gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-34146 | 5ad411ad604f3c001a400213 | Alaska | Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combi... | What are all Alaskan regional hubs? | What are all Alaskan regional hubs? | [
"What are all Alaskan regional hubs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30382 | 5726baec708984140094cf75 | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km2) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship-caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 pub... | What is the name of the arboretum? | What is the name of the arboretum? | [
"What is the name of the arboretum?"
] | {
"text": [
"J. C. Raulston Arboretum"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102637 | 5a79d98717ab25001a8a00ec | Association_football | Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68.5–69.5 cm (27.0–27.4 in) circumference, known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the... | What would not describe the shape of the football? | What would not describe the shape of the football? | [
"What would not describe the shape of the football?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100305 | 5acd3a1e07355d001abf3994 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2 was launched on 15 April 2009. On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation ... | SweiDou-X was put into orbit during which month of 2007? | SweiDou-X was put into orbit during which month of 2007? | [
"SweiDou-X was put into orbit during which month of 2007?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77779 | 57268f475951b619008f7693 | British_Empire | Most of the UK's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation, established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government, but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members. Ba... | When did Barbados get independence? | When did Barbados get independence? | [
"When did Barbados get independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"1966"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28619 | 5a0f536adecec9001847556f | Canadian_football | At the beginning of a match, an official tosses a coin and allows the captain of the visiting team call heads or tails. The captain of the team winning the coin toss is given the option of having first choice, or of deferring first choice to the other captain. The captain making first choice may either choose a) to kic... | What is one option the opposing captain is given if they choose first choice after winning the coin toss? | What is one option the opposing captain is given if they choose first choice after winning the coin toss? | [
"What is one option the opposing captain is given if they choose first choice after winning the coin toss?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22244 | 56e78c5900c9c71400d7728f | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | There are facilities across the country with research rooms, archival holdings, and microfilms of documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region. | Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where? | Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where? | [
"Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where?"
] | {
"text": [
"facilities across the country"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26919 | 5709e0746d058f1900182be8 | United_States_dollar | Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States th... | What is the federal funds rate? | What is the federal funds rate? | [
"What is the federal funds rate?"
] | {
"text": [
"the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65249 | 5726ceaa5951b619008f7e95 | Crimean_War | Russia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Now Russia used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian occupation of these... | Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces? | Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces? | [
"Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nicholas"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59424 | 5726a572dd62a815002e8be5 | Electric_motor | A major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The... | Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for? | Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for? | [
"Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for?"
] | {
"text": [
"generator"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26670 | 5731a4580fdd8d15006c6422 | University | Regardless of the way the tension between universities, individual scientists, and the scientific revolution itself is perceived, there was a discernible impact on the way that university education was constructed. Aristotelian epistemology provided a coherent framework not simply for knowledge and knowledge constructi... | The scientific revolution contributed to what, in terms of science? | The scientific revolution contributed to what, in terms of science? | [
"The scientific revolution contributed to what, in terms of science?"
] | {
"text": [
"autonomy"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114760 | 5ad25fcbd7d075001a428f97 | Emotion | In economics, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and risk perception. In criminology, a social science approach to the study o... | What is not a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed? | What is not a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed? | [
"What is not a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17420 | 570e51b50b85d914000d7e25 | Uranium | In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted abo... | Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository? | Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository? | [
"Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yucca Mountain"
],
"answer_start": [
687
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108871 | 5a7e405170df9f001a87563f | Literature | In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought ... | What period occurred from 796-896 BCE? | What period occurred from 796-896 BCE? | [
"What period occurred from 796-896 BCE?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88802 | 570f38055ab6b81900390ea4 | Circadian_rhythm | The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhyt... | How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment? | How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment? | [
"How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment?"
] | {
"text": [
"22-hour"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32744 | 5728082c3acd2414000df2c5 | Central_African_Republic | The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka; French: République centrafricaine pronounced: [ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn], or Centrafrique [sɑ̃tʀafʁik]) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic... | What is the population of CAR approximately? | What is the population of CAR approximately? | [
"What is the population of CAR approximately?"
] | {
"text": [
"4.7 million"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53174 | 5a51195cce860b001aa3fb9e | Sichuan | Throughout its prehistory and early history, the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in North China. Sichuan was referred to in ancient Chine... | What dates to the early Shang and Zhou dynasties? | What dates to the early Shang and Zhou dynasties? | [
"What dates to the early Shang and Zhou dynasties?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7495 | 572f6be0947a6a140053c938 | Database | For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the relational approa... | How is a database system frequently used? | How is a database system frequently used? | [
"How is a database system frequently used?"
] | {
"text": [
"to track information about users"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52483 | 572928341d046914007790e1 | Planck_constant | Prior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly as temperatures increase.... | Before Planck, it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value? | Before Planck, it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value? | [
"Before Planck, it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value?"
] | {
"text": [
"any"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107021 | 573606536c16ec1900b9290f | Hunting | During the feudal and colonial times in British India, hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states, as many maharajas and nawabs, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of shikaris (big-game hunters), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the ... | Who were the shikaris headed by? | Who were the shikaris headed by? | [
"Who were the shikaris headed by?"
] | {
"text": [
"master of the hunt"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2504 | 56d24217b329da140004ec8a | Buddhism | Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jhāna). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The mos... | Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what? | Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what? | [
"Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?"
] | {
"text": [
"idea"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16708 | 572a8448be1ee31400cb806a | Friedrich_Hayek | In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of st... | What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market? | What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market? | [
"What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?"
] | {
"text": [
"would be self-regulating"
],
"answer_start": [
720
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32520 | 570df7950b85d914000d7c31 | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart? | During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart? | [
"During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cretaceous"
],
"answer_start": [
674
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102309 | 5ad3b528604f3c001a3fedac | High-definition_television | It also includes the alternative 1440×1152 HDMAC scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format, and so was not included, although 1920×1080i and 1280×720p systems fo... | What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true SDTV format? | What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true SDTV format? | [
"What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true SDTV format?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103002 | 5acd2c8407355d001abf37ce | Unicode | Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and... | What are legacy encodings used exclusively for? | What are legacy encodings used exclusively for? | [
"What are legacy encodings used exclusively for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67610 | 5726a83edd62a815002e8c2e | Norfolk_Island | The coastline of Norfolk Island consists, to varying degrees, of cliff faces. A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island, with loading jetties existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay. All good... | Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island? | Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island? | [
"Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?"
] | {
"text": [
"Anson and Ball Bays"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80530 | 5a6689e4f038b7001ab0bf82 | Data_compression | In lossy audio compression, methods of psychoacoustics are used to remove non-audible (or less audible) components of the audio signal. Compression of human speech is often performed with even more specialized techniques; speech coding, or voice coding, is sometimes distinguished as a separate discipline from audio com... | Voice speech is used in what? | Voice speech is used in what? | [
"Voice speech is used in what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25758 | 5a8353c7e60761001a2eb591 | Copper | Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite... | How big is the largest alien crystal that has been found? | How big is the largest alien crystal that has been found? | [
"How big is the largest alien crystal that has been found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84050 | 573072ae396df91900096115 | Translation | Interpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had become bilingual. Subse... | What was La Malinche essential to? | What was La Malinche essential to? | [
"What was La Malinche essential to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Spanish conquest of Mexico"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88166 | 57286e382ca10214002da340 | God | According to the Omnipotence paradox or 'Paradox of the Stone', can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it? Either he can or he can’t. If he can’t, the argument goes, then there is something that he cannot do, namely create the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. If he can, it continues, then there i... | What must God be, in order to be a Supreme Being? | What must God be, in order to be a Supreme Being? | [
"What must God be, in order to be a Supreme Being?"
] | {
"text": [
"omnipotent"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70826 | 57314e18e6313a140071cded | Bird | Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent, in... | What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers? | What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers? | [
"What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers?"
] | {
"text": [
"9%"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53435 | 5727baf24b864d1900163bb2 | Sichuan | Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992, with a planned area of 43 km2 (17 sq mi). The zone is situated 96 kilometers away from Chengdu, and is 8 km (5.0 mi) away from Mianyang Airport. Since its establishment, the zone accumulated 177.4 billion yuan of industrial output, 46.2 billion yuan ... | What is the planned area of the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone? | What is the planned area of the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone? | [
"What is the planned area of the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone?"
] | {
"text": [
"17 sq mi"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11999 | 56e14edfe3433e1400422d8c | Universal_Studios | Laemmle, Jr. created a niche for the studio, beginning a series of horror films which extended into the 1940s, affectionately dubbed Universal Horror. Among them are Frankenstein (1931), Dracula ( also in 1931), The Mummy (1932) and The Invisible Man (1933). Other Laemmle productions of this period include Imitation of... | When was Universal's version of Frankenstein made? | When was Universal's version of Frankenstein made? | [
"When was Universal's version of Frankenstein made?"
] | {
"text": [
"1931"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23280 | 5731b868e17f3d1400422313 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Pro... | How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity? | How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity? | [
"How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?"
] | {
"text": [
"Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77893 | 5727dd9c4b864d1900163ece | Strasbourg | This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Ed... | What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics? | What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics? | [
"What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Strasbourg Cathedral"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64091 | 5ace87a232bba1001ae4a98b | Annelid | The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up ... | What foods come from seeps? | What foods come from seeps? | [
"What foods come from seeps?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116319 | 5a6912ae8476ee001a58aa71 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in t... | Which city houses the Sihk shrines? | Which city houses the Sihk shrines? | [
"Which city houses the Sihk shrines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105238 | 572713ce708984140094d968 | History_of_science | Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1s... | What text includes Horner's method? | What text includes Horner's method? | [
"What text includes Horner's method?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106719 | 5a846f547cf838001a46a806 | East_India_Company | In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839–42). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under... | What was the title of the person people were sent to if they were caught smuggling Opium into space? | What was the title of the person people were sent to if they were caught smuggling Opium into space? | [
"What was the title of the person people were sent to if they were caught smuggling Opium into space?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-193 | 56f8e6839e9bad19000a06cd | Guinea-Bissau | Malaria kills more residents; 9% of the population have reported infection, It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS. In 2008, fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs. | How many children under five slept under antimalaria nets in 2008? | How many children under five slept under antimalaria nets in 2008? | [
"How many children under five slept under antimalaria nets in 2008?"
] | {
"text": [
"fewer than half"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83608 | 5acd86c207355d001abf45aa | Florida | A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is ... | What is the length of the shortest Contiguous Coastline in the US? | What is the length of the shortest Contiguous Coastline in the US? | [
"What is the length of the shortest Contiguous Coastline in the US?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42642 | 57101794b654c5140001f7ca | Sexual_orientation | The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality. However, the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum. Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexu... | What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for? | What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for? | [
"What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?"
] | {
"text": [
"because it is still not a true continuum"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68650 | 572eda4a03f9891900756a7a | Modern_history | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era? | What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era? | [
"What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?"
] | {
"text": [
"spiritual intermediaries"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65143 | 5ad137d0645df0001a2d11f4 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new... | Use of wind power in 2012 decreased by what percentage? | Use of wind power in 2012 decreased by what percentage? | [
" Use of wind power in 2012 decreased by what percentage?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11932 | 5ad12e9a645df0001a2d10c9 | Universal_Studios | In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers; Bluebird, more ambitious productions; and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, one of the few women direc... | Who was the one woman directing films in Hollywood? | Who was the one woman directing films in Hollywood? | [
"Who was the one woman directing films in Hollywood?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96195 | 5728ce584b864d1900164e7e | Paris | The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment. The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, a ... | What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of? | What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of? | [
"What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rueil-Malmaison"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2221 | 56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37e | Buddhism | Within Buddhism, samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. Specifically, samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence,[note 2] where each real... | What is dukkha? | What is dukkha? | [
"What is dukkha?"
] | {
"text": [
"suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76985 | 572672e8708984140094c677 | Dutch_language | Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less c... | Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers? | Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers? | [
"Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Afrikaans speakers"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10229 | 5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010e | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines? | What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines? | [
"What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99197 | 572efe86cb0c0d14000f16de | 51st_state | Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). O... | What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States? | What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States? | [
"What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"Puerto Rico"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88622 | 56db7092e7c41114004b5109 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | Hong Kong: The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2. In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui, Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer, Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan. The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun ... | What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River? | What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River? | [
"What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?"
] | {
"text": [
"a dragon boat"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87379 | 56cf4ad1aab44d1400b88f64 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | Charles Shields, who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that "its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal". Atticus' lesson to Scout that "you never really understand a person unti... | Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee? | Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee? | [
"Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charles Shields"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32908 | 5a32eeb4bd0d7f001aef9517 | Central_African_Republic | There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah's Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other African c... | What happened while Nigerians continued to work in the country? | What happened while Nigerians continued to work in the country? | [
"What happened while Nigerians continued to work in the country?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80544 | 5a668d29f038b7001ab0bfb8 | Data_compression | Data compression can be viewed as a special case of data differencing: Data differencing consists of producing a difference given a source and a target, with patching producing a target given a source and a difference, while data compression consists of producing a compressed file given a target, and decompression cons... | What can be classified as data differencing with corresponding data? | What can be classified as data differencing with corresponding data? | [
"What can be classified as data differencing with corresponding data?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57219 | 572fedf6947a6a140053ce1e | Muslim_world | Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacified glazing was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra, dating... | Where were stone-paste ceramics invented? | Where were stone-paste ceramics invented? | [
"Where were stone-paste ceramics invented?"
] | {
"text": [
"9th century Iraq"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27749 | 5729e6923f37b319004785b4 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | [
"When did Thomas Young use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?"
] | {
"text": [
"1807"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24604 | 56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b5f | New_York_City | New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out... | In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding? | In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding? | [
"In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding?"
] | {
"text": [
"42%"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50126 | 5a820f9431013a001a335177 | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main fact... | In the past sounds that now belong to separate phenomes were allophones of what kind of change in English? | In the past sounds that now belong to separate phenomes were allophones of what kind of change in English? | [
"In the past sounds that now belong to separate phenomes were allophones of what kind of change in English?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103437 | 571df84ab64a571400c71e36 | Multiracial_American | Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European m... | When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas? | When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas? | [
"When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?"
] | {
"text": [
"April 5, 1614"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11020 | 5ad2bcd8d7d075001a42a0a8 | Anthropology | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cu... | What type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and their history? | What type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and their history? | [
"What type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and their history?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63620 | 57261fd438643c19005ad04c | Buckingham_Palace | In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace. The new King and his wife Queen Alexandra had always been at the forefront of London high society, and their friends, known as "the Marlborough House Set", were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age. Buckingham Palace—the ... | What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace? | What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace? | [
"What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace?"
] | {
"text": [
"King Edward's heavy redecorations"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111005 | 5a81cbef31013a001a334ee9 | Group_(mathematics) | Quotient groups and subgroups together form a way of describing every group by its presentation: any group is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group, quotiented by the subgroup of relations. The dihedral group D4, for example, can be generated by two elements r and f (for example, r = r1, the r... | Which two elements does D4 generate? | Which two elements does D4 generate? | [
"Which two elements does D4 generate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50411 | 572ea25103f989190075686e | Neptune | The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from... | What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? | What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? | [
"What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? "
] | {
"text": [
"strong quadrupole moment"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91611 | 57267dfbdd62a815002e8718 | Botany | During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in ke... | What is the meaning of dichotomous keys? | What is the meaning of dichotomous keys? | [
"What is the meaning of dichotomous keys?"
] | {
"text": [
"choices between pairs"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98543 | 57266b06dd62a815002e8441 | Marvel_Comics | Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55 (May ... | Under what handle were Marvel's detective fiction comics published? | Under what handle were Marvel's detective fiction comics published? | [
"Under what handle were Marvel's detective fiction comics published?"
] | {
"text": [
"Marvel Mystery Comics"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35506 | 5ad0f821645df0001a2d0900 | Gothic_architecture | The distinctive characteristic of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula is their spatial complexity, with many areas of different shapes leading from each other. They are comparatively wide, and often have very tall arcades surmounted by low clerestories, giving a similar spacious appearance to the 'Hallenkirche o... | What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian continent? | What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian continent? | [
"What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian continent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9693 | 5725e1ec89a1e219009ac02a | Montevideo | The University of the Republic is the country's largest and most important university, with a student body of 81,774, according to the census of 2007. It was founded on 18 July 1849 in Montevideo, where most of its buildings and facilities are still located. Its current Rector is Dr. Rodrigo Arocena. The university hou... | When was the University of the Republic founded? | When was the University of the Republic founded? | [
"When was the University of the Republic founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"18 July 1849"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14586 | 5ad3c91f604f3c001a3ff08c | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolma... | What happened in 1864? | What happened in 1864? | [
"What happened in 1864?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103262 | 5ad299e9d7d075001a429b8e | Multiracial_American | In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonia... | Who made unions with African men after the colonial years? | Who made unions with African men after the colonial years? | [
"Who made unions with African men after the colonial years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108686 | 572caa632babe914003c29af | Tennessee | Capital punishment has existed in Tennessee at various times since statehood. Before 1913 the method of execution was hanging. From 1913 to 1915 there was a hiatus on executions but they were reinstated in 1916 when electrocution became the new method. From 1972 to 1978, after the Supreme Court ruled (Furman v. Georgia... | In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee's method of execution? | In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee's method of execution? | [
"In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee's method of execution?"
] | {
"text": [
"1916"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96768 | 5727a8684b864d19001639b0 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | John Calvin supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches... | The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection? | The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection? | [
"The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"pre-eternally\" determined by the Father"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86080 | 573427834776f4190066199c | Tucson,_Arizona | On Sentinel Peak (also known as "'A' Mountain"), just west of downtown, there is a giant "A" in honor of the University of Arizona. Starting in about 1916, a yearly tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash the "A", which was visible for miles. However, at the beginning of the Iraq War, anti-war activists painted i... | Where is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain? | Where is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain? | [
"Where is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain?"
] | {
"text": [
"On Sentinel Peak (also known as \"'A' Mountain\"), just west of downtown"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8601 | 5acdfb7c32bba1001ae4993d | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July ... | Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War II? | Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War II? | [
"Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War II?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101759 | 56d62ff01c85041400946fb2 | Dog | In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appea... | What are conformation shows also known as? | What are conformation shows also known as? | [
"What are conformation shows also known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"breed shows"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112819 | 5a70d3ef8abb0b001a6761be | Xbox_360 | Xbox Live Arcade is an online service operated by Microsoft that is used to distribute downloadable video games to Xbox and Xbox 360 owners. In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac-Man, the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes. The Xbox Live Arcade also features games from other consol... | How much was Castlevania: Symphony sold for? | How much was Castlevania: Symphony sold for? | [
"How much was Castlevania: Symphony sold for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15933 | 57342720d058e614000b6a27 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that ... | What type of signal do immunoassays produce? | What type of signal do immunoassays produce? | [
"What type of signal do immunoassays produce?"
] | {
"text": [
"electro - magnetic or particle radiation"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88255 | 56d8a0ddbfea0914004b7707 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged f... | How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route? | How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route? | [
"How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route?"
] | {
"text": [
"effectively none"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91491 | 5726f4315951b619008f8350 | Avicenna | Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the... | According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation? | According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation? | [
"According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?"
] | {
"text": [
"strong enough"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91725 | 5727507f5951b619008f8828 | Botany | Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil rhizosphere bacterium, can attach to plant cells and infect them with a callus-inducing Ti plasmid by horizontal gene transfer, causing a callus infection called crown gall disease. Schell and Van Montagu (1977) hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing... | What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for? | What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for? | [
"What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"creation of genetically modified crops"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-426 | 56f95fca9b226e1400dd13d4 | Marshall_Islands | Following the 2013 emergencies, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Tony de Brum was encouraged by the Obama administration in the United States to turn the crises into an opportunity to promote action against climate change. De Brum demanded new commitment and international leadership to stave off further climate disaster... | As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs? | As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs? | [
"As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tony de Brum"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49242 | 5a870cc71d3cee001a6a1094 | Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc... | What surrounds the lymphocytes? | What surrounds the lymphocytes? | [
"What surrounds the lymphocytes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90733 | 5732201b0fdd8d15006c67d7 | Pacific_War | Thus, only in 1944 did the U.S. Navy begin to use its 150 submarines to maximum effect: installing effective shipboard radar, replacing commanders deemed lacking in aggression, and fixing the faults in the torpedoes. Japanese commerce protection was "shiftless beyond description,"[nb 14] and convoys were poorly organiz... | When did the US Navy begin to use it's submarines to maximum effect? | When did the US Navy begin to use it's submarines to maximum effect? | [
"When did the US Navy begin to use it's submarines to maximum effect?"
] | {
"text": [
"1944"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98832 | 5a5ac61d9c0277001abe7188 | Heresy | In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heret... | What happened in Spain that led to more heresey? | What happened in Spain that led to more heresey? | [
"What happened in Spain that led to more heresey?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105261 | 5727e7cdff5b5019007d9805 | History_of_science | With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden A... | Where was support found for Greek philosophy? | Where was support found for Greek philosophy? | [
"Where was support found for Greek philosophy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arab Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48682 | 5a85edd1b4e223001a8e72f4 | War_on_Terror | In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, "EAPC States are committed to the protection and prom... | What were NATO's efforts to respond to terrorism called? | What were NATO's efforts to respond to terrorism called? | [
"What were NATO's efforts to respond to terrorism called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84899 | 5a27f7b4d1a287001a6d0a66 | Mali | Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. During its golden age, there was a flourishing of mathematics, astronomy, literature, and art. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire cover... | What empire is present day Mali part of? | What empire is present day Mali part of? | [
"What empire is present day Mali part of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9254 | 57326ae20fdd8d15006c6aab | The_Bronx | The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the... | Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building? | Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building? | [
"Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building?"
] | {
"text": [
"C. B. J. Snyder"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10159 | 572844e12ca10214002da209 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine ("Saladin The Victorious"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film se... | What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record? | What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record? | [
"What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nasser 56"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-857 | 56df80585ca0a614008f9b77 | Plymouth | To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route. | In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located? | In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located? | [
"In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?"
] | {
"text": [
"west"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58559 | 570e63780dc6ce1900204ff9 | Sanskrit | Sanskrit has greatly influenced the languages of India that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base; for instance, Hindi is a "Sanskritised register" of the Khariboli dialect. All modern Indo-Aryan languages, as well as Munda and Dravidian languages, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit (tatsama... | What language has influenced the languages of India? | What language has influenced the languages of India? | [
"What language has influenced the languages of India?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100740 | 572e97b4c246551400ce43a4 | Post-punk | British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community—American critic Greil Marcus characterised "Britain's postpunk pop avant-garde" in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"—as well as media figures ... | What were Fast, Mute, and Glass in the context of post-punk music? | What were Fast, Mute, and Glass in the context of post-punk music? | [
"What were Fast, Mute, and Glass in the context of post-punk music?"
] | {
"text": [
"record labels"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21897 | 5acd84c307355d001abf453e | Aircraft_carrier | The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO roc... | How is the Russian SU-33 unable to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov? | How is the Russian SU-33 unable to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov? | [
"How is the Russian SU-33 unable to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29434 | 5a5690656349e2001acdce40 | Swaziland | The considerable spending did not lead to more growth and did not benefit the poor. Much of the increased spending has gone to current expenditures related to wages, transfers, and subsidies. The wage bill today constitutes over 15% of GDP and 55% of total public spending; these are some of the highest levels on the Af... | What makes up 15% of total public spending? | What makes up 15% of total public spending? | [
"What makes up 15% of total public spending?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83259 | 5ad24939d7d075001a428b96 | Dominican_Order | Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith, and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille. This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns, thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars. Prior Diego sanctioned the building o... | What would become a foundation of the Benedictine nuns? | What would become a foundation of the Benedictine nuns? | [
"What would become a foundation of the Benedictine nuns?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82788 | 56e06a027aa994140058e473 | Saint_Helena | In 1840, St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron, preventing slavery to Brazil (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town, and eventually to Sierra Leone. | How many slaves were freed from the island? | How many slaves were freed from the island? | [
"How many slaves were freed from the island?"
] | {
"text": [
"many thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18792 | 5ad0c009645df0001a2d01b3 | Premier_League | However, by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals. UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 (resulting in Manchester United lif... | In which FIFA World Cup was Europe successful? | In which FIFA World Cup was Europe successful? | [
"In which FIFA World Cup was Europe successful?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84247 | 56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a6 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief? | Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief? | [
"Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?"
] | {
"text": [
"Executive"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20833 | 5acfa31377cf76001a68568c | Prime_minister | The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century. | What came into use in the 1800's? | What came into use in the 1800's? | [
"What came into use in the 1800's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31197 | 5a149516a54d420018529275 | Identity_(social_science) | Kenneth Gergen formulated additional classifications, which include the strategic manipulator, the pastiche personality, and the relational self. The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from his or her social... | Who formulated all new classifications? | Who formulated all new classifications? | [
"Who formulated all new classifications?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72706 | 570fcfe65ab6b81900391039 | Dell | Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006. On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its "Recycling Works" award for efforts to promote pr... | How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2009? | How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2009? | [
"How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2009?"
] | {
"text": [
"275 million pounds"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
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