gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-2392 | 56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902577 | Buddhism | Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (prajñāpāramitā) and Buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tathāgatagarbha in Mahāyāna thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha ... | What does tathagatagarbha mean? | What does tathagatagarbha mean? | [
"What does tathagatagarbha mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddha-nature"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11498 | 5727aabd3acd2414000de936 | North_Carolina | North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte, while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League. The Panthers and Hurricanes are t... | The Caroli8na panthers belong to what league? | The Caroli8na panthers belong to what league? | [
"The Caroli8na panthers belong to what league?"
] | {
"text": [
"National Football League"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12615 | 56ddeba09a695914005b96c2 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of ... | Where do the cardinals work? | Where do the cardinals work? | [
"Where do the cardinals work?"
] | {
"text": [
"a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53469 | 5a5160dace860b001aa3fd72 | Sichuan | The majority of the province's population is Han Chinese, who are found scattered throughout the region with the exception of the far western areas. Thus, significant minorities of Tibetan, Yi, Qiang and Nakhi people reside in the western portion that are impacted by inclement weather and natural disasters, environment... | What population includes 200,000 perminant residents? | What population includes 200,000 perminant residents? | [
"What population includes 200,000 perminant residents?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-730 | 56df6d0556340a1900b29b09 | Plymouth | Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial employers in... | How many people work in Tamar Science Park? | How many people work in Tamar Science Park? | [
"How many people work in Tamar Science Park?"
] | {
"text": [
"500"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44075 | 56d130f217492d1400aabbc3 | Kanye_West | West was arrested again on November 14, 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne. He was later released "with no further action", according to a police spokesperson. | Where was Kanye arrested at for the second time? | Where was Kanye arrested at for the second time? | [
"Where was Kanye arrested at for the second time?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hilton hotel near Gateshead"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112145 | 5729052baf94a219006a9f62 | Race_(human_categorization) | In the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism. After... | What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise? | What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise? | [
"What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise?"
] | {
"text": [
"sources of phenotypic variation"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83360 | 5727d0d5ff5b5019007d95d7 | Dominican_Order | Today, there is a growing number of Associates who share the Dominican charism. Dominican Associates are Christian women and men; married, single, divorced, and widowed; clergy members and lay persons who were first drawn to and then called to live out the charism and continue the mission of the Dominican Order - to pr... | What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower? | What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower? | [
"What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christian women and men"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11512 | 5727ae422ca10214002d938b | North_Carolina | Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state, including the historic Biltmore Estate. The scenic Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are the two most visited national park and unit in the United States with over 25 million visitors in 2013... | What part of the state are the Appalachian Mountains in? | What part of the state are the Appalachian Mountains in? | [
"What part of the state are the Appalachian Mountains in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Western"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37831 | 572fcda604bcaa1900d76d5d | Roman_Republic | By 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and ferocity, called on Rome ... | When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end? | When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end? | [
"When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end?"
] | {
"text": [
"387 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45668 | 57319909b9d445190005e3f6 | YouTube | In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. The site has 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as th... | As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month? | As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month? | [
"As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month?"
] | {
"text": [
"15 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44784 | 56f8bb479b226e1400dd0ec5 | Gene | The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. The... | What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein? | What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein? | [
"What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein?"
] | {
"text": [
"The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18612 | 5726e773dd62a815002e948e | Nigeria | According to the International Organization for Migration, Nigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians, going from USD 2.3 billion in 2004 to 17.9 billion in 2007. The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances, followed by the United Kingdom, Italy... | Which country has Nigerians sending the most money home? | Which country has Nigerians sending the most money home? | [
"Which country has Nigerians sending the most money home?"
] | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5613 | 5ad27ab2d7d075001a429619 | House_music | Chip E.'s 1985 recording "It's House" may also have helped to define this new form of electronic music. However, Chip E. himself lends credence to the Knuckles association, claiming the name came from methods of labeling records at the Importes Etc. record store, where he worked in the early 1980s: bins of music that D... | Where did Warehouse work in the early 1980s? | Where did Warehouse work in the early 1980s? | [
"Where did Warehouse work in the early 1980s?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100461 | 5acd4db307355d001abf3c87 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more sat... | During the trial period, within how many meters was the NSEW system's positioning accuracy? | During the trial period, within how many meters was the NSEW system's positioning accuracy? | [
"During the trial period, within how many meters was the NSEW system's positioning accuracy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90902 | 572a988c111d821400f38c14 | John_Kerry | After receiving his J.D. from Boston College Law School, Kerry worked in Massachusetts as an Assistant District Attorney. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Rel... | Where did Kerry get a law degree? | Where did Kerry get a law degree? | [
"Where did Kerry get a law degree?"
] | {
"text": [
"Boston College Law School"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91052 | 572ac20c34ae481900deacbb | John_Kerry | Kerry "has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis," a Washington Post report stated in May 2011, as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries. The killing of Osama bin Laden "has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet," the report con... | How, in May 2011, did the WaPo describe Bin Laden's killing? | How, in May 2011, did the WaPo describe Bin Laden's killing? | [
"How, in May 2011, did the WaPo describe Bin Laden's killing?"
] | {
"text": [
"perhaps the most important crossroads yet"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102953 | 572809a13acd2414000df2f7 | Unicode | The CJK ideographs currently have codes only for their precomposed form. Still, most of those ideographs comprise simpler elements (often called radicals in English), so in principle, Unicode could have decomposed them, as it did with Hangul. This would have greatly reduced the number of required code points, while all... | The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English? | The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English? | [
"The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English?"
] | {
"text": [
"radicals"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41886 | 5730a569069b5314008321ff | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system—the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's "Ultra Games" brand), those ... | What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES? | What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES? | [
"What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2882 | 57302564b2c2fd1400568959 | British_Isles | The demographics of the British Isles today are characterised by a generally high density of population in England, which accounts for almost 80% of the total population of the islands. In elsewhere on Great Britain and on Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around, or close to, a few large cities. ... | Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated? | Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated? | [
"Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated?"
] | {
"text": [
"England"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25021 | 56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e9 | New_York_City | More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journal... | When was the New York Daily News founded? | When was the New York Daily News founded? | [
"When was the New York Daily News founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1919"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39950 | 572a31b73f37b3190047879e | New_Haven,_Connecticut | In 1970, the New Haven Black Panther trials took place, the largest and longest trials in Connecticut history. Black Panther Party co-founder Bobby Seale and ten other Party members were tried for murdering an alleged informant. Beginning on May Day, the city became a center of protest for 12,000 Panther supporters, co... | How many attended the trials of the Black Panther in 1970? | How many attended the trials of the Black Panther in 1970? | [
"How many attended the trials of the Black Panther in 1970?"
] | {
"text": [
"12,000"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37821 | 572fc931947a6a140053ccbb | Roman_Republic | In contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius, who sought to trace ho... | Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome? | Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome? | [
"Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74176 | 56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a4 | Architecture | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machi... | When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start? | When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start? | [
"When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?"
] | {
"text": [
"1907"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48392 | 56fa5c188f12f31900630137 | Wood | Many types of sports equipment are made of wood, or were constructed of wood in the past. For example, cricket bats are typically made of white willow. The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory, and in recent years have been constructed from maple even... | What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on? | What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on? | [
"What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on?"
] | {
"text": [
"parquetry"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68778 | 572f104d03f9891900756b6a | Modern_history | The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from... | Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born? | Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born? | [
"Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?"
] | {
"text": [
"Corsica"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40913 | 5a6bbca84eec6b001a80a571 | Predation | An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition: the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body (or 'survival machine') of the prey organism. This is best understood in the context of the gene centered view of evolution. Another manner in which predation and c... | Why do prey species try to hunt each other? | Why do prey species try to hunt each other? | [
"Why do prey species try to hunt each other?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32811 | 57280e7d2ca10214002d9cc5 | Central_African_Republic | In April 1979, young students protested against Bokassa's decree that all school attendees would need to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers. Bokassa himself may have been personally involved in some of the killings.... | How many were killed in the April 1979 protests? | How many were killed in the April 1979 protests? | [
"How many were killed in the April 1979 protests?"
] | {
"text": [
"100 children and teenagers"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65668 | 5728ccee3acd2414000dfed0 | Detroit | Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre (5,174 seats), Music Hall (1,770 seats), the Gem Theatre (451 seats), Masonic Temple Theatre (4,404 seats), the Detroit Opera House (2,765 seats), the Fisher Theatre (2,089 seats), The Fillmore Detroit (2,200 seats), Saint Andrew's Hall, the Majestic Theater, and Orches... | What family purchased the Detroit opera House? | What family purchased the Detroit opera House? | [
"What family purchased the Detroit opera House?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nederlander"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40745 | 59fc36eaa9fb160018f10dce | Communication | In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply view... | What type of message is sent in a complex model? | What type of message is sent in a complex model? | [
"What type of message is sent in a complex model?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102948 | 5acd22b507355d001abf3644 | Unicode | Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape that greatly extends the supported glyph repertoire. This covers the use of combining diacritical marks. They are inserted after the main character. Multiple combining diacritics may be stacked over the same character. Unicode also contains precomposed versions... | What are inserted before a main character? | What are inserted before a main character? | [
"What are inserted before a main character?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55148 | 570a8df96d058f1900182f93 | Everton_F.C. | The record attendance for an Everton home match is 78,299 against Liverpool on 18 September 1948. Amazingly, there was only 1 injury at this game-Tom Fleetwood was hit on the head by a coin thrown from the crowd whilst he marched around the perimeter with St Edward's Orphanage Band, playing the cornet. Goodison Park, l... | How many fans were injured in Everton's 1948 match against Liverpool that drew the largest crowd they've had? | How many fans were injured in Everton's 1948 match against Liverpool that drew the largest crowd they've had? | [
"How many fans were injured in Everton's 1948 match against Liverpool that drew the largest crowd they've had?"
] | {
"text": [
"1"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97101 | 56cf5b40aab44d1400b890fe | Frédéric_Chopin | Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryde... | The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom? | The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom? | [
"The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?"
] | {
"text": [
"Napoleon"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44671 | 56f895849e9bad19000a0183 | Gene | The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch... | What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate? | What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate? | [
"What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?"
] | {
"text": [
"independent assortment"
],
"answer_start": [
705
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79120 | 56d133d017492d1400aabc22 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | Special bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the "Cave of Shadows" and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 Zelda game. Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's... | What characters will be able to replenish arrows? | What characters will be able to replenish arrows? | [
"What characters will be able to replenish arrows?"
] | {
"text": [
"Link and Toon"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8218 | 5a7cbcd1e8bc7e001a9e1f8d | Thuringia | The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia, nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the... | Which dynasty formed before the Treaty of Leipzig? | Which dynasty formed before the Treaty of Leipzig? | [
"Which dynasty formed before the Treaty of Leipzig?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39727 | 57273f46708984140094db48 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area and wintered over. In April 1638, the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor. These settlers we... | From what colony did the original 500 Puritan settlers originate? | From what colony did the original 500 Puritan settlers originate? | [
"From what colony did the original 500 Puritan settlers originate?"
] | {
"text": [
"Massachusetts Bay Colony"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61452 | 572f50f8b2c2fd140056800c | Flowering_plant | Double fertilization refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary. This process begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the pistil (female reproductive structure), germinates, and grows a long pollen tube. While this pollen tube is growing, a haploid generative cell travels down... | What does a pollen grain adhere to, to start the process of double fertilization? | What does a pollen grain adhere to, to start the process of double fertilization? | [
"What does a pollen grain adhere to, to start the process of double fertilization?"
] | {
"text": [
"the stigma of the pistil"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49020 | 5aceb8e532bba1001ae4b1b1 | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | Athanasius's first problem lay with Meletius of Lycopolis and his followers, who had failed to abide by the First Council of Nicaea. That council also anathematized Arius. Accused of mistreating Arians and Meletians, Athanasius answered those charges at a gathering of bishops in Tyre, the First Synod of Tyre, in 335. T... | Constantinople was afraid they wouldn't receive grains from whom? | Constantinople was afraid they wouldn't receive grains from whom? | [
"Constantinople was afraid they wouldn't receive grains from whom?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110294 | 5a39a5cc2f14dd001ac72520 | Culture | The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture... | The term material culture is not relevant to what? | The term material culture is not relevant to what? | [
"The term material culture is not relevant to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92636 | 5a6fc41b8abb0b001a675f7a | Alsace | Holy Roman Empire central power had begun to decline following years of imperial adventures in Italian lands, often ceding hegemony in Western Europe to France, which had long since centralized power. France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward, first to the rivers Rhône and Meuse, and when those borders we... | What rivers did Italy reach first? | What rivers did Italy reach first? | [
"What rivers did Italy reach first?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58568 | 5a2ae9bb5b078a001a2f0747 | Sanskrit | Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a "Sanskritised register" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama... | What place are literary texts rarely considered lexically Sanskrit? | What place are literary texts rarely considered lexically Sanskrit? | [
"What place are literary texts rarely considered lexically Sanskrit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78410 | 5ad23ef7d7d075001a4288e5 | Greeks | Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean aro... | What was the period of time called when the Mycenaeans were considered sea raiders? | What was the period of time called when the Mycenaeans were considered sea raiders? | [
"What was the period of time called when the Mycenaeans were considered sea raiders?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68317 | 5728132f4b864d19001643d9 | George_VI | Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname "Mr. Johnson". One year after... | How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913? | How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913? | [
"How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?"
] | {
"text": [
"three months"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80512 | 5a6686a7f038b7001ab0bf5c | Data_compression | In a further refinement of the direct use of probabilistic modelling, statistical estimates can be coupled to an algorithm called arithmetic coding. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a finite-state machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of ... | What were early examples of probability distribution applied in? | What were early examples of probability distribution applied in? | [
"What were early examples of probability distribution applied in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75651 | 5727ac434b864d1900163a0f | Cubism | The most innovative period of Cubism was before 1914. After World War I, with the support given by the dealer Léonce Rosenberg, Cubism returned as a central issue for artists, and continued as such until the mid-1920s when its avant-garde status was rendered questionable by the emergence of geometric abstraction and Su... | With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as a central consideration for artists after World War I? | With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as a central consideration for artists after World War I? | [
"With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as a central consideration for artists after World War I?"
] | {
"text": [
"Léonce Rosenberg"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89353 | 5731173ce6313a140071cc2c | Great_power | Since the end of the World Wars, the term "great power" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T.R. Fox and ac... | Who were the three original superpowers? | Who were the three original superpowers? | [
"Who were the three original superpowers?"
] | {
"text": [
"British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107250 | 5ace9e1232bba1001ae4ad32 | Hunting | A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." Ho... | What group funded the Biological Conservation study? | What group funded the Biological Conservation study? | [
"What group funded the Biological Conservation study?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5977 | 5ad01f3077cf76001a686ac9 | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in... | Who didn't Louis name as his heir? | Who didn't Louis name as his heir? | [
"Who didn't Louis name as his heir?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10583 | 56e0388a231d4119001abfdf | Comics | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | Storyboards are not considered what? | Storyboards are not considered what? | [
"Storyboards are not considered what?"
] | {
"text": [
"an end product"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87738 | 5729d8061d04691400779627 | IBM | IBM also holds the SmartCamp program globally. The program searches for fresh start-up companies that IBM can partner with to solve world problems. IBM holds 17 SmartCamp events around the world. Since July 2011, IBM has partnered with Pennies, the electronic charity box, and produced a software solution for IBM retail... | Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money? | Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money? | [
"Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pennies"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34704 | 5a1dab724ea40d0018b06f8a | Political_philosophy | Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece, where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato. Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states, which experimented with various forms of political organization, grouped by Plato into four categories: timocracy, tyranny, democracy and oli... | What philosophy dates back to sme time after Plato? | What philosophy dates back to sme time after Plato? | [
"What philosophy dates back to sme time after Plato?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56591 | 5a0f3f1cdecec90018475509 | Geography_of_the_United_States | In central portions of the U.S., tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer. Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods, ... | Where tornadoes least common on earth? | Where tornadoes least common on earth? | [
"Where tornadoes least common on earth?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13549 | 570cf05db3d812140066d34c | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from ... | What does bile from the liver help do? | What does bile from the liver help do? | [
"What does bile from the liver help do?"
] | {
"text": [
"helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35855 | 5727009f5951b619008f846b | Comcast | Comcast Corporation, formerly registered as Comcast Holdings,[note 1] is an American multinational mass media company and is the largest broadcasting and largest cable company in the world by revenue. It is the second largest pay-TV company after the AT&T-DirecTV acquisition, largest cable TV company and largest home I... | Comcast is also the largest media company in the United States in what broadband area? | Comcast is also the largest media company in the United States in what broadband area? | [
"Comcast is also the largest media company in the United States in what broadband area?"
] | {
"text": [
"Internet service provider"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94142 | 5a5d4b0e5e8782001a9d5ea0 | Cork_(city) | Cork is home to the RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet, and to many musical acts, including John Spillane, The Frank And Walters, Sultans of Ping, Simple Kid, Microdisney, Fred, Mick Flannery and the late Rory Gallagher. Singer songwriter Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan of The High Llamas also hail from Cork. The opera singers Cara... | What Opera singers currently lives in Cork? | What Opera singers currently lives in Cork? | [
"What Opera singers currently lives in Cork?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100991 | 5a5e529b5bc9f4001a75aef6 | Hindu_philosophy | The metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dha... | What school agreed with the Mimamsa's understanding of Upanishads? | What school agreed with the Mimamsa's understanding of Upanishads? | [
"What school agreed with the Mimamsa's understanding of Upanishads?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37306 | 5727a643ff5b5019007d91ed | Switzerland | Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research center is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the scanning tunneling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. ... | Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain? | Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain? | [
"Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?"
] | {
"text": [
"Geneva"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23426 | 5731cc95e99e3014001e62aa | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university ... | When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place? | When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place? | [
"When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88771 | 5a220e23819328001af389e9 | Circadian_rhythm | A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their ... | How do cells of the body interpret fluctuations in light? | How do cells of the body interpret fluctuations in light? | [
"How do cells of the body interpret fluctuations in light?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71277 | 56e7a09b00c9c71400d7741d | University_of_Kansas | The Community Tool Box is a public service of the University maintained by the Work Group for Community Health and Development. It is a free, online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development, and is a global resource for both professionals and g... | What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health? | What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health? | [
"What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Community Tool Box"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55415 | 57265787dd62a815002e8222 | Presbyterianism | The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century; the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians... | Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to? | Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to? | [
"Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scotland"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25562 | 5acfd58e77cf76001a686264 | Namibia | Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy. Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and the world's fourth largest producer of uranium. There has been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia is set to become the largest e... | What is the second most important contributor to Namibia's economy? | What is the second most important contributor to Namibia's economy? | [
"What is the second most important contributor to Namibia's economy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14862 | 5ad3d017604f3c001a3ff1db | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead describes causal efficacy as "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go." It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the su... | How do the senses affect non-causal efficacy? | How do the senses affect non-causal efficacy? | [
" How do the senses affect non-causal efficacy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85512 | 572831873acd2414000df6b1 | European_Central_Bank | Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced ... | Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions? | Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions? | [
"Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?"
] | {
"text": [
"Moody's and S&P"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62480 | 572910176aef051400154a10 | Software_testing | A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions. The scope of software testing often includes e... | What does the scope of testing the software also look at? | What does the scope of testing the software also look at? | [
"What does the scope of testing the software also look at?"
] | {
"text": [
"examination of code as well as execution of that code"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89445 | 572e8d9adfa6aa1500f8d116 | The_Blitz | From 7 September 1940, one year into the war, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights. More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, almost half of them in London. Ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked. The main At... | What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target? | What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target? | [
"What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sea port of Hull"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66251 | 5a651dd3c2b11c001a425c34 | ASCII | The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage R... | Teletype machines had to have entire carriages to terminate a line, what were they? | Teletype machines had to have entire carriages to terminate a line, what were they? | [
"Teletype machines had to have entire carriages to terminate a line, what were they? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37965 | 5730094a04bcaa1900d77047 | Roman_Republic | By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor. The problem appears to have centered around widespread indebtedness. The plebeians demanded relief, but the senators refused to address their situation. The result was the final plebeian secession. The plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill. To... | What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC? | What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC? | [
"What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"poor"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62433 | 5a6a56c4a9e0c9001a4e9d52 | Liberal_Party_of_Australia | The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong ... | How many state divisions exist in the Howard Governments organization? | How many state divisions exist in the Howard Governments organization? | [
"How many state divisions exist in the Howard Governments organization?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86511 | 570cedbbb3d812140066d32d | Gymnastics | Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities ... | What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to? | What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to? | [
"What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?"
] | {
"text": [
"both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65704 | 5728d2c23acd2414000dff6f | Detroit | In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, ... | Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit? | Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit? | [
"Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mid-American Conference"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113007 | 570d7b4db3d812140066d9cd | Adolescence | The major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute as well. Regardless o... | What is a female's major landmark of puberty? | What is a female's major landmark of puberty? | [
"What is a female's major landmark of puberty?"
] | {
"text": [
"menstruation"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54240 | 5ad3ede0604f3c001a3ff7be | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory. | Where do the non-Canadian Rangers operate? | Where do the non-Canadian Rangers operate? | [
"Where do the non-Canadian Rangers operate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80264 | 572f9551a23a5019007fc7ae | Bacteria | There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immun... | What keeps bacteria at bay in human body? | What keeps bacteria at bay in human body? | [
"What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?"
] | {
"text": [
"the immune system"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40642 | 5ad50ebd5b96ef001a10ab25 | Paper | Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be re... | To what does the new packaging have very different mechanical properties? | To what does the new packaging have very different mechanical properties? | [
"To what does the new packaging have very different mechanical properties?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80820 | 5ad17b65645df0001a2d1df2 | Queen_Victoria | On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems, shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station. Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman. Victoria was outraged wh... | With what didn't the college boy's hit the shooter with? | With what didn't the college boy's hit the shooter with? | [
"With what didn't the college boy's hit the shooter with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108793 | 5a7d08bf70df9f001a874f13 | Literature | Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usu... | What is literature not intended for performance? | What is literature not intended for performance? | [
"What is literature not intended for performance? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56187 | 56e7b60637bdd419002c43c3 | Arena_Football_League | In 2010, the first year of the reconstituted league following bankruptcy, the overall attendance average decreased to 8,135, with only one team (Tampa Bay) exceeding 13,000 per game. | In the 2010 season, how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game? | In the 2010 season, how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game? | [
"In the 2010 season, how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game?"
] | {
"text": [
"one"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14055 | 56f8c4bd9b226e1400dd0f6b | Brain | Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods (octopuses, squids, and similar molluscs). The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. Arthropods have a centra... | Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains? | Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains? | [
"Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains?"
] | {
"text": [
"arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106800 | 57268361708984140094c896 | East_India_Company | "Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert." The... | in the above quote how many ship and masts were indicated? | in the above quote how many ship and masts were indicated? | [
"in the above quote how many ship and masts were indicated?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49204 | 5a86f28a1d3cee001a6a106e | Tuberculosis | The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk... | African emigrants are not likely to get what disease in the Horn of Africa? | African emigrants are not likely to get what disease in the Horn of Africa? | [
"African emigrants are not likely to get what disease in the Horn of Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101543 | 56d99cfedc89441400fdb5ec | Dog | Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has power... | Dogs originated as predators and what? | Dogs originated as predators and what? | [
"Dogs originated as predators and what?"
] | {
"text": [
"scavengers"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74511 | 5ace72c132bba1001ae4a6fe | Asphalt | Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of ... | What is upgraded bitumen now sold as to meet international competition? | What is upgraded bitumen now sold as to meet international competition? | [
"What is upgraded bitumen now sold as to meet international competition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100108 | 5ace5eae32bba1001ae4a43f | Guam | The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of "free association" with the United States. The Compacts give cit... | Which Pacific Island is closest to the Republic of the Marshall Islands? | Which Pacific Island is closest to the Republic of the Marshall Islands? | [
"Which Pacific Island is closest to the Republic of the Marshall Islands?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11090 | 5733cb994776f4190066125f | Anthropology | Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of so... | What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world? | What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world? | [
"What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"population"
],
"answer_start": [
697
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38217 | 572a1b2caf94a219006aa7ef | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start? | When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start? | [
"When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start?"
] | {
"text": [
"roughly 10,000 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39381 | 5732648ae99e3014001e676d | Protestantism | In 1999, the representatives of Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church signed the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation, although Confessional Lutherans reject this statement. This... | Who rejects the statement signed in 1999? | Who rejects the statement signed in 1999? | [
"Who rejects the statement signed in 1999?"
] | {
"text": [
"Confessional Lutherans"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40720 | 57096fa9ed30961900e84123 | Communication | The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study ... | What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century? | What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century? | [
"What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?"
] | {
"text": [
"animal emotions, animal culture and learning"
],
"answer_start": [
701
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41166 | 57316982a5e9cc1400cdbf2c | Egypt | Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains ... | What is the sunniest county in the world? | What is the sunniest county in the world? | [
"What is the sunniest county in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"Egypt"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106421 | 5726015e89a1e219009ac144 | Hellenistic_period | The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. Settlements such as Ai-Khanoum, situated on trade routes, allow... | Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes? | Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes? | [
"Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes?"
] | {
"text": [
"trade"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1409 | 573141ed05b4da19006bcf74 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosai... | Where in Sicily were the "Orpheus," and the "Four Seasons" discovered? | Where in Sicily were the "Orpheus," and the "Four Seasons" discovered? | [
"Where in Sicily were the \"Orpheus,\" and the \"Four Seasons\" discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"Piazza Vittoria in Palermo"
],
"answer_start": [
865
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114738 | 570a7e7c4103511400d5977a | Emotion | The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active mammals, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the olfactory sense, which i... | Why were early mammals active at night? | Why were early mammals active at night? | [
"Why were early mammals active at night?"
] | {
"text": [
"reptiles slept"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63118 | 5a7a1b4c17ab25001a8a0338 | Czech_language | In addition to a spoken standard and a closely related written standard, Czech has several regional dialects primarily used in rural areas by speakers less proficient in other dialects or standard Czech. During the second half of the twentieth century, Czech dialect use began to weaken. By the early 1990s dialect use w... | What group became more prominent in the 1990's when people wanted to hear the news of the day? | What group became more prominent in the 1990's when people wanted to hear the news of the day? | [
"What group became more prominent in the 1990's when people wanted to hear the news of the day?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39266 | 57324a780fdd8d15006c6919 | Protestantism | Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in Minneapolis. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influent... | Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s? | Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s? | [
"Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Larry Christenson"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8978 | 572853c14b864d1900164952 | LaserDisc | The format also became quite popular in Hong Kong during the 1990s before the introduction of VCDs and DVD; although people rarely bought the discs (because each LD was priced around USD100), high rental activity helped the video rental business in the city grow larger than it had ever been previously. Due to integrati... | In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Hong Kong? | In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Hong Kong? | [
"In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Hong Kong?"
] | {
"text": [
"NTSC"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33971 | 5728a8e0ff5b5019007da3c6 | Alaska | On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over ... | How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world? | How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world? | [
"How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67371 | 5a1049b3decec9001847560d | Hanover | After 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP (Nazi party). A large Jewish population then existed in Hanover. In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family. However, Poland refused to accept them, leaving them ... | How many Hanoverian Jews were sent to Paris? | How many Hanoverian Jews were sent to Paris? | [
"How many Hanoverian Jews were sent to Paris?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98836 | 56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e8 | Heresy | Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Ear... | Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life? | Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life? | [
"Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?"
] | {
"text": [
"Galileo Galilei"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26193 | 5726ad5d5951b619008f79e5 | Edmund_Burke | Louis XVI translated the Reflections "from end to end" into French. Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox, disagreed with Burke and split with him. Fox thought the Reflections to be "in very bad taste" and "favouring Tory principles". Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privat... | Who re-translated the Reflections into French? | Who re-translated the Reflections into French? | [
"Who re-translated the Reflections into French?"
] | {
"text": [
"Louis XVI"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
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