gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-15929 | 5a83060be60761001a2eb30d | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding... | What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually not part of? | What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually not part of? | [
"What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually not part of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65325 | 5726ffd8dd62a815002e975a | Crimean_War | A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521–527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north ... | What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? | What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? | [
"What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? "
] | {
"text": [
"a single line, two men deep"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44892 | 56f8dbb99e9bad19000a060a | Gene | Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virule... | What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes? | What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes? | [
"What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes?"
] | {
"text": [
"alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113232 | 570df0740b85d914000d7c19 | Adolescence | The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is another notable aspect of cognitive development during adolescence. For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies. Their increased facility permits ... | Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic? | Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic? | [
"Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic?"
] | {
"text": [
"higher-order"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20472 | 5a671d3df038b7001ab0c205 | Glass | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instant... | In traditional motion, what types of movement stop? | In traditional motion, what types of movement stop? | [
"In traditional motion, what types of movement stop?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114931 | 5a6afe8da9e0c9001a4e9e45 | Wayback_Machine | Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archi... | Where can sites be captured by Linux clusters? | Where can sites be captured by Linux clusters? | [
"Where can sites be captured by Linux clusters?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66117 | 5a65080ac2b11c001a425bab | ASCII | ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape ... | Who competed against eight-bit teleprinter code? | Who competed against eight-bit teleprinter code? | [
"Who competed against eight-bit teleprinter code?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74900 | 570e8bb10dc6ce19002050eb | Melbourne | Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and four of... | In which areas does Melbourne's diversified economy have strengths? | In which areas does Melbourne's diversified economy have strengths? | [
"In which areas does Melbourne's diversified economy have strengths?"
] | {
"text": [
"finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101318 | 5ad28656d7d075001a4298e0 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | On 10 January 1941, Germany and the Soviet Union signed an agreement settling several ongoing issues. Secret protocols in the new agreement modified the "Secret Additional Protocols" of the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty, ceding the Lithuanian Strip to the Soviet Union in exchange for 7.5 million dollars ... | How long did the amendment reject the trade agreements? | How long did the amendment reject the trade agreements? | [
"How long did the amendment reject the trade agreements?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44774 | 56f8b9549e9bad19000a03b5 | Gene | A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather... | What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena? | What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena? | [
"What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena?"
] | {
"text": [
"A broad operational definition"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64840 | 57342888d058e614000b6a54 | Portugal | Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors s... | Who are some modern Portuguese authors? | Who are some modern Portuguese authors? | [
"Who are some modern Portuguese authors?"
] | {
"text": [
"Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67510 | 570a14c14103511400d5955e | Hanover | A cabinet of coins is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG. The Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen is the largest police museum in Germany. Textiles from all over the world can be visited in the Museum for textile art. The EXPOseeum is the museum of the world-exhibition "EXPO 2000 Hannover". Carpets and objects from t... | What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust? | What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust? | [
"What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust?"
] | {
"text": [
"Modern art"
],
"answer_start": [
827
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89031 | 5acd4d5207355d001abf3c7e | Hunter-gatherer | As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Su... | What type of development led to agricultural expansion? | What type of development led to agricultural expansion? | [
"What type of development led to agricultural expansion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30506 | 5729a106af94a219006aa592 | Appalachian_Mountains | The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about 2,000 ft (600 m) in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) and then diminishes in height southward to th... | How tall are the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia? | How tall are the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia? | [
"How tall are the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia?"
] | {
"text": [
"2,000 ft"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76334 | 5726e95b708984140094d599 | Utrecht | To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee. There are also initiatives for amateur artists. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts ai... | What does the city subsidise | What does the city subsidise | [
"What does the city subsidise"
] | {
"text": [
"an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7610 | 5a8c8c1cfd22b3001a8d8a8c | Database | While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department... | How many conceptual or physical views of data do not exist? | How many conceptual or physical views of data do not exist? | [
"How many conceptual or physical views of data do not exist?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39572 | 57278730f1498d1400e8faec | FA_Cup | The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond. Under the 2015-16 rules, the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs. This followed approval two years previously for their use in the... | Where was the first #G surface game played? | Where was the first #G surface game played? | [
"Where was the first #G surface game played? "
] | {
"text": [
"first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015."
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64256 | 57280c03ff5b5019007d9baa | John_von_Neumann | In 1913, his father was elevated to the nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Emperor Franz Joseph. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation Margittai, meaning of Marghita. The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was tho... | In what year was Von Neumann's father elevated to nobility? | In what year was Von Neumann's father elevated to nobility? | [
"In what year was Von Neumann's father elevated to nobility?"
] | {
"text": [
"1913"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77674 | 57267b4add62a815002e869f | British_Empire | The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report, which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest there. This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840, which created the Province of Canada. Resp... | When did Australia achieve self-government? | When did Australia achieve self-government? | [
"When did Australia achieve self-government?"
] | {
"text": [
"after 1900"
],
"answer_start": [
789
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106082 | 56e10ff6e3433e1400422b72 | Space_Race | Salyut 1's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated ... | Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit? | Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit? | [
"Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?"
] | {
"text": [
"rocket failure"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2708 | 56d2a28059d6e4140014616e | Buddhism | Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where ... | What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects? | What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects? | [
"What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48541 | 5a85b71db4e223001a8e71b3 | War_on_Terror | In January 2002, the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups. The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the is... | Where was the headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines? | Where was the headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines? | [
"Where was the headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92188 | 5a4fe902af0d07001ae8cc7c | Asthma | Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of whee... | What is neutrophils the result of? | What is neutrophils the result of? | [
"What is neutrophils the result of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48770 | 5ace6f6c32bba1001ae4a6ad | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostolic, was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I). His e... | How old was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria when he became known as the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism? | How old was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria when he became known as the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism? | [
"How old was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria when he became known as the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69370 | 570a86fe6d058f1900182f4c | Houston | Houston has mild winters in contrast to most areas of the United States. In January, the normal mean temperature at Intercontinental Airport is 53.1 °F (11.7 °C), while that station has an average of 13 days with a low at or below freezing. Snowfall is rare. Recent snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24,... | How much rain does Houston usually get per year? | How much rain does Houston usually get per year? | [
"How much rain does Houston usually get per year?"
] | {
"text": [
"49.8 in"
],
"answer_start": [
756
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14328 | 572edc38cb0c0d14000f1623 | Han_dynasty | In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorde... | Who translated written works into Chinese? | Who translated written works into Chinese? | [
"Who translated written works into Chinese?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhist monks"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112743 | 570b212d6b8089140040f760 | Xbox_360 | When the Xbox 360 was released, Microsoft's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade, adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver (later renamed Xbox Live Free) to its already established premium subscription-based service (which was renamed Gold). Xbo... | What key feature is not supported by the free version of Live? | What key feature is not supported by the free version of Live? | [
"What key feature is not supported by the free version of Live?"
] | {
"text": [
"multiplayer gaming"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21859 | 570abc016d058f19001830b6 | Aircraft_carrier | The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBA... | Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier? | Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier? | [
"Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?"
] | {
"text": [
"they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50353 | 5acecf5f32bba1001ae4b4e8 | Neptune | The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may cons... | What is the cold dense liqued on Neptune called? | What is the cold dense liqued on Neptune called? | [
"What is the cold dense liqued on Neptune called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5161 | 56e160d2cd28a01900c6783b | Boston | Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer, and has won 36 championships in these leagues, As of 2014[update]. It is one of six cities (along with Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia) to have won championships in all four major sports. It ... | How many major North American sports leagues are there? | How many major North American sports leagues are there? | [
"How many major North American sports leagues are there?"
] | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114240 | 572696f75951b619008f776e | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | Television personality Piers Morgan, a former editor of the Daily Mirror and of The Sun's Bizarre pop column, has said that during the late 1980s, at Kelvin MacKenzie's behest, he was ordered to speculate on the sexuality of male pop stars for a feature headlined "The Poofs of Pop". He also recalls MacKenzie headlining... | Who shared the first homosexual kiss on EastEnders? | Who shared the first homosexual kiss on EastEnders? | [
"Who shared the first homosexual kiss on EastEnders?"
] | {
"text": [
"Colin Russell and Guido Smith"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91726 | 5727507f5951b619008f8829 | Botany | Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil rhizosphere bacterium, can attach to plant cells and infect them with a callus-inducing Ti plasmid by horizontal gene transfer, causing a callus infection called crown gall disease. Schell and Van Montagu (1977) hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing... | Who developed the procedures used in this transfer? | Who developed the procedures used in this transfer? | [
"Who developed the procedures used in this transfer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Schell and Van Montagu"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37044 | 5725cad2ec44d21400f3d59e | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by... | What do these efforts include | What do these efforts include | [
"What do these efforts include"
] | {
"text": [
"including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35052 | 571a479b10f8ca1400304fae | Memory | In contrast, procedural memory (or implicit memory) is not based on the conscious recall of information, but on implicit learning. It can best be summarized as remember how to do something. Procedural memory is primarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory. It is revea... | If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using? | If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using? | [
"If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using?"
] | {
"text": [
"procedural memory"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77158 | 5a29816f03c0e7001a3e17d3 | United_Nations_Population_Fund | UNFPA works in partnership with governments, along with other United Nations agencies, communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector, to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people. | In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA want to decrease? | In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA want to decrease? | [
"In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA want to decrease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109081 | 57275d775951b619008f88cd | Carnival | Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form... | Who wrote the Germania? | Who wrote the Germania? | [
"Who wrote the Germania?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tacitus"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52356 | 572a8430111d821400f38b9d | Miami | Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station, a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Completion of ... | What airport is Miami Intermodal Center next to? | What airport is Miami Intermodal Center next to? | [
"What airport is Miami Intermodal Center next to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Miami International"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1600 | 57318186a5e9cc1400cdbfef | Mosaic | Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this fir... | How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra? | How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra? | [
"How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69010 | 572f7d4d04bcaa1900d76a13 | Modern_history | Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe. In Germany, the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil, which culminated with the German hyperinflation ... | When did the hyperinflation of 1923 occur? | When did the hyperinflation of 1923 occur? | [
"When did the hyperinflation of 1923 occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"1923"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64345 | 57282ec4ff5b5019007d9ea6 | John_von_Neumann | In a famous paper of 1936 with Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The con... | What is the difference of logic in quantum theory? | What is the difference of logic in quantum theory? | [
"What is the difference of logic in quantum theory?"
] | {
"text": [
"laws of distribution of classical logic, and , are not valid for quantum theory"
],
"answer_start": [
1074
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33248 | 57263f2889a1e219009ac5c0 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope. When a filling of inert gas is used, the evaporated tungsten is carried in the thermal conve... | What are the primary causes of light loss? | What are the primary causes of light loss? | [
"What are the primary causes of light loss?"
] | {
"text": [
"Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening"
],
"answer_start": [
637
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44633 | 5707294790286e26004fc96a | Chihuahua_(state) | On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta, but with only a handful of comrades. However, by 1913 his forces... | The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president? | The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president? | [
"The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president?"
] | {
"text": [
"Huerta"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49994 | 56fc2f352603e71400409ff3 | Phonology | Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive... | What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from? | What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from? | [
"What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from?"
] | {
"text": [
"phonetics"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74265 | 571b012e32177014007ea010 | Asphalt | Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than E... | Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days? | Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days? | [
"Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?"
] | {
"text": [
"oil refineries"
],
"answer_start": [
742
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38052 | 57302972b2c2fd140056899d | Roman_Republic | As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were ... | Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered? | Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered? | [
"Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rome's military"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24833 | 56cf322eaab44d1400b88e0a | New_York_City | New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches. Parks in New York City include Central Park, Prospect Park, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Forest Park, and Washington Square Park. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park with 2,700 acres (1,093... | How many miles of public beach are located in New York City? | How many miles of public beach are located in New York City? | [
"How many miles of public beach are located in New York City?"
] | {
"text": [
"14"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60644 | 5ace451232bba1001ae4a144 | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974), and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990). In 1974,... | Who was the first openly homosexual to win office in 1947? | Who was the first openly homosexual to win office in 1947? | [
"Who was the first openly homosexual to win office in 1947?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28680 | 5a0f665fdecec900184755b3 | Canadian_football | Penalties never result in a score for the offence. For example, a point-of-foul infraction committed by the defence in their end zone is not ruled a touchdown, but instead advances the ball to the one-yard line with an automatic first down. For a distance penalty, if the yardage is greater than half the distance to the... | How many penalty yards are given when the ball is nearer the first down than the usual penalty yardage? | How many penalty yards are given when the ball is nearer the first down than the usual penalty yardage? | [
"How many penalty yards are given when the ball is nearer the first down than the usual penalty yardage?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107222 | 5735106dacc1501500bac3ed | Hunting | In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for ... | What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century? | What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century? | [
"What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"a trophy"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23535 | 5731dc7ae99e3014001e635d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffr... | What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings? | What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings? | [
"What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?"
] | {
"text": [
"constitutional ban against aid to religious schools"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50765 | 572e81f2cb0c0d14000f1205 | Seven_Years%27_War | The war has been described as the first "world war", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term "Second Hundred Year... | What does the term "Second Hundred Years' War" describe? | What does the term "Second Hundred Years' War" describe? | [
"What does the term \"Second Hundred Years' War\" describe?"
] | {
"text": [
"The term \"Second Hundred Years' War\" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century,"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109314 | 5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d4 | Carnival | The Carnival in Uruguay covers more than 40 days, generally beginning towards the end of January and running through mid March. Celebrations in Montevideo are the largest. The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from Bantu and Angolan Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times... | What is summoned by the Desfile de Llamadas parade? | What is summoned by the Desfile de Llamadas parade? | [
"What is summoned by the Desfile de Llamadas parade?"
] | {
"text": [
"candombe"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81550 | 57240e580a492a190043560c | Queen_Victoria | According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed he... | What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death? | What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death? | [
"What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?"
] | {
"text": [
"transcribed and edited"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49926 | 56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885fe | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requestin... | What practice did Altan Khan put to an end? | What practice did Altan Khan put to an end? | [
"What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?"
] | {
"text": [
"the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84404 | 5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9bd | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He ... | What do many political scientists think is a factor in an unlimited degree in American exceptionalism? | What do many political scientists think is a factor in an unlimited degree in American exceptionalism? | [
"What do many political scientists think is a factor in an unlimited degree in American exceptionalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102646 | 5a79da7317ab25001a8a00f6 | Association_football | The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the fo... | Who can only handle the ball with their feet during play? | Who can only handle the ball with their feet during play? | [
"Who can only handle the ball with their feet during play?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15813 | 5a82f6e9e60761001a2eb266 | Infection | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | What individuals are particularly safe to opportunistic infections? | What individuals are particularly safe to opportunistic infections? | [
"What individuals are particularly safe to opportunistic infections?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67388 | 5a106a36decec9001847564f | Hanover | Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column, the Laves House, the Wangenheim Palace, the Lower Saxony State Archives, the Hanover Playhouse, the Kröpcke Clock, the Anzeiger Tower Block, the Administration Building of the NORD/LB, the Cupola Hall of the Congress Centre, the Lower Saxony Stock, the Ministry of Fina... | Who was the Austrian architect who built the Gehry Tower | Who was the Austrian architect who built the Gehry Tower | [
"Who was the Austrian architect who built the Gehry Tower"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112744 | 570b212d6b8089140040f761 | Xbox_360 | When the Xbox 360 was released, Microsoft's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade, adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver (later renamed Xbox Live Free) to its already established premium subscription-based service (which was renamed Gold). Xbo... | Which popular gaming titles have their own online service outside Xbox Live? | Which popular gaming titles have their own online service outside Xbox Live? | [
"Which popular gaming titles have their own online service outside Xbox Live?"
] | {
"text": [
"EA Sports games"
],
"answer_start": [
742
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87518 | 5729b65c6aef05140015508a | IBM | IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into IBM Research. As of 2013[update] the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science... | In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business? | In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business? | [
"In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business?"
] | {
"text": [
"22 consecutive years"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24969 | 56cf55aeaab44d1400b89030 | New_York_City | Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high technology industries involving the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, financial technology ("fintech"), and ot... | In what borough is Silicon Alley located? | In what borough is Silicon Alley located? | [
"In what borough is Silicon Alley located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manhattan"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90347 | 5727d7c14b864d1900163e48 | Tibet | This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company. However, in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous. The British Empire was enc... | When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade. | When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade. | [
"When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade."
] | {
"text": [
"1774"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92927 | 5aced46132bba1001ae4b63d | Tajikistan | Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top po... | Between 1916 and 1959, which population grew to 13%? | Between 1916 and 1959, which population grew to 13%? | [
"Between 1916 and 1959, which population grew to 13%?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58977 | 5a3036ebf1f7c7001ab92cda | A_cappella | Instruments have divided Christendom since their introduction into worship. They were considered a Catholic innovation, not widely practiced until the 18th century, and were opposed vigorously in worship by a number of Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther (1483–1546), Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin (1509–1564) an... | What type of religion is John Calvin a member of in the book? | What type of religion is John Calvin a member of in the book? | [
"What type of religion is John Calvin a member of in the book?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29805 | 5ad17a7d645df0001a2d1ddb | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation o... | When was Jesus born of the Virgin Mary? | When was Jesus born of the Virgin Mary? | [
"When was Jesus born of the Virgin Mary?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59019 | 5a303d02f1f7c7001ab92cf6 | A_cappella | The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE. Weaving together Jewish and Greek thought, Philo promoted praise without instruments, and taught that "silent singing" (without even vocal chords) was better still. This view parted with the Jewish scriptur... | During what periods of time is silent singing used in the synagogue? | During what periods of time is silent singing used in the synagogue? | [
"During what periods of time is silent singing used in the synagogue?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15845 | 5734203ed058e614000b6983 | Infection | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of? | What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of? | [
"What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of?"
] | {
"text": [
"the infectious organism"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109500 | 56ddef259a695914005b96e5 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe? | What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe? | [
"What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?"
] | {
"text": [
"personal freedom of religion"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78935 | 5a8d914edf8bba001a0f9b0c | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most Zelda titles to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language... | Which person has the most nods in the game? | Which person has the most nods in the game? | [
"Which person has the most nods in the game?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105950 | 56e08680231d4119001ac26b | Space_Race | For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States ha... | How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII? | How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII? | [
"How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII?"
] | {
"text": [
"27 million"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26106 | 5ad0c060645df0001a2d01ca | Edmund_Burke | The administration of Lord North (1770–1782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He cl... | What was published in 1775? | What was published in 1775? | [
"What was published in 1775?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59545 | 5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e869 | Electric_motor | Currents induced into this winding provide the rotor magnetic field. The shape of the rotor bars determines the speed-torque characteristics. At low speeds, the current induced in the squirrel cage is nearly at line frequency and tends to be in the outer parts of the rotor cage. As the motor accelerates, the slip frequ... | At high speed, where is the most current? | At high speed, where is the most current? | [
"At high speed, where is the most current?"
] | {
"text": [
"interior of the winding"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30006 | 5a551e3d134fea001a0e1952 | CBC_Television | Private CBC affiliates are not as common as they were in the past, as many such stations have been purchased either by the CBC itself or by Canwest Global or CHUM Limited, respectively becoming E! or A-Channel (later A, now CTV Two) stations. One private CBC affiliate, CHBC-TV in Kelowna, joined E! (then known as CH) o... | What is the CBC's largest challenge with retaining viewers? | What is the CBC's largest challenge with retaining viewers? | [
"What is the CBC's largest challenge with retaining viewers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49239 | 572773e9f1498d1400e8f884 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection? | What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection? | [
"What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection?"
] | {
"text": [
"multinucleated"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7004 | 5ad4e5145b96ef001a10a591 | Red | As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, a... | How do colors with longer wavelengths scatter? | How do colors with longer wavelengths scatter? | [
"How do colors with longer wavelengths scatter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19947 | 5731ad73e17f3d14004222ec | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 ... | How old was the young boy's remains? | How old was the young boy's remains? | [
"How old was the young boy's remains?"
] | {
"text": [
"24,000-year-old"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74866 | 570e7e5a0b85d914000d7f52 | Melbourne | Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region as well as the Wonthaggi desalination plant and North–South Pipeline. Water is stored in a series... | Where is the Thomson River Dam located? | Where is the Thomson River Dam located? | [
"Where is the Thomson River Dam located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Victorian Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108264 | 5acd1c7207355d001abf3574 | Aspirated_consonant | Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is ... | Voiced consonants are produced when what opens? | Voiced consonants are produced when what opens? | [
"Voiced consonants are produced when what opens?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34218 | 57293f3e6aef051400154bd7 | Alaska | As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city–county. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alas... | How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census? | How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census? | [
"How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?"
] | {
"text": [
"355"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8626 | 5acdf31832bba1001ae498bd | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. | What year was the first Constitution not adopted? | What year was the first Constitution not adopted? | [
"What year was the first Constitution not adopted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106837 | 5a8481ba7cf838001a46a8af | East_India_Company | Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access t... | Where are the British government's records destroyed today? | Where are the British government's records destroyed today? | [
"Where are the British government's records destroyed today?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105963 | 56e087e6231d4119001ac279 | Space_Race | The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches w... | The Atlas-A first launched on what date? | The Atlas-A first launched on what date? | [
"The Atlas-A first launched on what date?"
] | {
"text": [
"June 11, 1957"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46271 | 57325603b9d445190005ea56 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bibl... | Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services? | Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services? | [
"Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?"
] | {
"text": [
"reading"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8715 | 5acdfd2f32bba1001ae4995c | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. | What document kept the name of Russia in 1937? | What document kept the name of Russia in 1937? | [
"What document kept the name of Russia in 1937?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37957 | 573005e3a23a5019007fcc61 | Roman_Republic | After the consulship had been opened to the plebeians, the plebeians were able to hold both the dictatorship and the censorship. Plebiscites of 342 BC placed limits on political offices; an individual could hold only one office at a time, and ten years must elapse between the end of his official term and his re-electio... | What year saw the election of a plebeian to the office of praetor? | What year saw the election of a plebeian to the office of praetor? | [
"What year saw the election of a plebeian to the office of praetor?"
] | {
"text": [
"337 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110496 | 57266970f1498d1400e8dedf | Professional_wrestling | At times a character may "turn", altering their face/heel alignment. This may be an abrupt, surprising event, or it may slowly build up over time. It almost always is accomplished with a markable change in behavior on the part of the character. Some turns become defining points in a wrestler's career, as was the case w... | What did Hulk Hogan become? | What did Hulk Hogan become? | [
"What did Hulk Hogan become? "
] | {
"text": [
"heel"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113521 | 5a87b5c11d3cee001a6a1317 | Vacuum | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | What two instruments do electrical systems usually power on some aircraft? | What two instruments do electrical systems usually power on some aircraft? | [
"What two instruments do electrical systems usually power on some aircraft?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93321 | 5731208ee6313a140071cc64 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor? | What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor? | [
"What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor?"
] | {
"text": [
"less than 10%"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69998 | 57305291069b531400832054 | Windows_8 | Windows 8 surpassed Windows Vista in market share with a 5.1% usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by Net Applications, with usage on a steady upward trajectory. However, intake of Windows 8 still lags behind that of Windows Vista and Windows 7 at the same point in their release cycles. Windows 8's table... | What was Androids market share in 2013? | What was Androids market share in 2013? | [
"What was Androids market share in 2013?"
] | {
"text": [
"43.4%"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77942 | 5727fc04ff5b5019007d99f7 | Strasbourg | Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor, some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic, without preliminary referendum or vote. On 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day), communist insurgents proclaimed a "soviet government" in Stra... | Who commanded the French troops on November 22? | Who commanded the French troops on November 22? | [
"Who commanded the French troops on November 22?"
] | {
"text": [
"French general Henri Gouraud"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54033 | 5ad3e69e604f3c001a3ff5d9 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands. Its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the Fr... | What allowed Canada to fully having their own army at the start? | What allowed Canada to fully having their own army at the start? | [
"What allowed Canada to fully having their own army at the start?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15462 | 5706c2370eeca41400aa0e03 | Black_people | According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean aft... | In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK? | In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK? | [
"In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?"
] | {
"text": [
"over a million black"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92985 | 5733b523d058e614000b60e5 | Tajikistan | Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, c... | What is not covered by local media? | What is not covered by local media? | [
"What is not covered by local media?"
] | {
"text": [
"all direct protest is severely suppressed"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4170 | 56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551326 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US, and over 118 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed... | When did she receive the Legend Award? | When did she receive the Legend Award? | [
"When did she receive the Legend Award?"
] | {
"text": [
"2008 World Music Awards"
],
"answer_start": [
1052
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109623 | 5728f3a54b864d190016511f | Samurai | "First of all, a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior, should not be reckoned among one's retainers....It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virt... | What debt should samurai not forget? | What debt should samurai not forget? | [
"What debt should samurai not forget?"
] | {
"text": [
"the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110509 | 57266c04f1498d1400e8df45 | Professional_wrestling | While true exhibition matches are not uncommon, most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama: The face will sometimes win (triumph) or sometimes lose (tragedy). Longer story arcs can result from multiple matches over the course of time. Since most promotions have a c... | What can be wagered in a match? | What can be wagered in a match? | [
"What can be wagered in a match? "
] | {
"text": [
"from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17878 | 56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd6 | Spectre_(2015_film) | Spectre has received mixed reviews, with many reviewers either giving the film highly positive or highly negative feedback. Many critics praised the film's opening scene, action sequences, stuntwork, cinematography and performances from the cast. In some early reviews, the film received favourable comparisons with its ... | Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film? | Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film? | [
"Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film?"
] | {
"text": [
"Audiences"
],
"answer_start": [
729
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43824 | 56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83104 | Kanye_West | 808s & Heartbreak, which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love, loneliness, and heartache, was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite ... | When was 808s & Heartbreaks released? | When was 808s & Heartbreaks released? | [
"When was 808s & Heartbreaks released? "
] | {
"text": [
"November 2008"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36974 | 5725c2d6ec44d21400f3d4fd | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanit... | What has been the focus since 2011 | What has been the focus since 2011 | [
"What has been the focus since 2011"
] | {
"text": [
"Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology (\"transformative technologies\")"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86601 | 56e721ae37bdd419002c3d81 | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any... | When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established? | When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established? | [
"When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?"
] | {
"text": [
"1904"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
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