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hemifacial spasm is a disorder of the seventh cranial nerve , and is characterized by irregular , involuntary and recurrent tonic and clonic contractions of the ipsilateral facial expression muscles . each spontaneous motor paroxysm starts with eye twitching and progresses to involve the other muscles innervated by t...	hemifacial spasm is a disorder of the seventh cranial nerve , which is characterized by irregular , involuntary and recurrent tonic and clonic contractions of the ipsilateral facial expression muscles . this disorder affects mainly adults , and there are few cases reported in childhood . the main etiologies are vas...
varicella zoster virus ( vzv ) is a neurotropic dna alpha herpesvirus that infects more than 95% of the world population . usually , varicella results from primary infection . the virus then becomes latent in ganglion neurons along the entire neuroaxis , and after reactivation , vzv moves transaxonally to the skin re...	ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are recognized complications of varicella zoster virus ( vzv ) infections , although uncommon and poorly documented . the authors report the case of a 31-year - old woman admitted with acute ischemic stroke of the right posterior cerebral artery and a history of a thoracic rash 1 month...
the definition of street children differs across countries and cultures.1 one way to identify this group is by categorizing the children s background according to their relationship to their family of origin , as follows:2,3 1 ) children on the street : this category comprises children working on the street , but who...	backgrounddue , in part , to family constraints in dealing with the economical burden of raising a family , a wave of street children is sweeping the developing world . such children are prone to both somatic and mental illnesses . this is the first ever study that has been conducted to explore the psychopathology ...
sepsis is the systemic inflammatory response to infection and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units ( icus ) . however , despite decades of research , the pathophysiology of sepsis remains incompletely understood . a critical limitation of tissue oxygen deliver...	the pathogenesis of sepsis - induced multiple organ failure may crucially depend on the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent cellular energetic failure . according to this hypothesis , interventions aimed at preventing or reversing mitochondrial damage may have major clinical relevance , although t...
an efficient photocatalyst minimizes recombination of photoexcited electron hole pairs and maximizes electron and hole transfer to the adsorbate upon consecutive surface reactions . in general , the photocatalytic activity of a given particle system depends on multiple factors . for a reliable photoactivity ...	we explored the impact of interfacial property changes on aggregation behavior and photoinduced charge separation in mixed metal oxide nanoparticle ensembles . tio2 and sno2 nanoparticles were synthesized by metal organic chemical vapor synthesis and subsequently transformed into aqueous colloidal dispersio...
the repercussions and clinical impact of this minimally invasive technological advance have been broadly highlighted in the international scientific literature and more recently expanded to pulmonology and thoracic oncology . endobronchial ultrasound ( known as ebus ) has faced greater technical bottlenecks , related...	objectives : to disseminate transesophageal ultrasound - guided fine needle aspiration ( eus - fna ) as an alternative to investigate mediastinal tumoral lesions because it is an underused modality that has been available in brazil for more than 15 years.methods:descriptive analysis of a single endoscopy service 's exp...
prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in men in the united states : there were 238 590 new cases and 29 720 deaths recorded in 2013 . prostate specific antigen ( psa ) is currently used as a diagnostic biomarker of prostate cancer . psa is an androgen - regulated serine protease and ...	prostate specific antigen ( psa ) is currently used as a biomarker to diagnose prostate cancer . psa testing has been widely used to detect and screen prostate cancer . however , in the diagnostic gray zone , the psa test does not clearly distinguish between benign prostate hypertrophy and prostate cancer d...
the national diabetes epidemic continues to expand , with about 1.6 million new cases each year and an overall prevalence of 23.6 million people . additional 57 million american adults are at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) . the annual diagnosed diabetes incidence is projected to almost double from ...	aims . preoperative diabetic and glycemic screening may or may not be cost effective . although hyperglycemia is known to compromise surgical outcomes , the effect of a diabetic diagnosis on outcomes is poorly known . we examine the effect of diabetes on outcomes for general and vascular surgery patients . methods ...
recombinant human tgf-2 was obtained from r&d systems ( minneapolis , mn , usa ) . ( st . louis , mo , usa ) and calbiochem - emd millipore ( temecula , ca , usa ) , respectively . as to primary antibodies , fascin was from millipore ( temecula , ca , usa ) , e - cadherin from bd transduction laboratories ( lexingt...	purposetransforming growth factor-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition ( emt ) is one of the main causes of posterior capsular opacification ( pco ) or secondary cataract ; however , the signaling events involved in tgf-induced pco have not been fully characterized . here , we focus on examining the role of -cat...
direct coronary stent implantation is an elegant technique for coronary artery revascularization.1 however , calcified coronary lesions , often seen in older patients suffering from diabetes mellitus , renal failure and hypertension , are challenging to deal with , as they require optimal lesion preparation prior stent...	calcified coronary lesions are challenging to deal with , as they require optimal lesion preparation . direct stenting in this scenario is associated with risk of stent - underexpansion , which is related to in - stent restenosis , target lesion revascularization and stent - thrombosis . we report on the interventi...
the emergency care system in denmark has been reorganized during recent years , and a danish quality database on emergency care has been established to assess , monitor , and improve quality . the danish quality database for prehospital emergency medical services ( qems ) is one of the three national sub - databases ...	aim of databasethe aim of the danish quality database for prehospital emergency medical services ( qems ) is to assess , monitor , and improve the quality of prehospital emergency medical service care in the entire prehospital patient pathway . the aim of this review is to describe the design and the implementation o...
recent advances in array - based and sequence - based instrumentation have opened up new ways to monitor the inner molecular world of the cells and tissues that might be relevant to human diseases . yet it is far from evident how these large datasets should be analyzed and how they can be integrated with other sources ...	complex diseases such as allergy change gene expression in several cell types and tissues . benson and colleagues have now shown , in a paper in bmc systems biology , that this complexity can be studied effectively using an integrated experimental and computational modular analysis . their strategy revealed a core ...
the efficiency and function of the left ventricle ( lv ) as a pump are represented as systole and diastole . the systolic function is energy dependent ; the diastolic function is an important part of cardiac output ( as preload ) and also includes active processes such as the suction effect , which is also energy dep...	anesthesiologists frequently see asymptomatic patients with diastolic dysfunction or heart failure for various surgeries . these patients typically show normal systolic function but abnormal diastolic parameters in their preoperative echocardiographic evaluations . the symptoms that are sometimes seen are similar t...
the results of imaging studies are negatively affected by patients movements ; hence , patient s cooperation is required during imaging . children s movements and lack of cooperation are common indications for pediatric procedural sedation during imaging studies such as computed tomography ( ct ) scans ( 1 ) . diff...	introduction : motion artifacts are a common problem in pediatric radiographic studies and are a common indication for pediatric procedural sedation . this study aimed to compare the combination of oral midazolam and ketamine ( omk ) with oral midazolam alone ( om ) as procedural sedatives among children undergoing c...
the common occurrence of these tumors is prevalent among males in their second or third decades of life with site predilection toward trunk and extremities , especially in the forearm . however , the incidence of al is extremely rare in the intraoral region , with only 21 reported cases in english literature . a 90...	we present an extremely rare case of noninfiltrating angiolipoma ( al ) of the buccal mucosa in a 90-year - old patient reaching a size of 14 cm 10 cm . al is rare in the soft tissues of oral cavity , and till date , only 22 cases have been reported , including our case . if size be taken into consideration , our ...
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) is a behaviorally defined disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development ( american psychiatric association , 20...	highlights22q11ds offers a compelling model to understand the neural substrates of attentional dysfunction.first study directly comparing neural function in 22q11ds vs. adhd patients22q11ds and adhd patients show a shared deficit in ri - related activation.adhd patients showed greater activity in the middle frontal gyr...
gingival recession is defined as the partial denudation of the root surface due to the apical migration of the gingival margin . etiological factors include trauma from tooth brushing , malposition of teeth , ectopic insertion of frenum , and muscle attachments . the major therapeutic goals in mucogingival surgery ...	background : multiple approaches have been used to replace lost , damaged or diseased gingival tissues . the connective tissue graft ( ctg ) procedure is the golden standard method for root coverage . although multiple sites often need grafting , the palatal mucosa supplies only a limited area of grafting material . ...
nowadays a highlighted issue for an increasing number of consumers is the problem of meat tenderness , as the result of its physicochemical and biochemical mechanisms acting mainly on myofibrillar structures postmortem . because calpastatin inhibits both calpain1 and calpain2 , it remains unclear whether one or both ...	we quantified chicken calpain 2 ( capn2 ) expression in two chinese chicken breeds ( mountainous black - bone chicken breed [ mb ] and a commercial meat type chicken breed [ s01 ] ) to discern the tissue and ontogenic expression pattern and its effect on muscle metabolism . real - time quantitative pcr assay was deve...
acupuncture is a promising treatment approach in patients with low back pain ( clbp ) with nearly the same or even better results compared to conventional therapy . since in fact various acupuncture strategies are used in clinical practice , research in order to define the best acupuncture technique is of clinical in...	backgroundacupuncture is a promising treatment approach in patients with chronic low back pain ( clbp ) but little is known about the quality of acupuncture in randomized controlled trials ( rct ) of acupuncture clbp.objectiveto determine how international experts ( ies ) rate the quality of acupuncture in rcts of clbp...
the practice of psychiatry and the shift to noninstitutional care of severe psychiatric disorders are the result of antipsychotic medications , beginning with chlorpromazine in the early 1950s . approximately 10 other drugs , known as first - generation or typical antipsychotics , followed over the subsequent 30 year...	there is increasing use of antipsychotic drugs in pediatric and psychiatry practice for a wide range of behavioral and affective disorders . these drugs have prominent side effects of interest to pediatric endocrinologists , including weight gain and associated metabolic risk factors and hyperprolactinemia . the dr...
experimental approaches such as x - ray and electron crystallography and microscopy have traditionally excelled at determining the structure of single folded proteins and large protein complexes . however , intrinsically disordered proteins ( idps ) are not amenable to these static structural determination meth...	intrinsically disordered proteins ( idps ) represent a new frontier in structural biology since the primary characteristic of idps is that structures need to be characterized as diverse ensembles of conformational substates . we compare two general but very different ways of combining nmr spectroscopy with ...
the protocol has been approved by the institutional review board at the national institute of cholera and enteric disease . briefly , fecal specimens were collected systematically from patients entering the hospital from november 2007 through february 2010 . of note , the previous study analyzed data through october 20...	during systematic active surveillance of the causes of diarrhea in patients admitted to the infectious diseases and beliaghata general hospital in kolkata , india , we looked for 26 known gastrointestinal pathogens in fecal samples from 2,748 patients . samples from about one - third ( 29% ) of the patients contained...
many neuroscientists have been calling for a system for the mouse brain where digital atlases serve as the framework used to traverse the brain and information linked to it ( baldock et al . , 2003 ; bjaalie , 2002 ; boline et al . , 2007 ; mackenzie - graham et al . , 2003 ; martone et al . , 2004 ; toga , 2002 ) . ...	digital brain atlases are useful as references , analytical tools , and as a data integration framework . as a result , they and their supporting tools are being recognized as potentially useful resources in the movement toward data sharing . several projects are connecting infrastructure to these tools which facilit...
oral angiokeratomas are most commonly found as a component of the generalized systemic disorder in fabry 's disease or fucosidosis , where multiple angiokeratomas can be found on the skin and the oral mucosa . we report a rare case of a patient with multiple oral and scrotal angiokeratomas in the absence of a systemi...	we report a 60-year - old man who presented with a 2-year history of painless red raised lesions involving the tongue and scrotum . histopathology was suggestive of angiokeratoma . oral angiokeratomas are most commonly found as a component of the generalized systemic disorder in fabry 's disease or fucosidosis . ...
there are approximately 287,000 preventable maternal deaths annually , of which 99% occur in developing countries . as a sentinel event , maternal death is also a prime indicator in evaluating the quality of a nation 's health care delivery systems [ 2 , 3 ] . mothers are pivotal to the social , economic , and cult...	this prospective study aimed to estimate the incidence and associated factors of severe maternal morbidity in southeast iran . during a 9-month period in 2013 , all women referring to eight hospitals for termination of pregnancy as well as women admitted during 42 days after the termination of pregnancy were enrolled i...
patients show increasing declines in cognition , and behavioral symptoms occur in all stages of ad . while all ad patients can present with depression , agitation , and aggressive behaviors , behavioral difficulties are most pronounced in the advanced stages of the disease.13 rivastigmine , inhibiting both acetylchol...	objectivewhile acetylcholinesterase inhibitors , such as donepezil , galantamine , and rivastig - mine , are beneficial in treating behavioral symptoms of patients with alzheimer s disease ( ad ) , their dose - limiting effects include gastrointestinal disturbances , such as nausea , vomiting , and diarrhea . we aime...
	the collected comments and pathologic diagnoses of several pathologists are summarized for 18 cases in which lesions were induced in the upper respiratory tract of rats and mice . specific neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions of the nose and trachea are described and discussed , and opinions regarding pathogenesis an...
low aqueous solubility of drug has always presented major obstacle towards the development of drug delivery systems which often compromises patient compliance . oral route is thought to be common and easy for drug administration . on oral administration of drug in its dosage form , it is expected to dissolve and re...	low solubility causing low dissolution in gastrointestinal tract is the major problem for drugs meant for systemic action after oral administration , like cinnarizine . pharmaceutical products of cinnarizine are commercialized globally as immediate release preparations presenting low absorption with low and erratic b...
health - care associated infections ( hcais ) are one among the major health related hazards and account for a major global disease burden . they pose a health threat toward patients and health care workers . these have a global impact and pose a disease burden to millions of people worldwide . these promote resist...	background : disease prevention is better than its cure . the role of healthcare worker s hand in the transmission and spread of an infectious disease to the patient is well acknowledged . indeed , the hands of a health care worker can easily pick potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi from hand touch surfaces b...
resistance to fluoroquinolones ( flq ) and second - line injectable drugs ( slid ) is becoming more common , especially in eastern european countries , posing a serious threat to effective tuberculosis ( tb ) infection control . according to the most recent world health organization ( who ) report , extensively drug ...	resistance to fluoroquinolones ( flq ) and second - line injectable drugs ( slid ) is steadily increasing , especially in eastern european countries , posing a serious threat to effective tuberculosis ( tb ) infection control and adequate patient management . the availability of rapid molecular tests for the detectio...
psoas abscess is characterized by infrequent incidence , insidious onset , and nonspecific clinical features , which can lead to misinterpretation and delayed diagnosis ; thus , it is difficult to clinically diagnose psoas abscess1,5 ) . here , we present a rare case of tuberculous spondylitis and a large abscess in th...	the authors present a rare case of tuberculous spondylitis and a large abscess in the left psoas muscle that occurred after spinal surgery for an acute traumatic burst fracture of the l2 vertebral body . we retrospectively reviewed the patient 's first magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) we found that some unusual fin...
internet has become a ubiquitous feature at home , school and the work place as the world - wide population of internet users has grown rapidly in the recent years . internet user population world - wide has doubled from 1.15 billion to 2.27 billion and has grown from 418 million to 1 billion in the last 5 years in a...	background : the last decade has seen the emergence of the internet as the prime communication medium changing the way people live and interact . studies from various countries have reported on internet addiction and its association with mental health , but none have come from malaysia.objectives:we aimed at assessin...
randomized controlled trials are primarily designed and conducted to meet the needs of regulatory bodies , so as to provide evidence on the efficacy and the safety of new drugs or other health care interventions . however , these studies are generally insufficient by themselves to meet the evidentiary needs of many hea...	backgroundchanneling bias may occur when a newly marketed drug and an established drug , despite similar indications , are prescribed to patients with different prognostic characteristics ( ie , confounding).aimto investigate channeling bias and its impact on relative effectiveness of glucagon - like peptide-1 ( glp-1 ...
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of lower and upper motor neurons , leading to muscle atrophy , paralysis , and death . sleep disorders in patients with als are well - documented , and sleep - related complaints , such as insomnia , d...	background : sleep / wake disturbances in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) are well - documented , however , no animal or mechanistic studies on these disturbances exist . orexin is a crucial neurotransmitter in promoting wakefulness in sleep / wake regulation , and may play an important role in sl...
subdural spinal hematoma is an extremely rare complication of spinal and epidural anesthesia and may lead to cauda equina syndrome , bowel bladder dysfunction or even complete permanent paraplegia . a 60-year - old female patient was diagnosed to have osteoarthritis of right knee joint and was advised knee arthroplas...	combined spinal - epidural anesthesia ( cse ) is considered safe in lower limb surgeries . we report a case of sudden neurological deterioration in a stable postoperative patient who was given cse for total knee replacement and low molecular weight heparin in postoperative period . on the 4th postoperative day , sh...
hypophosphatasia is a rare enzymopathy that normally presents within the first few years of life and often has profound effects upon the periodontium . it is characterized by low or zero levels of serum and tissue non - specific alkaline phosphatase , which is necessary for normal bone mineralization . it is a heri...	hypophosphatasia is a congenital disease characterized by deficiency of serum and tissue non - specific alkaline phosphatase activity . the disease occurs due to mutations in the liver / bone / kidney alkaline phosphatase gene . six clinical forms of hypophosphatasia are recognized . systemic symptoms of the dise...
chagas disease ( or american trypanosomiasis ) was recognized by world health organization as one of thirteen neglected tropical diseases in the world . it was estimated that over 10 million people are infected , and latin america was considered the area of the highest prevalence . this parasitic disease is caused ...	american trypanosomiasis or chagas disease is a debilitating disease representing an important social problem that affects , approximately , 10 million people in the world . the main aggravating factor of this situation is the lack of an effective drug to treat the different stages of this disease . in this context ...
the prevalence and the severity of posture and gait disorders increase with ageing ( salthouse and somberg 1982 ; maki et al 1994 ; mourey et al 1998 ; rankin et al 2000 ) . indeed , balance controlis a complex sensori - motor function which requires the integration of vestibular , visual , and somesthetic informatio...	backward disequilibrium is observed frequently in daily clinical practice . however , there are no epidemiological data concerning this postural disorder . defined by a posterior position of the centre of mass with respect to the base of support , backward disequilibrium is abnormal postural behavior , usually characte...
conjunctival tick attachment is a rare occurrence , with only 7 cases reported in the literature . the tick species ixodes holocyclus is found in australia and belongs to the family of hard ticks , ixodidae , which are a group of blood - sucking acarine ectoparasites [ 1 , 2 ] . it is also known as the paralysis ti...	we describe a rare clinical finding of conjunctival tick attachment in a child . a 10-year - old boy presented to the clinic with right - eye itch . he was found to have a live tick firmly attached to his right temporal conjunctiva . the tick was identified as the larval stage of the paralysis tick , ixodes holocyc...
twenty - three patients were administered a high - dose and low - dose atd mixture ( 100 vs. 25 g amino acids ) in a double - blind randomized crossover design with two sessions , separated by at least 4 days ( booij et al . the 100 g and 25 g atd mixtures have previously been shown to lower plasma trp levels by ...	negative affect in healthy populations regulates the appraisal of demanding situations , which tunes subsequent effort mobilization and adjustments in cognitive control . in the present study , we hypothesized that dysphoria in depressed individuals similarly modulates this adaptation , possibly through a neural mechan...
metal - ceramic restorations have been successfully applied in restorative dentistry due to high fracture strength . however , achieving a natural translucency is more difficult with metal - ceramic restorations than all - ceramic restorations because metal substructures prevent light transmission in metal - ceramic re...	objectives : masking ability of a restorative material plays a role in hiding colored substructures ; however , the masking ability of zirconia ceramic ( zrc ) has not yet been clearly understood in zirconia - based restorations . this study evaluated the effect of three different core materials on masking ability of...
however , it has not been reported with fluoroscopically - guided endovascular procedures.the rapidly proliferating keratinocytes in the hair matrix are most sensitive to radiation . the insult damages the keratinocytes , which results in thin , weakened hair shaft that is susceptible to trauma.complete hair re - gro...	a 47-year - old indian woman with dark hair developed dramatic alopecia of the occipito - vertical area two weeks after a fluoroscopically - guided endovascular procedure for treatment of cerebral aneurysm . there was spontaneous repopulation of hair in 14 weeks . neuro - radiological intervention procedures are be...
hemicrania continua ( hc ) is an uncommon primary headache disorder characterized by a continuous , mild to moderate intensity , unilateral headache [ 14 ] . most patients will experience superimposed exacerbations of more severe pain , often associated with ipsilateral autonomic symptoms . headache for greater tha...	the objective of this study is to examine the efficacy of gabapentin for the treatment of hemicrania continua ( hc ) in cases where patients had difficulty tolerating indomethacin due to adverse effects . a retrospective chart review of nine patients with hc between october 2006 and february 2008 . inclusion criteria...
the study population consisted of 85 caucasian , northern spanish girls representing a continuum of female subjects with hyperinsulinemic androgen excess that commences in prepuberty in those girls with a combined history of lbw and precocious pubarche , is followed by a preclinical phase starting around menarche of bi...	objectiveserine - threonine kinase stk11 catalyzes the amp - activated protein kinase complex . we tested the hypothesis that a gene variant in stk11 contributes to variation in insulin sensitivity and metformin efficacy.research design and methodswe studied the effects of a single nucleotide polymorphism ( snp ) ( r...
the centers for disease control and prevention report that autism spectrum disorder ( asd ) now affects 1 in 88 children in the usa and 1 in 47 in utah . asd is 5 times more likely in boys with 1 in 54 boys identified nationally . more children will be diagnosed with asd this year than with aids , diabetes , and ca...	focus area : pediatricsintroduction : the centers for disease control and prevention report that autism spectrum disorder ( asd ) now affects 1 in 88 children in the usa and 1 in 47 in utah . asd is 5 times more likely in boys with 1 in 54 boys identified nationally . more children will be diagnosed with asd this y...
the optimal time of catheter removal following radical prostatectomy ( rp ) is not defined . from a patient 's perspective , early removal of the urinary catheter is desirable due to catheter - related discomfort , penile pain , bladder irritation / spasm , pericatheter urine leaks , etc . , however , the surgeon '...	introduction : with the improvement in anastomotic technique , it is rare to find anastomotic site leak after robot - assisted radical prostatectomy ( rarp ) . it may not always be necessary to do regular check cystogram before catheter removal . we evaluated our 230 consecutive rarp patients and their cystograms t...
successful laparoscopic treatment has been described previously in only a few cases . rarely the diagnosis is suspected preoperatively when using only ultrasound . other diagnostic tests like magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ( mrcp ) , endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ercp ) and intraoperat...	double gallbladder is a rare finding in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis or acute cholecystitis . the incidence has been described as 1 in every 4000 - 5000 patients during autopsy . to identify the gallbladder ( gb ) duplication prior to surgical removal of the gb is of upmost importance . it is not unus...
phantom limb pain ( plp ) is classified as a kind of neuropathic pain that is induced after nerve injury . it is an after effect of amputation occurring in up to 50 - 85% of the patients,[13 ] and often leads to significant impairment in occupational and social functioning . daily pain is reported by 48% of patient...	background : phantom limb pain ( plp ) is approximately a common condition after limb amputation , which potentially affects the quality of life . we aimed to evaluate anxiety and depression in patients with amputated limbs suffering from plp and to compare these psychological dysfunctions with that of patients with ...
isolated double - orifice mitral valve ( domv ) is an extremely rare congenital anomaly whose exact incidence has not been conclusively determined . interestingly , this cardiac abnormality rarely presents as an isolated finding , preferentially associated with valvular regurgitation rather than stenosis . the etio...	double - orifice mitral valve ( domv ) is a very rare congenital anomaly that usually presents as mitral regurgitation . we present the case of a 39-year - old asymptomatic , healthy man with no previous medical history who was affected by isolated complete bridge type domv , incidentally detected by two - dimensiona...
the largest mercury processing in the western hemisphere was in huancavelica in the peruvian andes , now a town of 30,000 people situated at 3676 m altitude . the extensive mercury deposits have been mined since pre - hispanic times , they are just above the present town at ~4000 m. although the mine closed 30 year...	mercury is added to the biosphere by anthropogenic activities raising the question of whether changes in the human chromatin , induced by mercury , in a parental generation could allow adaptation of their descendants to mercury . we review the history of andean mining since pre - hispanic times in huancavelica , peru...
in the present issue of critical care , linder and colleagues present a new study in which they assess the clinical importance of serial measurements of heparin - binding protein ( hbp ) plasma levels in critically ill septic and nonseptic patients . they found that hbp plasma levels are significantly higher in patie...	heparin - binding protein ( hbp ) , also known as azurocidin , has multiple functions in the inflammatory process , especially during severe infections . beside its antimicrobial properties , hbp may induce vascular leakage leading to extravascular efflux , which is an important pathophysiologic event in the developm...
the information gathered during pre - marketing drug development is inevitably incomplete with regard to possible adverse reactions . this is mainly due to : animal testing is insufficient to predict human safety;patients enrolled in clinical trials are selected and limited in number;the conditions of use are diffe...	introduction : spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions ( adrs ) is the basis of pharmacovigilance . in fact , adrs are associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality . however , underreporting by all healthcare professionals remains the major problem in italy and in the rest of the world . the disse...
periapical pathoses of pulpal origin develop in response to microbial irritants in the root canal systems . bacterial cell wall components react with monocytes , macrophages , other cells of the immune system , as well as with fibroblasts , leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines , such as il-1 ,...	aim . the aim of this study was to determine tumor necrosis factor - alpha ( tnf- ) levels in periapical exudates and to evaluate their relationship with radiological findings . methodology . periapical exudates were collected from root canals of 60 single - rooted teeth using absorbent pa...
the traditional management of gallstone pancreatitis ( gp ) has been to perform cholecystectomy during the same hospital admission after resolution . however , when gp develops in the immediate postoperative period from a major colorectal operation , cholecystectomy may be fraught with difficulty due to the inflammator...	traditional management of gallstone pancreatitis ( gp ) has been to perform cholecystectomy during the same hospital admission after resolution . however , when gp develops in the immediate postoperative period from a major colorectal operation , cholecystectomy may be fraught with difficulty due to the inflammatory re...
high - grade gliomas , who grade iii or iv [ 1 , 2 ] , are the most common primary brain tumors in adults [ 1 , 3 ] . who grade iv tumors are almost exclusively ( 8090% ) glioblastoma multiforme ( gbm ) , which are the most common high - grade glioma ( 4045% ) [ 1 , 3 ] , the most common form of brain tumor overall ( 1...	the maintenance of quality of life ( qol ) in patients with high - grade glioma is an important endpoint during treatment , particularly in those with glioblastoma multiforme ( gbm ) given its dismal prognosis despite limited advances in standard therapy . it has proven difficult to identify new therapies that extend...
adrenal myelolipoma is a tumor - like lesion composed of variable amounts of mature adipose tissue and bone marrow elements . in spite of wbc and rbc precursors such as megakaryocytes giercke in 1905 first described and 24 years later , oberling coined the term myelolipoma. only two cases under the age of 16 are r...	myelolipoma is a rare benign tumor of adrenal gland and rarer in children . myelolipoma contains adipose tissue and myeloid precursor producing white blood cells ( wbc ) , red blood cells ( rbc ) and megakaryocytes . asymptomatic tumor does not require treatment whereas symptomatic tumor needs operation . we are ...
nutcracker syndrome is generally referred to as the compression of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteric artery and aorta ( 1 ) . this compression leads to lrv hypertension and results in direct communication of the renal vein with the calyceal cavity and the varicosities of the collateral pathway of th...	various anatomic anomalies have been considered the causes of nutcracker syndrome ( ncs ) . posterior ncs refers to the condition , in which vascular narrowing was secondary to the compression of the retroaortic left renal vein while it is crossing between the aorta and the vertebral column . here , we report an unus...
since the international subarachnoid trial , coil embolization of aneurysms is now accepted as a primary optional treatment19 ) . however , endovascular treatment ( evt ) of middle cerebral artery ( mca ) aneurysms has been less often applied in many institutions because of the feasibility of surgical clipping afforded...	objectiveto evaluate the feasibility and clinical and angiographic outcomes of stent - assisted embolization for complex middle cerebral artery ( mca ) aneurysms.methodsthe records of 23 consecutive patients with 24 mca aneurysms , who underwent stent - assisted embolization of the aneurysm , were retrospectively evalu...
co2mnsi samples were prepared and investigated completely in situ in an ultrahigh vacuum cluster consisting of sputtering chambers , an molecular beam epitaxy ( mbe ) chamber , and a srups chamber equipped with a he gas discharge lamp ( h=21.2 ev ) and a hemispherical energy analyzer with multi - channel spin filter27...	ferromagnetic thin films of heusler compounds are highly relevant for spintronic applications owing to their predicted half - metallicity , that is , 100% spin polarization at the fermi energy . however , experimental evidence for this property is scarce . here we investigate epitaxial thin films of the compound co2m...
mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome , which had been affecting infants and young children in japan . diagnosis requires fever and 4 out of 5 principal clinical features ( conjunctivitis ; erythematous lips , oral cavity ; palms and soles ; polymorphous exanthema of the body trunk ; swelling of the cervical lymph nodes...	kawasaki disease is a generalized systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology involving medium and small size blood vessels throughout the body , virtually always involving the coronaries . in many part of this world , it is more common than rheumatic fever and viral myocarditis . here , we are reporting 5 cases with histo...
expression of genes is regulated at many different levels , transcription of dna being one of the most critical stages . specific configurations of transcription factors ( tfs ) that interact with gene promoter regions are recruited to activate or modulate the production of a given transcript . many of these tfs po...	information about the genomic coordinates and the sequence of experimentally identified transcription factor binding sites is found scattered under a variety of diverse formats . the availability of standard collections of such high - quality data is important to design , evaluate and improve novel computational appr...
it is well known that job stress is responsible for poor work performance , high absenteeism , less work productivity , and several diseases.15 recently , results from thirteen independent cohort studies in europe indicated that job strain is responsible for coronary heart disease , as are lifestyle and orthodox risk f...	introduction and objectivesa multidimensional self - report questionnaire to evaluate job - related stress factors is presented . the questionnaire , called maugeri stress index reduced form ( masi - r ) , aims to assess the impact of job strain on a team or on a single worker by considering four domains : wellness ...
techniques that allow the detection of single base changes in genomic dna have had a major impact on our understanding of human genetic diseases , both by identifying specific mutations that result in disease[1 , 2 ] and by identifying dna polymorphisms that are used as genetic markers in linkage studies[35 ] . detec...	objectivefour combinations of five neutral sequence changes at rs713040 , rs10768683 , rs7480526 , rs7946748 , and rs1609812 occurring in the human beta globin gene defined as frameworks have been reported in beta globin gene . here we report for the frequency of these frameworks in thalassemia major patients of nort...
tendinopathy is an overuse tendon injury that occurs in loaded tendons and results in pain and functional impairment , a major problem in sports and occupational medicine . characteristic changes in tendon structure include loss of type i collagen , increase in proteoglycan content , and neovascularization . thi...	backgroundtendinopathy is an overuse tendon injury that occurs in loaded tendons and results in pain and functional impairment . although many treatments for painful tendons are described , the scientific evidence for most of the conservative and surgical treatments is not always conclusive.objectivesthis study was d...
livestock animals are subjected to a huge sort of stress factors , such as environmental conditions , animal management or diets that may disrupt the intestinal ecosystem and increase the risk of pathogenic infections . in the swine industry , transition from the liquid to a solid diet during weaning and post - weaning...	prebiotics and probiotics are considered natural alternatives to dietary antibiotics in animal production . plant extracts and yeast cell walls are mannose rich products that can be used as substrate for adhesion of gram - negative bacteria . we assessed whether the structure of these saccharides is relevant to de...
transposable elements ( tes ) dispersed in the mammalian genome are on the rise , as completion of the whole human genome sequence . contrary to our expectations , tes , thought to be junk dna , were estimated to account for approximately 45% of the human genome ( international human genome sequencing consortium , ...	the supt16h gene known as factp140 is required for the transcription of other genes . for transcription , genes need to be complexed with accessory factors , including transcription factors and rna polymerase ii . one such factor , fact , interacts with histones h2a / h2b for nucleosome disassembly and transcript...
sarcomas are a group of very uncommon malignant tumors that compromise 1% of all adult malignancies.1 approximately 11,590 new diagnoses and 3,560 deaths from soft tissue sarcomas ( sts ) and bone sarcomas occur annually in the united states.1 isolated pulmonary metastases from sts occur in 20 - 50% of these patients ,...	introduction : isolated pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcomas occur in 20 - 50% of these ( the issue is about metastases , not lung cancer ) patients , and 70% of these patients will present disease limited only to the lungs . surgical resection is well accepted as a standard approach to treat metastases fro...
obsessive compulsive disorder ( ocd ) is a common psychiatric disorder ( 2% - 3% of the general population ) which is diagnosed easily most of the time by the psychiatrist or even the physician . it is sometimes very difficult to properly diagnose a person for ocd based only on an interview . the presentation of oc...	obsessive compulsive disorder ( ocd ) is a common psychiatric disorder which is easily recognized . however , sometimes patients of ocd present in such an atypical or bizarre way that their problem comes to notice as being a psychiatric disorder after multiple consultations in different specialties . we are reporti...
the new drg - based prospective payment system ( pps ) for medicare is a revolutionary concept in health care finance . it introduces a new approach to reimbursement , which is based upon a defined clinical product . in contrast , under retrospective cost - based reimbursement , each component of the process of car...	the new medicare prospective payment system has been challenged with regard to its fairness in reimbursing hospitals adequately , given the true resource needs in caring for patients . most of these criticisms are now labelled as issues about adjustments for severity of illness . critics point to the large amount o...
obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) is a highly prevalent and underdiagnosed disease.1 a recent large clinical trial established osa as a novel risk factor for sudden cardiac death ( scd).2 after 20 years of followup , the busselton health study cohort showed that moderate to severe sleep apnea was independently associated...	backgroundcardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death are more frequent in patients with obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) . osa is associated with qt prolongation , and qt prolongation is an independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death . because qt prolongation can be mediated by potassium channel loss of functio...
parkinson 's disease ( pd ) is a debilitating neurologic disorder characterized clinically by bradykinesia , resting tremor , rigidity , and postural instability with a therapeutic response to levodopa . pathophysiologically , pd is characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra ( sn ) pars com...	generation of reactive oxygen species during dopamine ( da ) oxidation could be one of the factors leading to the selective loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons in parkinson s disease ( pd ) . vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 ( vmat2 ) proteins in nerve terminals uptake dopamine into synaptic vesicles , preventi...
therapeutic transrectal or transcolonic drainages with endosonography ( ( endoscopic ultrasound ) eus ) are now considered as a mini - invasive option for the treatment of pelvic abscesses . the aim of our case series is to confirm that eus transrectal drainage is effective , safe , and induces a short duration of ho...	background and objective : pelvic abscesses are a well - known complication of intestinal diseases or abdominal surgery . we report our case series concerning transrectal drainage by endoscopic ultrasound ( eus).methods : between january 2010 and august 2014 , seven patients received transrectal drainage by endoscopic ...
the reovirus 2 protein catalyzes mrna capping , that is , addition of a guanosine to the 5 ' end of each transcript in a 5'-to-5 ' orientation , as well as transfer of a methyl group from s - adenosyl - l - methionine ( adomet ) to the n7 atom of the added guanosyl moiety and subsequently to the ribose 2'-o atom of the...	backgroundthe reovirus 2 protein catalyzes mrna capping , that is , addition of a guanosine to the 5 ' end of each transcript in a 5'-to-5 ' orientation , as well as transfer of a methyl group from s - adenosyl - l - methionine ( adomet ) to the n7 atom of the added guanosyl moiety and subsequently to the ribose 2'-o a...
helicobacter pylori is the most common chronic bacterial infection in humans , affecting 50% of the world population . chronic colonization increases the risk of duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer , including adenocarcinoma and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue ( malt ) lymphoma . the relative risk of gastric car...	objective : helicobacter pylori ( h. pylori ) is the most common chronic bacterial infection in humans . chronic colonization increases the risk of duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer . the risk factors for acquiring the infection have been extensively studied . however , there are conflicting results on the role of brea...
chronic sialadenitis is one of the major disorders that can cause salivary hypofunction and correct diagnosis and management is essential for its recovery . the classification of this pathological condition has changed in the past decade and nowadays was revised and modified , for new diagnostic ( high - resolution u...	our research was conducted to determine the algorithm changes during the treatment of submandibular sialolithiasis . two time periods were compared between 20042008 and 20092012 . the turning point was december 2008 , when sialendoscopy procedure was introduced . in the first period , 48 patients were treated : 31 ...
diabetes mellitus ( dm ) is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases , which is on the rise globally.123 ) the dm prevalence for all age groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and projected to be 4.4% by 2030 . during this period , the total number of people with dm is expected to rise from 171 mill...	backgrounddiabetes mellitus ( dm ) , particularly type-2 is a major public health concern worldwide . not much information is available with regard to the incidence of dm in united arab emirates ( uae ) . this study aimed at determining the incidence rate of diabetes mellitus among emirati population in ajman , uae...
core autism symptoms such as social communication deficits have proven difficult to change through social skills training ( rao et al . 2008 ) . although several large - scale interventions for young children with autism such as pivotal response treatment meet american psychological association criteria for probable ...	this pilot study tested the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy ( cbt ) on parent - reported autism symptoms . nineteen children with autism spectrum disorders and an anxiety disorder ( 711 years old ) were randomly assigned to 16 sessions of cbt or a waitlist condition . the cbt program emphasized in vivo exposu...
it is characterized by neuropsychiatric manifestations . in minimal hepatic encephalopathy ( mhe ) , patients have alterations in sleep pattern , and there is difficulty in performing even day - to - day routine activities like driving a vehicle , doing simple calculations , and so forth [ 13 ] . initially there is a...	background and aims . minimal hepatic encephalopathy ( mhe ) is diagnosed using neuropsychometric tests or neurophysiological tests that are either inapplicable to illiterate patient population in resource - poor settings or require sophisticated and expensive equipment . the available tests assess discrete domains o...
pseudocholinesterase ( pche ) is an enzyme with a complex molecular structure.1 it is synthesized in the liver and immediately released into the plasma.2 the plasma half - life has been estimated to be approximately 12 days.3 deficiency or reduced activity of this enzyme results in significant prolongation of mivacuriu...	a 47-year - old turkish male was scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia . the patient had 2 operations 28 and 19 years ago under general anesthesia . it was learned that the patient was administered succinylcholine during both of these previous operations and that he did not have a hist...
six and 18monthold male c57 and mdx mice were euthanized , and the tibialis anterior ( ta ) muscle and the diaphragms were dissected . they were either flash frozen in liquid nitrogen for biochemical analysis or embedded in oct and frozen in melting isopentane for histological evaluation . portions of ta and diaphr...	abstractintroductioncollagen crosslinking is a key parameter in extracellular matrix ( ecm ) maturation , turnover , and stiffness . we examined aspects of collagen crosslinking in dystrophindeficient murine , canine , and human skeletal muscle.methodsdmd patient biopsies and samples from mdx mice and golden retrieve...
with the aging of the population worldwide , dementia is a real public health priority . in 2000 , the estimated number of dementia cases was 25.5 million people , representing 0.4% of the worldwide population . nearly two thirds of all people with dementia lived in low- and middle - income countries . the other mo...	backgroundwith the aging of the population , dementia is increasing worldwide . the objective of this study was to identify risk factors for dementia in an elderly population utilizing a primary health care service in dakar , senegal.methodsthrough a cross - sectional study conducted from march 2004 to december 31 , ...
see detailed information on materials , virus construction , quantitative pcr , and adipocyte area measurement in the supplementary methods . adipoq mice were created as previously described ( 5 ) on the 129/svev genetic background and had been back - crossed to c57bl/6 for five generations . the experiments using ...	objectiveadiponectin is an adipocyte - derived hormone that sensitizes insulin and improves energy metabolism in tissues . this study was designed to investigate the direct regulatory effects of adiponectin on lipid metabolism in adipocytes.research design and methodsbasal and hormone - stimulated lipolysis were comp...
the national library of medicine 's ( nlm ) medline / pubmed biomedical literature database ( ) is rapidly expanding and as of the 2006 edition , the baseline database contains more than 15 million citations . a number of papers have introduced tools to perform searches more advanced than those available with the cur...	this paper outlines botxminer , a publicly available application to search xml - formatted medline data in a complete , object - relational schema implemented in oracle xml db . an advantage offered by botxminer is that it can generate quantitative results with certain queries that are not feasible through the entrez...
lymphangioma circumscriptum ( lc ) or microcystic lymphatic malformation is a hamartomatous malformation of the lymphatic channels of the skin . treatment of lc is difficult because of the persistent nature of the disease due to deeper subcutaneous cisternal connections . we report here a case of lc treated effecti...	lymphangioma circumscriptum ( lc ) , a hamartomatous lymphatic malformation , is a therapeutic challenge for the dermatologist . various modalities like surgical excision , lasers , and sclerotherapy have been used in the past to treat this notorious skin condition . we report the efficacy of a radiofrequency ablat...
a patient was immediately referred to our department after epidural endoscopy with severe bilateral visual impairment and underwent complete ophthalmologic examination . a 45-year old man suffered from low back pain unresponsive to pharmacologic treatment , radiating to the left hip and left lower extremity ...	purposeto report a case of acute visual loss after endoscopic spinal surgery.methodsa patient was immediately referred to our department after epidural endoscopy with severe bilateral visual impairment and underwent complete ophthalmologic examination.resultsvisual acuity was decreased in both eyes . fundus examinati...
the human genome is laden with repetitive sequences in the form of transposable elements ( tes ) and tandem repeats , which comprise 45% and 3% of the human genome , respectively . using new methods capable of annotating repetitive sequences that have substantially diverged from known te sequences , recent analyses i...	the human genome is laden with both non - ltr ( long - terminal repeat ) retrotransposons and microsatellite repeats . both types of sequences are able to , either actively or passively , mutagenize the genomes of human individuals and are therefore poised to dynamically alter the human genomic landscape across gener...
one important and interesting problem in genome research is the prediction of transcription factor binding sites ( tfbss ) . binding of transcription factors to their dna binding sites in the regulatory region of a gene is a prerequisite for its activation or repression . the combinatorial presence of tfbss control...	variable order markov models and variable order bayesian trees have been proposed for the recognition of transcription factor binding sites , and it could be demonstrated that they outperform traditional models , such as position weight matrices , markov models and bayesian trees . we develop a web server for the rec...
spinal epidural hemangiomas have been reported in the literature , but most of them were cavernous type hemangiomas that enable a preoperative differential diagnosis with relative ease . the limited number of spinal epidural hemangiomas and few radiological findings make an exact diagnosis difficult prior to surgery ...	a spinal epidural hemangioma is rare . in this case , a 51 year - old female patient had low back pain and right thigh numbness . she was initially misdiagnosed as having a ruptured disc with possible sequestration of granulation tissue formation due to the limited number of spinal epidural hemangiomas and little -...
numerous investigators have reported improved function , reduced pain , and high rates of implant survivorship at up to 20 years followup [ 4 , 29 ] . however , concerns about limitations in implant longevity related to the osteolysis associated with metal - on - polyethylene ( m - pe ) bearing surface wear have ...	backgroundto address the long - term problems of bearing surface wear and osteolysis associated with conventional metal - polyethylene ( m - pe ) total hip arthroplasty ( tha ) , metal - metal ( m - m ) , and ceramic - ceramic ( c - c ) bearings have been introduced . these bearing surfaces are associated with unique...
out of the 10,807 patients enrolled for the original survey , access survival data were available for 7058 ( 65% ) patients . these patients resided in portugal , the united kingdom , ireland , italy , turkey , romania , slovenia , poland , and spain . the mean age was 63.515.0 years , 38.5% were female , 27.1% wer...	hemodialysis patient survival is dependent on the availability of a reliable vascular access . in clinical practice , procedures for vascular access cannulation vary from clinic to clinic . we investigated the impact of cannulation technique on arteriovenous fistula and graft survival . based on an april 2009 cro...
the developing vertebrate heart tube contains an outer layer of myocardium and an inner layer of endocardium separated by an extracellular matrix ( ecm ) referred to as the cardiac jelly . during heart valve formation , a subset of endocardial cells in the atrioventricular ( av ) canal ( avc ) region is specified to ...	the initial step of atrioventricular ( av ) valve development involves the deposition of extracellular matrix ( ecm ) components of the endocardial cushion and the endocardialmesenchymal transition . while the appropriately regulated expression of the major ecm components , versican and hyaluronan , that form the end...
schwannoma may arise from any peripheral nerve and is often found in the chest wall and posterior mediastinum . however , case reports of intrapulmonary schwannoma are extremely rare . a 38-year - old man was referred to our institution because of an abnormal shadow found incidentally on the chest x - ray . the pla...	a 38-year - old man without any symptoms was admitted to our institution because of an abnormal shadow found incidentally on a chest x - ray . chest computed tomography showed a round mass in the lingular segment of the left upper lobe . lingular segmentectomy was performed , and the histopathological diagnosis was...
	the application of a 32p - postlabeling assay for 7-methylguanines in dna was studied either by labeling the imidazole ring - opened dinucleotide derivatives or by using strong - anion - exchange column chromatography for the adduct enrichment from normal nucleotides . data showed that 7-methylguanines can be efficie...
a pulmonary nodule is defined as a spherical well - circumscribed radiographic opacity that is surrounded completely by aerated lung . lesions that are larger than 3 cm are described as lung masses . as size has been shown to be important for classification of nodules ( see below ) the term micronodules is usually...	abstractthis article describes the aetiology , epidemiology and clinical significance of incidental non - solid pulmonary nodules . non - solid nodules are more likely malignant . if malignant , they are mostly due to atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma . as these may be negative on ...
stressful life experiences have the amazing ability to synchronize organism - wide physiological responses toward the common goal of surviving threat . in this way , the major stress - responsive systems are often regarded by evolutionary biologists as essential adaptive mechanisms that ultimately promote survival . ho...	the relationship between stress challenges and adverse health outcomes , particularly for the development of affective disorders , is now well established . the highly conserved neuroimmune mechanisms through which responses to stressors are transcribed into effects on males and females have recently garnered much at...
hemorrhage from pelvic blood vessels after trauma or obstetric delivery are major health care problems . trauma is a leading cause of death worldwide and a major cause of lost quality - adjusted life years ( qalys ) . treatment of pelvic trauma is difficult since hemorrhage can be massive and it is difficult to apply...	backgroundpelvic bleeding from trauma and postpartum hemorrhage is often difficult to treat successfully by emergency providers particularly in low resource environments , when hospital presentation is delayed or there is a lack of immediate surgical , anesthesia , and transfusion capabilities . pneumatic anti - shoc...
cell culture performed as previously described . briefly , k562 cells ( atcc ) were cultured in rpmi 1640 ( gibco ) media and supplemented with 10% fbs ( hyclone ) , penicillin ( 10,000 i.u./ml ) , streptomycin ( 10,000 ug / ml ) , and l - glutamine ( 2 mm ) . cells were grown in log phase during all biological assay...	we compare the ability of shrna and crispr / cas9 screens to identify essential genes in the human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line k562 . we find that the precision of the two libraries in detecting essential genes is similar and that combining data from both screens improves performance . notably , results fr...
clinical presentations vary from nonspecific systemic symptoms ( e.g. , fever , myalgia , palpitation , chest pain , dyspnea ) to fulminant hemodynamic collapse and sudden death . infections ( viral , bacterial , fungal , protozoal , parasitic ) , toxins , immunological syndromes , and hypersensitivity can cause myoc...	myocarditis often occurs due to viral infections and postviral immune - mediated responses . hypersensitivity myocarditis is a rare form of myocarditis . numerous drugs can induce myocarditis , which is typically reversible after withdrawal of the causative agent . here , we report a case of hypersensitivity myocar...
liver cancer is the second most common cause of cancer - related death worldwide , the fifth most common cancer among men and the ninth most common cancer among women.1 hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) is responsible for ~90% of primary liver cancers.2 in the united states , hcc is the fastest rising cause of cancer - ...	hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) is the fastest rising cause of cancer - related death in the united states and carries a very poor prognosis , with a median survival time of < 50% at 1 year for advanced disease . to date , sorafenib is the only therapy approved by the food and drug administration for the treatment of ...
conidiation in aspergillus involves many common developmental themes including spatial and temporal control of gene expression , specialized differentiation of cells , and intra and intercellular communications . conidiation is regulated by an asexual developmental signaling pathway that directs expression control el...	members of the genus aspergillus are the most common fungi and all reproduce asexually by forming long chains of conidiospores ( or conidia ) . the impact of various aspergillus species on humans ranges from beneficial to harmful . for example , several species including aspergillus oryzae and aspergillus niger are...

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