gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-44370 | 57070b9290286e26004fc847 | Chihuahua_(state) | In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; th... | Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister? | Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister? | [
"Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manuel Doblado"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68643 | 570ae41e4103511400d59acd | Mesozoic | The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant ... | When did the Ginkgo evolve? | When did the Ginkgo evolve? | [
"When did the Ginkgo evolve?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mesozoic"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100999 | 5a5e596a5bc9f4001a75af14 | Hindu_philosophy | Mīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct and right. In contrast, ... | What did Mimamsakas and Vedantins agree on? | What did Mimamsakas and Vedantins agree on? | [
"What did Mimamsakas and Vedantins agree on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27352 | 5a7b749521c2de001afea034 | Transistor | In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connec... | When is a circuit most likely to fail? | When is a circuit most likely to fail? | [
"When is a circuit most likely to fail?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82119 | 5acfc9c477cf76001a685fbd | Royal_assent | If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent, a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin's objection would not be possible under the current constitution. If the sovereign were ever declared incapable of discharging royal authority, his or her powers would not be transferred... | If Juan Carlos had been declared capable, who would have been given power? | If Juan Carlos had been declared capable, who would have been given power? | [
"If Juan Carlos had been declared capable, who would have been given power?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67412 | 570a04be4103511400d594f7 | Hanover | In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia... | What was the name of William IV's heir? | What was the name of William IV's heir? | [
"What was the name of William IV's heir?"
] | {
"text": [
"Queen Victoria"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41280 | 5731dfa30fdd8d15006c65e0 | Egypt | Of the Christian minority in Egypt over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an Oriental Orthodox Christian Church. Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the Coptic Catholic Church, the Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other Protestant denominations. Non-native Christian com... | Where are other Non-native Christian communities found? | Where are other Non-native Christian communities found? | [
"Where are other Non-native Christian communities found?"
] | {
"text": [
"urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42974 | 570d74e0fed7b91900d46153 | Franco-Prussian_War | The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed... | Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective | Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective | [
"Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective"
] | {
"text": [
"artillery"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71065 | 5acf4e3877cf76001a684b79 | University_of_Kansas | Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review, the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) for both its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting. | Who considered the business school of the University of Kansas among the best Southwestern business institutions? | Who considered the business school of the University of Kansas among the best Southwestern business institutions? | [
"Who considered the business school of the University of Kansas among the best Southwestern business institutions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24494 | 56dfbc1d231d4119001abd47 | Lighting | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in... | In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? | In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? | [
"In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? "
] | {
"text": [
"searchlights and flares"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10655 | 56e03cc27aa994140058e3f7 | Comics | Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed. | What type of ink is often used in making comics? | What type of ink is often used in making comics? | [
"What type of ink is often used in making comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"India ink"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31215 | 57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e7 | Germans | Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans.[citation needed] There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-So... | what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world? | what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world? | [
"what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"between 100 and more than 150 million"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33416 | 56f9313f9b226e1400dd1287 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 13th Street is in three parts. The first is a dead end from Avenue C. The second starts at a dead end, just before Avenue B, and runs to Greenwich Avenue, and the third part is from Eighth Avenue to Tenth Avenue. | Which street has its third section between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue? | Which street has its third section between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue? | [
"Which street has its third section between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue?"
] | {
"text": [
"13th Street"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27764 | 5acd192f07355d001abf34c2 | Energy | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of stored energy? | Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of stored energy? | [
"Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of stored energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47876 | 5726ae81708984140094cdbe | Napoleon | The resulting Treaty of Schönbrunn in October 1809 was the harshest that France had imposed on Austria in recent memory. Metternich and Archduke Charles had the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as their fundamental goal, and to this end they succeeded by making Napoleon seek more modest goals in return for promises ... | The goal of Metternich and Archduke Charles regarding the Treaty of Schönbrunn was to attempt the preservation of what? | The goal of Metternich and Archduke Charles regarding the Treaty of Schönbrunn was to attempt the preservation of what? | [
"The goal of Metternich and Archduke Charles regarding the Treaty of Schönbrunn was to attempt the preservation of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Habsburg Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1415 | 57314d4205b4da19006bd00a | Mosaic | With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulat... | Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches? | Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches? | [
"Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?"
] | {
"text": [
"the late 4th century"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87965 | 5a3c59eacc5d22001a521d74 | God | In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed ... | What two attributes describe God in deism? | What two attributes describe God in deism? | [
"What two attributes describe God in deism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67821 | 572e898bc246551400ce42f8 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, ... | What year was Charleston founded? | What year was Charleston founded? | [
"What year was Charleston founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1670"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42955 | 570d724bfed7b91900d46127 | Franco-Prussian_War | To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine, Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began. The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war, with its 50,000-strong army and t... | What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack? | What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack? | [
"What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack?"
] | {
"text": [
"invasion of northern Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38506 | 5acd14cb07355d001abf33c3 | Materialism | Many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on. | Jerry Fodor disagrees with what framework? | Jerry Fodor disagrees with what framework? | [
"Jerry Fodor disagrees with what framework?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105958 | 56e087477aa994140058e5bb | Space_Race | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | The first satellite launched into space used what rocket? | The first satellite launched into space used what rocket? | [
"The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?"
] | {
"text": [
"R-7 Semyorka rocket"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103489 | 5ad2c01fd7d075001a42a0e0 | Multiracial_American | In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrat... | What was an attempt to increase black political power? | What was an attempt to increase black political power? | [
"What was an attempt to increase black political power?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41627 | 56cec548aab44d1400b88a13 | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan... | When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published? | When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published? | [
"When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published?"
] | {
"text": [
"In 2002"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89089 | 56dfa04b38dc421700152127 | Hunter-gatherer | It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values.[editorializing] One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. It might be... | Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society? | Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society? | [
"Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?"
] | {
"text": [
"women"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38687 | 570c3cc96b8089140040fc56 | FC_Barcelona | In 1922, the number of supporters had surpassed 20,000 and by lending money to the club, Barça was able to build the larger Camp de Les Corts, which had an initial capacity of 20,000 spectators. After the Spanish Civil War the club started attracting more members and a larger number of spectators at matches. This led t... | When was the last expansion of Les Corts? | When was the last expansion of Les Corts? | [
"When was the last expansion of Les Corts?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73994 | 5acf9d2177cf76001a68550c | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | Who said "I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is not Architecture" | Who said "I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is not Architecture" | [
"Who said \"I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is not Architecture\""
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51079 | 5a67a198f038b7001ab0c37a | Old_English | Old English nouns had grammatical gender, a feature absent in modern English, which uses only natural gender. For example, the words sunne ("sun"), mōna ("moon") and wīf ("woman/wife") were respectively feminine, masculine and neuter; this is reflected, among other things, in the form of the definite article used with ... | What type of noun refers to a female person in modern English? | What type of noun refers to a female person in modern English? | [
"What type of noun refers to a female person in modern English?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102028 | 5a515069ce860b001aa3fcfb | States_of_Germany | The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and c... | Who drafted a plan to divide the German territory into 14 unequal states? | Who drafted a plan to divide the German territory into 14 unequal states? | [
"Who drafted a plan to divide the German territory into 14 unequal states?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29994 | 5a551af1134fea001a0e1927 | CBC_Television | Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programmin... | The CBC tries to dedicate how many hours a week to public broadcasting programs? | The CBC tries to dedicate how many hours a week to public broadcasting programs? | [
"The CBC tries to dedicate how many hours a week to public broadcasting programs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52363 | 572a84c9be1ee31400cb8071 | Miami | Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak's Atlantic Coast services, running two lines, the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star, both terminating in New York City. The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah near the Tri-Rail/Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami C... | Along with the Silver Star, what Amtrak line runs to Miami? | Along with the Silver Star, what Amtrak line runs to Miami? | [
"Along with the Silver Star, what Amtrak line runs to Miami?"
] | {
"text": [
"Silver Meteor"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89077 | 5acd518d07355d001abf3d19 | Hunter-gatherer | The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total, but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male. So great is the con... | The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is always what? | The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is always what? | [
"The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is always what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66171 | 5a64ca387f3c80001a150bdf | ASCII | ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCI... | Who made ASCII obselete? | Who made ASCII obselete? | [
"Who made ASCII obselete?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92116 | 572808852ca10214002d9c08 | Asthma | Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over tim... | What two factors cause asthma? | What two factors cause asthma? | [
"What two factors cause asthma?"
] | {
"text": [
"genetic and environmental factors"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85291 | 572794ac5951b619008f8e0f | Supreme_court | In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power ... | Macau's legal system comes from what tradition? | Macau's legal system comes from what tradition? | [
"Macau's legal system comes from what tradition?"
] | {
"text": [
"Portuguese-based legal system"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77856 | 5727d5992ca10214002d9798 | Strasbourg | In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the olde... | What Empire split to create France and Germany? | What Empire split to create France and Germany? | [
"What Empire split to create France and Germany?"
] | {
"text": [
"Carolingian Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
731
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8389 | 5a7cdcd3e8bc7e001a9e207c | Thuringia | The unemployment rate reached its peak of 20% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 7% in 2013, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by emigration and low birt... | What do many Thuringian workers do to earn lower wages? | What do many Thuringian workers do to earn lower wages? | [
"What do many Thuringian workers do to earn lower wages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86216 | 573438bbd058e614000b6b44 | Tucson,_Arizona | The Procession, held at sundown, consists of a non-motorized parade through downtown Tucson featuring many floats, sculptures, and memorials, in which the community is encouraged to participate. The parade is followed by performances on an outdoor stage, culminating in the burning of an urn in which written prayers hav... | What group runs The Procession? | What group runs The Procession? | [
"What group runs The Procession?"
] | {
"text": [
"Many Mouths One Stomach"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69951 | 5ad49e74ba00c4001a268e0a | Windows_8 | Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special version of Office 2013), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture. Win... | Why does Windows RT only work with apps excluded with the system? | Why does Windows RT only work with apps excluded with the system? | [
"Why does Windows RT only work with apps excluded with the system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111514 | 573228d1b9d445190005e865 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military trig... | For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed? | For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed? | [
"For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?"
] | {
"text": [
"treason"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107620 | 5acf705877cf76001a684e2a | Umayyad_Caliphate | The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680–692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740–743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch. As the... | What caused unrest in the provinces inside Syria? | What caused unrest in the provinces inside Syria? | [
"What caused unrest in the provinces inside Syria?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75244 | 57286c3b3acd2414000df9cd | Labour_Party_(UK) | As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a "National Government" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This cau... | Who won the 1931 election? | Who won the 1931 election? | [
"Who won the 1931 election?"
] | {
"text": [
"National Government"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113305 | 5a87732f1d3cee001a6a11b8 | Vacuum | Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a fea... | What did Aristotle believe were the fundamental elements of understanding physics? | What did Aristotle believe were the fundamental elements of understanding physics? | [
"What did Aristotle believe were the fundamental elements of understanding physics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52922 | 5a73d07a42eae6001a389a02 | Political_party | French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties. Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new me... | What are the two major parties in France? | What are the two major parties in France? | [
"What are the two major parties in France?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36580 | 5730fc20e6313a140071cb31 | Immaculate_Conception | Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a... | What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church ? | What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church ? | [
"What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Protestant Reformation"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31355 | 572693eaf1498d1400e8e459 | Germans | The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, attempted to unite all the people they claimed were "Germans" (Volksdeutsche) into one realm, including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe, many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands. This idea was initially welcom... | Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler? | Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler? | [
"Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Swiss"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107386 | 572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d7 | Royal_Dutch_Shell | In February 1907, the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Roy... | Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created? | Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created? | [
"Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?"
] | {
"text": [
"to develop an oilfield in Sumatra"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26182 | 5ad0cac4645df0001a2d038b | Edmund_Burke | Burke put forward that "We fear God, we look up with awe to kings; with affection to parliaments; with duty to magistrates; with reverence to priests; and with respect to nobility. Why? Because when such ideas are brought before our minds, it is natural to be so affected". Burke defended this prejudice on the grounds t... | Who did Burke say owes us duty? | Who did Burke say owes us duty? | [
"Who did Burke say owes us duty?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61812 | 5ace3f8932bba1001ae4a061 | Madrasa | Ibn Sīnā refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it... | What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in primary education? | What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in primary education? | [
"What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in primary education?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91212 | 5ace3e6532bba1001ae4a023 | Avicenna | According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer,ءMahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurispru... | Who wrote Euclid's Elements? | Who wrote Euclid's Elements? | [
"Who wrote Euclid's Elements?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70713 | 56dff5ca231d4119001abf0c | Pub | The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was "tavern", until the 1970s when the term "bar" became widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was "public house" as in England but "pub culture" did not spread to Canada. A fake "English looking" pub trend start... | In what decade did "bar" become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada? | In what decade did "bar" become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada? | [
"In what decade did \"bar\" become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?"
] | {
"text": [
"1970s"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10256 | 5a7fffd58f0597001ac00133 | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, w... | What is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and the hydrothermal vents? | What is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and the hydrothermal vents? | [
"What is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and the hydrothermal vents?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49303 | 5a871acf1d3cee001a6a10d1 | Tuberculosis | Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, ... | How long are antibiotics ineffective? | How long are antibiotics ineffective? | [
"How long are antibiotics ineffective?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104930 | 5733857b4776f41900660c8c | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For i... | Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades? | Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades? | [
"Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?"
] | {
"text": [
"Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11458 | 57279c29708984140094e22b | North_Carolina | While the Baptists in total (counting both blacks and whites) have maintained the majority in this part of the country (known as the Bible Belt), the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths, including Judaism, Islam, Baha'i, Buddhism, and Hinduism. As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the ... | What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas? | What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas? | [
"What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bible Belt"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8683 | 56e09ff67aa994140058e658 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore. | In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist? | In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist? | [
"In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?"
] | {
"text": [
"the east"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89433 | 573127a7497a881900248be0 | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | What span was the Pax Britannica? | What span was the Pax Britannica? | [
"What span was the Pax Britannica?"
] | {
"text": [
"between 1815 and 1914"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116350 | 5706ee379e06ca38007e921f | Letter_case | The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that a... | Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to? | Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to? | [
"Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?"
] | {
"text": [
"publication titles"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99124 | 5a825e80e60761001a2eb215 | Turner_Classic_Movies | In addition to films, Turner Classic Movies also airs original content, mostly documentaries about classic movie personalities, the world of filmmaking and particularly notable films. An occasional month-long series, Race and Hollywood, showcases films by and about people of non-white races, featuring discussions of ho... | In what year did Screened Images appear? | In what year did Screened Images appear? | [
"In what year did Screened Images appear?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61338 | 5a3ad94f3ff257001ab842bd | Flowering_plant | Flower ontogeny uses a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots. The most primitive flowers probably had a variable number of flower parts, often separate from (but in contact with) each other. The flowers tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and fe... | What was dominated by the male parts? | What was dominated by the male parts? | [
"What was dominated by the male parts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35286 | 5ad0c6de645df0001a2d02d8 | Gothic_architecture | The Catholic Church prevailed across Europe at this time, influencing not only faith but also wealth and power. Bishops were appointed by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners) and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates. The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism, wi... | What church was widespread across Asia at this time? | What church was widespread across Asia at this time? | [
"What church was widespread across Asia at this time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17264 | 5ad113dc645df0001a2d0c8d | Uranium | The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators. This ammunition consists of depleted uranium (DU) alloyed with 1–2% other elements, such as titanium or molybdenum. At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily a... | Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UN used depleted uranium munitions? | Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UN used depleted uranium munitions? | [
"Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UN used depleted uranium munitions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90205 | 5727bb6e3acd2414000dead7 | Tibet | Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, ... | Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region? | Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region? | [
"Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region?"
] | {
"text": [
"western and central Tibet"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46539 | 5ad0ab34645df0001a2d0023 | Department_store | Since the opening policy in 1979, the Chinese department stores also develops swiftly along with the fast-growing economy. There are different department store groups dominating different regions. For example, INTIME department store has the biggest market presence in Zhejiang province, while Jinying department stores ... | What department store has the least success in Jiangsu Province? | What department store has the least success in Jiangsu Province? | [
"What department store has the least success in Jiangsu Province?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36807 | 5a84a7ef7cf838001a46aa1e | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party... | What does the whip organization devise and implement for the party? | What does the whip organization devise and implement for the party? | [
"What does the whip organization devise and implement for the party?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57975 | 572736f0dd62a815002e999a | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: "there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power t... | Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII? | Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII? | [
"Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hubert Humphrey"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80430 | 572fde67947a6a140053cd85 | Bacteria | As with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detection and identific... | What tool does DNA based diagnostics use? | What tool does DNA based diagnostics use? | [
"What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?"
] | {
"text": [
"polymerase chain reaction"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50424 | 572ea38403f989190075688d | Neptune | Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verri... | Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune? | Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune? | [
"Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?"
] | {
"text": [
"53,000 km"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38310 | 572a270a1d046914007797e8 | Neolithic | Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures ("Linearbandkeramik") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC... | What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command? | What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command? | [
"What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?"
] | {
"text": [
"required considerable time and labour to construct"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68435 | 5a36b2f895360f001af1b303 | George_VI | In September 1939, Britain and the self-governing Dominions, but not Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first Ger... | On what date in August 1942 was Prince George killed? | On what date in August 1942 was Prince George killed? | [
"On what date in August 1942 was Prince George killed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73208 | 56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbe | American_Idol | Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song "Flying Without Wings" with his single release from the show "This Is the Night", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer. | Who finished fourth on season two? | Who finished fourth on season two? | [
"Who finished fourth on season two?"
] | {
"text": [
"Josh Gracin"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42603 | 57100d1da58dae1900cd681a | Sexual_orientation | Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were "because of a sexual-orientation bias". Under the UK Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, as explained by Advisory, Concil... | What can affect how a person is treated? | What can affect how a person is treated? | [
"What can affect how a person is treated?"
] | {
"text": [
"Perceived sexual orientation"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21876 | 5acd7adc07355d001abf4403 | Aircraft_carrier | On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft loadout is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend... | What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if it catches the arresting wires? | What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if it catches the arresting wires? | [
"What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if it catches the arresting wires?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3334 | 57080f77efce8f15003a7d9a | Imamah_(Shia_doctrine) | According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithnā'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Qurani... | Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali? | Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali? | [
"Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hussayn ibn 'Alī"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55739 | 5a0cece5f5590b0018dab65c | Clothing | There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time. Another theory is that modern humans are the onl... | What is easy to determine about clothing? | What is easy to determine about clothing? | [
"What is easy to determine about clothing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11819 | 56fae9bd8f12f319006302bb | Somalis | Married women tend to sport headscarves referred to as shaash. They also often cover their upper body with a shawl, which is known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb, such as the jilbab and abaya, is also commonly worn. | Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women? | Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women? | [
"Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?"
] | {
"text": [
"the jilbab"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87003 | 5a8cb474fd22b3001a8d8d7b | Biodiversity | Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to "trivial" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat ... | What animals are more sensitive to reduction of community area? | What animals are more sensitive to reduction of community area? | [
"What animals are more sensitive to reduction of community area?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2302 | 56d1341de7d4791d00901fe1 | Buddhism | The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known. Within the context of the four noble truths, the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja). On a deeper level, the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature o... | What is the second truth? | What is the second truth? | [
"What is the second truth?"
] | {
"text": [
"dukkha can be known."
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17608 | 56cdda0062d2951400fa68fa | Spectre_(2015_film) | Further references to Fleming's material can be found throughout the film; an MI6 safehouse is called "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques", a reference to the short story "The Hildebrand Rarity" from the For Your Eyes Only short story collection.[citation needed] Bond's torture by Blofeld mirrors his torture by the title... | What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story? | What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story? | [
"What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76167 | 5726c774f1498d1400e8eb0e | Utrecht | When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages... | What conflict affected Utrecht | What conflict affected Utrecht | [
"What conflict affected Utrecht"
] | {
"text": [
"The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45335 | 5a4c55277a6c4c001a2bbbf7 | Sahara | The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water... | What type of plants have partially adapted to the arid conditions? | What type of plants have partially adapted to the arid conditions? | [
"What type of plants have partially adapted to the arid conditions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75072 | 572eea0ddfa6aa1500f8d4d5 | Elevator | Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. At Casco Viejo station... | Passenger elevators, used in city transport share similarities to what other ascending and descending vehicles counterbalancing each other? | Passenger elevators, used in city transport share similarities to what other ascending and descending vehicles counterbalancing each other? | [
"Passenger elevators, used in city transport share similarities to what other ascending and descending vehicles counterbalancing each other? "
] | {
"text": [
"funiculars"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34444 | 56f89de79e9bad19000a01d2 | Southampton | The centre of Southampton is located above a large hot water aquifer that provides geothermal power to some of the city's buildings. This energy is processed at a plant in the West Quay region in Southampton city centre, the only geothermal power station in the UK. The plant provides private electricity for the Port of... | In what region of Southampton is the geothermal power station for the aquifer? | In what region of Southampton is the geothermal power station for the aquifer? | [
"In what region of Southampton is the geothermal power station for the aquifer?"
] | {
"text": [
"West Quay"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-464 | 56f966c39b226e1400dd1404 | Marshall_Islands | The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island. While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899, the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio. | In what year did the US take control of Wake Island? | In what year did the US take control of Wake Island? | [
"In what year did the US take control of Wake Island?"
] | {
"text": [
"1899"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59563 | 5726b731dd62a815002e8dc9 | Electric_motor | When used with a load that has a torque curve that increases with speed, the motor will operate at the speed where the torque developed by the motor is equal to the load torque. Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up, and increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque ... | What will a motor do if the load is increased? | What will a motor do if the load is increased? | [
"What will a motor do if the load is increased?"
] | {
"text": [
"slow down"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111137 | 5a81feb231013a001a33507d | Group_(mathematics) | Lie groups are of fundamental importance in modern physics: Noether's theorem links continuous symmetries to conserved quantities. Rotation, as well as translations in space and time are basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics. They can, for instance, be used to construct simple models—imposing, say, axial symmetry o... | What are basic laws of mechanics? | What are basic laws of mechanics? | [
"What are basic laws of mechanics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14410 | 572f7858a23a5019007fc658 | Han_dynasty | Various cases for rape, physical abuse and murder were prosecuted in court. Women, although usually having fewer rights by custom, were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men. While suspects were jailed, convicted criminals were never imprisoned. Instead, punishments were commonly monetary fines, perio... | What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime? | What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime? | [
"What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime?"
] | {
"text": [
"criminals were never imprisoned"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99172 | 572efc9b03f9891900756b1f | 51st_state | The phrase "51st state" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military... | If a country refers to themselves as the "51st state" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed? | If a country refers to themselves as the "51st state" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed? | [
"If a country refers to themselves as the \"51st state\" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?"
] | {
"text": [
"their local or national culture has become too Americanized"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36555 | 5a2736ffc93d92001a400432 | Immaculate_Conception | The celebrated John Duns Scotus (d. 1308), a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure, argued, on the contrary, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was d... | What did Mary's Immaculate Conception remove her from? | What did Mary's Immaculate Conception remove her from? | [
"What did Mary's Immaculate Conception remove her from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96861 | 56e0f2d87aa994140058e801 | Canon_law | In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church. | What does management of canon law aim to regulate? | What does management of canon law aim to regulate? | [
"What does management of canon law aim to regulate?"
] | {
"text": [
"external organization and government"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38926 | 5a2c7345bfd06b001a5aeb81 | Serbo-Croatian | South Slavic historically formed a dialect continuum, i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance. However, migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that ... | What did the spread of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century contribute to? | What did the spread of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century contribute to? | [
"What did the spread of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century contribute to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19395 | 5a3b53383ff257001ab84407 | Rule_of_law | James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, "Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect." George Mason agreed that judges "could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with... | What position to Chief Justice Marshall take in the eighteenth century? | What position to Chief Justice Marshall take in the eighteenth century? | [
"What position to Chief Justice Marshall take in the eighteenth century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35328 | 5ad0cd2a645df0001a2d03c8 | Gothic_architecture | It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it w... | What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be forgotten because of technological innovation? | What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be forgotten because of technological innovation? | [
"What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be forgotten because of technological innovation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38945 | 5a2c7bebbfd06b001a5aeba1 | Serbo-Croatian | Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties. This has made possible to include all four varieties into a new grammar book. Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language, with four standard variants spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovi... | How many varieties does Enisa Kafadar aruge there are in Hindi-Urdu? | How many varieties does Enisa Kafadar aruge there are in Hindi-Urdu? | [
"How many varieties does Enisa Kafadar aruge there are in Hindi-Urdu?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112039 | 5727d08a2ca10214002d9735 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but ent... | What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published? | What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published? | [
"What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15575 | 57070fe090286e26004fc87a | Black_people | Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks a... | What does Preto mean? | What does Preto mean? | [
"What does Preto mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"(black)"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110075 | 5ad3fde7604f3c001a3ffc08 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | All of the executions which have taken place since the 1936 hanging of Bethea in Owensboro have been conducted within a wall or enclosure. For example, Fred Adams was legally hanged in Kennett, Missouri, on April 2, 1937, within a 10-foot (3 m) wooden stockade. Roscoe "Red" Jackson was hanged within a stockade in Galen... | On what date was Fred Adams freed? | On what date was Fred Adams freed? | [
" On what date was Fred Adams freed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92565 | 57314737497a881900248d3b | United_States_Air_Force | The fighter aircraft of the USAF are small, fast, and maneuverable military aircraft primarily used for air-to-air combat. Many of these fighters have secondary ground-attack capabilities, and some are dual-roled as fighter-bombers (e.g., the F-16 Fighting Falcon); the term "fighter" is also sometimes used colloquially... | What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft? | What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft? | [
"What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft?"
] | {
"text": [
"air-to-air combat"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26870 | 5709cbff6d058f1900182bb1 | United_States_dollar | The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was l... | What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked? | What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked? | [
"What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Phillips curve"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79405 | 5acff5d877cf76001a68663d | Kievan_Rus%27 | Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882–912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus... | Which way did Prince Oleg extend his rule? | Which way did Prince Oleg extend his rule? | [
"Which way did Prince Oleg extend his rule?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104644 | 573328a6d058e614000b5751 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a "Giant Pool of Money" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the sup... | What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments? | What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments? | [
"What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments?"
] | {
"text": [
"mortgage-backed security"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
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