isn't Spain? | [
"What type of state isn't Spain?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98949 | 5a5ade449c0277001abe7207 | Heresy | The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy,... | What term expands the definition of religion? | What term expands the definition of religion? | [
"What term expands the definition of religion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88549 | 56d96e76dc89441400fdb454 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Austr... | Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame? | Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame? | [
"Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?"
] | {
"text": [
"People's Liberation Army personnel"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25228 | 56d11dd317492d1400aab9cb | New_York_City | New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purific... | After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built, how much more water will be added to the city's supply each day? | After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built, how much more water will be added to the city's supply each day? | [
"After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built, how much more water will be added to the city's supply each day?"
] | {
"text": [
"290 million gallons"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35500 | 5ad0f778645df0001a2d08e7 | Gothic_architecture | Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, the Czech Lands and Austria is characterised by its massive and modular nature. This is expressed in the Gothic architecture of Central Europe in the huge size of the towers and spires, often projected, but not always completed. The west front generally follows the French for... | What are hall churches in German cathedrals no longer known as? | What are hall churches in German cathedrals no longer known as? | [
"What are hall churches in German cathedrals no longer known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94302 | 5a7e741848f7d9001a063702 | Cork_(city) | Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where ov... | What is the most famous product by Novartis manufactured in Europe? | What is the most famous product by Novartis manufactured in Europe? | [
"What is the most famous product by Novartis manufactured in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80434 | 572fdfbda23a5019007fcab2 | Bacteria | Some species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms, these species are called predatory bacteria. These include organisms such as Myxococcus xanthus, which forms swarms of cells that kill and digest any bacteria they encounter. Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in order to digest the... | Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms? | Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms? | [
"Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms?"
] | {
"text": [
"attach to their prey in order to digest them"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87884 | 5ad3d325604f3c001a3ff26b | Tristan_da_Cunha | The main island is generally mountainous. The only flat area is on the north-west coast, which is the location of the only settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas. The highest point is a volcano called Queen Mary's Peak 2,062 metres (6,765.1 ft), which is covered by snow in winter. The other islands of the group are un... | What is located in the south-west coast? | What is located in the south-west coast? | [
"What is located in the south-west coast?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70105 | 570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3c | Great_Plains | The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the... | how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? | how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? | [
"how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? "
] | {
"text": [
"a third"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30237 | 5acd59a007355d001abf3e3b | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | South Raleigh is located along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina and along US 70 into suburban Garner. This area is the least developed and least dense area of Raleigh (much of the area lies within the Swift Creek watershed district, where development regulations limit housing densities and construction). The area is... | What is not unique about South Raleigh? | What is not unique about South Raleigh? | [
"What is not unique about South Raleigh?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70739 | 57310b9a05b4da19006bcd1c | Bird | Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely relat... | What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs? | What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs? | [
"What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs?"
] | {
"text": [
"fossil and biological evidence"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38196 | 5a7cf2c8e8bc7e001a9e20d8 | Neolithic | Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regio... | What era preceded the Stone Age? | What era preceded the Stone Age? | [
"What era preceded the Stone Age?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61874 | 572a775074f2e11900503fd3 | Madrasa | However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ijāzahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural scie... | Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris? | Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris? | [
"Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?"
] | {
"text": [
"the teacher"
],
"answer_start": [
991
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7981 | 5726d602dd62a815002e91d6 | Copyright_infringement | The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the EU Copyright Directive of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommerical use. The Copyright Directive was not intend... | What are examples of general purpose storage devices? | What are examples of general purpose storage devices? | [
"What are examples of general purpose storage devices?"
] | {
"text": [
"computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones"
],
"answer_start": [
889
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72022 | 572715c2708984140094d989 | Capacitor | If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly, and so as frequ... | Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage? | Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage? | [
"Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage?"
] | {
"text": [
"driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6509 | 5ad34254604f3c001a3fdc0a | PlayStation_3 | PlayStation 3 console protects certain types of data and uses digital rights management to limit the data's use. Purchased games and content from the PlayStation Network store are governed by PlayStation's Network Digital Rights Management (NDRM). The NDRM allows users to access the data from up to 2 different PlayStat... | What identifier allows a player to deactivate a PlayStation 3? | What identifier allows a player to deactivate a PlayStation 3? | [
"What identifier allows a player to deactivate a PlayStation 3?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45618 | 571a9a4110f8ca1400305196 | Ashkenazi_Jews | The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe. The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Eu... | Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship? | Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship? | [
"Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?"
] | {
"text": [
"Emperor Caracalla"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13653 | 5726fec6dd62a815002e973c | Glacier | Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls in... | Under what circumstances do glaciers form? | Under what circumstances do glaciers form? | [
"Under what circumstances do glaciers form?"
] | {
"text": [
"where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88121 | 572c0480dfb02c14005c6b62 | God | Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his o... | Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father? | Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father? | [
"Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sigmund Freud"
],
"answer_start": [
745
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36904 | 5a0ca861f5590b0018dab4c2 | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally... | What is the largest private foundation in America? | What is the largest private foundation in America? | [
"What is the largest private foundation in America?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60847 | 5a36fa9795360f001af1b394 | Gregorian_calendar | The Council of Trent approved a plan in 1563 for correcting the calendrical errors, requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for a more co... | What did the first Council of Nicaea require to be restored to the one set in 325? | What did the first Council of Nicaea require to be restored to the one set in 325? | [
"What did the first Council of Nicaea require to be restored to the one set in 325?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76241 | 5726dbef5951b619008f8037 | Utrecht | About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively ... | What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face | What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face | [
"What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face "
] | {
"text": [
"About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17371 | 5ad152c5645df0001a2d1764 | Uranium | The gas centrifuge process, where gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF
6) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between 235UF6 and 238UF6 using high-speed centrifuges, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process. The gaseous diffusion process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the Ma... | What is the name of the least widely used enrichment process? | What is the name of the least widely used enrichment process? | [
"What is the name of the least widely used enrichment process?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49618 | 570d66c6fed7b91900d45fef | Valencia | Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. The city is situated on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, fronting the Gulf of Valencia on the Mediterranean Sea. Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, with approximately 169 hectares; this heritage of ancient monuments, v... | When was Valencia's founding? | When was Valencia's founding? | [
"When was Valencia's founding?"
] | {
"text": [
"138 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64657 | 5733f808d058e614000b66b2 | Portugal | After the financial crisis of 2007–08, it was known in 2008–2009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size,... | Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years? | Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years? | [
"Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?"
] | {
"text": [
"Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73704 | 56db63dbe7c41114004b5064 | American_Idol | The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its a... | Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience? | Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience? | [
"Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience?"
] | {
"text": [
"Disney"
],
"answer_start": [
896
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64301 | 572818a43acd2414000df467 | John_von_Neumann | The axiom of foundation established that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel, in such a manner that if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession, hence excluding the p... | What excluded a set from belonging to itself in set theory? | What excluded a set from belonging to itself in set theory? | [
"What excluded a set from belonging to itself in set theory?"
] | {
"text": [
"if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87927 | 5ad3dc5e604f3c001a3ff402 | Tristan_da_Cunha | The islands have a population of 301. The main settlement is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (known locally as "The Settlement"). The only religion is Christianity, with denominations of Anglican and Roman Catholic. The current population is thought to have descended from 15 ancestors, eight males and seven females, who ar... | How many families live in the Roman Catholic church? | How many families live in the Roman Catholic church? | [
"How many families live in the Roman Catholic church?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107923 | 5acfbdb277cf76001a685bd1 | Umayyad_Caliphate | Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the adm... | What did many Muslim cities use some of their taxes for? | What did many Muslim cities use some of their taxes for? | [
"What did many Muslim cities use some of their taxes for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98289 | 56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cbb | Alps | High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resul... | How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland? | How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland? | [
"How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland?"
] | {
"text": [
"30%"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89912 | 5acf5e5077cf76001a684c72 | Somerset | The boundaries of Somerset are largely unaltered from medieval times. The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum, which straddles the Avon, formed part of Somerset. Bristol began as a town on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon, however as it grew it extended a... | In what year was Somerset established? | In what year was Somerset established? | [
"In what year was Somerset established?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19675 | 5ad601975b96ef001a10b026 | Comprehensive_school | Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland. | Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern England? | Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern England? | [
"Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern England?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26382 | 5a536963bdaabd001a3866b1 | University | The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually ... | What does the greek work "universitas" mean? | What does the greek work "universitas" mean? | [
"What does the greek work \"universitas\" mean?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7526 | 5a8c43befd22b3001a8d867d | Database | Codd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test products which w... | Who used Codd's paper at Yale to improve a geographical database? | Who used Codd's paper at Yale to improve a geographical database? | [
"Who used Codd's paper at Yale to improve a geographical database?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20454 | 5a671b11f038b7001ab0c1f0 | Glass | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crys... | What must happen quickly for polymers to form? | What must happen quickly for polymers to form? | [
"What must happen quickly for polymers to form?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80258 | 572f8f15a23a5019007fc749 | Bacteria | There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient ... | What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil? | What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil? | [
"What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?"
] | {
"text": [
"40 million bacterial cells"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29020 | 5ad37580604f3c001a3fe303 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | who developed Ciba? | who developed Ciba? | [
"who developed Ciba?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17389 | 570e4eaf0dc6ce1900204f3e | Uranium | Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it ca... | What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction? | What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction? | [
"What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?"
] | {
"text": [
"uranium dioxide"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86530 | 56e70aba6fe0821900b8ec9a | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. | What was Riba's first name? | What was Riba's first name? | [
"What was Riba's first name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Institute of British Architects in London"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61058 | 5acebd8232bba1001ae4b276 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1880? | Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1880? | [
"Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1880?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60243 | 572fb0d1947a6a140053cb8e | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Washington University's North Campus and West Campus principally house administrative functions that are not student focused. North Campus lies in St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop. The University acquired the building and adjacent property in 2004, formerly home to the Angelica Uniform Factory. Several University ad... | Who is Washington University's food provider on campus? | Who is Washington University's food provider on campus? | [
"Who is Washington University's food provider on campus?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bon Appétit Management Company"
],
"answer_start": [
752
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3472 | 572673195951b619008f72e8 | Southeast_Asia | Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet." Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEA... | According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet? | According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet? | [
"According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet?"
] | {
"text": [
"UNESCO"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110404 | 572635e3271a42140099d788 | Professional_wrestling | In matches with multiple competitors, an elimination system may be used. Any wrestler who has a fall scored against them is forced out of the match, and the match continues until only one remains. However, it is much more common when more than two wrestlers are involved to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the f... | What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have? | What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have? | [
"What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have?"
] | {
"text": [
"no holds barred rules"
],
"answer_start": [
854
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86 | 56f8cfb29e9bad19000a056d | Guinea-Bissau | On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition part... | Who staged the coup d'etat? | Who staged the coup d'etat? | [
"Who staged the coup d'etat?"
] | {
"text": [
"members of the country's military"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47495 | 572fb2fb947a6a140053cbaa | Armenia | Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the ... | Who succeeded Stalin? | Who succeeded Stalin? | [
"Who succeeded Stalin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nikita Khruschev"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113657 | 572f4e74947a6a140053c86c | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This... | What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence? | What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence? | [
"What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Directorate of Operations"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113518 | 5a87b5c11d3cee001a6a1314 | Vacuum | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | What do electrical systems use within a vacuum? | What do electrical systems use within a vacuum? | [
"What do electrical systems use within a vacuum?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103214 | 5ad2bec5d7d075001a42a0cc | Multiracial_American | In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many ... | What did the one-drop rule define as white? | What did the one-drop rule define as white? | [
"What did the one-drop rule define as white?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83016 | 56de82394396321400ee29a4 | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | He continued his winning streak in the 1971–74 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding. | What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder? | What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder? | [
"What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder?"
] | {
"text": [
"1975"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39002 | 5a2c78f8bfd06b001a5aeb97 | Serbo-Croatian | The jat-reflex rules are not without exception. For example, when short jat is preceded by r, in most Ijekavian dialects developed into /re/ or, occasionally, /ri/. The prefix prě- ("trans-, over-") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also ... | In western Neostokavian dialects what did the pre prefix become when its long? | In western Neostokavian dialects what did the pre prefix become when its long? | [
"In western Neostokavian dialects what did the pre prefix become when its long?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78315 | 57279e5bff5b5019007d912f | Child_labour | In 2001, a voluntary agreement called the Harkin-Engel Protocol, was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO's Convention 182, in West Africa. This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002. The foundati... | What happened to the 2005 deadlines? | What happened to the 2005 deadlines? | [
"What happened to the 2005 deadlines?"
] | {
"text": [
"have not yet been met"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103115 | 571dda9db64a571400c71da4 | Multiracial_American | By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing... | Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when? | Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when? | [
"Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?"
] | {
"text": [
"1990"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43771 | 56d1034017492d1400aab723 | Kanye_West | West's breakthrough came a year later on October 23, 2002, when, while driving home from a California recording studio after working late, he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near-fatal car crash. The crash left him with a shattered jaw, which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery. The accident i... | What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck? | What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck? | [
"What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Through The Wire\""
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49913 | 56ce3406aab44d1400b8856e | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court a... | Who stopped their trips to Ming China? | Who stopped their trips to Ming China? | [
"Who stopped their trips to Ming China?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Tibetan lamas"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36542 | 5a273563c93d92001a400425 | Immaculate_Conception | It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who, in the 12th century, explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instit... | Who raised the question of the Immaculate Conception in the 1200s? | Who raised the question of the Immaculate Conception in the 1200s? | [
"Who raised the question of the Immaculate Conception in the 1200s?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62917 | 5acd50df07355d001abf3cfa | Pain | The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. E... | What does the International Association for Pain Study advocate for? | What does the International Association for Pain Study advocate for? | [
"What does the International Association for Pain Study advocate for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78527 | 572fbf48a23a5019007fc941 | Greeks | A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engen... | What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ? | What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ? | [
"What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?"
] | {
"text": [
"the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4627 | 5a611202e9e1cc001a33ce95 | Pope_John_XXIII | Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's... | What did Pope John Paul II send to JFK personally? | What did Pope John Paul II send to JFK personally? | [
"What did Pope John Paul II send to JFK personally?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59683 | 5726cdc15951b619008f7e7e | Electric_motor | Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers, optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element, the print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers. Likewise, many computer plotters (which since the early 1990s have been replace... | In scanners, what do stepper motors move? | In scanners, what do stepper motors move? | [
"In scanners, what do stepper motors move?"
] | {
"text": [
"optical scanning element"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53539 | 56e820ad37bdd419002c4445 | Dialect | A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbook... | The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized? | The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized? | [
"The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?"
] | {
"text": [
"institutions"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59664 | 5ad16a27645df0001a2d1a54 | Electric_motor | Stepper motors are a type of motor frequently used when precise rotations are required. In a stepper motor an internal rotor containing PMs or a magnetically soft rotor with salient poles is controlled by a set of external magnets that are switched electronically. A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross betwe... | What do stepper motor rotors align themselves without? | What do stepper motor rotors align themselves without? | [
" What do stepper motor rotors align themselves without?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108474 | 572bd34d750c471900ed4c17 | Tennessee | Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state, and more soldiers for the Union Army than any other Southern state. Beginning during Reconstruction, it had competitive party politics, but a Democratic takeover in the late 1880s resulted in passage of disfranchisement laws that excluded ... | Which Tennessee city was received significant federal investment in the 1940s? | Which Tennessee city was received significant federal investment in the 1940s? | [
"Which Tennessee city was received significant federal investment in the 1940s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oak Ridge"
],
"answer_start": [
704
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108627 | 572c929ef182dd1900d7c7da | Tennessee | The Tennessee income tax does not apply to salaries and wages, but most income from stock, bonds and notes receivable is taxable. All taxable dividends and interest which exceed the $1,250 single exemption or the $2,500 joint exemption are taxable at the rate of 6%. The state's sales and use tax rate for most items is ... | Above which amount is inheritance tax applied in Tennessee? | Above which amount is inheritance tax applied in Tennessee? | [
"Above which amount is inheritance tax applied in Tennessee?"
] | {
"text": [
"$1,000,000"
],
"answer_start": [
991
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34023 | 5ad40cfc604f3c001a40009d | Alaska | Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the econ... | How, specifically, have tourists helped the global economy in Alaska? | How, specifically, have tourists helped the global economy in Alaska? | [
"How, specifically, have tourists helped the global economy in Alaska?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13031 | 5ad013da77cf76001a6868ee | Republic_of_the_Congo | In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels. | When was the main media not owned by the government? | When was the main media not owned by the government? | [
"When was the main media not owned by the government?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17519 | 56cf33afaab44d1400b88e25 | Spectre_(2015_film) | Bond disobeys M's order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. That evening he visits Sciarra's widow Lucia, who tells him about Spectre, a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged. Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. When Oberhauser addresses Bond ... | Where does Sciarra's funeral take place? | Where does Sciarra's funeral take place? | [
"Where does Sciarra's funeral take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89742 | 5730425604bcaa1900d77425 | The_Blitz | Hitler's interest in this strategy forced Göring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial interdiction of Br... | What was Hitler's Directive 23? | What was Hitler's Directive 23? | [
"What was Hitler's Directive 23?"
] | {
"text": [
"Directions for operations against the British War Economy"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54779 | 570d1ef7fed7b91900d45c2d | Macintosh | In early 2001, Apple began shipping computers with CD-RW drives and emphasized the Mac's ability to play DVDs by including DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives as standard. Steve Jobs admitted that Apple had been "late to the party" on writable CD technology, but felt that Macs could become a "digital hub" that linked and enable... | What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products? | What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products? | [
"What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products?"
] | {
"text": [
"Power Mac G4 Cube"
],
"answer_start": [
708
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67425 | 570a067a4103511400d59504 | Hanover | In September 1941, through the "Action Lauterbacher" plan, a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began. Even before the Wannsee Conference, on 15 December 1941, the first Jews from Hanover were deported to Riga. A total of 2,400 people were deported, and very few survived. During the war seven con... | How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover? | How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover? | [
"How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover?"
] | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54720 | 5ad53b545b96ef001a10abbe | Macintosh | In 1987, Apple spun off its software business as Claris. It was given the code and rights to several applications, most notably MacWrite, MacPaint, and MacProject. In the late 1980s, Claris released a number of revamped software titles; the result was the "Pro" series, including MacDraw Pro, MacWrite Pro, and FileMaker... | In 1978, what did Apple spin off its software business as? | In 1978, what did Apple spin off its software business as? | [
"In 1978, what did Apple spin off its software business as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18041 | 56dfc3487aa994140058e167 | Internet_service_provider | Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usual... | What are free ISPs? | What are free ISPs? | [
"What are free ISPs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Internet service providers that provide service free of charge"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46801 | 5a8c77bffd22b3001a8d886d | Textual_criticism | Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the t... | The final product of reconstruction is known as what? | The final product of reconstruction is known as what? | [
" The final product of reconstruction is known as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96111 | 5728bc102ca10214002da6b8 | Paris | Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. A gradual immigration by the Franks also occurred in Paris in the beginning of the Frankish domination of Gaul which created the Parisian Francien dialects. Fortification of the Île-de-France failed to prevent sacking by Vi... | What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris? | What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris? | [
"What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris?"
] | {
"text": [
"bridges"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48371 | 56fa56e5f34c681400b0c08f | Wood | Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites. As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood, or alternative... | What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection? | What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection? | [
"What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?"
] | {
"text": [
"Moisture content"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11159 | 5733e009d058e614000b648b | Anthropology | Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started... | Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state? | Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state? | [
"Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?"
] | {
"text": [
"Geertz"
],
"answer_start": [
1086
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103746 | 5a3c0119cc5d22001a521cfc | East_Prussia | In April 1946, northern East Prussia became an official province of the Russian SFSR as the "Kyonigsbergskaya Oblast", with the Memel Territory becoming part of the Lithuanian SSR. In June 1946 114,070 German and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered in the Oblast, with an unknown number of disregarded unregistered pe... | In what year was the Memel Territory established? | In what year was the Memel Territory established? | [
"In what year was the Memel Territory established?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108968 | 5726e16df1498d1400e8ee89 | Literature | As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the "literary" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but ... | In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists? | In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists? | [
"In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"history of science\" programmes"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4846 | 5a74e40542eae6001a389b18 | Green | In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway... | Yellow and what color were considered to be the same? | Yellow and what color were considered to be the same? | [
"Yellow and what color were considered to be the same?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83812 | 5acd9c7b07355d001abf480f | Florida | In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as "snowbirds". South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area are dominated by both racial minorities and white liberals. Because of... | What race in Orlando favored the republicans? | What race in Orlando favored the republicans? | [
"What race in Orlando favored the republicans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80466 | 572fed76a23a5019007fcb49 | Bacteria | Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — into compounds tha... | What bacteria did he treat first? | What bacteria did he treat first? | [
"What bacteria did he treat first?"
] | {
"text": [
"Treponema pallidum"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14352 | 572ee4c203f9891900756abd | Han_dynasty | The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD, largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions. The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents bel... | In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end? | In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end? | [
"In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end?"
] | {
"text": [
"184 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
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