gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-84306 | 5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe721 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain t... | Who is the only body with authority to declare majority vote? | Who is the only body with authority to declare majority vote? | [
"Who is the only body with authority to declare majority vote?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19671 | 5ad601975b96ef001a10b022 | Comprehensive_school | Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland. | Which country isn't Northern England's school system most different from? | Which country isn't Northern England's school system most different from? | [
"Which country isn't Northern England's school system most different from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14427 | 572f7de2947a6a140053c9c8 | Han_dynasty | It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai. Han-era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises, sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs. By the 2nd century AD, Daoi... | What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist? | What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist? | [
"What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist?"
] | {
"text": [
"achieve immortality"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73679 | 56d389de59d6e414001466ae | American_Idol | Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that "for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business." Singer Sheryl Cr... | What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for? | What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for? | [
"What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for? "
] | {
"text": [
"Newsweek"
],
"answer_start": [
819
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5250 | 56e1747fe3433e1400422f30 | Boston | Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which ... | What year was the O'neill tunnel put in place? | What year was the O'neill tunnel put in place? | [
"What year was the O'neill tunnel put in place?"
] | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79292 | 5a3bf824cc5d22001a521c77 | Heian_period | Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The re-establishment of an efficient militar... | What process allowed provincial aristocracy to take control slowly? | What process allowed provincial aristocracy to take control slowly? | [
"What process allowed provincial aristocracy to take control slowly?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107947 | 56e3a830e375b8140053a3d6 | Estonian_language | Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages. | What Uralic language branch contains Estonian? | What Uralic language branch contains Estonian? | [
"What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Finnic"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106864 | 5735d9b66c16ec1900b9285d | Hunting | Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critica... | What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna? | What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna? | [
"What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna?"
] | {
"text": [
"hunting"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17626 | 5ad22ad5d7d075001a4285e4 | Spectre_(2015_film) | The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised... | What was revealed in December 2004? | What was revealed in December 2004? | [
"What was revealed in December 2004?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57445 | 5ad211f9d7d075001a4282e8 | Quran | Muslims believe the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibril), gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609 CE, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhamma... | In which year CE did Muhammad get sick? | In which year CE did Muhammad get sick? | [
"In which year CE did Muhammad get sick?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28925 | 5ad3726a604f3c001a3fe2aa | Pharmaceutical_industry | A Federal Trade Commission report issued in 1958 attempted to quantify the effect of antibiotic development on American public health. The report found that over the period 1946-1955, there was a 42% drop in the incidence of diseases for which antibiotics were effective and only a 20% drop in those for which antibiotic... | What period did the report issued in 1964 cover? | What period did the report issued in 1964 cover? | [
"What period did the report issued in 1964 cover? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100027 | 5ace51f632bba1001ae4a296 | Guam | The island of Guam is 30 miles (50 km) long and 4 to 12 miles (6 to 19 km) wide, 3⁄4 the size of Singapore. The island experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western edge of the Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate. In recent years, earthquakes with epicenters near Guam have had magnit... | What was the size of the last earthquake to hit Guam? | What was the size of the last earthquake to hit Guam? | [
"What was the size of the last earthquake to hit Guam?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106786 | 5a84799b7cf838001a46a848 | East_India_Company | In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; whil... | Which dock company was never taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909? | Which dock company was never taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909? | [
"Which dock company was never taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84211 | 56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f5 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the Pre... | Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation? | Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation? | [
"Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Clinton v. City of New York"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68376 | 5728171d3acd2414000df44e | George_VI | As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minist... | Who is Edward's mother? | Who is Edward's mother? | [
"Who is Edward's mother?"
] | {
"text": [
"Queen Mary"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11911 | 56e147e6cd28a01900c6772a | Universal_Studios | The Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30, 1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the primary figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley, and Brulatour. Eventually all would be bought out by Laemmle. The new Universal s... | What was the fate of the other partners of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company? | What was the fate of the other partners of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company? | [
"What was the fate of the other partners of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?"
] | {
"text": [
"bought out by Laemmle"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71297 | 5727cc873acd2414000deca9 | Oklahoma | Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles (181,035 km2), with 68,667 square miles (177847 km2) of land and 1,281 square miles (3,188 km2) of water. It is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the... | Where does Oklahoma rank by land area? | Where does Oklahoma rank by land area? | [
"Where does Oklahoma rank by land area?"
] | {
"text": [
"20th"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27931 | 5acd5b2a07355d001abf3e9c | Energy | According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict glo... | total energy of the system never remains what? | total energy of the system never remains what? | [
"total energy of the system never remains what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52107 | 572a756dfed8de19000d5c35 | Miami | Miami has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am) with hot and humid summers and short, warm winters, with a marked drier season in the winter. Its sea-level elevation, coastal location, position just above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the Gulf Stream shapes its climate. With January ave... | In degrees Celsius, what temperature does Miami rarely see? | In degrees Celsius, what temperature does Miami rarely see? | [
"In degrees Celsius, what temperature does Miami rarely see?"
] | {
"text": [
"2"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33696 | 57265352dd62a815002e8190 | Film_speed | Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed po... | What is the plot from which film speed is derived called? | What is the plot from which film speed is derived called? | [
"What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?"
] | {
"text": [
"the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6647 | 572836d4ff5b5019007d9f38 | PlayStation_3 | On April 20, 2011, Sony shut down the PlayStation Network and Qriocity for a prolonged interval, revealing on April 23 that this was due to "an external intrusion on our system". Sony later revealed that the personal information of 77 million users might have been taken, including: names; addresses; countries; email ad... | What did Sony call the special offer they handed out to respond to the breach? | What did Sony call the special offer they handed out to respond to the breach? | [
"What did Sony call the special offer they handed out to respond to the breach?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Welcome Back\""
],
"answer_start": [
1030
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48583 | 5a85b92ab4e223001a8e71d1 | War_on_Terror | Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after t... | What Iraqi populations attacked the Hussein regime? | What Iraqi populations attacked the Hussein regime? | [
"What Iraqi populations attacked the Hussein regime?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53984 | 5ad38155604f3c001a3fe47f | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. The... | What force was first deployed overseas during the Second World War? | What force was first deployed overseas during the Second World War? | [
"What force was first deployed overseas during the Second World War?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109128 | 57276b96dd62a815002e9c96 | Carnival | The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the ... | How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday? | How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday? | [
"How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?"
] | {
"text": [
"4"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1597 | 5731807ea5e9cc1400cdbfe7 | Mosaic | The monastic communities of the Judean Desert also decorated their monasteries with mosaic floors. The Monastery of Martyrius was founded in the end of the 5th century and it was re-discovered in 1982–85. The most important work of art here is the intact geometric mosaic floor of the refectory although the severely dam... | When was the Monastery of Martyrius re-discovered? | When was the Monastery of Martyrius re-discovered? | [
"When was the Monastery of Martyrius re-discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"in 1982–85"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62018 | 572a8ec3be1ee31400cb808d | Madrasa | The first Madressa established in North America, Al-Rashid Islamic Institute, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are Hafiz (Quran) and Ulama. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and... | When was the first madrasa started in North America? | When was the first madrasa started in North America? | [
"When was the first madrasa started in North America?"
] | {
"text": [
"1983"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57142 | 5728dd723acd2414000e00a5 | Apollo | Hyacinth or Hyacinthus was one of Apollo's male lovers. He was a Spartan prince, beautiful and athletic. The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head, killing him instantly. Apollo is said to be filled with grie... | Who blew the discus off course, killing Hyacinthus? | Who blew the discus off course, killing Hyacinthus? | [
"Who blew the discus off course, killing Hyacinthus?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zephyrus"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97189 | 56cf66734df3c31400b0d713 | Frédéric_Chopin | In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left W... | What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die? | What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die? | [
"What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?"
] | {
"text": [
"1827"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91487 | 5acea7e632bba1001ae4af21 | Avicenna | Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called ... | In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is with what? | In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is with what? | [
"In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is with what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14380 | 572eee7903f9891900756aee | Han_dynasty | The farmer, or specifically the small landowner-cultivator, was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy. Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status, such as tenants, wage laborers, and in rare cases slaves. Artisans and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of o... | Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites? | Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites? | [
"Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites?"
] | {
"text": [
"State-registered merchants"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86599 | 5a78869bb73996001af5a7aa | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constitu... | What specific institution did Barnes indicate could become a rival of the Royal Institute? | What specific institution did Barnes indicate could become a rival of the Royal Institute? | [
"What specific institution did Barnes indicate could become a rival of the Royal Institute?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48731 | 5a86027fb4e223001a8e7381 | War_on_Terror | Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge aga... | What has governmental authority said the laws remove restrictions from? | What has governmental authority said the laws remove restrictions from? | [
"What has governmental authority said the laws remove restrictions from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65015 | 5ad12ac6645df0001a2d1053 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and... | What act calls for 7.5 billion UK gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012? | What act calls for 7.5 billion UK gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012? | [
"What act calls for 7.5 billion UK gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30919 | 5726a5b2708984140094ccd3 | Mexico_City | Having been capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the Spanish Empire (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and Spanish West Indies), and, finally, the capital of the United Mexican States, Mexico City has a rich history of artistic expression. Since the mesoam... | What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region? | What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region? | [
"What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region?"
] | {
"text": [
"National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106654 | 57266614f1498d1400e8de62 | East_India_Company | At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return... | in what year did the Seven years' war | in what year did the Seven years' war | [
"in what year did the Seven years' war"
] | {
"text": [
"1763"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67792 | 5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb22 | Norfolk_Island | As of 2004[update], 2532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits. Satellite communications services are planned.[citation needed] There is one locally based radio station (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies. There is also one TV station, Norfolk T... | What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain? | What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain? | [
"What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?"
] | {
"text": [
".nf"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3012 | 5acda32a07355d001abf489a | British_Isles | Reciprocal arrangements allow British and Irish citizens to full voting rights in the two states. Exceptions to this are presidential elections and constitutional referendums in the Republic of Ireland, for which there is no comparable franchise in the other states. In the United Kingdom, these pre-date European Union ... | British and Irish voters are allowed full voting rights, including presidential elections, due to what? | British and Irish voters are allowed full voting rights, including presidential elections, due to what? | [
"British and Irish voters are allowed full voting rights, including presidential elections, due to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29272 | 571d2dbf5efbb31900334ec9 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Depending on a number of considerations, a company may apply for and be granted a patent for the drug, or the process of producing the drug, granting exclusivity rights typically for about 20 years. However, only after rigorous study and testing, which takes 10 to 15 years on average, will governmental authorities gran... | Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years? | Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years? | [
"Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years?"
] | {
"text": [
"10 to 15 years on average"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50854 | 572eb68dcb0c0d14000f14a6 | Seven_Years%27_War | Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French... | Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction? | Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction? | [
"Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?"
] | {
"text": [
"pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45388 | 5a611b8ce9e1cc001a33cf28 | Sahara | By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases t... | Where did people trade in the Sahara before the aridification? | Where did people trade in the Sahara before the aridification? | [
"Where did people trade in the Sahara before the aridification?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103083 | 5acd59fb07355d001abf3e5a | Unicode | Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, ḗ (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and ḗ (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above)... | What is the name of the rendering technology OpenType uses? | What is the name of the rendering technology OpenType uses? | [
"What is the name of the rendering technology OpenType uses?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115353 | 56ea94715a205f1900d6d35c | Political_corruption | Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investmen... | Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects? | Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects? | [
"Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?"
] | {
"text": [
"public investment"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84244 | 56de2e1d4396321400ee263d | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," r... | Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office? | Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office? | [
"Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?"
] | {
"text": [
"Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55390 | 5727e4514b864d1900163f6a | Baptists | Southern Baptist Landmarkism sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches, in an era when inter-denominational union meetings were the order of the day. James Robinson Graves was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement. While s... | What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches? | What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches? | [
"What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches?"
] | {
"text": [
"Southern Baptist Landmarkism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89436 | 5a14cde7a54d420018529359 | Great_power | Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars ... | Between 1815-1914 what country had the most defining characteristics of diplomacy? | Between 1815-1914 what country had the most defining characteristics of diplomacy? | [
"Between 1815-1914 what country had the most defining characteristics of diplomacy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16568 | 572a3b486aef0514001553b8 | Friedrich_Hayek | His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Aust... | What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have? | What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have? | [
"What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?"
] | {
"text": [
"scholars"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4226 | 56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c2 | Beyoncé | In October 2014, it was announced that Beyoncé with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop, in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. The new division was created for Topshop to break into the activewear market, wi... | After their agreement together, Beyonce's and Topshop" new business was called what? | After their agreement together, Beyonce's and Topshop" new business was called what? | [
"After their agreement together, Beyonce's and Topshop\" new business was called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84372 | 5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea6f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosev... | Who failed to have considerable power during the Great Depression? | Who failed to have considerable power during the Great Depression? | [
"Who failed to have considerable power during the Great Depression?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54160 | 56defb12c65bf219000b3e73 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division o... | Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force? | Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force? | [
"Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74582 | 5ace6e1832bba1001ae4a687 | Asphalt | Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. ... | A cold water process is used to extract what from sand? | A cold water process is used to extract what from sand? | [
"A cold water process is used to extract what from sand?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113516 | 572ed2ee03f9891900756a60 | Vacuum | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | What does a manifold vacuum do on a car? | What does a manifold vacuum do on a car? | [
"What does a manifold vacuum do on a car?"
] | {
"text": [
"drive accessories"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94333 | 5a5d6f4d5e8782001a9d5f0e | Cork_(city) | The Cork area has seen improvements in road infrastructure in recent years. For example, the Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s, to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre. Shortly afterwards, the first sections of the South Ring dual carriageway were opened. Work continued thro... | When was Kinsale Road built? | When was Kinsale Road built? | [
"When was Kinsale Road built?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94993 | 5710ed9da58dae1900cd6b45 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press. Like other enlightened despots, Catherine the Great played a key role in fostering the arts, scien... | What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment? | What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment? | [
"What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment?"
] | {
"text": [
"the individual"
],
"answer_start": [
821
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2508 | 56d2429fb329da140004ec94 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ... | What is the term for insight knowledge? | What is the term for insight knowledge? | [
"What is the term for insight knowledge?"
] | {
"text": [
"jñāna"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63075 | 5a7a161417ab25001a8a030d | Czech_language | The Czech people gained widespread national pride during the mid-eighteenth century, inspired by the Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier. Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (which had ... | What time period inspired the Counter-Reformation? | What time period inspired the Counter-Reformation? | [
"What time period inspired the Counter-Reformation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61770 | 572a64d4b8ce0319002e2b13 | Madrasa | The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa, where Hazrat Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers.[citation needed] After Hijrah (migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in Madina on the east side of the Al-Masjid an-... | Where was the first madrasa located? | Where was the first madrasa located? | [
"Where was the first madrasa located?"
] | {
"text": [
"the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113667 | 572f508fa23a5019007fc521 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelli... | What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created? | What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created? | [
"What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44284 | 5a2efb58a83784001a7d260f | Bras%C3%ADlia | The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília. As the seat of government, the term "Planalto" is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of government. The main working office of the President of the Republic is in the Palá... | How many floors are in the Palacio da Alvoarada? | How many floors are in the Palacio da Alvoarada? | [
"How many floors are in the Palacio da Alvoarada?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42819 | 570d4d53fed7b91900d45e45 | Franco-Prussian_War | In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories—a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army—though these went mainly... | What calls were made for the Polish recruits? | What calls were made for the Polish recruits? | [
"What calls were made for the Polish recruits?"
] | {
"text": [
"to desert from the Prussian Army"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13960 | 5a835951e60761001a2eb5ee | BBC_Television | The BBC also introduced Ceefax, the first teletext service, starting in 1974. This service allows BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX has not made a full transition to digital television, instead being replaced by the new interactive BBCi service. | When did Ceefax make the full transition to digital television? | When did Ceefax make the full transition to digital television? | [
"When did Ceefax make the full transition to digital television?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1355 | 573096972461fd1900a9cecc | Airport | An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air For... | What provides basing and support of military aircraft? | What provides basing and support of military aircraft? | [
"What provides basing and support of military aircraft?"
] | {
"text": [
"airbase"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27894 | 5acd46d507355d001abf3bcc | Energy | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | When does energy give rise to height? | When does energy give rise to height? | [
"When does energy give rise to height?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73214 | 56db0b9be7c41114004b4cc5 | American_Idol | Season three premiered on January 19, 2004. One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's "She Bangs" received widespread attention. His exposure on Idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer fr... | Which contestant was number three in sales from season three? | Which contestant was number three in sales from season three? | [
"Which contestant was number three in sales from season three?"
] | {
"text": [
"William Hung"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30218 | 5acd572b07355d001abf3dd1 | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | West Raleigh lies along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard. The area is bordered to the west by suburban Cary. It is home to North Carolina State University, Meredith College, Pullen Park, Pullen Memorial Baptist Church, Cameron Village, Lake Johnson, the North Carolina Museum of Art and historic Saint Mary's Sc... | What colleges are in North Raleigh? | What colleges are in North Raleigh? | [
"What colleges are in North Raleigh?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65045 | 5ad1349b645df0001a2d1156 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited ... | Lester Brown states that the market incorporates what? | Lester Brown states that the market incorporates what? | [
" Lester Brown states that the market incorporates what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54474 | 5ad2e1fed7d075001a42a612 | Christian | According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United State by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background. Overall, Protestants have won a total of 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, 60% in ... | Who wrote Scientific Medicine: American Nobel Protestants? | Who wrote Scientific Medicine: American Nobel Protestants? | [
"Who wrote Scientific Medicine: American Nobel Protestants?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104450 | 5728b5c04b864d1900164c94 | Mandolin | Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. Often, these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments. However, alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians, working to c... | What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer? | What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer? | [
"What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer? "
] | {
"text": [
"The Music Man"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58634 | 5a2abee65b078a001a2f06ea | Sanskrit | Samskrita Bharati is an organisation working for Sanskrit revival. The "All-India Sanskrit Festival" (since 2002) holds composition contests. The 1991 Indian census reported 49,736 fluent speakers of Sanskrit. Sanskrit learning programmes also feature on the lists of most AIR broadcasting centres. The Mattur village in... | How many fluent Sanskrit speakers were reported in 2002? | How many fluent Sanskrit speakers were reported in 2002? | [
"How many fluent Sanskrit speakers were reported in 2002?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107979 | 56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dd | Estonian_language | The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed] | What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia? | What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia? | [
"What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?"
] | {
"text": [
"indigenous literacy"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72763 | 570fd63b80d9841400ab36af | Dell | Dell has been attempting to offset its declining PC business, which still accounted for half of its revenue and generates steady cash flow, by expanding into the enterprise market with servers, networking, software, and services. It avoided many of the acquisition writedowns and management turnover that plagued its chi... | How much did Dell spend on acquiring different divisions? | How much did Dell spend on acquiring different divisions? | [
"How much did Dell spend on acquiring different divisions?"
] | {
"text": [
"$13 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46627 | 5726731d708984140094c681 | Department_store | Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panamá, Figali, Danté, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones su... | How did Panama's department stores originally begin? | How did Panama's department stores originally begin? | [
"How did Panama's department stores originally begin? "
] | {
"text": [
"as textile retailers"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54660 | 570cfdd0b3d812140066d38d | Macintosh | The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin, an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh, but the spelling was changed to "Macintosh" for legal reasons as the original was the same sp... | What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture? | What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture? | [
"What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?"
] | {
"text": [
"audio equipment"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107008 | 5ace687532bba1001ae4a5d9 | Hunting | New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and c... | What mammal was the only one that existed originally in Europe? | What mammal was the only one that existed originally in Europe? | [
"What mammal was the only one that existed originally in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73287 | 56db1d92e7c41114004b4d74 | American_Idol | This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three. | Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show? | Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show? | [
"Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show?"
] | {
"text": [
"Melinda Doolittle"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80979 | 5726341a271a42140099d752 | Queen_Victoria | Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to ... | Who was Derby's replacement? | Who was Derby's replacement? | [
"Who was Derby's replacement?"
] | {
"text": [
"Benjamin Disraeli"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107813 | 5acfb3c477cf76001a685984 | Umayyad_Caliphate | The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. Acco... | Who represented themselves as the supporters of Ali? | Who represented themselves as the supporters of Ali? | [
"Who represented themselves as the supporters of Ali?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95352 | 56dfb9b87aa994140058e08f | Alexander_Graham_Bell | A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of whic... | Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers? | Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers? | [
"Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?"
] | {
"text": [
"online"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106539 | 57264fa95951b619008f6f92 | East_India_Company | Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean. The permission was granted, and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589, on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to th... | in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year? | in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year? | [
" in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1588"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68847 | 572f2fa3a23a5019007fc4bc | Modern_history | In Britain's "imperial century", victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of "splendid isolation". Alongside... | Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen? | Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen? | [
"Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen?"
] | {
"text": [
"Unchallenged at sea"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59108 | 5727b82e4b864d1900163b59 | A_cappella | In 1945, the first formal women's barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines, was formed. In 1953 Sweet Adelines became an international organization, although it didn't change its name to Sweet Adelines International until 1991. The membership of nearly 25,000 women, all singing in English, includes choruses in most of t... | When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach? | When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach? | [
"When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach?"
] | {
"text": [
"1991"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13287 | 56e791fe37bdd419002c4169 | Nanjing | In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade. | Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)? | Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)? | [
"Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)?"
] | {
"text": [
"Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76526 | 57337b914776f41900660b95 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town i... | What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town? | What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town? | [
"What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?"
] | {
"text": [
"1785"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93561 | 5728a9eeff5b5019007da3e2 | Estonia | The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Church services were... | When did the The Reformation in Europe start? | When did the The Reformation in Europe start? | [
"When did the The Reformation in Europe start?"
] | {
"text": [
"1517"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45505 | 571a786110f8ca1400305074 | Ashkenazi_Jews | Of the estimated 8.8 million Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, the majority of whom were Ashkenazi, about 6 million – more than two-thirds – were systematically murdered in the Holocaust. These included 3 million of 3.3 million Polish Jews (91%); 900,000 of 1.5 million in Ukraine (60%); and 50–90%... | The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92% of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today? | The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92% of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today? | [
"The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92% of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today?"
] | {
"text": [
"nearly 80%"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115377 | 56ea99270030b61400a34fd2 | Political_corruption | The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur. | While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it? | While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it? | [
"While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?"
] | {
"text": [
"government action or inaction"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95377 | 56dfc400231d4119001abdbd | Alexander_Graham_Bell | The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio w... | In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart? | In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart? | [
"In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?"
] | {
"text": [
"2009"
],
"answer_start": [
749
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44114 | 56d13983e7d4791d00902041 | Kanye_West | In its 2012 list of "500 Greatest Albums of All Time, Rolling Stone included three of West's albums—The College Dropout at number 298, Late Registration at number 118, and My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy at number 353. | How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list? | How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list? | [
"How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list?"
] | {
"text": [
"3"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70575 | 56dfe7397aa994140058e244 | Pub | Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and G... | Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names? | Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names? | [
"Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?"
] | {
"text": [
"royal"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100947 | 57279185f1498d1400e8fc60 | Hindu_philosophy | The Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements),... | When was the Vaisesika darsana produced? | When was the Vaisesika darsana produced? | [
"When was the Vaisesika darsana produced?"
] | {
"text": [
"first millennium BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
587
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17287 | 570e44ec0b85d914000d7dc8 | Uranium | Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed "Little Boy") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and "Fat Man") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Littl... | What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War? | What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War? | [
"What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fat Man"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92937 | 5aced50332bba1001ae4b65b | Tajikistan | Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to f... | By the late 1970s, Tajik nationalists were calling for what? | By the late 1970s, Tajik nationalists were calling for what? | [
"By the late 1970s, Tajik nationalists were calling for what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40172 | 572ba73dbe1ee31400cb8484 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines: the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York, Washington, D.C. and Boston, and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the New Haven–Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachuset... | The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what? | The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what? | [
"The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"New Haven–Springfield Line"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79860 | 5706347875f01819005e7a94 | MP3 | Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are "bitstream compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high stand... | The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process? | The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process? | [
"The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process?"
] | {
"text": [
"CPU time"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64213 | 5ace8da432bba1001ae4aa22 | Annelid | In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the pa... | What did the 2007 study decide was the slave group for annelids? | What did the 2007 study decide was the slave group for annelids? | [
"What did the 2007 study decide was the slave group for annelids?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40711 | 57096d77200fba1400367fcf | Communication | Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of famil... | What does trusted communication in a family lead to? | What does trusted communication in a family lead to? | [
"What does trusted communication in a family lead to?"
] | {
"text": [
"a well constructed family"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14975 | 57337cc94776f41900660ba8 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and ... | Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from? | Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from? | [
"Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"through the work of his students and admirers rather"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54380 | 5ad2db23d7d075001a42a4d7 | Christian | Where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi means those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, e.g. "blond people." | How do some countries refer to Muslim foreigners? | How do some countries refer to Muslim foreigners? | [
"How do some countries refer to Muslim foreigners?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45990 | 5ad3b2b0604f3c001a3fed12 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each rem... | In what year did William Henry Conley die? | In what year did William Henry Conley die? | [
"In what year did William Henry Conley die?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61001 | 5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9a | Police | With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established thei... | What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force? | What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force? | [
"What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?"
] | {
"text": [
"50"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71299 | 5727cc873acd2414000decab | Oklahoma | Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles (181,035 km2), with 68,667 square miles (177847 km2) of land and 1,281 square miles (3,188 km2) of water. It is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the... | How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma? | How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma? | [
"How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma?"
] | {
"text": [
"1,281"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
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