gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-33963 | 5728a5753acd2414000dfbc2 | Alaska | Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. State... | In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum? | In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum? | [
"In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum?"
] | {
"text": [
"1946"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84924 | 5726b52a5951b619008f7b41 | Mali | On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traoré, a day which is now commemorated as Liberation Day. The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by... | What regime was overthrown in 1968? | What regime was overthrown in 1968? | [
"What regime was overthrown in 1968?"
] | {
"text": [
"Keïta regime"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69074 | 572fa080947a6a140053cae0 | Modern_history | The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of "containment" of communism and forged myriad a... | The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism? | The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism? | [
"The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"containment\""
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79112 | 5a8db847df8bba001a0f9ba5 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | A high-definition remaster of the game, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, is being developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Officially announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game will be released in North America and E... | What is the name of the remastered Amiibo? | What is the name of the remastered Amiibo? | [
"What is the name of the remastered Amiibo?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115659 | 5727abe34b864d1900163a06 | Galicia_(Spain) | Gallaeci lived in castros. These were usually annular forts, with one or more concentric earthen or stony walls, with a trench in front of each one. They were frequently located at hills, or in seashore cliffs and peninsulas. Some well known castros can be found, in the seashore, at Fazouro, Santa Tegra, Baroña and O N... | What were the forts that the Gallaeci lived in called? | What were the forts that the Gallaeci lived in called? | [
"What were the forts that the Gallaeci lived in called?"
] | {
"text": [
"castros"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102272 | 56f9ebe18f12f3190062fffa | High-definition_television | Since 1972, International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. The standardization of MPEG-1 in 1993 also led to the acce... | What does DVB stand for? | What does DVB stand for? | [
"What does DVB stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Digital Video Broadcasting"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64140 | 5ace8a7232bba1001ae4a9da | Annelid | Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water ... | What was the only scientific study of how earthworms help soil? | What was the only scientific study of how earthworms help soil? | [
"What was the only scientific study of how earthworms help soil?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27218 | 5a57e213770dc0001aeefe68 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities? | Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities? | [
"Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109228 | 57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbda | Carnival | Carnival means weeks of events that bring colourfully decorated floats, contagiously throbbing music, luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of all ages, King and Queen elections, electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades, the Jouvert morning: the Children's Parades and finally the Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest c... | What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections? | What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections? | [
"What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections?"
] | {
"text": [
"flamboyant"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26704 | 5a8ccdb1fd22b3001a8d8eb7 | United_States_dollar | The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation "ps" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World fr... | What abbreviation was the minted sign based off of? | What abbreviation was the minted sign based off of? | [
"What abbreviation was the minted sign based off of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97323 | 56cbff116d243a140015ee4a | Frédéric_Chopin | The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized ... | At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841? | At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841? | [
"At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?"
] | {
"text": [
"Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory"
],
"answer_start": [
709
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64321 | 5728241e3acd2414000df588 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition i... | What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show? | What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show? | [
"What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show?"
] | {
"text": [
"the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries."
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-765 | 56df712e5ca0a614008f9a50 | Plymouth | Plymouth railway station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across ... | Who runs Plymouth's railroad station? | Who runs Plymouth's railroad station? | [
"Who runs Plymouth's railroad station?"
] | {
"text": [
"Great Western Railway"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31425 | 5a63e2947f3c80001a150b73 | Germans | German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte... | What university was founded in the 18th century? | What university was founded in the 18th century? | [
"What university was founded in the 18th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103566 | 5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a412 | Multiracial_American | The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first c... | What was a mixed-race woman raised as a black woman in her black father's household called? | What was a mixed-race woman raised as a black woman in her black father's household called? | [
"What was a mixed-race woman raised as a black woman in her black father's household called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16274 | 57317297497a881900248efb | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationaliz... | What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951? | What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951? | [
"What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?"
] | {
"text": [
"$40"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14095 | 56f8cddd9e9bad19000a0543 | Brain | The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonlinearity of the b... | What is the average EQ of a person? | What is the average EQ of a person? | [
"What is the average EQ of a person?"
] | {
"text": [
"7-to-8 range"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83589 | 5ad26c14d7d075001a429374 | Dominican_Order | Concerning humanity as the image of Christ, English Dominican spirituality concentrated on the moral implications of image-bearing rather than the philosophical foundations of the imago Dei. The process of Christ's life, and the process of image-bearing, amends humanity to God's image. The idea of the "image of God" de... | What did French Dominican spirituality concentrate on? | What did French Dominican spirituality concentrate on? | [
"What did French Dominican spirituality concentrate on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39435 | 5a8c7d6ffd22b3001a8d8923 | FA_Cup | In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Ch... | Who lost the first and second cups? | Who lost the first and second cups? | [
"Who lost the first and second cups?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48971 | 571aaf0f10f8ca14003052e3 | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | Throughout most of his career, Athanasius had many detractors. Classical scholar Timothy Barnes relates contemporary allegations against Athanasius: from defiling an altar, to selling Church grain that had been meant to feed the poor for his own personal gain, and even violence and murder to suppress dissent. Athanasiu... | What did the term Arian mean to him? | What did the term Arian mean to him? | [
"What did the term Arian mean to him?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christians who disagreed with his formulation"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61524 | 57280b934b864d19001642f3 | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | By 1620, the fishermen of England's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast. In 1627, William Payne, called St. John's "the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country". The population grew slowly in the 17th century and St. John's was the largest settlement in Newfoundland when English nav... | When did censuses start being conducted in St. John's? | When did censuses start being conducted in St. John's? | [
"When did censuses start being conducted in St. John's?"
] | {
"text": [
"1675"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83730 | 572664c9f1498d1400e8de1e | Florida | The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015, a 7.82% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310. Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 12-month period ending July 1, 2012... | What is the population of Florida | What is the population of Florida | [
"What is the population of Florida "
] | {
"text": [
"The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3530 | 57268716dd62a815002e883d | Southeast_Asia | Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being Wayang from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms... | Which country despite converting to Islam has retained many forms of Hindu practices, culture, art & literature? | Which country despite converting to Islam has retained many forms of Hindu practices, culture, art & literature? | [
"Which country despite converting to Islam has retained many forms of Hindu practices, culture, art & literature?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indonesia"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111164 | 57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Rom... | What was the practice of religion to the Romans? | What was the practice of religion to the Romans? | [
"What was the practice of religion to the Romans?"
] | {
"text": [
"personal choice"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98672 | 57268a73708984140094c965 | Marvel_Comics | In 1996, Marvel had some of its titles participate in "Heroes Reborn", a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four, and outsource them to the studios of two of the former Marvel artists turned Image Comics founders, Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld. The... | What three titles were part of the darker, grimmer Marvel Knights comics? | What three titles were part of the darker, grimmer Marvel Knights comics? | [
"What three titles were part of the darker, grimmer Marvel Knights comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil"
],
"answer_start": [
856
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112623 | 570d88cdfed7b91900d461f1 | United_States_Army | The United States Army is made up of three components: the active component, the Regular Army; and two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month, known as battle assemblies or unit training assemblies (UT... | What are UTAs? | What are UTAs? | [
"What are UTAs?"
] | {
"text": [
"unit training assemblies"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38450 | 56de9c91cffd8e1900b4ba33 | Materialism | Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explici... | Materialism is linked to what? | Materialism is linked to what? | [
"Materialism is linked to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"reductionism"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76978 | 572670205951b619008f72aa | Dutch_language | In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), S... | Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands? | Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands? | [
"Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?"
] | {
"text": [
"Negerhollands"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55316 | 5727de03ff5b5019007d9719 | Baptists | In May 1845, the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions. The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries. The split created the Southern Baptist Convention, while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the Ame... | Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries? | Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries? | [
"Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries?"
] | {
"text": [
"Home Mission Society"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101902 | 57290ee56aef051400154a05 | States_of_Germany | In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended into the Federal Republic, re... | In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge? | In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge? | [
"In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge?"
] | {
"text": [
"1952"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2257 | 56d1cda5e7d4791d009021ef | Buddhism | Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. The doctrine of anattā (Sanskrit anātman) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christ... | The laws of cause and effect can also be called? | The laws of cause and effect can also be called? | [
"The laws of cause and effect can also be called?"
] | {
"text": [
"karma"
],
"answer_start": [
738
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16224 | 572ec0e9cb0c0d14000f1500 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled... | How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?: | How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?: | [
"How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:"
] | {
"text": [
"Addressing the populace by radio"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66312 | 5ace938b32bba1001ae4aaa7 | Brigham_Young_University | Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code, which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) ... | What do subsidized funds do to the cost of an education at BYU? | What do subsidized funds do to the cost of an education at BYU? | [
"What do subsidized funds do to the cost of an education at BYU?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114451 | 570a5c404103511400d59665 | Emotion | Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual ... | Who developed the concept of emotional labor? | Who developed the concept of emotional labor? | [
"Who developed the concept of emotional labor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arlie Russell Hochschild"
],
"answer_start": [
716
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12434 | 5733cb484776f41900661257 | Antibiotics | Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicr... | Which agencies control this task force? | Which agencies control this task force? | [
"Which agencies control this task force?"
] | {
"text": [
"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58260 | 5ad41b58604f3c001a400519 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | On November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel Hill lawsuit alleges discrimination against white... | On which date were lawsuits filed with Harvard and Chapel Hill? | On which date were lawsuits filed with Harvard and Chapel Hill? | [
"On which date were lawsuits filed with Harvard and Chapel Hill?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52808 | 5a73b3ec42eae6001a389987 | Political_party | In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' fail... | What were the reasons for the Democratic Parties failure in 1990? | What were the reasons for the Democratic Parties failure in 1990? | [
"What were the reasons for the Democratic Parties failure in 1990?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88150 | 5a3c88d4cc5d22001a521e03 | God | St. Anselm's approach was to define God as, "that than which nothing greater can be conceived". Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme: "By God I understand a being absolutely infinite, i.e., a substance consisting of infinite attributes, of which each one expresses an ete... | What kind of philosopher is St Anselm? | What kind of philosopher is St Anselm? | [
"What kind of philosopher is St Anselm?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116363 | 5706f5309e06ca38007e924c | Letter_case | Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually ... | How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English? | How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English? | [
"How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?"
] | {
"text": [
"capitalised"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17821 | 56cf597faab44d1400b890c8 | Spectre_(2015_film) | Spectre had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation to avoid compe... | Which film had a wider release in the UK, Skyfall or Spectre? | Which film had a wider release in the UK, Skyfall or Spectre? | [
"Which film had a wider release in the UK, Skyfall or Spectre?"
] | {
"text": [
"Spectre."
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5021 | 56e13b0ae3433e1400422cea | Boston | Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer, and the occasional tropical storm or hurricane can threaten the region, especially in late summer and early autumn. Due to its situation along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures ar... | What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston? | What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston? | [
"What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"2,600"
],
"answer_start": [
898
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38739 | 570c5825fed7b91900d458e6 | FC_Barcelona | On 11 August, Barcelona started the 2015–16 season winning a joint record fifth European Super Cup by beating Sevilla FC 5–4 in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup. They ended the year with a 3–0 win over Argentine club River Plate in the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Final on 20 December to win the trophy for a record third time, with... | What team did Barcelona defeat to win the 2015 FIFA World Cup Final? | What team did Barcelona defeat to win the 2015 FIFA World Cup Final? | [
"What team did Barcelona defeat to win the 2015 FIFA World Cup Final?"
] | {
"text": [
"River Plate"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52908 | 5a73ceb842eae6001a3899f4 | Political_party | During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second ... | In what year was the Universal Party organized in Italy? | In what year was the Universal Party organized in Italy? | [
"In what year was the Universal Party organized in Italy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91298 | 5ace50e432bba1001ae4a27b | Avicenna | Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the fo... | What mercenaries captured Hamadan in the 10th century? | What mercenaries captured Hamadan in the 10th century? | [
"What mercenaries captured Hamadan in the 10th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64934 | 5729442b3f37b319004781db | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired g... | What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources? | What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources? | [
"What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?"
] | {
"text": [
"Renewable energy"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64926 | 5ad127c3645df0001a2d0fab | Renewable_energy_commercialization | In 2013, China led the world in renewable energy production, with a total capacity of 378 GW, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, solar photovoltaic power and smart grid technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and solar energy ... | What is not the main driver of reduced costs? | What is not the main driver of reduced costs? | [
" What is not the main driver of reduced costs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-212 | 56f8eee09e9bad19000a0724 | Guinea-Bissau | Guinea-Bissau has several secondary schools (general as well as technical) and a number of universities, to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine have been added. | What institutions have added a Faculty of Medicine? | What institutions have added a Faculty of Medicine? | [
"What institutions have added a Faculty of Medicine?"
] | {
"text": [
"universities"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69331 | 570a811e4103511400d597a3 | Houston | Several private institutions of higher learning—ranging from liberal arts colleges, such as The University of St. Thomas, Houston's only Catholic university, to Rice University, the nationally recognized research university—are located within the city. Rice, with a total enrollment of slightly more than 6,000 students,... | When was Houston Baptist University founded? | When was Houston Baptist University founded? | [
"When was Houston Baptist University founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45241 | 5a4c36e77a6c4c001a2bbbb7 | Sahara | The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding... | What is caused by the atmospheres in-stability? | What is caused by the atmospheres in-stability? | [
"What is caused by the atmospheres in-stability?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86952 | 570bd9336b8089140040fa8a | Biodiversity | The existence of a "global carrying capacity", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods)shows an exponen... | What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth? | What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth? | [
"What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth?"
] | {
"text": [
"global carrying capacity"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56608 | 572ed29703f9891900756a57 | Geography_of_the_United_States | The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska (including the Aleutian Islands, the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast) make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90% of the world's earthquakes.[citation needed] The Amer... | What year did Mt St. Helens erupt causing devastating damage? | What year did Mt St. Helens erupt causing devastating damage? | [
"What year did Mt St. Helens erupt causing devastating damage?"
] | {
"text": [
"1980"
],
"answer_start": [
845
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103317 | 571de890b64a571400c71df0 | Multiracial_American | Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people perfo... | What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race? | What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race? | [
"What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?"
] | {
"text": [
"social acceptance"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30549 | 5729a33c6aef051400155065 | Appalachian_Mountains | Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight ... | What trees replaced chestnut trees? | What trees replaced chestnut trees? | [
"What trees replaced chestnut trees?"
] | {
"text": [
"oaks"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82738 | 56e0628c231d4119001ac078 | Saint_Helena | During this period, the island enjoyed increased revenues through the sale of flax, with prices peaking in 1951. However, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres. The decision by the British Post Office to use synthetic fibres for its mailbags was a further blow, cont... | What year did the Island's flax mills close? | What year did the Island's flax mills close? | [
"What year did the Island's flax mills close?"
] | {
"text": [
"1965"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66470 | 572897fe2ca10214002da4a0 | Brigham_Young_University | A few special additions enhance the language-learning experience. For example, BYU's International Cinema, featuring films in several languages, is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the country. As already noted, BYU also offers an intensive foreign language living experience, the F... | What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.? | What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.? | [
"What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.?"
] | {
"text": [
"BYU's International Cinema"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10449 | 5acf88c177cf76001a68514c | Comics | Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some America... | Who never introduced satirical strips to Japan? | Who never introduced satirical strips to Japan? | [
"Who never introduced satirical strips to Japan?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30811 | 57268645dd62a815002e881f | Mexico_City | The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal, and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoacán, San Ángel, and San Jerónimo. Along Avenida Insurgentes from Paseo de la Reforma, near the center, south past the World Trade Center and UNAM un... | How is Milpa Alta constructed? | How is Milpa Alta constructed? | [
"How is Milpa Alta constructed? "
] | {
"text": [
"entirely rural"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63358 | 57260fd4271a42140099d410 | Buckingham_Palace | Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blake's house and developed much of today's garden, then known as Goring Great Garden. He did not, however, obtain the freehold interest in the mulberry garden. Unbeknown... | Who developed what is much of today's garden at Buckingham? | Who developed what is much of today's garden at Buckingham? | [
"Who developed what is much of today's garden at Buckingham?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lord Goring"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50387 | 5acee16332bba1001ae4b843 | Neptune | High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes are in the laye... | On Uranus, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it? | On Uranus, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it? | [
"On Uranus, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113642 | 5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b0 | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what? | Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what? | [
"Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?"
] | {
"text": [
"clinically-oriented lecture series"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65306 | 5726f606708984140094d709 | Crimean_War | The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. 360 ships sailed in seven columns, each steamer towing two sailing ships.:422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it. This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster.:201 The ship... | The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where? | The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where? | [
"The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?"
] | {
"text": [
"Katcha"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49224 | 5a8709981d3cee001a6a1082 | Tuberculosis | TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored tempora... | What do the bacterium identify? | What do the bacterium identify? | [
"What do the bacterium identify?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105968 | 56e0bc7b231d4119001ac364 | Space_Race | The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force ... | Project Vanguard launch failed on what date? | Project Vanguard launch failed on what date? | [
"Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?"
] | {
"text": [
"December 6, 195"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47112 | 57269c15dd62a815002e8b0b | Madonna_(entertainer) | Madonna's look and style of dressing, her performances, and her music videos influenced young girls and women. Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s. Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol, the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the... | When did Madonna achieve global recognition? | When did Madonna achieve global recognition? | [
"When did Madonna achieve global recognition?"
] | {
"text": [
"November 1984"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25504 | 5acfab8877cf76001a6857de | Namibia | Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi in the northeast (about 600 mm per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annu... | What is the average annual rainfall in Angola? | What is the average annual rainfall in Angola? | [
"What is the average annual rainfall in Angola?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92465 | 5730ec8305b4da19006bcc49 | United_States_Air_Force | Due to the Budget sequestration in 2013, the USAF was forced to ground many of its squadrons. The Commander of Air Combat Command, General Mike Hostage indicated that the USAF must reduce its F-15 and F-16 fleets and eliminate platforms like the A-10 in order to focus on a fifth-generation jet fighter future. In respon... | Where have many of these US Air Force pilots chosen to find employment instead? | Where have many of these US Air Force pilots chosen to find employment instead? | [
"Where have many of these US Air Force pilots chosen to find employment instead? "
] | {
"text": [
"careers in the commercial airlines"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74520 | 5ace561832bba1001ae4a2f5 | Asphalt | Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an a... | Bitumen is similar to inorganic matter in what type of meteorites? | Bitumen is similar to inorganic matter in what type of meteorites? | [
"Bitumen is similar to inorganic matter in what type of meteorites?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10246 | 56de24804396321400ee25f9 | Symbiosis | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was s... | What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs? | What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs? | [
"What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?"
] | {
"text": [
"non-obligate"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72456 | 57267a75dd62a815002e8683 | Greece | The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Gree... | What was the first Greek opera? | What was the first Greek opera? | [
"What was the first Greek opera?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Parliamentary Candidate"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59682 | 5726cdc15951b619008f7e7d | Electric_motor | Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers, optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element, the print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers. Likewise, many computer plotters (which since the early 1990s have been replace... | List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications. | List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications. | [
"List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications."
] | {
"text": [
"linear stepper motors or servomotors"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82734 | 56e061f87aa994140058e42c | Saint_Helena | A local industry manufacturing fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922, and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938. During the Second World War, the United States built Wide... | What year was Wideawake Airport built? | What year was Wideawake Airport built? | [
"What year was Wideawake Airport built?"
] | {
"text": [
"1942"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113865 | 5a56d5296349e2001acdcf7d | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%). These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation. | What percentage of barracks & camps are managed by airfields? | What percentage of barracks & camps are managed by airfields? | [
"What percentage of barracks & camps are managed by airfields?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79893 | 57063d8652bb8914006899a9 | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | What did the study aim to isolate? | What did the study aim to isolate? | [
"What did the study aim to isolate?"
] | {
"text": [
"sounds lost during MP3 compression"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3163 | 5a5947703e1742001a15d045 | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the cont... | How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes? | How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes? | [
"How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34027 | 5728d160ff5b5019007da743 | Alaska | Alaska has vast energy resources, although its oil reserves have been largely depleted. Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Information Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil produ... | How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day? | How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day? | [
"How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day?"
] | {
"text": [
"400,000"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37324 | 5727aad82ca10214002d933f | Switzerland | On 9 February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly approved by 50.3% a ballot initiative launched by the national conservative Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration, and thus reintroducing a quota system on the influx of foreigners. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approvals), suburban (51.2% a... | What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014? | What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014? | [
"What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014?"
] | {
"text": [
"a quota system"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53041 | 5706865b75f01819005e7bcd | Bird_migration | The most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the "roaring forties" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congregate when food becomes av... | Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it's life? | Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it's life? | [
"Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it's life?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manx shearwater"
],
"answer_start": [
722
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69989 | 573051df2461fd1900a9cd28 | Windows_8 | However, according to research firm NPD, sales of devices running Windows in the United States have declined 21 percent compared to the same time period in 2011. As the holiday shopping season wrapped up, Windows 8 sales continued to lag, even as Apple reported brisk sales. The market research firm IDC reported an over... | What is the decline in PC sales attributed to? | What is the decline in PC sales attributed to? | [
"What is the decline in PC sales attributed to?"
] | {
"text": [
"consumers bought more mobile devices"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42323 | 5ad26921d7d075001a4292be | Karl_Popper | Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less ... | What does Popper think is more likely to be lethal to an organism than changes of phenotype? | What does Popper think is more likely to be lethal to an organism than changes of phenotype? | [
"What does Popper think is more likely to be lethal to an organism than changes of phenotype?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108450 | 5acd324a07355d001abf38dc | Aspirated_consonant | So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Ind... | What is the superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative? | What is the superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative? | [
"What is the superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31448 | 5a63e5537f3c80001a150b88 | Germans | As of 2008[update], Germany is the fourth largest music market in the world and has exerted a strong influence on Dance and Rock music, and pioneered trance music. Artists such as Herbert Grönemeyer, Scorpions, Rammstein, Nena, Dieter Bohlen, Tokio Hotel and Modern Talking have enjoyed international fame. German musici... | Who pioneered Industrial music acts? | Who pioneered Industrial music acts? | [
"Who pioneered Industrial music acts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78856 | 56cd8c5762d2951400fa66a9 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and item collection. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view... | Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game? | Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game? | [
"Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ocarina of Time"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113577 | 57061fb875f01819005e79c2 | Immunology | Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of... | When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body? | When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body? | [
"When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?"
] | {
"text": [
"430 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4540 | 572801344b864d19001641dd | Pope_John_XXIII | His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Veni... | When did he send his last letter to his dying sister? | When did he send his last letter to his dying sister? | [
"When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?"
] | {
"text": [
"8 November 1953"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114657 | 570a73804103511400d59730 | Emotion | Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian e... | What chemicals may mediate emotions? | What chemicals may mediate emotions? | [
"What chemicals may mediate emotions?"
] | {
"text": [
"pheromones"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34014 | 5ad40ca3604f3c001a400081 | Alaska | The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska had the fifth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.75 per... | Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's smallest export? | Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's smallest export? | [
"Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's smallest export?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98693 | 5a5fddb6eae51e001ab14cc7 | Marvel_Comics | With the new millennium, Marvel Comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force #119 (October 2001). Marvel also crea... | When did Marvel Comics file for bankruptcy? | When did Marvel Comics file for bankruptcy? | [
"When did Marvel Comics file for bankruptcy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48668 | 57284af44b864d19001648d1 | War_on_Terror | In September 2009, a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri, who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member, while others described him as the head of military operations for Al-Qaeda... | What group did Ilyas Kashmiri lead? | What group did Ilyas Kashmiri lead? | [
"What group did Ilyas Kashmiri lead?"
] | {
"text": [
"Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98643 | 5a5fd25eeae51e001ab14c95 | Marvel_Comics | Marvel held its own comic book convention, Marvelcon '75, in spring 1975, and promised a Marvelcon '76. At the 1975 event, Stan Lee used a Fantastic Four panel discussion to announce that Jack Kirby, the artist co-creator of most of Marvel's signature characters, was returning to Marvel after having left in 1970 to wor... | Who did Jack Kirby announce was returning to Marvel in 1975? | Who did Jack Kirby announce was returning to Marvel in 1975? | [
"Who did Jack Kirby announce was returning to Marvel in 1975?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56918 | 5727ec41ff5b5019007d9891 | Gramophone_record | Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices an... | What was the industry standard on equalization practices? | What was the industry standard on equalization practices? | [
"What was the industry standard on equalization practices?"
] | {
"text": [
"there was no industry standard"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114507 | 5ad254ecd7d075001a428d2f | Emotion | A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories... | Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could not help to explain? | Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could not help to explain? | [
"Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could not help to explain?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81377 | 5724041d0ba9f01400d97b1d | Queen_Victoria | In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm,... | Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm? | Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm? | [
"Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?"
] | {
"text": [
"Joseph Lister"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103721 | 5a3bfd89cc5d22001a521ccc | East_Prussia | Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, East Prussia was partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Conference. Southern East Prussia was placed under Polish administration, while northern East Prussia was divided between the Soviet republics of Russia (the Kaliningrad Obl... | In what year did World War II start? | In what year did World War II start? | [
"In what year did World War II start?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106256 | 5725d643271a42140099d289 | Hellenistic_period | Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for... | How did Cleoptra die? | How did Cleoptra die? | [
"How did Cleoptra die?"
] | {
"text": [
"suicide"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74731 | 570e5eae0dc6ce1900204fc2 | Melbourne | Melbourne rates highly in education, entertainment, health care, research and development, tourism and sport, making it the world's most liveable city—for the fifth year in a row in 2015, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, and ranks among the top 3... | What is one example of Australian contemporary dance? | What is one example of Australian contemporary dance? | [
"What is one example of Australian contemporary dance?"
] | {
"text": [
"Melbourne Shuffle"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78770 | 5730a045069b5314008321d1 | Greeks | Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father’s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in... | What other beginnings of origination do some of the last names of the Greeks share ? | What other beginnings of origination do some of the last names of the Greeks share ? | [
"What other beginnings of origination do some of the last names of the Greeks share ?"
] | {
"text": [
"many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin."
],
"answer_start": [
795
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79350 | 5a3c02cbcc5d22001a521d18 | Heian_period | With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powe... | What system did Yoritomo end? | What system did Yoritomo end? | [
"What system did Yoritomo end?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113365 | 572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f1 | Vacuum | In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he s... | who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum? | who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum? | [
"who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī"
],
"answer_start": [
777
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99641 | 56fb7572b28b3419009f1d69 | Middle_Ages | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica? | What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica? | [
"What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica?"
] | {
"text": [
"transept"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107407 | 5a6231bef8d794001af1bec7 | Royal_Dutch_Shell | In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchang... | When was Shell listed on the LSE? | When was Shell listed on the LSE? | [
"When was Shell listed on the LSE?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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