gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-85228 | 57278e85dd62a815002ea047 | Supreme_court | When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for e... | What court has supremacy for matters of social security? | What court has supremacy for matters of social security? | [
"What court has supremacy for matters of social security?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bundessozialgericht"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112663 | 570d95b5b3d812140066da7d | United_States_Army | During the 1960s the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. In 1967 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that 15 combat di... | Who was the Secretary of Defense in 1967? | Who was the Secretary of Defense in 1967? | [
"Who was the Secretary of Defense in 1967?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert McNamara"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36268 | 5ace7e9f32bba1001ae4a825 | Printed_circuit_board | Often, through-hole and surface-mount construction must be combined in a single assembly because some required components are available only in surface-mount packages, while others are available only in through-hole packages. Another reason to use both methods is that through-hole mounting can provide needed strength f... | Components that are expected to be touched will take up what? | Components that are expected to be touched will take up what? | [
"Components that are expected to be touched will take up what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100626 | 572e763cdfa6aa1500f8d005 | Post-punk | During the initial punk era, a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels, including Rough Trade (founded by record shop owner Geoff Travis) and Factory (founded by Manchester-based television personality Tony Wilson). By 1977, groups began pointed... | Where was Tony Wilson's Factory based? | Where was Tony Wilson's Factory based? | [
"Where was Tony Wilson's Factory based?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manchester"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81386 | 57267f57f1498d1400e8e1cd | Queen_Victoria | In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm,... | Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square? | Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square? | [
"Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?"
] | {
"text": [
"Radical MPs"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102498 | 56faca31f34c681400b0c12d | High-definition_television | Sony's PlayStation 3 has extensive HD compatibility because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player, so does Microsoft's Xbox 360 with the addition of Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace where users can rent or purchase digital HD content. Recently, Nintendo released... | Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility? | Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility? | [
"Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility?"
] | {
"text": [
"because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33925 | 572866543acd2414000df994 | Alaska | Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.[citation needed] The Tlingit people developed a society with a matrilin... | In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska? | In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska? | [
"In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?"
] | {
"text": [
"1887"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110882 | 57303b5e04bcaa1900d773e8 | Iran | Iran has leading manufacturing industries in the fields of car-manufacture and transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, power and petrochemicals in the Middle East. According to FAO, Iran has been a top five producer of the... | How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world? Answer: 12 | How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world? Answer: 12 | [
"How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world? Answer: 12"
] | {
"text": [
"apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons."
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66896 | 57282ec23acd2414000df67d | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | On January 21, 1990, Rukh organized a 300-mile (480 km) human chain between Kiev, Lviv, and Ivano-Frankivsk. Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later (1919 Unification Act). On January 23, 1990, the Ukrai... | What country's independence were the chain members celebrating? | What country's independence were the chain members celebrating? | [
"What country's independence were the chain members celebrating?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ukrainian"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16715 | 572a8747be1ee31400cb807c | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being... | What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem? | What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem? | [
"What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?"
] | {
"text": [
"prima facie"
],
"answer_start": [
689
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86371 | 570ce23eb3d812140066d2ec | Gymnastics | The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring floor. Points are a... | How many apparatuses are used? | How many apparatuses are used? | [
"How many apparatuses are used?"
] | {
"text": [
"only four types"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34327 | 56f85e22aef2371900626023 | Southampton | Prior to King Henry's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the ringleaders of the "Southampton Plot"—Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton—were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street. They were ... | What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415? | What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415? | [
"What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415?"
] | {
"text": [
"Battle of Agincourt"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91872 | 5a817a6831013a001a334c4c | Cotton | India's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This was largely due to aggressive colonialist mercantile policies of the British East India Company, which made cotton processing and manufacturing... | During what centuries did East India rule effect Indian cotton production? | During what centuries did East India rule effect Indian cotton production? | [
"During what centuries did East India rule effect Indian cotton production?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18779 | 5ad0bf6e645df0001a2d01a1 | Premier_League | Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaste... | Why were English clubs asked to join the European competition for five years? | Why were English clubs asked to join the European competition for five years? | [
"Why were English clubs asked to join the European competition for five years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67719 | 5a81c30c31013a001a334e74 | Norfolk_Island | The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to "be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governan... | Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Wizard? | Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Wizard? | [
" Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Wizard?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88925 | 5a223728819328001af38a36 | Circadian_rhythm | Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (lik... | What did the research shield the participants from? | What did the research shield the participants from? | [
"What did the research shield the participants from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33209 | 5ad19d3c645df0001a2d212a | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form o... | Where was William D. Coolidge employed in 1902? | Where was William D. Coolidge employed in 1902? | [
"Where was William D. Coolidge employed in 1902?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23656 | 57282b142ca10214002d9fd4 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | What happened on January 1st 1901? | What happened on January 1st 1901? | [
"What happened on January 1st 1901?"
] | {
"text": [
"nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11009 | 5ad2b940d7d075001a42a054 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During th... | what has heavily influenced structuralists and postmodern theories? | what has heavily influenced structuralists and postmodern theories? | [
"what has heavily influenced structuralists and postmodern theories?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116342 | 5706ec1e90286e26004fc73f | Letter_case | The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing.... | The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers? | The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers? | [
"The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?"
] | {
"text": [
"shallow"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94609 | 5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbd | Queen_(band) | In 1997, Queen returned to the studio to record "No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)", a song dedicated to Mercury and all those that die too soon. It was released as a bonus track on the Queen Rocks compilation album later that year. In January 1997, Queen performed "The Show Must Go On" live with Elton John and ... | Which compilation did Queen release in 1997? | Which compilation did Queen release in 1997? | [
"Which compilation did Queen release in 1997?"
] | {
"text": [
"Queen Rocks"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83295 | 5ad24c15d7d075001a428bf8 | Dominican_Order | The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of C... | What order did not quickly spread through England? | What order did not quickly spread through England? | [
"What order did not quickly spread through England?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38751 | 570c6506fed7b91900d45984 | FC_Barcelona | During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923–1930) and especially of Francisco Franco (1939–1975), all regional cultures were suppressed. All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory, except Spanish (Castilian) itself, were officially banned. Symbolising the Catalan people's desire for freedom, Barça be... | What team was awarded by Franco for having a good relationship? | What team was awarded by Franco for having a good relationship? | [
"What team was awarded by Franco for having a good relationship?"
] | {
"text": [
"blaugrana"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73221 | 56db18bae7c41114004b4cf4 | American_Idol | Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors tha... | Who said that the results were racist? | Who said that the results were racist? | [
"Who said that the results were racist?"
] | {
"text": [
"Elton John"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100070 | 5ace57d732bba1001ae4a33b | Guam | The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation. The increasing numbers of Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservati... | What has benefitted modern-day Chamorro? | What has benefitted modern-day Chamorro? | [
"What has benefitted modern-day Chamorro?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33085 | 5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3c | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | What can be matched by LEDs or flourescent lights? | What can be matched by LEDs or flourescent lights? | [
"What can be matched by LEDs or flourescent lights?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16768 | 572abb9a34ae481900deac89 | Friedrich_Hayek | However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle ... | Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's "Why I Am Not a Conservative"? | Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's "Why I Am Not a Conservative"? | [
"Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"James M. Buchanan"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25187 | 56d0090d234ae51400d9c2b7 | New_York_City | New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world. | The busiest bus station in the world in the world is called what? | The busiest bus station in the world in the world is called what? | [
"The busiest bus station in the world in the world is called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Port Authority Bus Terminal"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45885 | 5731b70ce17f3d1400422302 | YouTube | Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material. Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on You... | How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights? | How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights? | [
"How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights?"
] | {
"text": [
"150,000"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39055 | 5731bb9de99e3014001e6226 | Protestantism | During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, a... | Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.? | Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.? | [
"Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Puritans"
],
"answer_start": [
681
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83279 | 5ad24a73d7d075001a428bc4 | Dominican_Order | Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlar... | What method was not used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against peril? | What method was not used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against peril? | [
"What method was not used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against peril?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60428 | 57301454a23a5019007fcd1f | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Washington University supports four major student-run media outlets. The university's student newspaper, Student Life, is available for students. KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station; the station also attracts an audience in the immediately surrounding community due to its eclectic and free-for... | What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University? | What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University? | [
"What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine"
],
"answer_start": [
652
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73405 | 56db2703e7c41114004b4e2b | American_Idol | A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance. | Who had a special tribute at the finale? | Who had a special tribute at the finale? | [
"Who had a special tribute at the finale?"
] | {
"text": [
"Simon Cowell"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50195 | 572e8363dfa6aa1500f8d070 | Neptune | Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was su... | Who discovered Neptune? | Who discovered Neptune? | [
"Who discovered Neptune? "
] | {
"text": [
"Alexis Bouvard"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77731 | 57268864f1498d1400e8e2ff | British_Empire | In December 1941, Japan launched, in quick succession, attacks on British Malaya, the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, and Hong Kong. Churchill's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe, but the manner in which Br... | Which countries were in the ANZUS Pact? | Which countries were in the ANZUS Pact? | [
"Which countries were in the ANZUS Pact?"
] | {
"text": [
"Australia, New Zealand and the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
828
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39326 | 57325885b9d445190005ea71 | Protestantism | Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Locke, the Glorious Revolution, the English Bill of Rights, an... | Whose democracies were created by Protestants? | Whose democracies were created by Protestants? | [
"Whose democracies were created by Protestants?"
] | {
"text": [
"the English and the American democracies"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45221 | 5a60d3a8e9e1cc001a33cd85 | Sahara | To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern... | What is the Cenchrus biflorus a member of? | What is the Cenchrus biflorus a member of? | [
"What is the Cenchrus biflorus a member of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19676 | 5ad5faef5b96ef001a10af8c | Comprehensive_school | There is some controversy about comprehensive schools. As a rule of thumb those supporting The Left Party, the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Alliance '90/The Greens are in favour of comprehensive schools, while those supporting the Christian Democratic Union and the Free Democratic Party are opposed to them. | What isn't some controversy about? | What isn't some controversy about? | [
"What isn't some controversy about?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60586 | 5ace3ac232bba1001ae49f7d | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing intern... | What is the name of the yearly event featuring Shakespeare that started in 2011? | What is the name of the yearly event featuring Shakespeare that started in 2011? | [
"What is the name of the yearly event featuring Shakespeare that started in 2011?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17009 | 5725ce0a38643c19005acd47 | Israel | Israel is a leading country in the development of solar energy. Israel is a global leader in water conservation and geothermal energy, and its development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley. According to the OECD, Israel is also ran... | Israel is a leading country of what development? | Israel is a leading country of what development? | [
"Israel is a leading country of what development?"
] | {
"text": [
"solar energy"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58901 | 572782eb5951b619008f8bc5 | A_cappella | A cappella [a kapˈpɛlla] (Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is accompanied singing. The term "a cappella" was originally intended to differentiate be... | A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles? | A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles? | [
"A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles?"
] | {
"text": [
"Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14025 | 56f8bbf99e9bad19000a03e5 | Brain | The shape and size of the brain varies greatly in different species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species... | Animals without a spine are called what? | Animals without a spine are called what? | [
"Animals without a spine are called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"invertebrates"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101275 | 5726d965f1498d1400e8ed0e | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deporte... | Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia? | Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia? | [
"Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia? "
] | {
"text": [
"Soviet NKVD"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27029 | 5709806e200fba14003680a7 | Orthodox_Judaism | Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously att... | Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to? | Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to? | [
"Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?"
] | {
"text": [
"People of Israel"
],
"answer_start": [
847
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97556 | 56d38ac959d6e414001466d0 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-an... | Who was Chopin's physician? | Who was Chopin's physician? | [
"Who was Chopin's physician?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jean Cruveilhier"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85556 | 571112eab654c5140001faed | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | At June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial "NES". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York... | What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System? | What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System? | [
"What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System?"
] | {
"text": [
"NES"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38932 | 572997743f37b319004784c8 | Serbo-Croatian | The Serbo-Croatian dialects differ not only in the question word they are named after, but also heavily in phonology, accentuation and intonation, case endings and tense system (morphology) and basic vocabulary. In the past, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects were spoken on a much larger territory, but have been replaced... | What is morphology to a language? | What is morphology to a language? | [
"What is morphology to a language?"
] | {
"text": [
"tense system"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87183 | 570b1a61ec8fbc190045b828 | Videoconferencing | Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses w... | What is another use of VoIP? | What is another use of VoIP? | [
"What is another use of VoIP?"
] | {
"text": [
"telecommuting"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93909 | 572e94eecb0c0d14000f1309 | Cyprus | The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range, and the central plain they encompass, the Mesaoria. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the Pedieos River, the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western port... | What plain is located in between the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Range? | What plain is located in between the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Range? | [
"What plain is located in between the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Range?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Mesaoria"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55331 | 5727df9eff5b5019007d9739 | Baptists | Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be creeds—to express their particular doctrinal distinct... | Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds? | Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds? | [
"Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?"
] | {
"text": [
"confessions of faith"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92366 | 5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a7 | United_States_Air_Force | Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to ... | How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? | How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? | [
"How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? "
] | {
"text": [
"Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59612 | 5ad16800645df0001a2d1a04 | Electric_motor | Doubly fed electric motors have two independent multiphase winding sets, which contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process, with at least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed operation. Two independent multiphase winding sets (i.e., dual armature) are the max... | What is one of the dependent multiphase winding sets configured for? | What is one of the dependent multiphase winding sets configured for? | [
"What is one of the dependent multiphase winding sets configured for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104277 | 5728a7ed3acd2414000dfc0f | Mandolin | At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who... | What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant? | What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant? | [
"What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant?"
] | {
"text": [
"European-style bowl-back"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98397 | 56f8be559b226e1400dd0f01 | Alps | Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter ... | Much of the medieval period was a time of what? | Much of the medieval period was a time of what? | [
"Much of the medieval period was a time of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"power struggles"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40803 | 57265dd0708984140094c3b6 | Predation | Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction betwe... | Proximity and the ending of life is called? | Proximity and the ending of life is called? | [
"Proximity and the ending of life is called? "
] | {
"text": [
"true predation"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4635 | 5a611382e9e1cc001a33cea8 | Pope_John_XXIII | On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While i... | How did Pope Pius XII feel about receiving the award? | How did Pope Pius XII feel about receiving the award? | [
"How did Pope Pius XII feel about receiving the award?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23548 | 5ad14b17645df0001a2d15e1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported ... | What type of secularism came to dominate Non-American public life? | What type of secularism came to dominate Non-American public life? | [
" What type of secularism came to dominate Non-American public life?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50237 | 572e8d3edfa6aa1500f8d10b | Neptune | Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared clo... | Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? | Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? | [
"Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? "
] | {
"text": [
"Galileo"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23864 | 5acfc26777cf76001a685d4a | Federalism | Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political e... | Why is Brazil not an exception? | Why is Brazil not an exception? | [
"Why is Brazil not an exception?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50301 | 5acec5fe32bba1001ae4b371 | Neptune | Claiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the obs... | What did Le Verrier want to name Uranus? | What did Le Verrier want to name Uranus? | [
"What did Le Verrier want to name Uranus?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40872 | 5a6bb6444eec6b001a80a51a | Predation | Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferr... | What is there a large degree of among herbivores? | What is there a large degree of among herbivores? | [
"What is there a large degree of among herbivores?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1009 | 572eb435cb0c0d14000f1494 | Endangered_Species_Act | Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where th... | Which president had the most completed Recovery Plans during their administration? | Which president had the most completed Recovery Plans during their administration? | [
"Which president had the most completed Recovery Plans during their administration?"
] | {
"text": [
"Clinton (72)"
],
"answer_start": [
730
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6963 | 57313b47e6313a140071cd58 | Red | Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramari... | In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals? | In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals? | [
"In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?"
] | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34536 | 56f8bb289e9bad19000a03cf | Southampton | The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as R'n'B singer Craig David, Coldplay drummer Will Champion, former Holloways singer Rob Skipper as well as 1980s popstar Howard Jones. Several rock bands were formed in Southampton, including Band of Skulls, The Delays, Bury Tomorrow, Heart in H... | What popular RnB singer hails from Southampton? | What popular RnB singer hails from Southampton? | [
"What popular RnB singer hails from Southampton?"
] | {
"text": [
"Craig David"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32278 | 5ad24023d7d075001a42891b | Antarctica | During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in... | What did Edgeworth David traverse? | What did Edgeworth David traverse? | [
"What did Edgeworth David traverse?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77496 | 57324aeae17f3d14004227f5 | Armenians | Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making." Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categori... | What are otsagorgs? | What are otsagorgs? | [
"What are otsagorgs?"
] | {
"text": [
"serpent-carpets"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53311 | 5a51481fce860b001aa3fcae | Sichuan | The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the pr... | What province is downstream from the large cities along the Yangtze? | What province is downstream from the large cities along the Yangtze? | [
"What province is downstream from the large cities along the Yangtze?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85894 | 5ad2ad96d7d075001a429eda | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | In response to these hardware flaws, "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers" sprang up across the U.S. According to Nintendo, the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired. Nintendo would ship the necessary replacement parts only to shops that had enrolled in the authorization p... | To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the UK? | To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the UK? | [
"To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the UK?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69346 | 5ad423f3604f3c001a400874 | Houston | Houston is the seat of the internationally renowned Texas Medical Center, which contains the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions. All 49 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and loca... | How many hospitals are outside of the Medical Center group of organizations? | How many hospitals are outside of the Medical Center group of organizations? | [
"How many hospitals are outside of the Medical Center group of organizations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70637 | 56dfeddd7aa994140058e285 | Pub | The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile ... | In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located? | In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located? | [
"In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scotland"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94674 | 5726d611708984140094d2dd | Queen_(band) | Queen have been recognised as having made significant contributions to such genres as hard rock, and heavy metal, among others. Hence, the band have been cited as an influence by many other musicians. Moreover, like their music, the bands and artists that have claimed to be influenced by Queen and have expressed admira... | Which King of Pop was influenced by Queen? | Which King of Pop was influenced by Queen? | [
"Which King of Pop was influenced by Queen?"
] | {
"text": [
"Michael Jackson"
],
"answer_start": [
996
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94344 | 5727ddb73acd2414000dee71 | Cork_(city) | Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin Heuston. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel. Now a t... | Where does the main rail originate? | Where does the main rail originate? | [
"Where does the main rail originate?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dublin Heuston"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88499 | 56db3241e7c41114004b4f28 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and "a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question". Contradicting so... | A wholesale ban on what was denied? | A wholesale ban on what was denied? | [
"A wholesale ban on what was denied?"
] | {
"text": [
"protests"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30777 | 57267cbe708984140094c7c2 | Mexico_City | In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives.[citation needed] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, resi... | When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District? | When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District? | [
"When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District?"
] | {
"text": [
"1997"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35703 | 570a54a84103511400d5960f | Imperial_College_London | In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main ... | What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School? | What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School? | [
"What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tanaka Business School"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84081 | 5a7e36cc70df9f001a87557f | Translation | In Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describe the Emperor and hi... | How long did the translation effort stop? | How long did the translation effort stop? | [
"How long did the translation effort stop?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52872 | 5a73c52d42eae6001a3899cc | Political_party | There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25%... | What is one type of political party? | What is one type of political party? | [
"What is one type of political party?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30248 | 5acd59e707355d001abf3e46 | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | Southeast Raleigh is bounded by downtown on the west, Garner on the southwest, and rural Wake County to the southeast. The area includes areas along Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue. Primary neighborhoods include Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club, Southgate, Kingwood Forest, Rochester Heig... | What neighborhoods does Northeast Raleigh have? | What neighborhoods does Northeast Raleigh have? | [
"What neighborhoods does Northeast Raleigh have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26053 | 5726a292dd62a815002e8b96 | Edmund_Burke | At about this same time, Burke was introduced to William Gerard Hamilton (known as "Single-speech Hamilton"). When Hamilton was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, Burke accompanied him to Dublin as his private secretary, a position he held for three years. In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig ... | When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary? | When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary? | [
"When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary?"
] | {
"text": [
"1765"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4549 | 572801a52ca10214002d9b42 | Pope_John_XXIII | Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile... | Why did Roncalli leave Venice? | Why did Roncalli leave Venice? | [
"Why did Roncalli leave Venice?"
] | {
"text": [
"for the conclave in Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55608 | 57268696f1498d1400e8e2bc | Presbyterianism | Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS), the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly, the Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover... | What is the name of the first three listed reformed Presbyterian Church's in the United States? | What is the name of the first three listed reformed Presbyterian Church's in the United States? | [
"What is the name of the first three listed reformed Presbyterian Church's in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS)"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-192 | 56f8e6839e9bad19000a06cc | Guinea-Bissau | Malaria kills more residents; 9% of the population have reported infection, It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS. In 2008, fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs. | How many more deaths does malaria cause vs. AIDS? | How many more deaths does malaria cause vs. AIDS? | [
"How many more deaths does malaria cause vs. AIDS?"
] | {
"text": [
"three times as many"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47147 | 5726ae265951b619008f7a22 | Madonna_(entertainer) | The Immaculate Collection, Madonna's first greatest-hits compilation album, was released in November 1990. It included two new songs, "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me". The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist in hist... | Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love? | Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love? | [
"Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love?"
] | {
"text": [
"too sexually explicit"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68706 | 572ee763cb0c0d14000f1668 | Modern_history | The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was founded after the fall of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus. The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Chongzhen Emperor, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied w... | Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing? | Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing? | [
"Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing?"
] | {
"text": [
"former Ming general Wu Sangui"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75959 | 5a4d2f747a6c4c001a2bbc17 | Web_browser | Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems. | What are private networks primarily intended to use? | What are private networks primarily intended to use? | [
"What are private networks primarily intended to use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77256 | 5a299ffe03c0e7001a3e1875 | United_Nations_Population_Fund | In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations. | What kind of organization is not friends of UNFPA? | What kind of organization is not friends of UNFPA? | [
"What kind of organization is not friends of UNFPA?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60670 | 5ace47e132bba1001ae4a18e | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, is the major daily newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year print run in 2009, due to economic difficulties. It was replaced by AnnArbor.com, but returned to a limited print publication under it... | When did the Ann Arbor Paper start a limited print publication? | When did the Ann Arbor Paper start a limited print publication? | [
"When did the Ann Arbor Paper start a limited print publication?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114101 | 5a42cfd64a4859001aac7336 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | What is superior to statistical mechanics? | What is superior to statistical mechanics? | [
"What is superior to statistical mechanics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2395 | 56d1ebdfe7d4791d0090257a | Buddhism | Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (prajñāpāramitā) and Buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tathāgatagarbha in Mahāyāna thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha ... | According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience? | According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience? | [
"According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jonang"
],
"answer_start": [
732
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24846 | 56cfe836234ae51400d9c064 | New_York_City | New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the ... | When was Fort Hamilton built? | When was Fort Hamilton built? | [
"When was Fort Hamilton built?"
] | {
"text": [
"1825"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86776 | 5a8ca483fd22b3001a8d8c96 | Biodiversity | This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wil... | At what event was the park research paper presented? | At what event was the park research paper presented? | [
"At what event was the park research paper presented?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105632 | 5a5510d2134fea001a0e18bc | Communications_in_Somalia | According to the Somali Economic Forum, the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 106,000 users in 2011, with the percentage continuing to rise. The number of mobile subscribers is similarly expected to rise from 512,682 in 2008 to around 6.1 million by 2015. | How many mobile users were there in 2011? | How many mobile users were there in 2011? | [
"How many mobile users were there in 2011?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73988 | 56e4744d39bdeb140034793d | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched? | What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched? | [
"What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?"
] | {
"text": [
"heart"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5326 | 572798dddd62a815002ea18c | Digimon | The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle: They age in a similar fashion to real organisms, but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data, which can be seen throughout the show. Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data... | When was the digimon life cycle first described? | When was the digimon life cycle first described? | [
"When was the digimon life cycle first described?"
] | {
"text": [
"The first Digimon anime"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10042 | 57282a8cff5b5019007d9e62 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser ... | What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter? | What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter? | [
"What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter?"
] | {
"text": [
"universal"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40414 | 5ad4fd665b96ef001a10a8a3 | Paper | Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of sur... | What purposes does sizing the filler serve? | What purposes does sizing the filler serve? | [
"What purposes does sizing the filler serve?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3038 | 57303fedb2c2fd1400568af5 | British_Isles | The Council does not have executive powers but meets biannually to discuss issues of mutual importance. Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly has no legislative powers but investigates and collects witness evidence from the public on matters of mutual concern to its members. Reports on its findings are presented to the... | Who recommended that the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly should look very closely at the work that the British-Irish Council does? | Who recommended that the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly should look very closely at the work that the British-Irish Council does? | [
"Who recommended that the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly should look very closely at the work that the British-Irish Council does?"
] | {
"text": [
"Niall Blaney"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56223 | 5a455bae19a820001a1eda36 | Nonprofit_organization | Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable... | What kind of tax status do NPO's have? | What kind of tax status do NPO's have? | [
"What kind of tax status do NPO's have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95568 | 5726baf15951b619008f7c21 | Yale_University | Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financial... | Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale? | Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale? | [
"Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?"
] | {
"text": [
"exemption from local property taxes"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50029 | 5a81f70131013a001a334fe3 | Phonology | The Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now call... | When was allophony as a concept introduced? | When was allophony as a concept introduced? | [
"When was allophony as a concept introduced?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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