gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-90481 | 5ad00fbf77cf76001a68685d | Tibet | Standing at 117 metres (384 feet) in height and 360 metres (1,180 feet) in width, the Potala Palace is the most important example of Tibetan architecture. Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over one thousand rooms within thirteen stories, and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of th... | Where does the Dalai Lama live in the summer? | Where does the Dalai Lama live in the summer? | [
"Where does the Dalai Lama live in the summer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39954 | 5727a1232ca10214002d9258 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for considera... | In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court agree to hear a lawsuit originally filed by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters seeking relief from the city of New Haven? | In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court agree to hear a lawsuit originally filed by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters seeking relief from the city of New Haven? | [
"In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court agree to hear a lawsuit originally filed by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters seeking relief from the city of New Haven?"
] | {
"text": [
"2009"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85568 | 57111370b654c5140001faf9 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously released consoles worldwide.[better sourc... | Where was Nintendo not available? | Where was Nintendo not available? | [
"Where was Nintendo not available?"
] | {
"text": [
"Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8524 | 56df4fa496943c1400a5d371 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't... | What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state? | What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state? | [
"What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sovdepia"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43040 | 5725b87189a1e219009abd67 | Poultry | Poultry (/ˌpoʊltriː/) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys) and the family Anatidae, i... | Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry ? | Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry ? | [
"Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry ?"
] | {
"text": [
"but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game."
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7642 | 5a8c9049fd22b3001a8d8b0d | Database | This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the datab... | What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a spell? | What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a spell? | [
"What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a spell?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36158 | 572f97ee947a6a140053caad | Printed_circuit_board | Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced. In the full ad... | What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged? | What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged? | [
"What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?"
] | {
"text": [
"palladium"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16156 | 572ebd1903f98919007569c9 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family... | Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha? | Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha? | [
"Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha?"
] | {
"text": [
"October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39250 | 57320f0be17f3d1400422648 | Protestantism | Quakers, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers. Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holin... | What collective movement are the Quakers associated with? | What collective movement are the Quakers associated with? | [
"What collective movement are the Quakers associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Religious Society of Friends"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63746 | 5727c3aa4b864d1900163cb8 | USB | When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is... | What is started when a USB is first connected to a host? | What is started when a USB is first connected to a host? | [
"What is started when a USB is first connected to a host?"
] | {
"text": [
"enumeration process"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99634 | 56fb74e58ddada1400cd640a | Middle_Ages | In Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. The military was reor... | During what period did Constantine VII reign? | During what period did Constantine VII reign? | [
"During what period did Constantine VII reign?"
] | {
"text": [
"913–959"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100069 | 5ace57d732bba1001ae4a33a | Guam | The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation. The increasing numbers of Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservati... | What has made it easier to preserve the Chamorro identity over the years? | What has made it easier to preserve the Chamorro identity over the years? | [
"What has made it easier to preserve the Chamorro identity over the years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67141 | 572706815951b619008f84d6 | Nutrition | In the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title "dietitian," as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific educational and experie... | Which state has started to regulate the word "nutritionist"? | Which state has started to regulate the word "nutritionist"? | [
"Which state has started to regulate the word \"nutritionist\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Florida"
],
"answer_start": [
666
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41699 | 56cecdf0aab44d1400b88a95 | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts... | What companies received the money? | What companies received the money? | [
"What companies received the money?"
] | {
"text": [
"China Unicom and China Mobile"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23693 | 572833243acd2414000df6cd | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism? | Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism? | [
"Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24671 | 56cee6a3aab44d1400b88c3c | New_York_City | In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private sy... | In what year did the subway begin operation? | In what year did the subway begin operation? | [
"In what year did the subway begin operation?"
] | {
"text": [
"1904"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95122 | 56df80625ca0a614008f9b83 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | At the age of 19, he wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father (who would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion). Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany, and also lent Bell a copy o... | Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music? | Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music? | [
"Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hermann von Helmholtz"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94323 | 5a5d6daa5e8782001a9d5f0a | Cork_(city) | Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus Éireann. City routes are numbered from 201 through to 219 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest. Two of these bus routes provide orbital services across the Northern and So... | What is offered for the north suburbs? | What is offered for the north suburbs? | [
"What is offered for the north suburbs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80359 | 572fbdb704bcaa1900d76c55 | Bacteria | These processes are also important in biological responses to pollution; for example, sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl- and dimethylmercury) in the environment. Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy and reducing pow... | What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for? | What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for? | [
"What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for?"
] | {
"text": [
"the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3840 | 56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d83230 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most-successful tours of all time. In May, Beyoncé's cover of Amy Winehouse's "Back to Black" with André 3000 o... | Which character in the film, Epic, was voiced by Beyoncé? | Which character in the film, Epic, was voiced by Beyoncé? | [
"Which character in the film, Epic, was voiced by Beyoncé?"
] | {
"text": [
"Queen Tara"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50510 | 572eab33cb0c0d14000f143b | Neptune | Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbi... | What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named? | What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named? | [
"What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named?"
] | {
"text": [
"(309239) 2007 RW10"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35307 | 5ad0ca55645df0001a2d036f | Gothic_architecture | In Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries local building stone was unavailable but there was a strong tradition of building in brick. The resultant style, Brick Gothic, is called "Backsteingotik" in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League. In Italy,... | What building style was the Hanseatic League disconnected with in Germany and Scandinavia? | What building style was the Hanseatic League disconnected with in Germany and Scandinavia? | [
"What building style was the Hanseatic League disconnected with in Germany and Scandinavia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84335 | 5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe826 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In r... | Where did the Constitution write that it's not possible to give each department equal power? | Where did the Constitution write that it's not possible to give each department equal power? | [
"Where did the Constitution write that it's not possible to give each department equal power?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16161 | 57316d8b05b4da19006bd145 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family... | Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata? | Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata? | [
"Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arab Nationalist Movement"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43687 | 5726f7aedd62a815002e967e | Korean_War | During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea, sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea. Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was fr... | How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines? | How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines? | [
"How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines?"
] | {
"text": [
"87"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108413 | 5acd2d8007355d001abf37f4 | Aspirated_consonant | Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians. | A two-way distinction in stops was called what? | A two-way distinction in stops was called what? | [
"A two-way distinction in stops was called what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21961 | 570ad72b4103511400d59a76 | Aircraft_carrier | In December 2009, then Indian Navy chief Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma said at his maiden navy week press conference that concepts currently being examined by the Directorate of Naval Design for the second indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC-2), are for a conventionally powered carrier displacing over 50,000 tons and equippe... | How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS? | How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS? | [
"How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
1107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71893 | 5acf5c7f77cf76001a684c2d | Capacitor | The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume, permittivity, and dielectric strength. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much... | What happens when there is a change of the maximum amount of energy | What happens when there is a change of the maximum amount of energy | [
"What happens when there is a change of the maximum amount of energy"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111000 | 572823f82ca10214002d9ec8 | Group_(mathematics) | Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation: any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group, quotiented by the subgroup of relations. The dihedral group D4, for example, can be generated by two elements r and f (for example, r = r1, the r... | What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses? | What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses? | [
"What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses?"
] | {
"text": [
"every symmetry of the square"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11014 | 5733b084d058e614000b6062 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cu... | What studies the way people make sense of the world around them? | What studies the way people make sense of the world around them? | [
"What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cultural anthropology"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9487 | 5a6bbd284eec6b001a80a57b | Myocardial_infarction | At common law, in general, a myocardial infarction is a disease, but may sometimes be an injury. This can create coverage issues in administration of no-fault insurance schemes such as workers' compensation. In general, a heart attack is not covered; however, it may be a work-related injury if it results, for example, ... | What occupation cannot have a heart attack classified as work-related? | What occupation cannot have a heart attack classified as work-related? | [
"What occupation cannot have a heart attack classified as work-related?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59606 | 5726be1add62a815002e8f10 | Electric_motor | Doubly fed electric motors have two independent multiphase winding sets, which contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process, with at least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed operation. Two independent multiphase winding sets (i.e., dual armature) are the max... | What type of motor has two independent multiphase winding sets? | What type of motor has two independent multiphase winding sets? | [
"What type of motor has two independent multiphase winding sets?"
] | {
"text": [
"Doubly fed electric motors"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87911 | 5ad3d9b3604f3c001a3ff3ab | Tristan_da_Cunha | There is an annual break from government and factory work which begins before Christmas and lasts for 3 weeks. Break-Up Day is usually marked with parties at various work "departments". Break-Up includes the Island Store, which means that families must be organised to have a full larder of provisions during the period.... | Which day is usually marked with parties at various Island Stores? | Which day is usually marked with parties at various Island Stores? | [
"Which day is usually marked with parties at various Island Stores?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86644 | 56e7498e00c9c71400d76f49 | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966. | How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK? | How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK? | [
"How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?"
] | {
"text": [
"a dozen"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22862 | 5735b0dedc94161900571f30 | Kathmandu | Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected repre... | How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26? | How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26? | [
"How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26?"
] | {
"text": [
"4"
],
"answer_start": [
1081
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48538 | 5a85b71db4e223001a8e71b0 | War_on_Terror | In January 2002, the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups. The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the is... | How long had the Abu Sayyaf group been in Basilan? | How long had the Abu Sayyaf group been in Basilan? | [
"How long had the Abu Sayyaf group been in Basilan?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60080 | 5acfc5fb77cf76001a685e66 | Zhejiang | Zhejiang is the home of Yueju (越劇), one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera. Yueju originated in Shengzhou and is traditionally performed by actresses only, in both male and female roles. Other important opera traditions include Yongju (of Ningbo), Shaoju (of Shaoxing), Ouju (of Wenzhou), Wuju (of Jinhua), Tai... | Who is Yueju never performed by? | Who is Yueju never performed by? | [
" Who is Yueju never performed by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7316 | 573018c0b2c2fd1400568859 | Georgian_architecture | Inside ornament was far more generous, and could sometimes be overwhelming. The chimneypiece continued to be the usual main focus of rooms, and was now given a classical treatment, and increasingly topped by a painting or a mirror. Plasterwork ceilings, carved wood, and bold schemes of wallpaint formed a backdrop to in... | Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found? | Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found? | [
"Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found?"
] | {
"text": [
"Inside ornament"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109921 | 5ad3f8c8604f3c001a3ffa86 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health violate the defendant's Ei... | What court denied hearing the case Penry v. Lynaugh? | What court denied hearing the case Penry v. Lynaugh? | [
" What court denied hearing the case Penry v. Lynaugh?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111046 | 5a81e1e031013a001a334f63 | Group_(mathematics) | In the groups Z/nZ introduced above, the element 1 is primitive, so these groups are cyclic. Indeed, each element is expressible as a sum all of whose terms are 1. Any cyclic group with n elements is isomorphic to this group. A second example for cyclic groups is the group of n-th complex roots of unity, given by compl... | What are groups called when element 1 is not primitive? | What are groups called when element 1 is not primitive? | [
"What are groups called when element 1 is not primitive?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17595 | 56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f1 | Spectre_(2015_film) | Despite being an original story, Spectre draws on Ian Fleming's source material, most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser, played by Christoph Waltz. Oberhauser shares his name with Hannes Oberhauser, a background character in the short story "Octopussy" from the Octopussy and The Living Daylights collection, ... | In what year was Hannes Oberhauser identified as a guardian of James Bond? | In what year was Hannes Oberhauser identified as a guardian of James Bond? | [
"In what year was Hannes Oberhauser identified as a guardian of James Bond?"
] | {
"text": [
"1983"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14550 | 572fad40b2c2fd1400568324 | Han_dynasty | Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief ... | What food stable was the first raised relief map created from? | What food stable was the first raised relief map created from? | [
"What food stable was the first raised relief map created from?"
] | {
"text": [
"rice"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24241 | 5ad419a1604f3c001a400473 | Bermuda | This is a socio-economic bloc of nations in or near the Caribbean Sea. Other outlying member states include the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname in South America, along with Belize in Central America. The Turks and Caicos Islands, an associate member of CARICOM, and the Commonwealth of The B... | What status do the United States Virgin Islands have with CARICOM? | What status do the United States Virgin Islands have with CARICOM? | [
"What status do the United States Virgin Islands have with CARICOM?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103340 | 5ad2b8f4d7d075001a42a04b | Multiracial_American | In the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public... | What was the response from the public like when the U.S. government proposed dropping the category of "bi-racial"? | What was the response from the public like when the U.S. government proposed dropping the category of "bi-racial"? | [
"What was the response from the public like when the U.S. government proposed dropping the category of \"bi-racial\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92437 | 5730e777aca1c71400fe5b46 | United_States_Air_Force | The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlis... | When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department? | When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department? | [
"When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department? "
] | {
"text": [
"40 years later"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95130 | 56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb2 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in S... | Where did Bell go in work in 1865? | Where did Bell go in work in 1865? | [
"Where did Bell go in work in 1865?"
] | {
"text": [
"Weston House"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7724 | 5a18d2529aa02b0018605ed8 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | What characteristic of middle Iranian civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers? | What characteristic of middle Iranian civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers? | [
"What characteristic of middle Iranian civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111527 | 57323080e17f3d1400422702 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors wa... | What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church? | What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church? | [
"What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church? "
] | {
"text": [
"Constantine I"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58591 | 570e68a80b85d914000d7e9b | Sanskrit | Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Pāṇinian" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they ... | As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed? | As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed? | [
"As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed?"
] | {
"text": [
"separate dialects"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40332 | 5ad68d08191832001aa7b196 | Paper | The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quant... | What material did paper not replace upon its invention? | What material did paper not replace upon its invention? | [
" What material did paper not replace upon its invention?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26379 | 57318751e6313a140071d040 | University | The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually ... | What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds? | What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds? | [
"What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?"
] | {
"text": [
"they were self-regulating"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15440 | 5706bbd52eaba6190074acc0 | Black_people | The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is... | What does the word "Siddi" derive from? | What does the word "Siddi" derive from? | [
"What does the word \"Siddi\" derive from?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Sayyid\""
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66027 | 571a33e510f8ca1400304f67 | Seattle | The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service cam... | The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941? | The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941? | [
"The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941?"
] | {
"text": [
"trolleybus"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65447 | 5727266ff1498d1400e8f418 | Crimean_War | As the memory of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigati... | What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures? | What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures? | [
"What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charge of the Light Brigade"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110217 | 5727f325ff5b5019007d9915 | Culture | Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist move... | What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women? | What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women? | [
"What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?"
] | {
"text": [
"U.S. feminist movement"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89958 | 5acf6b5d77cf76001a684dc6 | Somerset | The main coastal towns are, from the west to the north-east, Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead. The coastal area between Minehead and the eastern extreme of the administrative county's coastline at Brean Down is known as Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve. North... | What is east of Weston Bay? | What is east of Weston Bay? | [
"What is east of Weston Bay?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96995 | 56e11661e3433e1400422bb8 | Canon_law | Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive ... | Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? | Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? | [
"Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? "
] | {
"text": [
"its own legal system"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86588 | 5a788597b73996001af5a76f | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Regist... | Where did Lional Bailey Budden study? | Where did Lional Bailey Budden study? | [
"Where did Lional Bailey Budden study?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60095 | 56f993459e9bad19000a0afd | Zhejiang | Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of H... | North Zhejiang and south Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else? | North Zhejiang and south Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else? | [
"North Zhejiang and south Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else?"
] | {
"text": [
"prosperity"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12847 | 56df0e673277331400b4d926 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of... | What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V? | What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V? | [
"What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?"
] | {
"text": [
"70"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100769 | 572ec73bdfa6aa1500f8d399 | Post-punk | Artists such as Gary Numan, the Human League, Soft Cell, John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synthpop style that drew more heavily from electronic and synthesizer music and benefited from the rise of MTV. Post-punk artists such as Scritti Politti's Green Gartside and Josef K's Paul Haig, previously engaged in ava... | What did some post-punk artists reject their previous avant-garde practices to pursue? | What did some post-punk artists reject their previous avant-garde practices to pursue? | [
"What did some post-punk artists reject their previous avant-garde practices to pursue?"
] | {
"text": [
"commercial success"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107088 | 57345070879d6814001ca4f4 | Hunting | Hunting big game typically requires a "tag" for each animal harvested. Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery. ... | Tags are purchased in addition to what? | Tags are purchased in addition to what? | [
"Tags are purchased in addition to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the hunting license"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12742 | 5ad311b9604f3c001a3fdb2c | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore. | What was published during the reign of Pope Martin V? | What was published during the reign of Pope Martin V? | [
"What was published during the reign of Pope Martin V?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1637 | 5731891705b4da19006bd243 | Mosaic | A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shr... | The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic? | The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic? | [
"The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic?"
] | {
"text": [
"cultic"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105390 | 57282e763acd2414000df675 | History_of_science | An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, Courtiers, Enemies, Invader... | Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with? | Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with? | [
"Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chāṇakya"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86659 | 5a78bef6b73996001af5b02a | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle. | How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are not located at the Newcastle office? | How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are not located at the Newcastle office? | [
"How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are not located at the Newcastle office?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58399 | 5a2aac7b5b078a001a2f069a | Sanskrit | Sanskrit (/ˈsænskrɪt/; Sanskrit: saṃskṛtam [səmskr̩t̪əm] or saṃskṛta, originally saṃskṛtā vāk, "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardi... | What is a philosophical language in Islam? | What is a philosophical language in Islam? | [
"What is a philosophical language in Islam?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62261 | 5a6a2c065ce1a5001a969719 | Liberal_Party_of_Australia | Throughout their history, the Liberals have been in electoral terms largely the party of the middle class (whom Menzies, in the era of the party's formation called "The forgotten people"), though such class-based voting patterns are no longer as clear as they once were. In the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged tha... | Who are 16 of 20 of the middle class electorates held by? | Who are 16 of 20 of the middle class electorates held by? | [
"Who are 16 of 20 of the middle class electorates held by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31771 | 570d9bebdf2f5219002ed023 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of... | What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships? | What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships? | [
"What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?"
] | {
"text": [
"the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100548 | 572d31bfb297151900c7ce87 | Post-punk | Though the music varied widely between regions and artists, the post-punk movement has been characterized by its "conceptual assault" on rock conventions and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as traditionalist, hegemonic or rockist in favor of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles su... | What aesthetic did Matthew Bannister associate with post-punk? | What aesthetic did Matthew Bannister associate with post-punk? | [
"What aesthetic did Matthew Bannister associate with post-punk?"
] | {
"text": [
"avant-garde"
],
"answer_start": [
1078
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22229 | 5a7b7d3421c2de001afea074 | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | The Washington National Records Center (WNRC), located in Suitland, Maryland is a large warehouse type facility which stores federal records which are still under the control of the creating agency. Federal government agencies pay a yearly fee for storage at the facility. In accordance with federal records schedules, d... | In what city and state are the National Archives located? | In what city and state are the National Archives located? | [
"In what city and state are the National Archives located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115666 | 5727b0db2ca10214002d93f1 | Galicia_(Spain) | Later the Muslims invaded Spain (711), but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia, which was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias, usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia (Yillīqiya and Galīsiya) by Muslim Chroniclers, as well as by many European contemporar... | Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal? | Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal? | [
"Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal?"
] | {
"text": [
"Coimbra"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96954 | 5a21d7a58a6e4f001aa08f5d | Canon_law | The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius ... | What was finalized in 1958? | What was finalized in 1958? | [
"What was finalized in 1958?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29267 | 5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaaa | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2011? | What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2011? | [
"What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2011?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70714 | 56dff5ca231d4119001abf0d | Pub | The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was "tavern", until the 1970s when the term "bar" became widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was "public house" as in England but "pub culture" did not spread to Canada. A fake "English looking" pub trend start... | In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment? | In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment? | [
"In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment?"
] | {
"text": [
"public house"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13830 | 5a83182ce60761001a2eb3e5 | BBC_Television | The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookman... | When were 35-line images broadcast until? | When were 35-line images broadcast until? | [
"When were 35-line images broadcast until?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5810 | 5706b7a92eaba6190074ac6d | House_music | In Britain, further experiments in the genre boosted its appeal. House and rave clubs such as Lakota and Cream emerged across Britain, hosting house and dance scene events. The 'chilling out' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin. The Go... | who released the track "little fluffy clouds"? | who released the track "little fluffy clouds"? | [
"who released the track \"little fluffy clouds\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Orb"
],
"answer_start": [
715
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46041 | 573240390fdd8d15006c6887 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942. Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961. He organized large international assemblies, instituted new training prog... | What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce? | What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce? | [
"What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce?"
] | {
"text": [
"a strict moral code"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63992 | 572827192ca10214002d9f55 | Annelid | Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and muc... | What layer is under the epidermis? | What layer is under the epidermis? | [
"What layer is under the epidermis?"
] | {
"text": [
"the dermis"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36929 | 5a0cae34f5590b0018dab4f4 | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and it... | What two sections was the trust divided into? | What two sections was the trust divided into? | [
"What two sections was the trust divided into?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17233 | 5ad118da645df0001a2d0d52 | Uranium | On 2 December 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction, Chicago Pile-1. Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, the team created the conditions needed for such a reactio... | What project wasn't Fermi working for? | What project wasn't Fermi working for? | [
"What project wasn't Fermi working for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10094 | 572832e92ca10214002da080 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Israel retaliated against Egyptian shelling with commando raids, artillery shelling and air strikes. This resulted in an exodus of civilians from Egyptian cities along the Suez Canal's western bank. Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses, while receiving the fi... | What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with? | What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with? | [
"What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with?"
] | {
"text": [
"PLO and the Lebanese military"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9072 | 573251c0b9d445190005ea3c | The_Bronx | The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Is... | When did New York City annex part of Pelham? | When did New York City annex part of Pelham? | [
"When did New York City annex part of Pelham?"
] | {
"text": [
"1895"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92175 | 57281206ff5b5019007d9c64 | Asthma | Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4... | How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005? | How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005? | [
"How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005?"
] | {
"text": [
"25 genes"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7677 | 5a8c935dfd22b3001a8d8b73 | Database | Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languag... | What do query languages oppose in abstract interpretation frameworks? | What do query languages oppose in abstract interpretation frameworks? | [
"What do query languages oppose in abstract interpretation frameworks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91594 | 572665e6f1498d1400e8de50 | Botany | Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, syst... | How can botany be applied to the construction industry? | How can botany be applied to the construction industry? | [
"How can botany be applied to the construction industry?"
] | {
"text": [
"synthesis of chemicals and raw materials"
],
"answer_start": [
780
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59379 | 5ad14d10645df0001a2d1675 | Electric_motor | Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power g... | What is the main example of a RC power source? | What is the main example of a RC power source? | [
" What is the main example of a RC power source?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2593 | 56d26abd59d6e41400145fa5 | Buddhism | Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Sc... | There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it? | There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it? | [
"There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahasanghika"
],
"answer_start": [
804
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81552 | 5725677c69ff041400e58c6b | Queen_Victoria | According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed he... | Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? | Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? | [
"Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? "
] | {
"text": [
"Princess Beatrice"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34308 | 56f84154aef2371900625f5d | Southampton | On the other hand, many of the medieval buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have disappeared altogether. From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle, only a section of the bailey wall remains today, lying just off Castle Way. The last remains of the Franciscan friary in Sou... | The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street? | The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street? | [
"The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street?"
] | {
"text": [
"Castle Way"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62773 | 572f7534a23a5019007fc641 | Pain | Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation o... | IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part? | IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part? | [
"IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part?"
] | {
"text": [
"unpleasantness"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48480 | 5a838e88e60761001a2eb7c9 | War_on_Terror | On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger... | What building is located in Shanksville, Virginia? | What building is located in Shanksville, Virginia? | [
"What building is located in Shanksville, Virginia? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45558 | 571a8c524faf5e1900b8aa63 | Ashkenazi_Jews | But after emancipation, a sense of a unified French Jewry emerged, especially when France was wracked by the Dreyfus affair in the 1890s. In the 1920s and 1930s, Ashkenazi Jews from Europe arrived in large numbers as refugees from antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression. B... | In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France? | In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France? | [
"In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 1920s and 1930s"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76748 | 572aba19f75d5e190021fc7a | Philadelphia | Philadelphia once comprised six congressional districts. However, as a result of the city's declining population, it now has only four: the 1st district, represented by Bob Brady; the 2nd, represented by Chaka Fattah; the 8th, represented by Mike Fitzpatrick; and the 13th, represented by Brendan Boyle. All but Fitzpatr... | Who represents the 8th district? | Who represents the 8th district? | [
"Who represents the 8th district?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mike Fitzpatrick"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10897 | 5733a866d058e614000b5f95 | Anthropology | Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or ph... | Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology? | Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology? | [
"Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?"
] | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94111 | 5727aca43acd2414000de954 | Cork_(city) | Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) or above 25 °C (77 °F) are rare. Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft) of precipitation annually, most of which is rain. The airport records an average of 7 days of hail and 11 days of snow or sleet a year; though it only records lying snow for 2 days of the y... | What is usually the type of precipitation that Cork receives? | What is usually the type of precipitation that Cork receives? | [
"What is usually the type of precipitation that Cork receives?"
] | {
"text": [
"rain"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113993 | 5a42b2484a4859001aac72b5 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or... | According mto can't what is an illusion? | According mto can't what is an illusion? | [
"According mto can't what is an illusion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72318 | 57265106f1498d1400e8dbe6 | Greece | Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided int... | The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what? | The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what? | [
"The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"mixed forests"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74645 | 570c46e9fed7b91900d4581b | Melbourne | Melbourne (/ˈmɛlbərn/, AU i/ˈmɛlbən/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name "Melbourne" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which co... | What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria? | What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria? | [
"What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?"
] | {
"text": [
"Melbourne"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58048 | 5ad41573604f3c001a400304 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or "Latinos" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged... | How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1911? | How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1911? | [
"How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1911?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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