gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-89414 | 57312538e6313a140071cc80 | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | What G7 members are among great powers? | What G7 members are among great powers? | [
"What G7 members are among great powers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Germany, Japan and Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45142 | 5ace38df32bba1001ae49f09 | Sony_Music_Entertainment | The merger made Columbia and Epic sister labels to RCA Records, which was once owned by RCA which also owned CBS rival NBC. It also started the process of bringing BMG's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures, a Sony division since 1989, and also brought Arista founder Clive... | Who became sister labels to ABC Records? | Who became sister labels to ABC Records? | [
"Who became sister labels to ABC Records?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58829 | 572aae13be1ee31400cb815f | Rajasthan | The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a large part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, and Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relat... | What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan? | What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan? | [
"What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan?"
] | {
"text": [
"Folk music"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19811 | 57317628e6313a140071cf61 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a tru... | What role did music play in the religious festivities? | What role did music play in the religious festivities? | [
"What role did music play in the religious festivities? "
] | {
"text": [
"inseparable from"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96283 | 5728e5f64b864d1900165052 | Paris | Paris' manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods and shoe trades. Paris region manufacturing specialises in transportation, mainly automobiles, aircraft and trains, but this is in a sharp de... | How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010? | How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010? | [
"How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010?"
] | {
"text": [
"64"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68913 | 572f47a7a23a5019007fc4fa | Modern_history | Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theo... | What is the Michelson-Morley experiment? | What is the Michelson-Morley experiment? | [
"What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?"
] | {
"text": [
"an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether"
],
"answer_start": [
754
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16177 | 57316e08a5e9cc1400cdbf5b | Muammar_Gaddafi | Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi, before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward soc... | After Gaddafi left the University of Libya, what institution did he attend? | After Gaddafi left the University of Libya, what institution did he attend? | [
"After Gaddafi left the University of Libya, what institution did he attend?"
] | {
"text": [
"Royal Military Academy, Benghazi"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86151 | 5730396404bcaa1900d773bb | Tucson,_Arizona | Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; ... | What kind of climate is Tuscon? | What kind of climate is Tuscon? | [
"What kind of climate is Tuscon?"
] | {
"text": [
"desert"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113780 | 56f970f49e9bad19000a0926 | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | There are also three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff with particular remits, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations). The Surgeon General, represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff, and is the clinical head of that service. | Who leads the Defence Medical Services? | Who leads the Defence Medical Services? | [
"Who leads the Defence Medical Services?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Surgeon General"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23487 | 5731d5eee17f3d140042247c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that ... | What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what? | What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what? | [
"What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?"
] | {
"text": [
"constitutional limitation on religious establishment"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61018 | 5acebb1632bba1001ae4b207 | Police | Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried offic... | How did the James River Police pay their employees? | How did the James River Police pay their employees? | [
"How did the James River Police pay their employees?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41013 | 5a6bd8644eec6b001a80a5e1 | Predation | Mobbing can be an interspecies activity: it is common for birds to respond to mobbing calls of a different species. Many birds will show up at the sight of mobbing and watch and call, but not participate. It should also be noted that some species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack. Crows are frequently mobbed by s... | What are hawks often mobbed by when they try to eat their eggs? | What are hawks often mobbed by when they try to eat their eggs? | [
"What are hawks often mobbed by when they try to eat their eggs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93925 | 572e968a03f9891900756802 | Cyprus | Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, but in the past 30 years average yearly precipitation has decreased. Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage i... | What do people living in Cyprus rely on for household water? | What do people living in Cyprus rely on for household water? | [
"What do people living in Cyprus rely on for household water?"
] | {
"text": [
"rain"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64640 | 5733f37ed058e614000b6653 | Portugal | The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including... | How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009? | How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009? | [
"How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?"
] | {
"text": [
"$5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1379 | 5a4eaf6baf0d07001ae8cbc8 | Airport | Most airports welcome filming on site, although it must be agreed in advance and may be subject to a fee. Landside, filming can take place in all public areas. However airside, filming is heavily restricted, the only airside locations where filming is permitted are the Departure Lounge and some outside areas. To film i... | What must you do to film in Security, at Immigration/Customs and Baggage Reclaim? | What must you do to film in Security, at Immigration/Customs and Baggage Reclaim? | [
"What must you do to film in Security, at Immigration/Customs and Baggage Reclaim?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19303 | 5727bec13acd2414000deb42 | Rule_of_law | There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. A... | Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s? | Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s? | [
"Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bishop John Ponet"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68735 | 572f0002cb0c0d14000f16f9 | Modern_history | The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the Company was gr... | When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue? | When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue? | [
"When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?"
] | {
"text": [
"1765"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52844 | 5727a5812ca10214002d92c1 | Political_party | Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditi... | Around which time was the mass membership party started? | Around which time was the mass membership party started? | [
"Around which time was the mass membership party started?"
] | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52345 | 572a8395111d821400f38b92 | Miami | Miami's heavy-rail rapid transit system, Metrorail, is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile (39.3 km)-long line. Metrorail connects the urban western suburbs of Hialeah, Medley, and inner-city Miami with suburban The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, South Miami and urban Kendall via... | How many stations does Metrorail have? | How many stations does Metrorail have? | [
"How many stations does Metrorail have?"
] | {
"text": [
"23"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13352 | 56e7a1d137bdd419002c429a | Nanjing | As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority populat... | How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain? | How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain? | [
"How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain?"
] | {
"text": [
"50"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30394 | 5acd640c07355d001abf4057 | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports, in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime – far below both the national average and the North Carolina average. Of the violent crimes repo... | What were there 15,995 of in 2010? | What were there 15,995 of in 2010? | [
" What were there 15,995 of in 2010?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60263 | 572fd2e504bcaa1900d76d91 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Tyson Research Center is a 2,000-acre (809 ha) field station located west of St. Louis on the Meramec River. Washington University obtained Tyson as surplus property from the federal government in 1963. It is used by the University as a biological field station and research/education center. In 2010 the Living Learning... | Who previously owned the property where Tyson Research Center is located? | Who previously owned the property where Tyson Research Center is located? | [
"Who previously owned the property where Tyson Research Center is located?"
] | {
"text": [
"the federal government"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100037 | 5ace53c532bba1001ae4a2bb | Guam | Guam's climate is characterized as tropical marine moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds. The weather is generally very warm and humid with little seasonal temperature variation. The mean high temperature is 86 °F (30 °C) and mean low is 76 °F (24 °C) with an average annual rainfall of 96 inches (2,180 mm). The d... | What is the mean annual rainfall in Guam? | What is the mean annual rainfall in Guam? | [
"What is the mean annual rainfall in Guam?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89037 | 5acd4e5007355d001abf3ca2 | Hunter-gatherer | As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use. | The many contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live where? | The many contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live where? | [
"The many contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live where?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2339 | 56d1d6fae7d4791d0090228e | Buddhism | Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice. | Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study? | Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study? | [
"Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study?"
] | {
"text": [
"doctrinal"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30912 | 5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5dc | Mexico_City | During his annual state-of-the-nation address on September 2, 2014, President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto unveiled plans for a new international airport to ease the city's notorious air traffic congestion, tentatively slated for a 2018 opening. The new airport, which would have six runways, will cost $9.15 billion and... | When were the new plans of the airport revealed? | When were the new plans of the airport revealed? | [
"When were the new plans of the airport revealed?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 2, 2014"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67564 | 5a81af8c31013a001a334d70 | Norfolk_Island | In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send "the worst description of convicts". Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners. The convicts detained... | How many convicts are no longer listed in the database at Norfolk Island? | How many convicts are no longer listed in the database at Norfolk Island? | [
"How many convicts are no longer listed in the database at Norfolk Island?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40578 | 5ad690f9191832001aa7b22b | Paper | Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant... | What does lignin react to to produce the greening you see in newspapers? | What does lignin react to to produce the greening you see in newspapers? | [
"What does lignin react to to produce the greening you see in newspapers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82154 | 5a70dead8abb0b001a6761ed | Pesticide | Pesticides can be classified by target organism (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and pediculicides - see table), chemical structure (e.g., organic, inorganic, synthetic, or biological (biopesticide), although the distinction can sometimes blur), and physical state (e.g. gaseous (fumigant)). Bi... | What are some examples of hybrid plants that have been developed? | What are some examples of hybrid plants that have been developed? | [
"What are some examples of hybrid plants that have been developed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103015 | 572812d44b864d19001643c9 | Unicode | Thousands of fonts exist on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts—sometimes described as "pan-Unicode" fonts—attempt to support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire. Instead, Unicode-based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. Several ... | What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as? | What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as? | [
"What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as? "
] | {
"text": [
"\"pan-Unicode\" fonts"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67978 | 5ad41bc2604f3c001a400541 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | As Charles Town grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today's Dock Street Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free ... | What is located where the last theatre building in Charles Town once stood? | What is located where the last theatre building in Charles Town once stood? | [
"What is located where the last theatre building in Charles Town once stood?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44943 | 56df12643277331400b4d947 | Sony_Music_Entertainment | In 2004, SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. When Sony acquired BMG's half of the conglomerate in 2008, Sony BMG reverted to the SME name. The buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which then relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Out of the "Big Three" record companies, with Universal... | In what year did SME merge with another company? | In what year did SME merge with another company? | [
"In what year did SME merge with another company?"
] | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1957 | 5ad170c1645df0001a2d1b9b | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Berbers along the Barbary Coast (modern day Libya) sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom. The U.S. paid protection money until 1801, when President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay and sent in the Navy to challenge the Barbary States, the First Barbary War followed. After the U.S.S. Ph... | What African naval officer led a raid that destroyed a captured African ship? | What African naval officer led a raid that destroyed a captured African ship? | [
"What African naval officer led a raid that destroyed a captured African ship?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64369 | 572839072ca10214002da104 | John_von_Neumann | Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem w... | What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested? | What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested? | [
"What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested?"
] | {
"text": [
"homogeneous linear system of Gordan"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67849 | 57300539b2c2fd1400568743 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm throug... | What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall? | What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall? | [
"What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?"
] | {
"text": [
"8.0 in (20 cm)"
],
"answer_start": [
699
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8163 | 5ad018ce77cf76001a6869cc | Copyright_infringement | In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" w... | What was the U.N.'s piracy rate? | What was the U.N.'s piracy rate? | [
"What was the U.N.'s piracy rate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40996 | 5a6bd2294eec6b001a80a5ce | Predation | It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity (for instance, pet or farm animals) will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area. This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close compan... | What can people from rural areas differentiate captive animals from? | What can people from rural areas differentiate captive animals from? | [
"What can people from rural areas differentiate captive animals from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81421 | 57255f04cc50291900b2838f | Queen_Victoria | Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin. Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to c... | To whom did Queen Victoria dedicate a memorial after his death for grateful service? | To whom did Queen Victoria dedicate a memorial after his death for grateful service? | [
"To whom did Queen Victoria dedicate a memorial after his death for grateful service? "
] | {
"text": [
"Disraeli"
],
"answer_start": [
897
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77365 | 5732288cb9d445190005e85d | Armenians | Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia,... | Who did Hayk defeat? | Who did Hayk defeat? | [
"Who did Hayk defeat?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bel of Babylon"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18263 | 5ad0d32d645df0001a2d0578 | Eritrea | Eritrea has achieved significant improvements in health care and is one of the few countries to be on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in health, in particular child health. Life expectancy at birth has increased from 39.1 in 1960 to 59.5 years in 2008, maternal and child mortality rates hav... | What was the life expectancy in 2006 in Eretria? | What was the life expectancy in 2006 in Eretria? | [
"What was the life expectancy in 2006 in Eretria?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6933 | 5ad4dc675b96ef001a10a465 | Red | During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathe... | What did red become a symbol of during the Phrygian Revolution? | What did red become a symbol of during the Phrygian Revolution? | [
"What did red become a symbol of during the Phrygian Revolution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20032 | 573398164776f41900660e22 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Because of its Catholic identity, a number of religious buildings stand on campus. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr. Sorin's original church, which became too small for the gro... | What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame? | What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame? | [
"What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"Basilica of the Sacred Heart"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95733 | 5726eb54dd62a815002e953e | Yale_University | Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instrume... | Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment? | Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment? | [
"Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70002 | 5ad4a0cbba00c4001a268e56 | Windows_8 | Windows 8 surpassed Windows Vista in market share with a 5.1% usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by Net Applications, with usage on a steady upward trajectory. However, intake of Windows 8 still lags behind that of Windows Vista and Windows 7 at the same point in their release cycles. Windows 8's table... | What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2012? | What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2012? | [
"What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2012?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80891 | 5722d0bdf6b826140030fc61 | Queen_Victoria | In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir Robert Peel... | What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs? | What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs? | [
"What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs?"
] | {
"text": [
"bedchamber crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27803 | 5729f3c6af94a219006aa6e7 | Energy | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis? | What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis? | [
"What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sunlight"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73898 | 56df18c9c65bf219000b3f57 | Warsaw_Pact | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | In which year did Slovakia join NATO? | In which year did Slovakia join NATO? | [
"In which year did Slovakia join NATO? "
] | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21757 | 5acd6dd107355d001abf41bb | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most... | What were few escort carriers built from? | What were few escort carriers built from? | [
"What were few escort carriers built from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94043 | 572eae27cb0c0d14000f1454 | Cyprus | Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and taro. Other traditional delicacies of are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds... | What is lountza? | What is lountza? | [
"What is lountza?"
] | {
"text": [
"smoked pork loin"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3870 | 56bfa8bba10cfb140055120c | Beyoncé | On February 6, 2016, one day before her performance at the Super Bowl, Beyoncé released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called "Formation". | How was the single released? | How was the single released? | [
"How was the single released?"
] | {
"text": [
"exclusively"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5094 | 56e1500fcd28a01900c677a4 | Boston | Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located in the Boston area. Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis Uni... | How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge? | How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge? | [
"How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge?"
] | {
"text": [
"250,000"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15450 | 5706beac0eeca41400aa0df3 | Black_people | The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Bla... | In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together? | In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together? | [
"In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?"
] | {
"text": [
"Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97393 | 56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc8 | Frédéric_Chopin | At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the te... | What instrument did Chopin play at Adolphe Nourrit's funeral? | What instrument did Chopin play at Adolphe Nourrit's funeral? | [
"What instrument did Chopin play at Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?"
] | {
"text": [
"organ"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25555 | 5acfd42477cf76001a686243 | Namibia | About half of the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood, but Namibia must still import some of its food. Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorest countries, the majority of Namibia's people live in rural areas and exist on a subsistenc... | From where does Namibia import food? | From where does Namibia import food? | [
"From where does Namibia import food?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18620 | 5726e8e4708984140094d581 | Nigeria | The Nigerian government has commissioned the overseas production and launch of four satellites. The Nigeriasat-1 was the first satellite to be built under the Nigerian government sponsorship. The satellite was launched from Russia on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 was part of the world-wide Disaster Monitoring Constel... | When did Nigeria launch its first satellite? | When did Nigeria launch its first satellite? | [
"When did Nigeria launch its first satellite?"
] | {
"text": [
"27 September 2003"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96544 | 5a8c753efd22b3001a8d8822 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb, while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour... | What did one Roman soldier do to chastise the other? | What did one Roman soldier do to chastise the other? | [
"What did one Roman soldier do to chastise the other?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108405 | 5acd2cd607355d001abf37d8 | Aspirated_consonant | Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/. | Western Armenian has a three-way distinction between what? | Western Armenian has a three-way distinction between what? | [
"Western Armenian has a three-way distinction between what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35615 | 5709d0e84103511400d5945d | Imperial_College_London | City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London... | How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College? | How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College? | [
"How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?"
] | {
"text": [
"GBP 342,500"
],
"answer_start": [
750
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14448 | 572f87eba23a5019007fc6fa | Han_dynasty | A commandery consisted of a group of counties, and was headed by an Administrator. He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense, lawsuits, seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emp... | Around how many households was a Prefect responsible for? | Around how many households was a Prefect responsible for? | [
"Around how many households was a Prefect responsible for?"
] | {
"text": [
"10,000"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8283 | 57266200708984140094c44f | Thuringia | Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with beech as its predominant species, as can still be found in the Hainich mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and spruce would be natural. However, most ... | Where do most landscape problems come from? | Where do most landscape problems come from? | [
"Where do most landscape problems come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months"
],
"answer_start": [
772
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14829 | 57309fa8396df91900096222 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds t... | An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else? | An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else? | [
"An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?"
] | {
"text": [
"reaction to them."
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45365 | 5a6118dbe9e1cc001a33cef8 | Sahara | People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, J... | Where is the Nile Valley located? | Where is the Nile Valley located? | [
"Where is the Nile Valley located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77040 | 57268a8d708984140094c975 | Dutch_language | In an interrogative main clause the usual word order is: conjugated verb followed by subject; other verbs in final position: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?" (literally "Can you your pen not find?") "Can't you find your pen?"
In the Dutch equivalent of a wh-question the word order is: interrogative pronoun (or expression)... | What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question? | What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question? | [
"What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?"
] | {
"text": [
"declarative clause"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93975 | 572e9d6d03f989190075683a | Cyprus | Available modes of transport are by road, sea and air. Of the 10,663 km (6,626 mi) of roads in the Republic of Cyprus in 1998, 6,249 km (3,883 mi) were paved, and 4,414 km (2,743 mi) were unpaved. In 1996 the Turkish-occupied area had a similar ratio of paved to unpaved, with approximately 1,370 km (850 mi) of paved ro... | Which side of the road do vehicles on Cyprus drive on? | Which side of the road do vehicles on Cyprus drive on? | [
"Which side of the road do vehicles on Cyprus drive on?"
] | {
"text": [
"left-hand"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78826 | 56d1159e17492d1400aab8cf | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess (Japanese: ゼルダの伝説 トワイライトプリンセス, Hepburn: Zeruda no Densetsu: Towairaito Purinsesu?) is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in the The Legend of Zelda series. Originally plan... | What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess released? | What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess released? | [
"What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess released?"
] | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29180 | 571af11632177014007e9ff9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | When did the article come out about the importance of interactions? | When did the article come out about the importance of interactions? | [
"When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?"
] | {
"text": [
"May 2015"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69769 | 5ad4978fba00c4001a268cda | Windows_8 | Windows 8 supports a feature of the UEFI specification known as "Secure boot", which uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system and prevent unauthorized programs such as bootkits from infecting the device's boot process. Some pre-built devices may be described as "certified" by Mic... | What must always be enable in ARM-based Windows TR devices? | What must always be enable in ARM-based Windows TR devices? | [
"What must always be enable in ARM-based Windows TR devices?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76870 | 572644b91125e71900ae1933 | Dutch_language | The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovatio... | What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called? | What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called? | [
"What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ingvaeonic"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11882 | 5ad127e6645df0001a2d0fb3 | Universal_Studios | Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other co... | Who owns Comcast? | Who owns Comcast? | [
"Who owns Comcast?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15627 | 5726bd86f1498d1400e8e9b1 | Chinese_characters | Semantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters. These characters are composed of two parts: one of a limited set of characters (the semantic indicator, often graphically simplified) which suggests the general meaning of the compound character, and another character (the p... | What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries? | What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries? | [
"What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries?"
] | {
"text": [
"semantic indicator"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76331 | 5a5810fe770dc0001aeeffc4 | Utrecht | There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is be... | What illistrator is famouse for creating a gnome with a red hat? | What illistrator is famouse for creating a gnome with a red hat? | [
"What illistrator is famouse for creating a gnome with a red hat?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107994 | 56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedb | Estonian_language | The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication. | What was the first Estonian language book to be published? | What was the first Estonian language book to be published? | [
"What was the first Estonian language book to be published?"
] | {
"text": [
"a Lutheran manuscript"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31373 | 5a63d0c27f3c80001a150b4b | Germans | After World War II, eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans from their territories. Many of those had inhabited these lands for centuries, developing a unique culture. Germans were also forced to leave the former eastern territori... | Where in eastern Europe did Germans settle after World War II? | Where in eastern Europe did Germans settle after World War II? | [
"Where in eastern Europe did Germans settle after World War II?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108783 | 5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea28 | Literature | Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usu... | Literature intended for performance is what? | Literature intended for performance is what? | [
"Literature intended for performance is what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Drama"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56526 | 5a0f3387decec900184754b4 | Geography_of_the_United_States | The east coast Appalachian system, originally forest covered, is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain. The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty, broad and complicated having two branches, the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific ... | What has three branches including the Rocky Mountains system? | What has three branches including the Rocky Mountains system? | [
"What has three branches including the Rocky Mountains system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43796 | 56d1071617492d1400aab77e | Kanye_West | While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, the rapper's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration's release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broad... | In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004? | In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004? | [
"In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004?"
] | {
"text": [
"Best New Artist"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91297 | 5ace50e432bba1001ae4a27a | Avicenna | Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the fo... | Who was given an honorable welcome in Hamadan? | Who was given an honorable welcome in Hamadan? | [
"Who was given an honorable welcome in Hamadan?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91641 | 5726b0e15951b619008f7aa5 | Botany | The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and food that provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that ... | Why are plants important to human life? | Why are plants important to human life? | [
"Why are plants important to human life?"
] | {
"text": [
"oxygen and food"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12759 | 56df009f3277331400b4d888 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it... | In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops? | In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops? | [
"In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?"
] | {
"text": [
"1962"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46134 | 5732499de99e3014001e664a | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a "new covenant". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for ... | What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for? | What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for? | [
"What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for?"
] | {
"text": [
"accomplish his original purpose for the earth"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20373 | 57296766af94a219006aa3a4 | Glass | The alkali metal ions are small and mobile; their presence in glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity, especially in molten state or at high temperature. Their mobility decreases the chemical resistance of the glass, allowing leaching by water and facilitating corrosion. Alkaline earth ions, with their two pos... | How can glass be prevented from corroding? | How can glass be prevented from corroding? | [
"How can glass be prevented from corroding?"
] | {
"text": [
"dealkalization"
],
"answer_start": [
729
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86320 | 570cdf17fed7b91900d45a3f | Gymnastics | Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs are... | What does AGG stand for? | What does AGG stand for? | [
"What does AGG stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aesthetic Group Gymnastics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43176 | 5726488ddd62a815002e806f | Poultry | Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends. The greylag-derived birds are large and fleshy and used for meat, while the Chinese geese have smaller frames and are mainly used for egg production. The fine down of both... | What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ? | What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ? | [
"What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ?"
] | {
"text": [
"use in pillows and padded garments"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44313 | 5731e90bb9d445190005e669 | Bras%C3%ADlia | The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge, also known as the 'President JK Bridge' or the 'JK Bridge', crosses Lake Paranoá in Brasília. It is named after Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, former president of Brazil. It was designed by architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde. Chan won the Gustav Lindent... | Who designed the JK Bridge? | Who designed the JK Bridge? | [
"Who designed the JK Bridge?"
] | {
"text": [
"architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46556 | 5ad0b111645df0001a2d0068 | Department_store | In Denmark you find three department store chains: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). Magasin is by far the largest with 6 stores all over the country, with the flagship store being Magasin du Nord on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. Illums only store on Amagertorv in Copenhagen has the appearance of a departme... | Currently, what is the smallest department store chain in Denmark? | Currently, what is the smallest department store chain in Denmark? | [
"Currently, what is the smallest department store chain in Denmark?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7650 | 5a8c90e0fd22b3001a8d8b30 | Database | Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported... | What has poorly defined boundaries in a database? | What has poorly defined boundaries in a database? | [
"What has poorly defined boundaries in a database?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101091 | 5727c075ff5b5019007d945e | Hindu_philosophy | Pāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, colour etc. The causes we... | In what staet was the insentient considered to be? | In what staet was the insentient considered to be? | [
"In what staet was the insentient considered to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"unconscious"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70933 | 573218cfb9d445190005e7e5 | Bird | Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species. Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishing, respective... | Why have birds been domesticated by humans? | Why have birds been domesticated by humans? | [
"Why have birds been domesticated by humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"both as pets and for practical purposes"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19443 | 5727df564b864d1900163ef8 | Rule_of_law | The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992, with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions. The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law, and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the ... | When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly? | When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly? | [
"When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?"
] | {
"text": [
"1992"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22276 | 5a7b9cb921c2de001afea1b8 | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the Abraham Lincoln, Rutherford B. Hayes, William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge l... | What group operates the Calvin Coolidge library? | What group operates the Calvin Coolidge library? | [
"What group operates the Calvin Coolidge library?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104782 | 57335c77d058e614000b5908 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as... | Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures? | Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures? | [
"Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures?"
] | {
"text": [
"IntercontinentalExchange"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89023 | 56df76b85ca0a614008f9aba | Hunter-gatherer | As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Su... | What did the increase in agricultural areas produce? | What did the increase in agricultural areas produce? | [
"What did the increase in agricultural areas produce?"
] | {
"text": [
"first forms of government"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64322 | 5728241e3acd2414000df589 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition i... | When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann? | When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann? | [
"When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann?"
] | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97855 | 5a82053031013a001a3350dc | Humanism | Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin... | Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was the best way to move forward? | Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was the best way to move forward? | [
"Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was the best way to move forward?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26567 | 573197890fdd8d15006c63b7 | University | Colloquially, the term university may be used to describe a phase in one's life: "When I was at university..." (in the United States and Ireland, college is often used instead: "When I was in college..."). In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Spain and the German-speaking cou... | The nation of Ghana shortens university to what? | The nation of Ghana shortens university to what? | [
"The nation of Ghana shortens university to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"varsity"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22023 | 5acd897f07355d001abf463f | Aircraft_carrier | With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 bi... | How many old carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07? | How many old carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07? | [
"How many old carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51675 | 5706a43e75f01819005e7cae | New_Delhi | Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets. | The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments? | The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments? | [
"The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments?"
] | {
"text": [
"13"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100430 | 56e11911e3433e1400422bd6 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service.... | What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as? | What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as? | [
"What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"I\" and \"Q\""
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74954 | 572e8f1d03f9891900756790 | Elevator | Some people argue that elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists (see Traction elevators below). An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day elevator consists of a cab (also called a "cage", "carriage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclos... | Elevator drive mechanisms have, in the past been, powered by what? | Elevator drive mechanisms have, in the past been, powered by what? | [
"Elevator drive mechanisms have, in the past been, powered by what?"
] | {
"text": [
"steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71913 | 5acf5def77cf76001a684c55 | Capacitor | For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 2 to 5 MV/m; for mica the breakdown is 100 to 300 MV/m; for oil, 15 to 25 MV/m; it can be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric. The dielectric is used in very thin layers and so absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors is l... | Of what order is the breakdown field weakness for mica dielectric capacitors? | Of what order is the breakdown field weakness for mica dielectric capacitors? | [
"Of what order is the breakdown field weakness for mica dielectric capacitors?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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