gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-44861 | 56f8d1ba9b226e1400dd107b | Gene | When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The ... | What is a gene's most common allele known as? | What is a gene's most common allele known as? | [
"What is a gene's most common allele known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"the wild type"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73992 | 5acf9d2177cf76001a68550a | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | What job did Le Corbusier quit? | What job did Le Corbusier quit? | [
"What job did Le Corbusier quit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24071 | 57293faa6aef051400154be6 | Bermuda | In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers w... | Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States? | Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States? | [
"Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79256 | 5a3bdb9ecc5d22001a521bd2 | Heian_period | As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sesshō for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another ... | What family took control of the throne in the 600's? | What family took control of the throne in the 600's? | [
"What family took control of the throne in the 600's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68655 | 572ef2fcdfa6aa1500f8d4e8 | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | Who were spiritual intermediates? | Who were spiritual intermediates? | [
"Who were spiritual intermediates? "
] | {
"text": [
"Religious officials"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80840 | 5ad17d5e645df0001a2d1e1c | Queen_Victoria | Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointe... | What year did Gladstone first get to power? | What year did Gladstone first get to power? | [
"What year did Gladstone first get to power?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21994 | 5acd7c5807355d001abf4446 | Aircraft_carrier | If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects b... | What does V/STOL not refer to? | What does V/STOL not refer to? | [
"What does V/STOL not refer to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1222 | 5a4e8378755ab9001a10f4b5 | Airport | The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer in... | How far is the distance passengers need to move between buses? | How far is the distance passengers need to move between buses? | [
"How far is the distance passengers need to move between buses?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53894 | 56dde17c9a695914005b9642 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. | Who leads the CAF? | Who leads the CAF? | [
"Who leads the CAF?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Chief of the Defence Staff"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66306 | 5728248dff5b5019007d9df3 | Brigham_Young_University | Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code, which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) ... | How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities? | How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities? | [
"How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities?"
] | {
"text": [
"less expensive"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104771 | 573359544776f41900660870 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: "The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential ... | What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010? | What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010? | [
"What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mark Zandi"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41649 | 56d5ecf21c85041400946e5b | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 1... | How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas? | How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas? | [
"How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas?"
] | {
"text": [
"20"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83593 | 572653d0708984140094c289 | Florida | Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba... | What does Florida stand for | What does Florida stand for | [
"What does Florida stand for "
] | {
"text": [
"Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\")"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12970 | 5ad005e077cf76001a686781 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship. | What did Sassou sign a ten year friendship pact with? | What did Sassou sign a ten year friendship pact with? | [
"What did Sassou sign a ten year friendship pact with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6617 | 572831a53acd2414000df6b9 | PlayStation_3 | The system displays the What's New screen by default instead of the [Games] menu (or [Video] menu, if a movie was inserted) when starting up. What's New has four sections: "Our Pick", "Recently Played", latest information and new content available in PlayStation Store. There are four kinds of content the What's New scr... | How many different sections does What's New have? | How many different sections does What's New have? | [
"How many different sections does What's New have?"
] | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96648 | 57278649f1498d1400e8fac8 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also presen... | What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used? | What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used? | [
"What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used?"
] | {
"text": [
"artistic depictions of the crucifixion"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18946 | 572fd390a23a5019007fca4d | Premier_League | The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the Capital One Cup (League Cup). Two Europa League places are reserved for the winne... | What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for? | What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for? | [
"What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for?"
] | {
"text": [
"The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73474 | 56db2cc2e7c41114004b4ebb | American_Idol | Phillips released "Home" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released "Change Nothing". Phillips' "Home" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. | Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons? | Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons? | [
"Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons?"
] | {
"text": [
"Home"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55127 | 570a8c064103511400d5983e | Everton_F.C. | Everton's biggest rivalry is with neighbours Liverpool, against whom they contest the Merseyside derby. The Merseyside derby is usually a sellout fixture, and has been known as the "friendly derby" because both sets of fans can often be seen side by side red and blue inside the stadium both at Anfield and Goodison Park... | Who is the Everton Football Club's biggest rivals? | Who is the Everton Football Club's biggest rivals? | [
"Who is the Everton Football Club's biggest rivals?"
] | {
"text": [
"Liverpool"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17624 | 56cf4113aab44d1400b88ee1 | Spectre_(2015_film) | The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised... | Which actor portrays Bill Tanner? | Which actor portrays Bill Tanner? | [
"Which actor portrays Bill Tanner?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rory Kinnear"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25622 | 57310bf4a5e9cc1400cdbbd3 | Namibia | Up to 1990, English, German and Afrikaans were official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages o... | German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia? | German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia? | [
"German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia?"
] | {
"text": [
"1990"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36366 | 5ace95bf32bba1001ae4ab14 | Printed_circuit_board | At the glass transition temperature the resin in the composite softens and significantly increases thermal expansion; exceeding Tg then exerts mechanical overload on the board components - e.g. the joints and the vias. Below Tg the thermal expansion of the resin roughly matches copper and glass, above it gets significa... | Virtually no volume expansion projects to where? | Virtually no volume expansion projects to where? | [
"Virtually no volume expansion projects to where?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81489 | 57240b550ba9f01400d97b4c | Queen_Victoria | In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Churc... | What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed? | What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed? | [
"What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1874"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94392 | 5a7e892948f7d9001a063752 | Cork_(city) | The National Maritime College of Ireland is also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. CIT also incorporates the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as constituent schools. The Cork College of Commerce is the larges... | What kind of Certificate does Crawford College of Art and Design offer? | What kind of Certificate does Crawford College of Art and Design offer? | [
"What kind of Certificate does Crawford College of Art and Design offer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47659 | 57264acb708984140094c1ac | Napoleon | Hoping to extend the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, noted for its brutal guerrilla warfare, and culminated in an Allied victory. Fighting also erupte... | Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition? | Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition? | [
"Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Battle of Wagram"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65208 | 5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f0a | Crimean_War | In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by... | In what year did Muhammad Ali finally accept the terms of the London convention? | In what year did Muhammad Ali finally accept the terms of the London convention? | [
"In what year did Muhammad Ali finally accept the terms of the London convention?"
] | {
"text": [
"1840"
],
"answer_start": [
834
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60536 | 5ace332d32bba1001ae49dd3 | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | In 2000, out of 45,693 households, 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.5% were nonfamilies. 35.5% of households were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of... | What age group did 13.7% of the population fall into? | What age group did 13.7% of the population fall into? | [
"What age group did 13.7% of the population fall into?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91334 | 5726cf40dd62a815002e90f7 | Avicenna | Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, ... | Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to? | Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to? | [
"Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?"
] | {
"text": [
"al-Farabi"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12526 | 5a65ed7bc2b11c001a425e01 | Antibiotics | In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines con... | How many bacilli have been created in the last 7 years? | How many bacilli have been created in the last 7 years? | [
"How many bacilli have been created in the last 7 years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17917 | 56cf61b5aab44d1400b8919d | Spectre_(2015_film) | A sequel to Spectre will begin development in spring 2016. Sam Mendes has stated he will not return to direct the next 007 film. Christoph Waltz has signed on for two more films in the series, but his return depends on whether or not Craig will again portray Bond. | When will the sequel to Spectre being development? | When will the sequel to Spectre being development? | [
"When will the sequel to Spectre being development?"
] | {
"text": [
"spring 2016."
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43600 | 5726dc19dd62a815002e9301 | Korean_War | With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December, the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive (also known as the "Chinese New Year's Offensive") on New Year's Eve of 1950. Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and th... | What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive | What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive | [
"What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive"
] | {
"text": [
"Seoul"
],
"answer_start": [
808
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75433 | 5ad16714645df0001a2d19dd | Labour_Party_(UK) | As it was founded by the unions to represent the interests of working-class people, Labour's link with the unions has always been a defining characteristic of the party. In recent years this link has come under increasing strain, with the RMT being expelled from the party in 2004 for allowing its branches in Scotland t... | What is a defining characteristic of the Conservatives? | What is a defining characteristic of the Conservatives? | [
"What is a defining characteristic of the Conservatives?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96517 | 5a8c70f0fd22b3001a8d87d7 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, ... | How did scholars treat the Bible when trying to accurately translate it? | How did scholars treat the Bible when trying to accurately translate it? | [
"How did scholars treat the Bible when trying to accurately translate it?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60930 | 5aceb5eb32bba1001ae4b113 | Police | Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaini... | When were police used to protect the civilian system? | When were police used to protect the civilian system? | [
"When were police used to protect the civilian system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59415 | 5726a45cdd62a815002e8bca | Electric_motor | The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented ... | How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run? | How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run? | [
"How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?"
] | {
"text": [
"600 revolutions per minute"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77059 | 5726910cdd62a815002e89d3 | Dutch_language | Like most Germanic languages, Dutch forms noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second (hondenhok = doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Dutch (like the other Germanic languages) either u... | Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns? | Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns? | [
"Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns?"
] | {
"text": [
"Unlike"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24222 | 57294fa6af94a219006aa286 | Bermuda | On 11 June 2009, four Uyghurs who had been held in the United States Guantánamo Bay detention camp, in Cuba, were transferred to Bermuda. The four men were among 22 Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan after fleeing the American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan. They were accused o... | What were the Uyghurs claiming to be? | What were the Uyghurs claiming to be? | [
"What were the Uyghurs claiming to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26569 | 573197890fdd8d15006c63b9 | University | Colloquially, the term university may be used to describe a phase in one's life: "When I was at university..." (in the United States and Ireland, college is often used instead: "When I was in college..."). In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Spain and the German-speaking cou... | In what century was it believed that the UK used the word varsity to refer to a university? | In what century was it believed that the UK used the word varsity to refer to a university? | [
"In what century was it believed that the UK used the word varsity to refer to a university?"
] | {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87098 | 5a1f7b8554a786001a36b2dd | Videoconferencing | Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clie... | What is an example of a teleconferencing program? | What is an example of a teleconferencing program? | [
"What is an example of a teleconferencing program?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8620 | 56e098f17aa994140058e611 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. | In what year was the Constitution adopted? | In what year was the Constitution adopted? | [
"In what year was the Constitution adopted?"
] | {
"text": [
"1918"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3907 | 56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83262 | Beyoncé | On January 7, 2012, Beyoncé gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York under heavy security. Two days later, Jay Z released "Glory", a song dedicated to their child, on his website Lifeandtimes.com. The song detailed the couple's pregnancy struggles, including a miscarriage Beyoncé su... | When did Beyoncé give birth to her daughter? | When did Beyoncé give birth to her daughter? | [
"When did Beyoncé give birth to her daughter?"
] | {
"text": [
"January 7, 2012"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92157 | 57280e8c4b864d1900164341 | Asthma | Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution ... | Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma? | Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma? | [
"Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma?"
] | {
"text": [
"indoor volatile organic compounds"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68926 | 572f4f3304bcaa1900d76832 | Modern_history | Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite hi... | What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion? | What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion? | [
"What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion?"
] | {
"text": [
"mathematical treatment"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59406 | 5ad14e44645df0001a2d16d4 | Electric_motor | After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which was improved only four ye... | When were developers competing with Jacobi able to not match his accomplishments? | When were developers competing with Jacobi able to not match his accomplishments? | [
"When were developers competing with Jacobi able to not match his accomplishments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14211 | 56f98b409e9bad19000a0a8f | Brain | Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas. Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous di... | What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage? | What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage? | [
"What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage?"
] | {
"text": [
"rats"
],
"answer_start": [
664
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33285 | 5726438f994a9e14006f0181 | Incandescent_light_bulb | Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads with a power factor of 1. This means the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal. Incandescent light bulbs are usually marketed according to the electrical power consumed. This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the r... | What determines the resistance of the filament? | What determines the resistance of the filament? | [
"What determines the resistance of the filament?"
] | {
"text": [
"the filament's length, thickness, and material"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22166 | 5a7b62b021c2de001afe9fad | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | NARA's holdings are classed into "record groups" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated. Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media. | What records are usually used currently because they are the most efficient? | What records are usually used currently because they are the most efficient? | [
"What records are usually used currently because they are the most efficient?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55437 | 5acfbff877cf76001a685c6e | Presbyterianism | Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organization (or "church order") and worship; often using a "Book of Order" to regulate common practice and order. The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism. Many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous... | Where are the origins of Faith in? | Where are the origins of Faith in? | [
"Where are the origins of Faith in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75665 | 5acfd19a77cf76001a6861af | Cubism | The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917–24 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and, among the artists, by Gris, Léger and Gleizes. The occasional return to classicism—figurative work either exclusively or alongside Cubis... | What happened to Cubism before 1918? | What happened to Cubism before 1918? | [
"What happened to Cubism before 1918?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1828 | 5ad17271645df0001a2d1bf9 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Philippine–American War (1899–1902) was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila. The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers (mostly from the National Guard) un... | How many troops did the UK send to the Philippines? | How many troops did the UK send to the Philippines? | [
" How many troops did the UK send to the Philippines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27620 | 5a62bc3bf8d794001af1c1f5 | Liberia | Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup. This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history. Upon the end of the... | When was the GDP reduced by 95%? | When was the GDP reduced by 95%? | [
"When was the GDP reduced by 95%?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107800 | 5acfb26677cf76001a68592d | Umayyad_Caliphate | Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question o... | What area was easy to govern? | What area was easy to govern? | [
"What area was easy to govern?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100014 | 5ace4d2032bba1001ae4a224 | Guam | After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968, when the Guam Elective Govern... | Whose congressional representative is a voting member? | Whose congressional representative is a voting member? | [
"Whose congressional representative is a voting member?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6403 | 572814c34b864d1900164421 | PlayStation_3 | At E3 2007, Sony was able to show a number of their upcoming video games for PlayStation 3, including Heavenly Sword, Lair, Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Warhawk and Uncharted: Drake's Fortune; all of which were released in the third and fourth quarters of 2007. They also showed off a number of titles t... | What Gran Turismo game was shown in 2007 but not released until after 2007? | What Gran Turismo game was shown in 2007 but not released until after 2007? | [
"What Gran Turismo game was shown in 2007 but not released until after 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gran Turismo 5 Prologue"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71845 | 5acf58ec77cf76001a684be9 | Capacitor | Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he filed a patent for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes." So... | What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1940's? | What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1940's? | [
" What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1940's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107102 | 573450ed879d6814001ca4fd | Hunting | Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms. The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief... | How is gun usage typically regulated? | How is gun usage typically regulated? | [
"How is gun usage typically regulated?"
] | {
"text": [
"game category, area within the state, and time period"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98013 | 56e08a18231d4119001ac291 | Hydrogen | While H2 is not very reactive under standard conditions, it does form compounds with most elements. Hydrogen can form compounds with elements that are more electronegative, such as halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), or oxygen; in these compounds hydrogen takes on a partial positive charge. When bonded to fluorine, oxygen, ... | What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal? | What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal? | [
"What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal?"
] | {
"text": [
"negative"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15774 | 5726ee93708984140094d660 | Chinese_characters | Although most of the simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s, character simplification predates the republic's formation in 1949. One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lufei Kui, wh... | Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year? | Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year? | [
"Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76066 | 5a4d45dd7a6c4c001a2bbc98 | Web_browser | This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to ... | What does the prefix of the default newsgroup reader determine? | What does the prefix of the default newsgroup reader determine? | [
"What does the prefix of the default newsgroup reader determine?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80464 | 572fed76a23a5019007fcb47 | Bacteria | Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — into compounds tha... | When was the first antibiotic discovered? | When was the first antibiotic discovered? | [
"When was the first antibiotic discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"In 1910"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103170 | 571a9c0e10f8ca14003051ac | Multiracial_American | Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater nu... | Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US? | Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US? | [
"Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?"
] | {
"text": [
"White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s."
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96925 | 5a21d4c68a6e4f001aa08f39 | Canon_law | Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "in... | What courts follow the room and law style found in Eurasia? | What courts follow the room and law style found in Eurasia? | [
"What courts follow the room and law style found in Eurasia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48276 | 56fa351cf34c681400b0c00b | Wood | In diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are even-sized, so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions i... | What kind of wood has all similarly sized vessels? | What kind of wood has all similarly sized vessels? | [
"What kind of wood has all similarly sized vessels?"
] | {
"text": [
"diffuse-porous"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52735 | 57278e57f1498d1400e8fc02 | Political_party | Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which wer... | What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become? | What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become? | [
"What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?"
] | {
"text": [
"partisan"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67203 | 572719d5dd62a815002e9901 | Nutrition | Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of h... | In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle? | In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle? | [
"In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?"
] | {
"text": [
"insulin/leptin resistance"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92130 | 5a4fd6f0af0d07001ae8cc40 | Asthma | There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapi... | Is there a cure for long acting beta agonists? | Is there a cure for long acting beta agonists? | [
"Is there a cure for long acting beta agonists?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76100 | 5a4d7cd3755ab9001a10f406 | Web_browser | A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions. | Why does a computer create a browser extension? | Why does a computer create a browser extension? | [
"Why does a computer create a browser extension?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52871 | 5727ac44ff5b5019007d9248 | Political_party | There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25%... | What percentage of nations provide indirect funding? | What percentage of nations provide indirect funding? | [
"What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?"
] | {
"text": [
"60%"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82448 | 56e73fb737bdd419002c3df9 | Daylight_saving_time | Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hou... | In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere? | In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere? | [
"In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?"
] | {
"text": [
"Beginning and ending dates"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64627 | 5733f165d058e614000b663d | Portugal | Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries. Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (Public Security Police), a civilia... | What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)? | What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)? | [
"What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?"
] | {
"text": [
"a highly specialized criminal investigation police"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16787 | 5725b2fa69ff041400e58e2c | Israel | In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state. Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as the legislature. Israel is a developed country and an... | Israel defines itself as what? | Israel defines itself as what? | [
"Israel defines itself as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jewish and democratic state"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56527 | 5a0f3387decec900184754b5 | Geography_of_the_United_States | The east coast Appalachian system, originally forest covered, is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain. The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty, broad and complicated having two branches, the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific ... | Light force cover what coast? | Light force cover what coast? | [
"Light force cover what coast?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78434 | 5ad26fb8d7d075001a429438 | Greeks | The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that sc... | What literary events were believed to be a fact of lies ? | What literary events were believed to be a fact of lies ? | [
"What literary events were believed to be a fact of lies ?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101289 | 5ad284bbd7d075001a429880 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | Finally, on 26 June, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and, unexpectedly, Northern Bukovina from Romania. Two days later, the Romanians caved to the Soviet demands and the Soviets occupied the territory. The Hertza region was ini... | What month did France sue for war? | What month did France sue for war? | [
"What month did France sue for war?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1046 | 5a848c557cf838001a46a8fe | Endangered_Species_Act | More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations. Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment created a permit process to cir... | What fraction of habitat for listed species is owned by citizens? | What fraction of habitat for listed species is owned by citizens? | [
"What fraction of habitat for listed species is owned by citizens?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115291 | 57263e4c38643c19005ad36c | Mammal | Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than tho... | The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal? | The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal? | [
"The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?"
] | {
"text": [
"chicken"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46257 | 5ad3e16d604f3c001a3ff510 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identifie... | What percentage of people who join the Jehovah's Witnesses as an adult end up being considered as inactive? | What percentage of people who join the Jehovah's Witnesses as an adult end up being considered as inactive? | [
"What percentage of people who join the Jehovah's Witnesses as an adult end up being considered as inactive?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5931 | 5ad01d0777cf76001a686a78 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of Histor... | What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization? | What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization? | [
"What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59182 | 5a204cd054a786001a36b2fc | Alloy | An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and ... | What type of phases are always considered to be alloys? | What type of phases are always considered to be alloys? | [
"What type of phases are always considered to be alloys?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28612 | 572e8567cb0c0d14000f1237 | Canadian_football | At the beginning of a match, an official tosses a coin and allows the captain of the visiting team call heads or tails. The captain of the team winning the coin toss is given the option of having first choice, or of deferring first choice to the other captain. The captain making first choice may either choose a) to kic... | Who on a football team articulates the team's decision following the coin flip? | Who on a football team articulates the team's decision following the coin flip? | [
"Who on a football team articulates the team's decision following the coin flip?"
] | {
"text": [
"captain"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31198 | 5a149516a54d420018529276 | Identity_(social_science) | Kenneth Gergen formulated additional classifications, which include the strategic manipulator, the pastiche personality, and the relational self. The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from his or her social... | What classifications did Kenneth Gregen eliminate? | What classifications did Kenneth Gregen eliminate? | [
"What classifications did Kenneth Gregen eliminate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9175 | 57325c10b9d445190005ea9a | The_Bronx | Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Native Amer... | What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage? | What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage? | [
"What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.2%"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61542 | 5a6254d3f8d794001af1bf6a | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | The town's first significant defences were likely erected due to commercial interests, following the temporary seizure of St. John's by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665. The inhabitants were able to fend off a second Dutch attack in 1673, when this time it was defended by Christopher Martin, an English ... | Who reduced St. Johns to rubble in the 16th century? | Who reduced St. Johns to rubble in the 16th century? | [
"Who reduced St. Johns to rubble in the 16th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49635 | 570d6ae3b3d812140066d8af | Valencia | About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic locat... | What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times? | What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times? | [
"What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times?"
] | {
"text": [
"Via Augusta"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97929 | 57328740b3a91d1900202e22 | Humanism | Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help o... | What is the main goal of humanism optimistic? | What is the main goal of humanism optimistic? | [
"What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?"
] | {
"text": [
"human flourishing"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72131 | 572723b8dd62a815002e9954 | Capacitor | Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable-camera flash unit, powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery, has a capacitor which may co... | How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain? | How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain? | [
"How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain?"
] | {
"text": [
"over 15 joules of energy"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14454 | 572f8918947a6a140053ca3c | Han_dynasty | At the beginning of the Han dynasty, every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military. The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhao's (r. 87–74 BC) reign. Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional... | How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for? | How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for? | [
"How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for?"
] | {
"text": [
"one year"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66467 | 5acea84f32bba1001ae4af2b | Brigham_Young_University | Beyond this, BYU also runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites. Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the U.S. ... | What was closed in 2006 because of the Second Intifada? | What was closed in 2006 because of the Second Intifada? | [
"What was closed in 2006 because of the Second Intifada? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97990 | 56e073a47aa994140058e4e1 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with acids. In 1766–81, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name: in Greek, hydrogen means "water... | Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance? | Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance? | [
"Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?"
] | {
"text": [
"Henry Cavendish"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38420 | 5acd0b0407355d001abf3225 | Materialism | Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the pri... | An idealist considers what as the least important? | An idealist considers what as the least important? | [
" An idealist considers what as the least important?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7429 | 5a8c3023fd22b3001a8d8619 | Database | Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware d... | What is used to destroy data if disks suffer a failure? | What is used to destroy data if disks suffer a failure? | [
"What is used to destroy data if disks suffer a failure?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5958 | 5ad01e5177cf76001a686aaf | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the ... | Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath? | Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath? | [
"Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48741 | 5a86033cb4e223001a8e738c | War_on_Terror | In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws. Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations, the United States an... | Which two countries submitted annual reports? | Which two countries submitted annual reports? | [
"Which two countries submitted annual reports?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22504 | 5a361a4c788daf001a5f8714 | Himachal_Pradesh | Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly electi... | In 2003, what did the Bharatiya Party win? | In 2003, what did the Bharatiya Party win? | [
"In 2003, what did the Bharatiya Party win?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54520 | 5ad50c675b96ef001a10aad9 | Macintosh | Apple released the Macintosh Plus on January 10, 1986, for a price of US$2,600. It offered one megabyte of RAM, easily expandable to four megabytes by the use of socketed RAM boards. It also featured a SCSI parallel interface, allowing up to seven peripherals—such as hard drives and scanners—to be attached to the machi... | What did Microsoft's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh? | What did Microsoft's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh? | [
"What did Microsoft's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42477 | 570fa1345ab6b81900390f38 | Sexual_orientation | Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to "fantasies, attachments and longings."... | What does the term closeted mean? | What does the term closeted mean? | [
"What does the term closeted mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17354 | 5ad15209645df0001a2d1747 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentr... | What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for plutonium to be considered depleted? | What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for plutonium to be considered depleted? | [
"What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for plutonium to be considered depleted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38241 | 5a7d0ced70df9f001a874f32 | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | When was a settlement developed in PPNA? | When was a settlement developed in PPNA? | [
"When was a settlement developed in PPNA?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8339 | 5a7cca31e8bc7e001a9e2024 | Thuringia | Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th cen... | How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as hostile? | How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as hostile? | [
"How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as hostile?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39755 | 572746c4708984140094dba3 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | On July 5, 1779, 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon, governor of New York, landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the 3,500-person town. A militia of Yale students had been prepping for battle, and former Yale president and Yale Divinity School professor Naphtali Daggett rode out to confron... | Who was the governor of New York under which the loyalist and British raid of New Haven took place? | Who was the governor of New York under which the loyalist and British raid of New Haven took place? | [
"Who was the governor of New York under which the loyalist and British raid of New Haven took place?"
] | {
"text": [
"General William Tryon"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.