gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-83075 | 56de9a164396321400ee2a48 | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the Yes vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Demo... | What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger's opponent Bustamante receive? | What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger's opponent Bustamante receive? | [
"What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger's opponent Bustamante receive?"
] | {
"text": [
"31%"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51434 | 5a57e4b5770dc0001aeefe8f | Empiricism | Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rational... | When was the strict-empiricist view started? | When was the strict-empiricist view started? | [
"When was the strict-empiricist view started?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102943 | 5acd21f407355d001abf3620 | Unicode | In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 32-bit code value serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number... | What is used to represent transmitted text? | What is used to represent transmitted text? | [
"What is used to represent transmitted text?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114909 | 5a7e05ef70df9f001a875429 | Matter | These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level;... | What relation explains the carriers of the electric force? | What relation explains the carriers of the electric force? | [
"What relation explains the carriers of the electric force?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103332 | 5ad2c356d7d075001a42a12a | Multiracial_American | Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They sug... | Who has argued that new terms for recent immigrants should not be used? | Who has argued that new terms for recent immigrants should not be used? | [
"Who has argued that new terms for recent immigrants should not be used?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88766 | 570f2f5c5ab6b81900390e8f | Circadian_rhythm | A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their ... | What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome? | What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome? | [
"What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?"
] | {
"text": [
"FASPS"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38064 | 57302c1e04bcaa1900d772d0 | Roman_Republic | One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This ch... | Where is the likely source of the change to the manipular formation? | Where is the likely source of the change to the manipular formation? | [
"Where is the likely source of the change to the manipular formation?"
] | {
"text": [
"copied from Rome's Samnite enemies"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7907 | 5acfcea677cf76001a6860fb | Copyright_infringement | In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading give... | Who did uploaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies? | Who did uploaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies? | [
"Who did uploaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26972 | 5a8ce29dfd22b3001a8d8fb0 | United_States_dollar | Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and... | What is copper and nickel tender valuable for these days? | What is copper and nickel tender valuable for these days? | [
"What is copper and nickel tender valuable for these days?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40462 | 5ad68f33191832001aa7b1e7 | Paper | The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. | If the paper is to be used in the web printing process, what is done? | If the paper is to be used in the web printing process, what is done? | [
"If the paper is to be used in the web printing process, what is done?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105207 | 5726fb48dd62a815002e96d8 | History_of_science | In Hellenistic Egypt, the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written. Archimedes, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all t... | Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola? | Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola? | [
"Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola?"
] | {
"text": [
"Archimedes"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33794 | 5a67d407f038b7001ab0c47a | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | The three EI techniques have to be used on cameras that only capture in what format? | The three EI techniques have to be used on cameras that only capture in what format? | [
"The three EI techniques have to be used on cameras that only capture in what format?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39646 | 5a8cc184fd22b3001a8d8e11 | FA_Cup | The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as "giant killings", is much anticipated by the public, and is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition, alongside that gained by teams winnin... | What does no club in the League Pyramid remember fondly? | What does no club in the League Pyramid remember fondly? | [
"What does no club in the League Pyramid remember fondly?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28313 | 5ad4ce075b96ef001a10a12f | Steven_Spielberg | Apart from being an ardent gamer Spielberg has had a long history of involvement in video games. He has been giving thanks to his games of his division DreamWorks Interactive most notable as Someone's in the Kitchen with script written by Animaniacs' Paul Rugg, Goosebumps: Escape from HorrorLand, The Neverhood (all in ... | In what year did Boom Blox get released on the Wii? | In what year did Boom Blox get released on the Wii? | [
"In what year did Boom Blox get released on the Wii?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51302 | 572b34a6111d821400f38dd1 | Empiricism | British empiricism, though it was not a term used at the time, derives from the 17th century period of early modern philosophy and modern science. The term became useful in order to describe differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and René Descartes, who is described as... | What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon? | What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon? | [
"What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon?"
] | {
"text": [
"empiricist"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71472 | 5727e1424b864d1900163f23 | Oklahoma | The Cherokee Nation instigated a 10-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home. This plan was part of an ambitious goal that ... | What percent of Cherokee people are desired to be fluent in Cherokee? | What percent of Cherokee people are desired to be fluent in Cherokee? | [
"What percent of Cherokee people are desired to be fluent in Cherokee?"
] | {
"text": [
"80% or more"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8362 | 5a7ccc70e8bc7e001a9e204f | Thuringia | Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small and medium-sized on... | When did modern industries like glass and robot making collapse? | When did modern industries like glass and robot making collapse? | [
"When did modern industries like glass and robot making collapse?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8596 | 56e0a0c97aa994140058e65f | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July ... | What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? | What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? | [
"What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?"
] | {
"text": [
"peace in World War I"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10471 | 5acf8c8477cf76001a6851d1 | Comics | Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japane... | Where do serialized comics in Japan atypically appear? | Where do serialized comics in Japan atypically appear? | [
"Where do serialized comics in Japan atypically appear?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62833 | 572f8609a23a5019007fc6de | Pain | The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (myelin), it carries its signal faster (5–30 m/s) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s). Pain evoked by the ... | What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as? | What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as? | [
"What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as?"
] | {
"text": [
"sharp and is felt first"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70737 | 5730f10ae6313a140071cad1 | Bird | Aves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier defin... | Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds? | Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds? | [
"Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gauthier"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56829 | 5727cc4f2ca10214002d9698 | Gramophone_record | The mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were recorded with the dynamic rang... | What did CBS develop in order to reduce outside noise? | What did CBS develop in order to reduce outside noise? | [
"What did CBS develop in order to reduce outside noise?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"CX\" noise reduction"
],
"answer_start": [
658
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78951 | 56cd937162d2951400fa6732 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | During this time, Link also helps Midna find the Fused Shadows, fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic. In return, she helps Link find Ordon Village's children while helping the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru. Once Link has restored the Light Spirits and Midna has all the F... | What does Link assist Midna in collection? | What does Link assist Midna in collection? | [
"What does Link assist Midna in collection?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fused Shadows"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10 | 56f8a0a89b226e1400dd0cf9 | Guinea-Bissau | Only 14% of the population speaks Portuguese, established as the official language in the colonial period. Almost half the population (44%) speaks Crioulo, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The main religions are African traditional religions and Islam; t... | What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese? | What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese? | [
"What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese?"
] | {
"text": [
"14%"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60623 | 5ace426332bba1001ae4a0e8 | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some oc... | What do they sometimes refer to Ann Arbor as because of the city's conservative political leanings? | What do they sometimes refer to Ann Arbor as because of the city's conservative political leanings? | [
"What do they sometimes refer to Ann Arbor as because of the city's conservative political leanings?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99227 | 5a8a25983b2508001a72a6af | 51st_state | Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish–American War, and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917. The island's ultimate status has not been determined as of 2012[update], its residents do not have voting representat... | In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Congress? | In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Congress? | [
"In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Congress?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109019 | 5a7a5aba21c2de001afe9ba7 | Literature | Maslow’s ‘‘Third Force Psychology Theory’’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology. The theory suggests that h... | It is said that literature is not a reputable tool to allow readers to do what? | It is said that literature is not a reputable tool to allow readers to do what? | [
"It is said that literature is not a reputable tool to allow readers to do what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19499 | 5ad5f73f5b96ef001a10af3f | Comprehensive_school | Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less... | What three kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education? | What three kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education? | [
"What three kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41116 | 57315661e6313a140071ce34 | Egypt | The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by th... | How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt? | How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt? | [
"How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?"
] | {
"text": [
"ten years"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77593 | 57266bc1708984140094c573 | British_Empire | The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756–1763) involving France, Britain and the other major European powers. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a col... | Which country acquired New France from France? | Which country acquired New France from France? | [
"Which country acquired New France from France?"
] | {
"text": [
"Britain"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98117 | 56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a36 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladiu... | Where is hydrogen highly soluble? | Where is hydrogen highly soluble? | [
"Where is hydrogen highly soluble?"
] | {
"text": [
"rare earth and transition metals"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82590 | 56e790f337bdd419002c4153 | Daylight_saving_time | Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists. | What can cause issues with installed computer systems? | What can cause issues with installed computer systems? | [
"What can cause issues with installed computer systems?"
] | {
"text": [
"Changes to DST rules"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17805 | 5ad241d7d7d075001a428984 | Spectre_(2015_film) | To promote the film, production continued the trend established during Skyfall's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon's official social media accounts. | On whose unofficial social media account did production promote the film? | On whose unofficial social media account did production promote the film? | [
"On whose unofficial social media account did production promote the film?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42586 | 571008d5a58dae1900cd67ec | Sexual_orientation | The Kinsey scale provides a classification of sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time. The classification scheme works such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and hom... | What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on? | What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on? | [
"What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on?"
] | {
"text": [
"relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32970 | 5725c70dec44d21400f3d53f | Incandescent_light_bulb | An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence). The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is... | What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow? | What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow? | [
"What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?"
] | {
"text": [
"electric current"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111683 | 5acd7aae07355d001abf43f9 | Education | Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of "learning on your own" or "by yourself", or as a self-teacher. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While s... | Which famous inventor was not an Autodidact? | Which famous inventor was not an Autodidact? | [
" Which famous inventor was not an Autodidact?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80269 | 572f9adf04bcaa1900d76ad0 | Bacteria | Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific... | What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes? | What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes? | [
"What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes?"
] | {
"text": [
"nucleus"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15517 | 5706fb6190286e26004fc79d | Black_people | By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word... | What term followed "negro" and "colored"? | What term followed "negro" and "colored"? | [
"What term followed \"negro\" and \"colored\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"black\""
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93507 | 5ad1985b645df0001a2d20f3 | Light-emitting_diode | LEDs have also been used as a medium-quality voltage reference in electronic circuits. The forward voltage drop (e.g. about 1.7 V for a normal red LED) can be used instead of a Zener diode in low-voltage regulators. Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve above the knee. Nitride-based LEDs have a fairly steep I/V curve an... | What LEDs don't have a very steep I/V curve? | What LEDs don't have a very steep I/V curve? | [
"What LEDs don't have a very steep I/V curve?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95728 | 5ad3e8ff604f3c001a3ff675 | Yale_University | Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Ya... | What kind of system isn't Yale's financial aid? | What kind of system isn't Yale's financial aid? | [
"What kind of system isn't Yale's financial aid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101299 | 5ad28515d7d075001a42988c | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | Elimination of Polish elites and intelligentia was part of Generalplan Ost. The Intelligenzaktion, a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's 'leadership class', took place soon after the German invasion of Poland, lasting from fall of 1939 till spring of 1940. As the result of this operation in 10 regiona... | How many intelligentia were killed during operation BA-Akiton? | How many intelligentia were killed during operation BA-Akiton? | [
"How many intelligentia were killed during operation BA-Akiton?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19846 | 5731812105b4da19006bd1f3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundred... | First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada? | First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada? | [
"First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aboriginal"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50421 | 572ea38403f989190075688a | Neptune | Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verri... | What might Neptune's rings consist of? | What might Neptune's rings consist of? | [
"What might Neptune's rings consist of?"
] | {
"text": [
"ice particles"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83912 | 573058992461fd1900a9cd9f | Translation | Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators have generally shown... | How much has translation changed since antiquity? | How much has translation changed since antiquity? | [
"How much has translation changed since antiquity?"
] | {
"text": [
"hardly"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17165 | 5ad11cee645df0001a2d0de6 | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium ... | Along with arsenic, what metal is less abundant as uranium? | Along with arsenic, what metal is less abundant as uranium? | [
"Along with arsenic, what metal is less abundant as uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109049 | 5726ef205951b619008f82bd | Literature | A literary technique or literary device can be used by authors in order to enhance the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects. Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work: whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective, whether to... | Literary devices are employed for what reason? | Literary devices are employed for what reason? | [
"Literary devices are employed for what reason?"
] | {
"text": [
"produce specific effects"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33341 | 57264e34f1498d1400e8db98 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In flood lamps used for photographic lighting, the tradeoff is made in the other direction. Compared to general-service bulbs, for the same power, these bulbs produce far more light, and (more importantly) light at a higher color temperature, at the expense of greatly reduced life (which may be as short as two hours fo... | What is the typical life of a P1 lamp? | What is the typical life of a P1 lamp? | [
"What is the typical life of a P1 lamp?"
] | {
"text": [
"as short as two hours"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46799 | 5a8c77bffd22b3001a8d886b | Textual_criticism | Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the t... | The first product of reconstruction is known as what? | The first product of reconstruction is known as what? | [
" The first product of reconstruction is known as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70123 | 59d2a4a12763a60018284154 | Great_Plains | From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-be... | In what decade did center pivot irrigation get invented? | In what decade did center pivot irrigation get invented? | [
"In what decade did center pivot irrigation get invented?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12472 | 5733d3334776f419006612e5 | Antibiotics | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it? | What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it? | [
"What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?"
] | {
"text": [
"chemotherapy"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61786 | 5ace3ce432bba1001ae49fd6 | Madrasa | During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to thei... | How were the madaris funded during the prehistoric period? | How were the madaris funded during the prehistoric period? | [
" How were the madaris funded during the prehistoric period?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54417 | 56df6fa456340a1900b29b43 | Christian | The Chinese word is 基督徒 (pinyin: jīdū tú), literally "Christ follower." The two characters now pronounced Jīdū in Mandarin Chinese, were originally pronounced Ki-To in Cantonese as representation of Latin "Cristo".[citation needed] In Vietnam, the same two characters read Cơ đốc, and a "follower of Christianity" is a t... | What did the two characters read in Vietnamese? | What did the two characters read in Vietnamese? | [
"What did the two characters read in Vietnamese? "
] | {
"text": [
"Cơ đốc"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5452 | 572a31ecaf94a219006aa881 | Digimon | The European publishing company, Panini, approached Digimon in different ways in different countries. While Germany created their own adaptations of episodes, the United Kingdom (UK) reprinted the Dark Horse titles, then translated some of the German adaptations of Adventure 02 episodes. Eventually the UK comics were g... | What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon? | What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon? | [
"What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon?"
] | {
"text": [
"both magazines were cancelled"
],
"answer_start": [
1072
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25598 | 57310a3305b4da19006bcd0b | Namibia | Apart from residences for upper and middle class households, sanitation is insufficient in most residential areas. Private flush toilets are too expensive for virtually all residents in townships due to their water consumption and installation cost. As a result, access to improved sanitation has not increased much sinc... | Where do flying toilets end up after use? | Where do flying toilets end up after use? | [
"Where do flying toilets end up after use?"
] | {
"text": [
"bush"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99031 | 5a824b3831013a001a3353b1 | Turner_Classic_Movies | TCM's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized (with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color), depending upon the original content of movies, particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America's rati... | What rating system is often used by the Motion Picture Association of America? | What rating system is often used by the Motion Picture Association of America? | [
"What rating system is often used by the Motion Picture Association of America?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24073 | 57293faa6aef051400154be8 | Bermuda | In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers w... | What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans? | What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans? | [
"What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans?"
] | {
"text": [
"Genetic studies"
],
"answer_start": [
747
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28112 | 57318fb805b4da19006bd2b6 | Steven_Spielberg | Spielberg then revisited his Close Encounters project and, with financial backing from Columbia Pictures, released Close Encounters: The Special Edition in 1980. For this, Spielberg fixed some of the flaws he thought impeded the original 1977 version of the film and also, at the behest of Columbia, and as a condition o... | When did Spielberg re-release Close Encounters? | When did Spielberg re-release Close Encounters? | [
"When did Spielberg re-release Close Encounters?"
] | {
"text": [
"1980"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16266 | 572ec488cb0c0d14000f1524 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationaliz... | In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans? | In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans? | [
"In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?"
] | {
"text": [
"by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43596 | 5726da6a708984140094d395 | Korean_War | During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship,... | What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea? | What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea? | [
"What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea?"
] | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
925
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27348 | 5a7b749521c2de001afea030 | Transistor | In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connec... | What might stop a switch from transitioning quickly? | What might stop a switch from transitioning quickly? | [
"What might stop a switch from transitioning quickly? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19948 | 5731ad73e17f3d14004222ed | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 ... | What culture was the boy from? | What culture was the boy from? | [
"What culture was the boy from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mal'ta-Buret'"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107452 | 572624ed38643c19005ad0b6 | Royal_Dutch_Shell | Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketi... | The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded? | The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded? | [
"The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"technical and commercial"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41663 | 56d60ddf1c85041400946ef4 | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. | When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan? | When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan? | [
"When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan?"
] | {
"text": [
"late on May 13"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85650 | 5ad2a532d7d075001a429db1 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | As the 1990s dawned, gamers predicted that competition from technologically superior systems such as the 16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis would mean the immediate end of the NES’s dominance. Instead, during the first year of Nintendo's successor console the Super Famicom (named Super Nintendo Entertainment System outside... | When did the demand for new NES software get boosted? | When did the demand for new NES software get boosted? | [
" When did the demand for new NES software get boosted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66190 | 5a651bc1c2b11c001a425c23 | ASCII | Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL e... | What is an ESC sent to control characters usually in the form of? | What is an ESC sent to control characters usually in the form of? | [
"What is an ESC sent to control characters usually in the form of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106357 | 5725f02bec44d21400f3d768 | Hellenistic_period | Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." and the cr... | Who said "The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." | Who said "The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." | [
"Who said \"The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy.\""
] | {
"text": [
"The Mahabharata"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97435 | 56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff9 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more ... | What piece did Chopin compose in 1844? | What piece did Chopin compose in 1844? | [
"What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?"
] | {
"text": [
"Op. 58 sonata"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86261 | 57343f804776f41900661afa | Tucson,_Arizona | Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial publicly financed campaigns. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Can... | What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system? | What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system? | [
"What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system?"
] | {
"text": [
"San Francisco and New York City"
],
"answer_start": [
757
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105298 | 5727f4f84b864d19001640ab | History_of_science | In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction... | What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars? | What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars? | [
"What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Fall of Constantinople in 1453"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73093 | 56daf725e7c41114004b4bc8 | American_Idol | In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two o... | How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three? | How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three? | [
"How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three?"
] | {
"text": [
"four groups of eight"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31475 | 57295d303f37b319004782b5 | Germans | According to the latest nationwide census, Roman Catholics constituted 30.8% of the total population of Germany, followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3%. Other religions, atheists or not specified constituted 38.8% of the population at the time. Among "others" are Protestants not included in Evangelical Church... | What religion is the North and East part of Germany? | What religion is the North and East part of Germany? | [
"What religion is the North and East part of Germany?"
] | {
"text": [
"Protestant"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11167 | 5733e0d64776f419006613ff | Anthropology | Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthrop... | Who published a Cyborg Manifesto? | Who published a Cyborg Manifesto? | [
"Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?"
] | {
"text": [
"Donna Haraway"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49112 | 5acec4eb32bba1001ae4b35b | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | Perhaps, his most notable letter was his Festal Letter, written to his Church in Alexandria when he was in exile, as he could not be in their presence. This letter shows clearly his stand that accepting Jesus is the Divine Son of God is not optional but necessary; "I know moreover that not only this thing saddens you, ... | Who was the Festal book written for? | Who was the Festal book written for? | [
" Who was the Festal book written for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104945 | 573388854776f41900660cbd | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing ec... | What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007? | What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007? | [
"What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"global economic growth"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38150 | 5730519a8ab72b1400f9c450 | Roman_Republic | The staple foods were generally consumed around 11 o'clock, and consisted of bread, lettuce, cheese, fruits, nuts, and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before.[citation needed] The Roman poet Horace mentions another Roman favorite, the olive, in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple:... | When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at? | When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at? | [
"When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at?"
] | {
"text": [
"11 o'clock"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107554 | 5a628873f8d794001af1c0bc | Royal_Dutch_Shell | As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast S... | Where was the Kulluk oil rig being towed from? | Where was the Kulluk oil rig being towed from? | [
"Where was the Kulluk oil rig being towed from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18817 | 5733e473d058e614000b64f5 | Premier_League | At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game's top-flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. The newly formed to... | In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled? | In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled? | [
"In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled?"
] | {
"text": [
"1991"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12844 | 5ad30248604f3c001a3fdaba | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrat... | What is not still posted in the church after Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights? | What is not still posted in the church after Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights? | [
"What is not still posted in the church after Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109989 | 57101004b654c5140001f79c | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | Other capital crimes include: the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, espionage, terrorism, certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons, and treason at the federal level; aggravated rape in Louisiana, Florida, and Oklahoma; extortionate kidnapping in ... | In what state is armed robbery a capital crime? | In what state is armed robbery a capital crime? | [
"In what state is armed robbery a capital crime?"
] | {
"text": [
"Georgia"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99852 | 56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2c | Middle_Ages | Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that... | Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible? | Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible? | [
"Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?"
] | {
"text": [
"the laity"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55296 | 5727dcc53acd2414000dee4b | Baptists | Both Roger Williams and John Clarke, his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom, are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America. In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. According to a ... | Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church? | Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church? | [
"Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church?"
] | {
"text": [
"Providence, Rhode Island"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110271 | 5a399d472f14dd001ac7249e | Culture | Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a sta... | What concept contains no contrast between it? | What concept contains no contrast between it? | [
"What concept contains no contrast between it?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59869 | 5acfbcb477cf76001a685b74 | Zhejiang | During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly K... | What did not become one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking? | What did not become one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking? | [
"What did not become one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86796 | 5a8cae40fd22b3001a8d8d2c | Biodiversity | Interspecific crop diversity is, in part, responsible for offering variety in what we eat. Intraspecific diversity, the variety of alleles within a single species, also offers us choice in our diets. If a crop fails in a monoculture, we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new. If a wheat c... | When do we rely on production diversity to replant the land with something new? | When do we rely on production diversity to replant the land with something new? | [
"When do we rely on production diversity to replant the land with something new?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101704 | 56d629291c85041400946f48 | Dog | Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence ... | What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago? | What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago? | [
"What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?"
] | {
"text": [
"sled dogs"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101938 | 5a4736e95fd40d001a27dd77 | States_of_Germany | The use of the term Länder (Lands) dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919. Before this time, the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten (States). Today, it is very common to use the term Bundesland (Federal Land). However, this term is not used officially, neither by the constitution of 1919... | What term is commonly used today for the Weimar Republic? | What term is commonly used today for the Weimar Republic? | [
"What term is commonly used today for the Weimar Republic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85936 | 57340842d058e614000b6819 | Tucson,_Arizona | Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA ... | Which county is Tucson in? | Which county is Tucson in? | [
"Which county is Tucson in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pima County"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87822 | 5ad3ccd4604f3c001a3ff169 | Tristan_da_Cunha | During World War II, the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle, to monitor Nazi U-boats (which were required to maintain radio contact) and shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean. The first Administrator, Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley, w... | The islands were used as a base during World War I to monitor what type of boats? | The islands were used as a base during World War I to monitor what type of boats? | [
"The islands were used as a base during World War I to monitor what type of boats?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94175 | 5a7e522270df9f001a875714 | Cork_(city) | The Cork accent, part of the Southwest dialect of Hiberno-English, displays various features which set it apart from other accents in Ireland. Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched than other Irish accents. English spoken in Cork has a number of diale... | What describes other languages spoken in Ireland? | What describes other languages spoken in Ireland? | [
"What describes other languages spoken in Ireland?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98234 | 56f8868baef2371900626160 | Alps | Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively ... | What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in? | What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in? | [
"What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in? "
] | {
"text": [
"Houillière zone"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38768 | 570c774db3d812140066d1ff | FC_Barcelona | Barcelona won the treble in the 2014–2015 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice. On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid. This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last... | What team has won the treble competitions twice? | What team has won the treble competitions twice? | [
"What team has won the treble competitions twice?"
] | {
"text": [
"Barcelona"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37206 | 57278d8c708984140094e0b0 | Switzerland | A weather phenomenon known as the föhn (with an identical effect to the chinook wind) can occur at all times of the year and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing air of very low relative humidity to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the southern face of the Alps. This works both ways a... | What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais? | What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais? | [
"What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais?"
] | {
"text": [
"wine"
],
"answer_start": [
801
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58904 | 5a2e852ca83784001a7d2405 | A_cappella | A cappella [a kapˈpɛlla] (Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is accompanied singing. The term "a cappella" was originally intended to differentiate be... | What is a synonym for cantata? | What is a synonym for cantata? | [
" What is a synonym for cantata?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98399 | 56f8be559b226e1400dd0f03 | Alps | Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter ... | What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia? | What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia? | [
"What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia?"
] | {
"text": [
"the House of Habsburg"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25710 | 5709595eefce8f15003a7e10 | Copper | The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC... | What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from? | What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from? | [
"What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Corinthian bronze"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111135 | 5a81feb231013a001a33507b | Group_(mathematics) | Lie groups are of fundamental importance in modern physics: Noether's theorem links continuous symmetries to conserved quantities. Rotation, as well as translations in space and time are basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics. They can, for instance, be used to construct simple models—imposing, say, axial symmetry o... | What is important to Lie groups? | What is important to Lie groups? | [
"What is important to Lie groups?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43775 | 56d1042317492d1400aab72e | Kanye_West | Carrying a Louis Vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back, West crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time. He recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident. Once he had completed the album, it was ... | In what city did West finish recording his first album? | In what city did West finish recording his first album? | [
"In what city did West finish recording his first album?"
] | {
"text": [
"Los Angeles"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86647 | 56e7498e00c9c71400d76f4c | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966. | What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover? | What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover? | [
"What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?"
] | {
"text": [
"the East of England"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108967 | 5726e16df1498d1400e8ee88 | Literature | As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the "literary" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but ... | The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance? | The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance? | [
"The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87286 | 56d114b117492d1400aab8c6 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Literary analysis of it is sparse, considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures, calls the book, "an aston... | Who directed the 1962 film? | Who directed the 1962 film? | [
"Who directed the 1962 film?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert Mulligan"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
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