gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-27440 | 5a7b878021c2de001afea100 | Transistor | The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to sem... | What applies voltage to the emitter-base junction? | What applies voltage to the emitter-base junction? | [
"What applies voltage to the emitter-base junction?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43930 | 56d461fc2ccc5a1400d8311a | Kanye_West | On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Alaïa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-... | On what day did West release his second fashion line? | On what day did West release his second fashion line? | [
"On what day did West release his second fashion line?"
] | {
"text": [
"March 6, 2012"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74725 | 570e5daf0dc6ce1900204fad | Melbourne | During a visit in 1885 English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase "Marvellous Melbourne", which stuck long into the twentieth century and is still used today by Melburnians. Growing building activity culminated in a "land boom" which, in 1888, reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by co... | In what year was a hydraulic facility established? | In what year was a hydraulic facility established? | [
"In what year was a hydraulic facility established?"
] | {
"text": [
"1887"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99130 | 572792f3f1498d1400e8fc8d | Turner_Classic_Movies | In December 1994, TCM debuted "TCM Remembers", a tribute to recently deceased notable film personalities (including actors, producers, composers, directors, writers and cinematographers) that occasionally airs during promotional breaks between films. The segments appear in two forms: individual tributes and a longer en... | Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in? | Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in? | [
"Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in?"
] | {
"text": [
"end-of-year compilation"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7438 | 5a8c30bafd22b3001a8d8623 | Database | A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as poss... | How long can it take to search for a DBMS? | How long can it take to search for a DBMS? | [
"How long can it take to search for a DBMS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-633 | 56df5e0896943c1400a5d447 | Plymouth | Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. C... | Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth? | Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth? | [
"Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dr John Mahony"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58397 | 5a29495603c0e7001a3e1774 | Sanskrit | Sanskrit (/ˈsænskrɪt/; Sanskrit: saṃskṛtam [səmskr̩t̪əm] or saṃskṛta, originally saṃskṛtā vāk, "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardi... | What Indo[European language only has a small amount of written documentation? | What Indo[European language only has a small amount of written documentation? | [
"What Indo[European language only has a small amount of written documentation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88119 | 572c0480dfb02c14005c6b60 | God | Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his o... | How do supernatural entities act? | How do supernatural entities act? | [
"How do supernatural entities act?"
] | {
"text": [
"much like people"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54595 | 5ad505055b96ef001a10a9ee | Macintosh | In 1982, Regis McKenna was brought in to shape the marketing and launch of the Macintosh. Later the Regis McKenna team grew to include Jane Anderson, Katie Cadigan and Andy Cunningham, who eventually led the Apple account for the agency. Cunningham and Anderson were the primary authors of the Macintosh launch plan. The... | What didn't the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept create around a product? | What didn't the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept create around a product? | [
"What didn't the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept create around a product?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30802 | 57268500f1498d1400e8e271 | Mexico_City | The boroughs are composed by hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoacán and San Ángel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century.... | How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City? | How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City? | [
"How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City?"
] | {
"text": [
"16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82757 | 56e065a0231d4119001ac091 | Saint_Helena | The UK government has spent £250 million in the construction of the island's airport. Expected to be fully operational early 2016, it is expected to help the island towards self-sufficiency and encourage economic development, reducing dependence on British government aid. The airport is also expected to kick start the ... | How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport? | How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport? | [
"How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport?"
] | {
"text": [
"up to 30,000"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46973 | 57279d21ff5b5019007d9111 | Textual_criticism | Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to rever... | What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie? | What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie? | [
"What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie?"
] | {
"text": [
"to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19260 | 572ff67204bcaa1900d76f3f | Premier_League | Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed. Malachite's green colour is also representative of the green field of play. The design ... | What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on? | What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on? | [
"What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on?"
] | {
"text": [
"The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football."
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72298 | 57264b66f1498d1400e8db61 | Greece | Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Mount Olympus, the mythical abode of the Greek Gods, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres (9,573 ft), the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated ... | How tall is Mount Olympus? | How tall is Mount Olympus? | [
"How tall is Mount Olympus?"
] | {
"text": [
"9,573 ft"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1019 | 572eb52fc246551400ce4540 | Endangered_Species_Act | The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appoin... | What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel? | What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel? | [
"What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel?"
] | {
"text": [
"at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61412 | 572f47e7b2c2fd1400567fd2 | Flowering_plant | In the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium. By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfasc... | What does the cambium separate? | What does the cambium separate? | [
"What does the cambium separate?"
] | {
"text": [
"xylem and phloem"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83711 | 5acd8c2507355d001abf46b3 | Florida | Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state... | When is snow common in Florida? | When is snow common in Florida? | [
"When is snow common in Florida?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61631 | 572820f34b864d1900164508 | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts. The "Hall" hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown. The careers of many well-known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jo... | Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts? | Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts? | [
"Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts?"
] | {
"text": [
"The LSPU Hall"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12572 | 56def6ffc65bf219000b3e54 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from ... | In what year was the letter sent? | In what year was the letter sent? | [
"In what year was the letter sent?"
] | {
"text": [
"747"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105038 | 5a3e9fbf5a76c5001a3a83c5 | Palermo | After dynastic quarrels however, there was a Christian reconquest in 1072. The family who returned the city to Christianity were called the Hautevilles, including Robert Guiscard and his army, who is regarded as a hero by the natives. It was under Roger II of Sicily that Norman holdings in Sicily and the southern part ... | What Catherdral was built prior to the reconquest? | What Catherdral was built prior to the reconquest? | [
"What Catherdral was built prior to the reconquest?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98636 | 5a5fd1bbeae51e001ab14c8e | Marvel_Comics | Goodman, now disconnected from Marvel, set up a new company called Seaboard Periodicals in 1974, reviving Marvel's old Atlas name for a new Atlas Comics line, but this lasted only a year and a half. In the mid-1970s a decline of the newsstand distribution network affected Marvel. Cult hits such as Howard the Duck fell ... | How much later were specialty comic book stores reselling titles? | How much later were specialty comic book stores reselling titles? | [
"How much later were specialty comic book stores reselling titles?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27347 | 572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683c | Transistor | In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connec... | How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen? | How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen? | [
"How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen?"
] | {
"text": [
"instantaneous"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35394 | 5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc5 | Gothic_architecture | While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in it... | Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed? | Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed? | [
"Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed?"
] | {
"text": [
"the landmark building"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92982 | 5733b523d058e614000b60e2 | Tajikistan | Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, c... | Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it? | Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it? | [
"Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?"
] | {
"text": [
"independent press outlets remain restricted"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112120 | 5728d9f14b864d1900164f8f | Race_(human_categorization) | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differe... | How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as? | How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as? | [
"How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?"
] | {
"text": [
"active, acute, and adventurous"
],
"answer_start": [
1030
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59275 | 5a2093188a6e4f001aa08dcb | Alloy | Conversely, most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys, which produce the opposite effects that steel does. When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly, these alloys become much softer than normal, during the diffusionless transformation, and then harden as they age. The solutes in these a... | What alloys become softer when cooled slowly? | What alloys become softer when cooled slowly? | [
"What alloys become softer when cooled slowly?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87324 | 56d1232217492d1400aaba47 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson's trial. No seat is available on the main floor, so by invitation of Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers—Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell, the town drunk—are lying. It also becomes clear... | What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison? | What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison? | [
"What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison?"
] | {
"text": [
"shot and killed"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81027 | 5ad17de4645df0001a2d1e27 | Queen_Victoria | Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvi... | Where did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer war? | Where did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer war? | [
"Where did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer war?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18169 | 5ad0c1be645df0001a2d01e7 | Eritrea | Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative a... | What rights did UN Resolution 390A(V) give to Ethiopians? | What rights did UN Resolution 390A(V) give to Ethiopians? | [
"What rights did UN Resolution 390A(V) give to Ethiopians?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73377 | 56d37afb59d6e414001464e1 | American_Idol | Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, "No Boundaries" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status, and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the U.S.[citation needed] | Who helped write the song "No Boundaries"? | Who helped write the song "No Boundaries"? | [
"Who helped write the song \"No Boundaries\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"DioGuardi"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53246 | 5a68ee988476ee001a58a8b1 | Sichuan | In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty (大西王朝). In response to the resistan... | Which region did Huguang conquer in the mid-17th century? | Which region did Huguang conquer in the mid-17th century? | [
"Which region did Huguang conquer in the mid-17th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111281 | 5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | What did Rome do about human sacrifice? | What did Rome do about human sacrifice? | [
"What did Rome do about human sacrifice?"
] | {
"text": [
"banned it"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59790 | 56f97cd79b226e1400dd14a9 | Zhejiang | At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the... | Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as? | Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as? | [
"Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?"
] | {
"text": [
"Funan"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26744 | 5a8cd753fd22b3001a8d8f2f | United_States_dollar | The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now; although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency. In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to... | Having mythology on coins was compared to whose policies? | Having mythology on coins was compared to whose policies? | [
"Having mythology on coins was compared to whose policies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65676 | 5728cdc64b864d1900164e76 | Detroit | Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science ... | What does CAID stand for? | What does CAID stand for? | [
"What does CAID stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit"
],
"answer_start": [
743
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19269 | 5ad0eaf1645df0001a2d0850 | Premier_League | Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed. Malachite's green colour is also representative of the green field of play. The design ... | The trophy is based on Four Lions associated with what? | The trophy is based on Four Lions associated with what? | [
"The trophy is based on Four Lions associated with what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18374 | 570e349b0b85d914000d7d53 | Eritrea | Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. In the larger cities, most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts. In offices, both men and women often dress in suits. Traditional clothing for Christian Tigrinya-speaking highlanders consists of bright white gowns c... | How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea? | How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea? | [
"How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea?"
] | {
"text": [
"Western casual"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104358 | 5ad2144bd7d075001a428389 | Mandolin | On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto (lute), the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the "mantola," were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the la... | When did the mandolin leave Crete? | When did the mandolin leave Crete? | [
" When did the mandolin leave Crete?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52076 | 572a73f17a1753140016af93 | Miami | Miami is partitioned into many different sections, roughly into North, South, West and Downtown. The heart of the city is Downtown Miami and is technically on the eastern side of the city. This area includes Brickell, Virginia Key, Watson Island, and PortMiami. Downtown is South Florida's central business district, and... | On what street is the highest concentration of international banks in the US? | On what street is the highest concentration of international banks in the US? | [
"On what street is the highest concentration of international banks in the US?"
] | {
"text": [
"Brickell Avenue"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105662 | 56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba2 | Communications_in_Somalia | As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dialup or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium routes for media operato... | What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009? | What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009? | [
"What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?"
] | {
"text": [
"10% to 15% per year"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83824 | 5726738e5951b619008f7301 | Florida | Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appe... | How did the Florida supreme court rule on the challenge | How did the Florida supreme court rule on the challenge | [
"How did the Florida supreme court rule on the challenge "
] | {
"text": [
"Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81941 | 572819772ca10214002d9dd1 | Royal_assent | In Australia, a technical issue arose with the royal assent in both 1976 and 2001. In 1976, a bill originating in the House of Representatives was mistakenly submitted to the Governor-General and assented to. However, it was later discovered that it had not been passed by each house. The error arose because two bills o... | This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year? | This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year? | [
"This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58229 | 572769c2dd62a815002e9c7a | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More specifically, apparent rebounds of minority enroll... | What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished? | What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished? | [
"What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?"
] | {
"text": [
"14"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90547 | 5731bc330fdd8d15006c64bb | Pacific_War | The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis, and that the United States was not at war with Thailand. The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy, but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japa... | According to the USA, what country did Japan blackmail? | According to the USA, what country did Japan blackmail? | [
"According to the USA, what country did Japan blackmail?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thailand"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31318 | 57268623f1498d1400e8e2ac | Germans | The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism. After the Congress of Vienna, Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors. Austria, trying to remain the dominant power in Central... | What prominent Jewish German sought German unification in the mid 19th century? | What prominent Jewish German sought German unification in the mid 19th century? | [
"What prominent Jewish German sought German unification in the mid 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eduard Lasker"
],
"answer_start": [
807
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41399 | 56d516439d1b871400ae0611 | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults. This earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in Longmen Shan Fault System, i.e. the Beichuan Fault and the Guanxian–Anxian Fault. In the epicentral area, the average slip in Beichuan Fault w... | Where is the Longmen shan fault located? | Where is the Longmen shan fault located? | [
"Where is the Longmen shan fault located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tibetan Plateau"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102251 | 56f9e7ab9b226e1400dd15fc | High-definition_television | The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television. | What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's? | What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's? | [
"What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's?"
] | {
"text": [
"technical and economic"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67728 | 5a81c3a731013a001a334e7c | Norfolk_Island | Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 th... | Who decided in 1974 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth? | Who decided in 1974 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth? | [
"Who decided in 1974 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31124 | 5a149412a54d420018529262 | Identity_(social_science) | Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their "in-group" ove... | What issue regarding discrimination have researchers explained? | What issue regarding discrimination have researchers explained? | [
"What issue regarding discrimination have researchers explained?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50356 | 5acecf5f32bba1001ae4b4eb | Neptune | The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may cons... | who suggested Neptunes mantle is solid carbon? | who suggested Neptunes mantle is solid carbon? | [
"who suggested Neptunes mantle is solid carbon?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28888 | 571ab82810f8ca1400305319 | Pharmaceutical_industry | On 2 July 2012, GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bri... | How much was the settlement GlaxoSmithKline agree to? | How much was the settlement GlaxoSmithKline agree to? | [
"How much was the settlement GlaxoSmithKline agree to?"
] | {
"text": [
"$3 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98377 | 56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e7f | Alps | In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one pla... | Who was Otzi the Iceman? | Who was Otzi the Iceman? | [
"Who was Otzi the Iceman?"
] | {
"text": [
"a mummy of a neolithic body"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107888 | 5acfb6c277cf76001a685a05 | Umayyad_Caliphate | Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for ... | Who shrunk the reach of the postal service throughout his empire? | Who shrunk the reach of the postal service throughout his empire? | [
"Who shrunk the reach of the postal service throughout his empire?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75089 | 572ef20ecb0c0d14000f1694 | Elevator | Some types of residential elevators do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room, and elevator hoistway. This allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation. The ASME board first approved machine-room-less systems in a revision of the ASME A17.1 in 2007... | What types of elevators occassionaly do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room or hoistway? | What types of elevators occassionaly do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room or hoistway? | [
"What types of elevators occassionaly do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room or hoistway?"
] | {
"text": [
"residential"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54005 | 5ad3e5f1604f3c001a3ff5b9 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in ... | What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 40 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis? | What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 40 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis? | [
"What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 40 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40567 | 5ad690cf191832001aa7b225 | Paper | Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize tha... | How was rag paper inferior to the early types of paper made using alum? | How was rag paper inferior to the early types of paper made using alum? | [
" How was rag paper inferior to the early types of paper made using alum?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103464 | 5ad2cd3ed7d075001a42a2bd | Multiracial_American | European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and... | Why did the tribes encourage marriage between Indigenous Americans and whites? | Why did the tribes encourage marriage between Indigenous Americans and whites? | [
"Why did the tribes encourage marriage between Indigenous Americans and whites?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93859 | 572e833acb0c0d14000f1217 | Cyprus | The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to enosis. The idea of enosis was historically part of the Megali Idea, a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with Greek inhabitants in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus ... | The Megali Idea was actively pursued by whom? | The Megali Idea was actively pursued by whom? | [
"The Megali Idea was actively pursued by whom?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cypriot Orthodox Church"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37504 | 5727fb052ca10214002d9a9c | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 2... | What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called? | What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called? | [
"What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Lines of Communication"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33084 | 5ad18ef3645df0001a2d1f3b | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | What is not the purpose of white-balancing? | What is not the purpose of white-balancing? | [
"What is not the purpose of white-balancing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102728 | 5730507b8ab72b1400f9c443 | Association_football | In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays. A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the s... | Which goals count to the final score of the game? | Which goals count to the final score of the game? | [
"Which goals count to the final score of the game? "
] | {
"text": [
"Goals scored during extra time"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35183 | 5a8ce670fd22b3001a8d8fda | Memory | Physical exercise, particularly continuous aerobic exercises such as running, cycling and swimming, has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain. Influences on the brain include increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The effect... | What negative things can happen to your brain when you excersise? | What negative things can happen to your brain when you excersise? | [
"What negative things can happen to your brain when you excersise?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29157 | 571d1e58dd7acb1400e4c225 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory ef... | Who discovered mevastatin? | Who discovered mevastatin? | [
"Who discovered mevastatin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Akira Endo"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83435 | 5727da824b864d1900163e95 | Dominican_Order | Albertus Magnus championed the idea, drawn from Dionysus, that positive knowledge of God is possible, but obscure. Thus, it is easier to state what God is not, than to state what God is: "... we affirm things of God only relatively, that is, casually, whereas we deny things of God absolutely, that is, with reference to... | Who influenced Magnus at this time? | Who influenced Magnus at this time? | [
"Who influenced Magnus at this time?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dionysus"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97644 | 56d39a6a59d6e414001467f6 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 6... | What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare? | What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare? | [
"What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?"
] | {
"text": [
"a canon at one beat's distance"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68727 | 572efe68dfa6aa1500f8d535 | Modern_history | On the Indian subcontinent, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century. The "classic period" ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly c... | Who ruled most of India in the 18 century? | Who ruled most of India in the 18 century? | [
"Who ruled most of India in the 18 century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mughal Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33856 | 57285c163acd2414000df956 | Alaska | Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States. As such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tonga... | Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase? | Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase? | [
"Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase?"
] | {
"text": [
"Panhandle or Inside Passage"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7984 | 5ad00e0477cf76001a686818 | Copyright_infringement | The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the EU Copyright Directive of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommerical use. The Copyright Directive was not intend... | Compensation to the rights-holder is never a levy or what else? | Compensation to the rights-holder is never a levy or what else? | [
"Compensation to the rights-holder is never a levy or what else?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106686 | 5a8466b67cf838001a46a7e5 | East_India_Company | By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondichéry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, partic... | What war was the French involved in with a big military presence in 1793? | What war was the French involved in with a big military presence in 1793? | [
"What war was the French involved in with a big military presence in 1793?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-353 | 56f957e29b226e1400dd136d | Marshall_Islands | Although the Spanish Empire had a residual claim on the Marshalls in 1874, when she began asserting her sovereignty over the Carolines, she made no effort to prevent the German Empire from gaining a foothold there. Britain also raised no objection to a German protectorate over the Marshalls in exchange for German recog... | On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands? | On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands? | [
"On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands?"
] | {
"text": [
"SMS Nautilus"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95033 | 5710fd27b654c5140001fa7a | Age_of_Enlightenment | The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported "free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation". Immanuel Kant considered written c... | Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened? | Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened? | [
"Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened?"
] | {
"text": [
"the \"reading public\""
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85704 | 57111d93a58dae1900cd6c64 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | By 1988, industry observers stated that the NES's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo cartridges was larger than that for all home computer software. Compute! reported in 1989 that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988, almost as many as the number of Commodore 64s sold in its fir... | What year did Nintendo's market surpass all computer software? | What year did Nintendo's market surpass all computer software? | [
"What year did Nintendo's market surpass all computer software?"
] | {
"text": [
"1988"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68362 | 5a369c7695360f001af1b2bd | George_VI | Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, an... | In what country is Wembley? | In what country is Wembley? | [
"In what country is Wembley?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26622 | 57319f1ee17f3d1400422281 | University | In 1963, the Robbins Report on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that such institutions should have four main "objectives essential to any properly balanced system: instruction in skills; the promotion of the general powers of the mind so as to produce not mere specialists but rather cultivated men and women... | In what year did the Robbins report say that universities should have four objectives to remain balanced? | In what year did the Robbins report say that universities should have four objectives to remain balanced? | [
"In what year did the Robbins report say that universities should have four objectives to remain balanced?"
] | {
"text": [
"1963"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42313 | 5ad2685bd7d075001a42926f | Karl_Popper | Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents ... | What didn't go beyond what the frequently-quoted passages said? | What didn't go beyond what the frequently-quoted passages said? | [
"What didn't go beyond what the frequently-quoted passages said?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9850 | 5727fb4eff5b5019007d99e6 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Musli... | What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders? | What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders? | [
"What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?"
] | {
"text": [
"opposed"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111955 | 5727af44ff5b5019007d928b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Chapter IV details natural selection under the "infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where s... | What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions? | What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions? | [
"What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?"
] | {
"text": [
"extinction of some species"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13291 | 56e792e237bdd419002c4180 | Nanjing | In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the "Rape of Nanking"). Even ch... | When did Japan invade all of China? | When did Japan invade all of China? | [
"When did Japan invade all of China?"
] | {
"text": [
"1937"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73242 | 56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d20 | American_Idol | In May 2005, Carrie Underwood was announced the winner, with Bice the runner-up. Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song "Inside Your Heaven". Underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide, and become the most successful Idol contestant in the U.S., selling over 14 million albums copies in the U.S.... | Who was the winner of this season? | Who was the winner of this season? | [
"Who was the winner of this season?"
] | {
"text": [
"Carrie Underwood"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112598 | 570d7ed6b3d812140066da08 | United_States_Army | During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War began in 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a United Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of ... | In what year did the Korean war end? | In what year did the Korean war end? | [
"In what year did the Korean war end?"
] | {
"text": [
"1953"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78458 | 5ad27c2ed7d075001a429685 | Greeks | The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism wa... | When did this event stop? | When did this event stop? | [
"When did this event stop?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15021 | 5ad3dbbc604f3c001a3ff3d8 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited th... | What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss not edit? | What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss not edit? | [
"What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss not edit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89849 | 57305bf72461fd1900a9cdd1 | The_Blitz | In recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz act... | What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings? | What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings? | [
"What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97326 | 56cf7c234df3c31400b0d835 | Frédéric_Chopin | The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized ... | Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together? | Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together? | [
"Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?"
] | {
"text": [
"Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory"
],
"answer_start": [
709
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67578 | 5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bda | Norfolk_Island | After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the ... | Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II? | Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II? | [
"Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?"
] | {
"text": [
"Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5530 | 57069abf75f01819005e7c38 | House_music | Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was previously involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial and post-punk record store Wax Trax! Records as an important connection between the ever-changing underground sounds of Chicago. As most proto-house DJs were primarily stuck to playing their... | what was the nickname of frankie knuckles? | what was the nickname of frankie knuckles? | [
"what was the nickname of frankie knuckles?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"the Godfather of House,\""
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111317 | 5731d079e99e3014001e62dd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | What was the benefit of being a Vestal? | What was the benefit of being a Vestal? | [
"What was the benefit of being a Vestal?"
] | {
"text": [
"political influence"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72573 | 5ad3586b604f3c001a3fde27 | Dell | Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company’s Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997. While the industry’s average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was goin... | When did Dell's internet site lose popularity? | When did Dell's internet site lose popularity? | [
"When did Dell's internet site lose popularity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106352 | 5725ed9a89a1e219009ac0ba | Hellenistic_period | After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were l... | Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion? | Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion? | [
"Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paropamisadae"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97019 | 56e1189acd28a01900c675a1 | Canon_law | The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline... | What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans? | What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans? | [
"What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Book of Concord"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27261 | 572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46f | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | What list is the transistor on? | What list is the transistor on? | [
"What list is the transistor on?"
] | {
"text": [
"list of IEEE milestones in electronics"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75839 | 5706017c75f01819005e7860 | The_Times | In June 1990, The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles ("Mr", "Mrs", or "Miss" prefixes) for living persons before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. The more formal style is now confined to the "Court and Social" page, though "Ms" is now ac... | When The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles, it continued to use them for what kind of name on references after the first? | When The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles, it continued to use them for what kind of name on references after the first? | [
"When The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles, it continued to use them for what kind of name on references after the first?"
] | {
"text": [
"surnames"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21329 | 56e6cb55de9d371400068053 | Adult_contemporary_music | The amount of crossover between the AC chart and the Hot 100 has varied based on how much the passing pop music trends of the times appealed to adult listeners. Not many disco or new wave songs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and much of the hip-hop and harder rock mu... | What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio? | What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio? | [
"What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio?"
] | {
"text": [
"hip-hop and harder rock music"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80483 | 5a6681f4f038b7001ab0bf0b | Data_compression | Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity. Because compressed data must be decompressed to use, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression; this situation is far from being a free lunch. Data compression is sub... | What is subject to a space-time hardware? | What is subject to a space-time hardware? | [
"What is subject to a space-time hardware?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33716 | 5726565df1498d1400e8dc72 | Film_speed | Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the fil... | What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure? | What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure? | [
"What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?"
] | {
"text": [
"the amount of light energy that reaches the film"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91271 | 5ace9c8a32bba1001ae4acd7 | Avicenna | When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The p... | What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to before the end of the Samanid dynasty? | What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to before the end of the Samanid dynasty? | [
"What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to before the end of the Samanid dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87259 | 570b25ecec8fbc190045b87d | Videoconferencing | The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administ... | What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system? | What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system? | [
"What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?"
] | {
"text": [
"Social Security Administration (SSA)"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49950 | 56ce4821aab44d1400b88656 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet." He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the ch... | Who's presence increased in Tibet? | Who's presence increased in Tibet? | [
"Who's presence increased in Tibet?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Mongols"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100246 | 56e0fb457aa994140058e865 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | According to China daily. Fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it is now generating $31.5 billion for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp. | What are some companies that profit from the BDS system? | What are some companies that profit from the BDS system? | [
"What are some companies that profit from the BDS system?"
] | {
"text": [
"China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp."
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111565 | 572b7304f75d5e190021fde1 | Education | After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe'... | What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages? | What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages? | [
"What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chartres Cathedral School"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
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