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penehyclidine hydrochloride ( phc ) or 3-(2-phenyl-2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxyl - ethoxy ) quinuclidine is an anticholinergic drug with both antimuscarinic and antinicotinic activity .
it has potent central and peripheral anticholinergic effects.1 currently , phc is used widely in the clinic in china as a reversal agent ... | backgroundthe aim of this review was to evaluate and summarize the available scientific information on penehyclidine hydrochloride ( phc ) for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) as a result of its ability to attenuate toll - like receptors .
penehyclidine hydrochloride is an anticholinerg... |
these mutations can be directly induced by specific cancer - causing agents such as radiations , chemicals , hormones , viruses and genetic factors 2 .
after transformation , the cancer cells lose their ability to control cell division , but still maintain certain characteristics of the cells from which they are deri... | tumor suppressors refer to a large group of molecules that are capable of controlling cell division , promoting apoptosis , and suppressing metastasis . the loss of function for a tumor suppressor may lead to cancer due to uncontrolled cell division . because of their importance
, extensive studies have been undertak... |
atropisomeric biaryls constitute an important structural element of many natural products , biologically active compounds , and chiral ligands . despite significant importance of the synthesis of atropisomeric biaryls ( even in the racemic form ) , their syntheses based on the common cross - coupling reaction such as s... | general approach to the synthesis of prochiral precursors of chiral atropisomeric biaryls based on several complementary methods has been developed .
biaryls were obtained in good to excellent yields depending on their structure and selected method of synthesis .
furthermore , we demonstrate a possibility of utilis... |
multimorbidity is the co - occurrence of multiple chronic medical conditions in one person , and is a major issue in modern medicine .
it correlates with age , and , according to one interesting hypothesis , there is probably a common pathomechanism responsible for multimorbidity , namely low - grade systemic inflamm... | objectiveto show the extent to which the health of former prisoners was affected by incarceration in extermination camps after 5 and 30 years of leaving the camp , and to determine the etiological factors underlying particular dysfunctions.methodsmedical records of former prisoners developed in 1950 ( n=250 ) and 1975 ... |
in species with external fertilisation , males and females must synchronize gamete release . in fish , various forms of information that transfer between the sexes
visual communication involves the use of colour signals [ 13 ] and behaviour [ 4 , 5 ] . chemical signals may be used to coordinate spawning , as fish pos... | aim .
external fertilisation requires synchronisation of gamete release between the two sexes .
adequate synchronisation is essential in aquatic media because sperm is very short - lived in water . in
the cichlid lamprologus callipterus , fertilisation of the eggs takes place inside an empty snail shell , where f... |
langerhans cell histiocytosis ( lch ) is a rare , clinically polymorphous group of disorders , presenting with heterogeneous clinical manifestations and an unpredictable outcome .
lch is characterized by proliferation of abnormal and clonal langerhans cells , in one or more organs like skin , bone , lymph nodes , lun... | langerhans cell histiocytosis ( lch ) , is a rare disorder , clinically presents with heterogeneous manifestations , and has an unpredictable outcome .
commonly seen in infancy or early childhood , the disorder is characterized by proliferation of abnormal and clonal langerhans cell in skin , bone , lymph nodes , lun... |
because it is well documented that quit attempts are substantially more successful when pharmacotherapy is employed , experts advise that medications be used unless there is a specific contraindication for doing so.5 medications approved by the us food and drug administration ( fda ) for use in the treatment of nicotin... | despite efforts to decrease tobacco use , smoking continues to be a leading cause of preventable morbidity and premature death .
the associated economic burden is substantial , both in the form of direct costs ( healthcare expenditures ) and indirect costs ( lost productivity ) , regardless of whether the burden is a... |
as humans advance through middle age and beyond brain function often changes into a mildly impaired state ( mild cognitive impairment , mci ) or even deteriorates into neurodegenerative diseases like dementia and alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) [ 1 , 2 ] .
ad - related pathological changes may begin decades prior to the ... | the present study investigates whether a combined cognitive and physical training may induce changes in the cortical activity as measured via electroencephalogram ( eeg ) and whether this change may index a deceleration of pathological processes of brain aging .
seventy seniors meeting the clinical criteria of mild c... |
a , 46-year - old indian male presented to our hospital with complaints of inward deviation of his left eye for the last 9 months , which he developed after sustaining a head injury .
the deviation was associated with horizontal diplopia , which was more in the left lateral gaze .
the patient was a known hypertensi... | a , 46-year - old indian male , known hypertensive presented with left esotropia of 25 prism diopters ( pd ) after head injury in a roadside accident 9 months back .
the deviation was constant in nature and was associated with complaints of diplopia in left lateral gaze .
traumatic sixth nerve palsy was diagnosed .... |
although mallet fracture is a common sports or work - related injury , its treatment remains controversial .
wehbe and schneider concluded that splinting is a safe and reliable treatment for most mallet injuries and that reduction is not crucial because of bone remodeling .
however , surgical treatment has been sug... | background
some patients with mallet fractures who undergo extension block pinning complain of exposed wires , which delay their return to sports and causes inconvenience while performing tasks that require the use of hands during the early postoperative period .
the purpose of this retrospective study was to prese... |
renal cell carcinoma ( rcc ) , which accounts for 2% to 3% of all malignant neoplasms in adults , is one of the most lethal of the common urologic cancers .
the total number of patients suffering from malignancies of the kidney in 2011 was approximately 25,000 ( 19,000 males and 6,000 females ) .
this is an increas... | the safety and efficacy of robot - assisted partial nephrectomy ( rapn ) has been reported in western countries .
however , there are no similar reported studies of rapn in japan .
although common medical services are covered by public health insurance in japan , rapn had not been approved as a listed treatment for... |
erythropoietin ( epo ) is a 34-kda glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by cells of the per tubular capillary endothelium of the kidney and regulates red blood cell production through stimulation of erythropoiesis [ 1 , 2 ] . epo synthesis in the kidney is increased following reduction in tissue oxygenation , it b... | a new analog of epo was designed by fusing one and two ctps to the n - terminal and c - terminal ends of epo ( epo-(ctp)3 ) , respectively .
this analog was expressed and secreted efficiently in cho cells .
the in vitro test shows that the activity of epo-(ctp)3 in tfi-1 cell proliferation assay is similar to that ... |
we found that hela cells overexpressing nuclear importin 2 exhibited downregulation of transcripts encoded by 62 genes , including 22 encoding replication - dependent histones , as well as selective upregulation of only two transcripts , including serine / threonine kinase 35 ( stk35 ) .
the contrast between the lar... | importin is recognized as a classical nuclear localization signal ( cnls ) receptor which mediates nucleocytoplasmic transport .
however , it rapidly accumulates in the nucleus in response to cellular stresses , including oxidative stress , causing a blockade of the classical nuclear import pathway .
we set out to... |
gastrointestinal stromal tumors ( gists ) are thought to arise from the interstitial cells of cajal ( icc ) , which function as gastrointestinal pacemaker cells .
gists exhibit a wide clinical spectrum , from benign to frankly malignant , and more than 30% of the patients with malignant tumors develop local recurrenc... | malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors ( gists ) are rare non - epithelial , mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract that metastasize or recur in 30% of patients who undergo surgical resection with curative intent .
a 59-year - old man visited our hospital for an examination of a palpable mass in the l... |
herbal medicine is widely used in anxiety and mood disorders , often with contradictory evidence , although some authors are yet prompted to promote their full introduction in pharmacology as a promising therapy [ 2 , 3 ] .
complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ) in anxiety is particularly appreciated by indiv... | a recent discussion expanded the debate about the experimental research on gelsemium in anxiety .
herbal medicine is widely used in anxiety and mood disorders , often with contradictory evidence , although some authors are yet prompted to promote their full introduction in pharmacology as a promising therapy .
comp... |
since the ancient times , the incorporation of abrasive powder in toothpastes or powders
has been done .
various abrasive materials have been proposed such as bone ash ( which is
mainly composed of -tricalcium phosphate ) , coral , shell , marble or pumice powders .
these powders are hold
either in suspension... | objectivesthe abrasion of dentifrices is well recognized to eliminate the dental plaque .
the
aims of this study were to characterize the abrasive powders of 6 dentifrices ( 3
toothpastes and 3 toothpowders ) and to measure the abrasion on a test surface by
vertical scanning interference microscopy ( vsi ) .
... |
obesity has become a worldwide epidemic in the twenty - first century due to its increasing prevalence in recent decades , as well as its impacts on morbidity , mortality and quality of life , and its economic burden .
morbid obesity [ body mass index ( bmi ) 40 kg / m ] is a type of obesity that does not respond to ... | obesity and morbid obesity are modifiable risk factors for the development and progression of kidney disease .
obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is currently an important health problem in europe , so it is necessary to develop therapeutic and preventive strategies .
the obesity - related glomerulopathy ... |
photosensitivity is encountered in 5% of patients with epilepsy , with increased prevalence in association with genetic generalized epilepsies ( gges ) . as patients with genetic generalized epilepsies ( gges )
are not typically evaluated for epilepsy surgery , generalized photoparoxysmal ( ppr ) or photoconvulsive (... | we evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution of photic driving ( pdr ) , photoparoxysmal ( ppr ) , and photoconvulsive ( pcr ) responses recorded by intracranial electrodes ( ic - eeg ) in a patient with generalized photosensitivity and right frontal lobe cortical dysplasia .
intermittent light stimulation ( ils ) wa... |
mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the thymus are extremely rare malignant mediastinal neoplasms and account for 2% of thymic carcinomas ( 1 , 2 ) . until now ,
radiologic reports of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thymus have been rare , but the described gross findings are multilocular cystic structures with focal areas ... | mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thymus is an extremely rare malignant mediastinal neoplasm , and to our knowledge , only 13 cases have been reported .
we report a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thymus that was seen in a 53-yr - old man with right chest pain .
chest ct scan showed a huge , cystic mass havin... |
the incidence of acute appendicitis within an external hernia accounts for 0.13 - 1% of all acute appendicitis .
amyand hernia is well known to surgeons ; it was named after claudius amyand who performed appendectomy for perforated appendicitis in the inguinal hernia sac in 1735 . in the case of femoral hernia ,
it... | appendicitis and incarcerated hernia are frequently encountered reasons of emergency surgery for acute abdomen .
the treatment in early stages of each condition is generally simple , but when these conditions are combined , the symptoms become slightly complicated , obscuring specific symptoms . especially the lack o... |
rett syndrome ( rs ) is a chromosome x - linked genetic neurological disorder characterized by developmental regression , particularly in relation to expressive language and use of the hands .
a four and a half year old girl reported to our dental opd for a dental checkup . on complete examination
early diagnosis o... | backgroundrett syndrome ( rs ) is a chromosome x - linked genetic neurological disorder characterized by developmental regression , particularly in relation to expressive language and use of the hands .
it is also associated with profound mental retardation and almost exclusively affects females.case detailsa four an... |
dens invaginatus ( dens in dente ) is a developmental anomaly that develops as a result of an invagination in the surface of a tooth crown before biological mineralization takes place.1 in a recent study , the tooth prevalence was found to be 0.65% , and the anomaly was present in 2.95% of people.2 in most of the repor... | this case report presents the periapical surgical retreatment of an oehlers class iii invaginated maxillary central incisor with extruded root canal filling into the periapical lesion . after local anesthesia ,
a full - thickness mucoperiosteal flap was reflected , and the granulomatous tissue and extruded gutta - pe... |
the prevalence of ectopic pregnancy is high in societies in which women delay childbearing , with increased use of assisted reproductive technology ( art ) and with increased incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease caused by chlamydia and gonococcal bacteria .
the risk of rupture of the uterus tends to increase beyo... | the incidence of ectopic pregnancy is approximately 1.32% of all pregnancies , and more than 90% of ectopic pregnancies are detected in the ampulla of the fallopian tube .
ectopic pregnancy occurring in tubal stump after tubectomy is extremely rare , and the frequency of tubal stump pregnancy is approximately 0.4% of... |
a 21-year - old male presented with a progressive decrease in vision that had begun at the age of 8 years .
the patient 's best corrected visual acuity , with + 4.00 ds / -0.50 dc 180 , was counting fingers at 50 cm in the right eye , and , with + 1.00 ds / -1.50 dc 20 , was 6 / 24 in the left eye .
indirect opht... | the purpose of this study is to describe the correlation of findings between results from spectral domain optical coherence tomography ( sd - oct ) and microperimetry in a case series regarding patients with goldmann - favre syndrome .
goldmann - favre syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary vitreo - retina... |
this stress and anxiety along with substance abuse develop early in medical training and may increase with time.(12345678 ) one of the most important aims of community medicine is to promote the health of the community . as famous
saying goes-"charity begins at home , we should first promote the health of our own st... | background : high level of stress , anxiety and depression is seen among medical students.aims:to assess the impact of brief structured yoga intervention on mental well being of mbbs students.materials and methods : the participants consisted of 82 mbbs students of 3rd semester in the age group of 18 - 23 years .
the... |
gastrointestinal infections pose a big health and clinical problem throughout the world . in adult patients suffering from acute diarrhoea ( duration of diarrhoea < 1 week ) enteropathogens
are discovered in up to 65%80% cases.1 , 2 in western countries , an average person will probably face one or two episodes of ga... | background : nifuroxazide is well known and often used anti - diarrhoeal medicine which has been pushed back from routine practice in recent years and often replaced with probiotics .
even probiotics are accepted and placed in some therapeutic guidelines for diarrhoea treatment , there are no enough evidence for its ... |
neural tube defects ( ntds ) are common and devastating congenital malformations of the central nervous system . over 90% of the cases are comprised of anencephaly ( a total or partial absence of brain tissue , skull , and overlying skin ) and spina bifida ( herniation of the spinal cord , meninges , or both through a ... | this paper focuses on the current best - evidence - based clinical practices and controversies surrounding folic acid supplementation / fortification for the prevention of neural tube defects ( ntds ) during early pregnancy .
the paper also discusses the controversies surrounding the effect of folic acid on the preve... |
these data provide information concerning the sources of health care financing ( i.e. , private health insurance , medicare , and medicaid ) and their uses .
these data , known as the national health accounts ( nha ) , serve multiple purposes . from a macro perspective , they provide information regarding the changin... | the health data and statistical needs of our health care system continue to grow .
though we are expected to spend approximately $ 1.4 trillion on health care next year , we know little about where the dollars are spent and what they are purchasing .
our national health statistics are currently collected through a ... |
normal intrauterine growth depends on genetic potential and is influenced by hormonal and environmental factors , including maternal nutrition and health .
small for gestational age ( sga ) refers to an infant born with a weight or length , two standard deviations ( sds ) below the mean for his / her gestational age ... | aims : to assess growth and factors associated with growth in children born small for gestational age ( sga ) from two socioeconomic strata in comparison to age- and sex - matched healthy controls.methods:retrospective study conducted at two hospitals in pune , 0.55 years , 618 children : 189-sga from upper socioeconom... |
pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) is an infrequent but nevertheless serious life - threatening severe complication of hiv infection .
it is associated with an increase of pulmonary vascular resistance , pulmonary artery pressure , right - ventricular failure and death .
bosentan , a dual endothelin-1 receptor... | pulmonary arterial hypertension is an infrequent but nevertheless serious life - threatening severe complication of hiv infection .
it can be treated with bosentan and oral anticoagulants .
bosentan could induce the acenocoumarol metabolism and it increases the inr values . until now
, no study of interaction bet... |
the patient is a 51-year - old right - handed caucasian woman with a 12-month history of left ear pain that originated from the temporomandibular joint ( tmj ) , with some associated swelling , pain with chewing , and mild hearing loss .
her physical examination revealed mild hearing loss on the left side . computed ... | calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease ( cpdd , tophaceous pseudogout ) is a rare crystal arthropathy characterized by calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition in joint spaces , episodes of synovitis , and radiological features of chondrocalcinosis .
we present a case of 61-year - old woman who presented ... |
the hiv seropositivity revealed by an antibody test is indicative of virus
infection . due to a small proportion of false - positive , false - negative , and
ambiguous ( indeterminate ) findings occurring in a general population , this test
is not perfect but remains , however , the first - line laboratory proced... | it is extremely rare when hiv seropositive adult patients experience spontaneous loss
of antibodies , that is , seroreversion .
the disappearance of hiv antibodies was occasionally
attributed to iatrogenic intervention serodeconversion .
such interventions include :
haart ; oral interferon ; chinese herbal r... |
pilomyxoid astrocytoma ( pma ) has been included as a novel clinico - pathological entity in the 2007 world health organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system .
pma has a poor prognosis when compared to pilocytic astrocytoma ( pa ) because of the propensity of the tumor to metastasize through ... | pilomyxoid astrocytoma ( pma ) is a rare central nervous system tumor that has been included in the 2007 world health organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system . due to its more aggressive behavior ,
pma is classified as grade ii neoplasm by the world health organization .
pma predominantl... |
meningioma is a common tumour in the central nervous system , and it accounts for 1326% of all intracranial tumours ( barnholtz - sloan and kruchko , 2007 ; wiemels et al . , 2010 ) .
the only known risk factor for meningioma is ionizing radiation ( preston et al . ,
2002 ; el ghissassi et al . , 2009 ) ; other env... | previous studies suggest that hormone therapy may play an important role in the development of meningioma . however , it is unclear whether medication with tamoxifen can prevent meningioma .
our study cohort included all women who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1961 and 2010 , and a total of 227 535 women... |
the experience of labor and birth , referred to as childbirth , is complex , multidimensional , and subjective , relating to both the outcome and the process that is experienced by an individual woman .
birth is a universal experience for women , and many similarities in their birthing are documented in studies of ch... | background : the experience of labor and birth , referred to as childbirth , is complex , multidimensional , and subjective , relating to both the outcome and the process that is experienced by an individual woman .
the aim of this study was to describe the experience of childbirth among kurdish women giving birth at... |
a number of oxygen - carrying alternatives to blood have been in clinical evaluation since amberson administered haemoglobin - saline solutions in clinical trials .
of these , five patients with secondary anaemia due to haemorrhage or infection received multiple injections , and three of these p... | early approaches to the development of oxygen carriers involved the use of stroma - free hemoglobin solutions .
these solutions did not require blood typing or crossmatching and could be stored for long periods .
in addition , a variety of methods have been developed in chemically modifying and stabi... |
peritoneal dialysis catheter ( pdc ) placement and treatment of catheter dysfunction from fibrin plugging and omental wrapping has typically been accomplished by surgical interventions .
laparotomy for catheter repositioning or replacement or laparoscopic surgical techniques combined with omentopexy and suturing of t... | backgroundperitoneal dialysis catheter ( pdc ) dysfunction can often be treated fluoroscopically by manipulation with wire , balloon or stiff stylet , saving surgical intervention for refractory cases .
we describe an enhanced percutaneous approach to pdc salvage that can lead to a more definitive intervention and sa... |
in infertile couples , male factors account for almost half of the cases of infertility .
these male factors can be ascribed to infection , immunological factors , anatomical malformations , or chemical insult . besides these factors
a constitutional chromosomal abnormality can be found in about 15% of azoospermic ... | purposewe evaluated clinical characteristics , sperm retrieval rates , and birth rates in a relatively large number of infertile patients with y chromosome microdeletions.materials and methodswe retrospectively reviewed clinical data from 213 patients with nonobstructive azoospermia ( noa ) and 76 patients with oligoas... |
this study concerns the metabolism of inorganic arsenic ( as ) in children in three villages in northern argentina : san antonio de los cobres and taco pozo , each with about 200 microg as / l in the drinking water , and rosario de lerma , with 0.65 microg as / l .
findings show that the concentrations of as in the b... | |
physical exercise has long been known to be effective in the treatment and prevention of many physical conditions such as type 2 diabetes , hypertension , obesity , dyslipidemia , and cardiovascular disease [ 13 ] .
furthermore , exercise has been found to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety [ 47 ] .
studies ... | the objective of the present paper is to review the current status of exercise as a tool to promote cognitive rehabilitation after acquired brain injury ( abi ) in animal model - based research .
searches were conducted on the pubmed , scopus , and psycinfo databases in february 2014 .
search strings used were : ex... |
mus musculus has , due to its genetic tractability , quickly become the animal model of choice for physiologists interested in microcircuit - level dissection of genetically - identified neurons and in investigating mouse models of human disease .
for example , the recent introduction of causal genetic tools , such a... | the number of physiological investigations in the mouse , mus musculus , has experienced a recent surge , paralleling the growth in methods of genetic targeting for microcircuit dissection and disease modeling .
the introduction of optogenetics , for example , has allowed for bidirectional manipulation of genetically... |
hydrogen atom positions of nucleotide bases in rna structures
solved
by x - ray crystallography are commonly derived from heavy - atom coordinates
by assuming idealized geometries . in particular ,
n1h1 vectors
in g and n3h3 vectors in u are commonly positioned to coincide
with the bisectors of their respec... | |
the incidence of synchronous lesion in patients with colorectal carcinoma is up to 5% [ 1 , 2 ] .
we describe a rare case of synchronous neuroendocrine tumor ( net ) and adenocarcinoma present at two different locations but in the same segment of the colon .
an 83-year - old male presented with two episodes of blee... | neuroendocrine tumors ( nets ) originating from the gastrointestinal tract are considered to be relatively rare tumors with a poor prognosis .
we describe a case of an 83-year - old male who presented with complains of bleeding per rectum .
colonoscopy revealed two ulceroproliferative tumors , one in the sigmoid co... |
the length and volume of kidneys are considered very important parameters for clinical assessment of patients with diabetes , renal artery stenosis and for assessment of renal transplant candidates .
a change in kidney dimensions from one examination to the next may be an important indicator for the presence or progr... | kidney volume is regarded as the most precise indicator of kidney size .
however , volume assessment is not widely used clinically because its measurement is difficult due to the complex kidney shape .
apart from the conventional methods of measurement of renal dimensions from x - rays , ultrasound scan , computed ... |
gestational diabetes mellitus ( gdm ) , which is close to type 2 diabetes mellitus , develops in 26% of pregnancies .
in addition , a risk of developing autoimmune diseases , such as type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disease , increases in the postpartum period .
classic type 1a diabetes is classif... | abstractpregnancy and the postpartum period are associated with changes of the immune system .
these changes might eventually result in autoimmune diseases , such as graves disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus , in the postpartum period .
we describe a case of a patient with gestational diabetes who developed both... |
it is attracting considerable attention in north america , europe and elsewhere as an important framework to develop better and more cost - effective health systems .
the goal of the international journal of integrated care is to encourage scholarly inquiry in this new field .
but , have we defined integrated care... | abstractintegrated care is a burgeoning field .
as is often the case in new areas of inquiry and action , conceptual clarification is demanded . without such attention
, it would be difficult to advance theory and practice in this increasingly important professional arena . in the following discussion paper ,
the... |
osteoarthritis ( oa ) is a common progressive degenerative joint disease with multiple etiologies , but similar biological , morphological , and clinical outcomes [ 1 , 2 ] . individuals with oa might suffer from pain , muscle weakness , loss of joint range of motion , and increasing disability .
the disease process ... | viscosupplementation refers to the concept of synovial fluid replacement with intra - articular injections of hyaluronic acid ( ha ) for the relief of pain associated with osteoarthritis ( oa ) .
intra - articular viscosupplementation was approved by the food and drug administration ( fda ) in 1997 .
it is currentl... |
recent mass mortalities among several marine mammal populations have led to speculation about increased susceptibility to viral infections as a result of contaminant - induced immunosuppression . in a 2.5-year study , we fed herring from either the relatively uncontaminated atlantic ocean or the contaminated baltic sea... | |
studies on the facial morphometry and mandibular movements are an essential element in a scientific approach for treating temporomandibular dysfunction and are useful in the practice of orthodontics , restorative esthetic dentistry , maxillofacial surgery , and prosthodontics . in prosthodontics ,
measurements of the... | purposethe purpose of this study was to determine the average facial proportions and mandibular movement capacity of 316 first - year dental students who carefully recorded them on each other.materials and methodsthis early exacting clinical experience was closely supervised by the authors in columbus , ohio during 196... |
surgical site infection ( ssi ) is one of the most frequent complications among the hospitalized patients . according to the previous studies , almost 3% of all postoperative patients suffer from wound infection after surgery .
ssi after spine surgery can also have distressing moments , so once recognized , urgent an... | objectivesurgical site infection ( ssi ) is the one of the most frequent complications in hospitalized patients , and it extends hospital stays and causes extra morbidities . to reduce ssi after spine surgery , we applied the gentamicin - impregnated collagen sponge ( collatamp g ) during the operation and analyzed the... |
ramucirumab is a recombinant monoclonal antibody that binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 ( vegfr-2 ) , and is approved for use in advanced gastric , lung , and colon cancer .
pivotal studies in gastric cancer have shown that ramucirumab as a single agent or in combination with paclitaxel prolonged... | ramucirumab is an antiangiogenesis agent targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 ( vegfr-2 ) , approved to treat advanced gastric and colon cancer . in clinical trials
, it was shown to cause a small increase in arterial thromboembolism compared to placebo , including cerebral and myocardial ische... |
to generate the macrophage adiponectin transgenic ( ad - tg ) mice , full - length cdna encoding the human adiponectin gene with a v5 epitope tag fused at the 3 end was subcloned into a plasmid vector containing the human sr - ai gene enhancer / promoter ( 5.0 kb ) ( kindly provided by dr .
chris glass , department o... | objectiveadiponectin is one of several important metabolically active cytokines secreted from adipose tissue .
epidemiologic studies have associated low - circulating levels of this adipokine with multiple metabolic disorders including obesity , insulin resistance , type 2 diabetes , and cardiovascular disease .
to... |
discovered in the lab of sandoz in switzerland in 1972 , cyclosporine ( csa ) has since revolutionized transplant medicine . initially discovered
while searching for novel antifungal agents , it was found to have many immunologic properties that made it an attractive agent for immunosuppression following renal and ot... | the discovery and use of cyclosporine since its inception into clinical use in the late 1970s has played a major role in the advancement of transplant medicine . while it has improved rates of acute rejection and early graft survival , data on long - term survival of renal allografts
is less convincing .
the findin... |
chemoprevention is a novel approach to cancer control using specific natural products or synthetic agents for suppression , reversal , or prevention of premalignant transformation of cells to a malignant form .
an ideal chemopreventive agent must have no toxicity , must have high efficacy in multiple sites , should h... | oral cancer has a well characterized progression from premalignant oral epithelial changes to invasive cancer , making oral squamous cell carcinoma an optimal disease for chemoprevention interventions prior to malignant transformation .
the primary goal of chemoprevention here is to reverse , suppress , or inhibit th... |
blood pressure level is one of the most important target factors for preventing cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients . in recent years
, reports have indicated the importance of pulse wave analysis , such as pulse wave velocity , cardio - ankle vascular index , and augmentation index .
a number of studies... | backgroundthe arterial velocity pulse index ( avi ) is explored as a novel marker of atherosclerosis using pulse wave analysis in clinical settings .
recent clinical studies have reported that the level of high - sensitivity troponin t ( hs - ctnt ) is an important biomarker in hypertensive patients .
the aim of th... |
patient nonadherence to immunosuppressive therapy after kidney transplantation is an important factor contributing to acute rejection and decreased graft survival [ 15 ] .
this is especially true for adolescents who are at the highest risk of nonadherence .
it has been shown that , following pediatric renal trans... | it is speculated that a once - daily dosage of immunosuppression can increase adherence and thereby graft survival . until now , there have been no studies on once - daily use of tacrolimus extended - release formulation ( tac - er ) in children following pediatric kidney transplantation . in 11 stable pediatric kidney... |
despite recent improvements in adhesive dentistry , materials and esthetic demands of the patients have contributed the frequent use of composite materials in posterior teeth , post - operative sensitivity still remains a problem .
this complication usually fades within the first few weeks , but may last for a longer... | objective : to evaluate the post - operative sensitivity of occlusal restorations using different dentin adhesives performed by an undergraduate and a post - doctorate dentist.materials and methods : one hundred and eighty - eight molar occlusal restorations were placed in 39 patients ( ages between 18 and 30 ) using 3... |
mesothelioma is an uncommon , malignant neoplasm that arises from mesothelial tissue usually in the pleura , less often in the peritoneum , and rarely elsewhere .
prognosis for malignant mesothelioma ( mm ) is poor , and the tumor has a median latency period of 32 years from the time of exposure to causative agents [... | objective . to evaluate the validity of proxy interviews in obtaining information on persons with rapidly fatal diseases such as malignant mesothelioma ( mm )
. methods .
persons with mm diagnosed in 2002 through 2005 in new york and new jersey and 19972004 in wisconsin were eligible for inclusion in the project . ... |
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents ; the symptoms are hyperactivity , attention - deficit and impulsiveness .
adhd co - occurs with some other disorders and the patients go through many problems at home , school and social e... | backgroundthe knowledge and attitude of parents about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) is a public health issue in which management and rehabilitation approaches may be influenced.objectivesthe current study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the parents of children with adhd towards this ... |
fabry disease is a rare , x - linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme , -galactosidase a ( -gal a ) .
this genetic disease ( online mendelian inheritance in man [ omim ] 301500 ) occurs in people of all ethnicities , with an estimated incidence of about 1:117... | fabry disease is a rare , x - linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism caused by a deficiency in the activity of the lysosomal enzyme , -galactosidase a. in affected patients , the enzyme substrate , globotriaosylceramide ( gb3 ) , accumulates in cells of various tissues and organs .
lysosomal accumulation... |
electrospray ionization ( esi ) has revolutionized mass spectrometry ( ms ) by extending its applicability to large nonvolatile molecules . although covalent bonding and , thus , molecular weight information , is usually preserved in esi , retention of the noncovalent bonding of the solution structure has been demonstr... | the structural evolution of ubiquitin after transfer into the gas phase was studied by electron capture dissociation .
site - specific fragment yields show that ubiquitin s solution fold is overall unstable in the gas phase , but unfolding caused by loss of solvent is slowest in regions stabilized by salt bridges . |
diabetes mellitus ( dm ) is defined by chronic hyperglycemia which induces reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species via protein kinase c and nitrogen - activated protein kinase .
the concept of oxidative stress corresponds to an abnormal metabolism with an imbalance between the oxidant production rate an... | backgroundantioxidant nutrients found in popularly consumed vegetables , including red beans , are thought to prevent diabetic complications . in this study , we assessed the frequency and contributing factors of intake of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants , and we determined their impact on the prevention of ... |
low back pain ( lbp ) is the most common and costly neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction in many countries .
nonspecific lbp refers to any type of back pain in the lumbar region that is not related to serious pathology and/or does not have a specific cause .
the underlying cause of specific lbp is structural problems o... | background : disk herniation is the most common cause of radiating low back pain ( lbp ) in subjects under 60 years of age . the present study aims to compare the effect of dry needling ( dn ) and a standard conservative approach on the pain and function in subjects with discogenic radiating lbp.materials and methods :... |
pain in the masticatory muscles is the most prevalent symptom associated with
temporomandibular disorders ( tmd ) , being present in 88.7% of the affected
population .
( 2001 ) found a positive
correlation between chewing ability and tmj pain and reduced mouth opening capacity ,
although no significant associ... | objectivesto evaluate the effect of a chewing exercise on pain intensity and pressurepain
threshold in patients with myofascial pain.methodstwenty-nine consecutive women diagnosed with myofascial pain ( mfp ) according to
the research diagnostic criteria comprised the experimental group and 15 healthy
age - match... |
this cross - sectional , observational study was done from december 2007 to august 2008 after approval from the institutional review board and ethics committee of the kangbuk samsung hospital in seoul , korea .
this prospective study was performed after approval from the subjects were recruited from the outpatient gl... | purposeto determine the lowest limit of signal strength that is still effective for accurate analysis of optic coherence tomography ( oct ) values , we investigated the reproducibility of oct scans by signal strength ( ss).methodsa total of 668 subjects were scanned for measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer ( rnfl ... |
in thoracic surgery the vacuum assisted closure-device ( vac ; kci medical aps , ballerup , denmark ) , has shown promising results in the treatment of mediastinitis and thoracic instability in patients , who have undergone thoracotomy .
this article describes an unprecedented employment of vac , promoting the recove... | a large aterior chest wall defect following tumor resection was reconstructed with a gore - tex membrane and a combined musculocutaneous rectus femoris and tensor fasciae latae free flap .
subsequent paradoxical respiration impeded weaning from the ventilator .
appliance of vacuum assisted closure ( vac ) resulted ... |
however , both treatment modalities may be impossible in certain situations , such as giant or fusiform thrombosed aneurysm , in which efferent or adjacent arterial branches may be involved . under these situations , an alternative surgical strategy using revascularization may be required6,7 ) .
although revasculariz... | objectiveto report our surgical experience using in situ end - to - side bypass for giant serpentine distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm , unsuitable for microsurgical clipping.methodsa 49-year - old woman presented with headache and intermittent loss of consciousness .
the brain computed tomography scan reveale... |
twenty - nine participants ( 16 females and 13 males ) aged 67.70 6.07 participated in this study .
participants were recruited from various pa programs that focused on older adults ( ages 60 + ) in the community .
height , weight , and waist circumference were assessed in light clothing and without shoes to the n... | objective : to examine the step count accuracy of activity monitors in community - dwelling older adults .
method : twenty - nine participants aged 67.70 6.07 participated .
three pedometers and the actical accelerometer step count functions were compared with actual steps taken during a 200-m walk around an indoo... |
muscle fibres are nearly incompressible and so must increase in girth as they shorten .
this transverse expansion requires that the fibres in pennate muscle rotate to greater pennation angles during shortening to ensure they still pack together in close proximity [ 2 , 3 ] . due to these fibre rotations ,
the fib... | when skeletal muscle fibres shorten , they must increase in their transverse dimensions in order to maintain a constant volume . in pennate muscle , this transverse expansion results in the fibres rotating to greater pennation angle , with a consequent reduction in their contractile velocity in a process known as geari... |
after release from the bone marrow , mature neutrophils ( polymorphonuclear neutrophils ( pmns ) ) are either rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation , where they represent the immediate defense against bacterial and fungal microorganisms [ 1 , 2 ] , or undergo senescense within hours , which results in apoptosis an... | in mice , differential regulation of cxc chemokine receptor expression in circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils ( pmns ) undergoing senescence results in homing to the bone marrow . however , the role of this compartment and of the chemokine receptor
cxcr4 is still under discussion , and only scarce data exist ab... |
developmental cognitive psychology is a discipline that has not been closely connected to most biology education efforts , but may offer novel perspectives and insights .
cognitive psychologists study how organisms take in information about their environment , form internal representations of the information , and pr... | many ideas in the biological sciences seem especially difficult to understand , learn , and teach successfully .
our goal in this feature is to explore how these difficulties may stem not from the complexity or opacity of the concepts themselves , but from the fact that they may clash with informal , intuitive , and ... |
herpes zoster ( hz ) is a self - limiting disease , with pain quenching at the end of vesicular eruption . in a significant proportion of patients ,
however , pain can persist or relapse months to years after rash healing , being then referred to as post - herpetic neuralgia ( phn ) .
pain in phn is described as bu... | backgroundin spite of the large body of evidence available in the literature , definition and treatment of post - herpetic neuralgia ( phn ) are still lacking a consistent and universally recognized standardization .
furthermore , many issues concerning diagnosis , prediction and prevention of phn need to be clarifie... |
meta - analysis refers to methods focused on contrasting and combining results from different studies , in the hope of identifying patterns among study results , sources of disagreement among those results , or other interesting relationships that may come to light in the context of multiple studies . in its simplest f... | the purpose of the present paper is to assess the efficacy of confidence intervals for rosenthal 's fail - safe number .
although rosenthal 's estimator is highly used by researchers , its statistical properties are largely unexplored .
first of all , we developed statistical theory which allowed us to produce conf... |
atherosclerosis is a complicated inflammatory progress characterized by lipid deposition , leukocyte infiltration , and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the vascular walls [ 1 , 2 ] . because inflammation in the atherosclerotic process mostly occurs in the absence of microbial infection , it is considered t... | objectives .
the role of the nlrp3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis remains controversial .
the aim of this study was to determine whether inhibition of nlrp3 signaling by lentivirus - mediated rna interference could reduce atherosclerosis and stabilizes plaques .
we also tried to explore the mechanisms of the imp... |
a total of 33 patients undergoing pancreatic surgery for chronic pancreatitis , benign pancreatic adenomas , or papillary tumors necessitating partial pancreatectomy were studied preoperatively with a 240-min oral glucose challenge .
different measures of glucose control and insulin secretion were determined and comp... | objective-cell mass declines progressively during the course of diabetes , and various antidiabetic treatment regimens have been suggested to modulate -cell mass .
however , imaging methods allowing the monitoring of changes in -cell mass in vivo have not yet become available .
we address whether pancreatic -cell a... |
in washington , all clinical laboratories and healthcare providers are required to submit salmonella isolates to the washington state department of health public health laboratory ( phl ) for serotyping and surveillance ( washington administrative code 246101201 ) .
the phl is a participant in pulsenet , a national s... | we compared human and bovine isolates of salmonella enterica using antimicrobial - drug resistance profiles and pulsed - field gel electrophoresis . from 2000 through 2006 , we observed an increase in a novel multidrug - resistant clone of s. typhimurium with no recognized phage type .
this clone may represent an eme... |
young male sprague - dawley rats were fed 0 , 1 , 10 , or 100 ppm of polybrominated biphenyls ( pbb ) in iodine - deficient , iodine - adequate ( 0.2 ppm ) , or iodine - excess ( 1000 ppm ) diets .
six rats in each of the 12 groups were killed at 30 days and the remaining six in each group at 60 days .
growth rates... | |
the clinical utility of anterior segment imaging continues to be refined as newer investigations reveal novel applications for their use . as a complement to the slit lamp examination ,
scheimpflug photography is the basis for a number of devices that can image the anterior segment .
the technology is highly versat... | scheimpflug photography is the basis for a variety of imaging devices that are highly versatile .
the applications of scheimpflug imaging are wide in scope , spanning from evaluation of corneal ectasia to quantifying density in nuclear sclerotic cataracts .
the potential uses for scheimpflug - based devices are exp... |
thrombin is the central
protease in the cascade of blood coagulation
proteases . structurally , thrombin consists of a double -barrel
core surrounded by connecting loops and helices .
genetic analysis
of the clotting factor genes demonstrates that the clotting proteases
of the chymotrypsinogen superfamily h... | thrombin is the central protease
in the cascade of blood coagulation
proteases .
the structure of thrombin consists of a double -barrel
core surrounded by connecting loops and helices .
compared to chymotrypsin ,
thrombin has more extended loops that are thought to have arisen from
insertions in the serin... |
risk stratification in patients suffering from heart failure ( hf ) is based on a variety of clinical and laboratory variables .
indeed , several prognostic parameters have been identified , including age , new york heart association ( nyha ) class , renal function , comorbidity such as atrial fibrillation , diabetes... | abstractgalectin-3 demonstrated to be a robust independent marker of cardiovascular mid - term ( 18-month ) outcome in heart failure ( hf ) patients .
the objective of this study was to analyze the value of a predischarged determination of plasma galectin-3 alone and with plasma brain natriuretic peptide ( bnp ) in p... |
obesity has reached pandemic dimensions . in association with insulin resistance , hypertension , and dyslipidaemia , obesity forms
white adipose tissue ( wat ) is increased in both obese mice and humans and is characterized by an increase in the inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress .
furthermore , adipocyte... | received 22 july 2012 ; revised 29 january 2013 ; accepted 4 march 2013aimsaldosterone plays a crucial role in cardiovascular disease . systemic inhibition of its mineralocorticoid receptor ( mr ) decreases atherosclerosis by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress .
obesity , an important cardiovascular risk fac... |
spinal anesthesia is a frequently used anesthetic technique . whereas postoperative urinary retention and post - dural - puncture headache ( pdph ) represent the most often reported complications of spinal anesthesia , the post - anesthesia loss or transient deficit of hearing are of markedly rarer evidence [ 213 ] .
... | backgroundthe aim of the study was to examine the effect of spinal anesthesia on the function of cochlear outer hair cells ( ohcs ) , determined by means of objective distortion product otoacoustic emissions ( dpoae ) testing .
to the best of our knowledge , our study was the second oae - based analysis of cochlear f... |
photochromic molecules
from the spiropyran family are reversibly
switched between the spiro form ( sp ) , displaying absorption only in
the uv region , and the merocyanine form ( mc ) , absorbing light also
in the visible region , using light of appropriate wavelengths .
although the color change is the most ... | six water - soluble spiropyran derivatives
have been characterized
with respect to the thermal and photoinduced reactions over a broad
ph - interval .
a comprehensive kinetic model was formulated including
the spiro- and the merocyanine isomers , the respective protonated
forms , and the hydrolysis products... |
objective refraction remains an integral part of the refraction process , as it allows a nonsubjective way of estimating the magnitude of refractive errors . over the years
, there is evidence and consensus that objective refraction still does not replace subjective refraction [ 18 ] .
there are situations wherein ... | the aim of the study was to determine the level of agreement between javal 's rule , autorefraction , retinoscopy , and refractive astigmatism and to determine which technique is the most suitable substitute when subjective refraction is not applicable using a clinical sample .
a total of 36 subjects , 14 males and 2... |
insomnia , which is difficulty with falling asleep , is more common among aged people .
it was
found that insomnia occurs in one - third of the general population leading to daytime
sleepiness and mental disturbances .
it has very serious impacts on individuals health and
psychological status which leads to a... | [ purpose ] insomnia is quite common and it can affect the quality of life of an
individual .
students undergo stress due to various academic demands leading to
sleeplessness and daytime sleepiness .
this study was conducted to investigate the
association between physical activity and insomnia among female sa... |
the synthesis of
novel carbohydrate - based polymers allows the structure
to be tailored at the monomer level for a specific property and expands
the range of available structures beyond those found in nature . using
a controlled anionic polymerization ,
a new type of carbohydrate polymer
is synthesized in ... | |
a growing body of evidence has implicated allergens derived from cockroaches as an important environmental factor that may aggravate asthma in sensitized persons .
we present the case of a 30-year - old man with asthma and a cockroach allergy .
allergy skin testing confirmed hypersensitivity to cockroach extract , ... | |
posterior polar cataract ( ppc ) remains a difficult challenge for cataract surgeons because of the high probability of intraoperative nucleus drop .
the incidence of posterior capsule rupture during removal of ppc is reported to be as high as 36% , and surgery is of higher risk when there is an associated pre - exis... | aims / purposeto report the preoperative use of anterior segment optical coherence tomography ( as - oct ) for the determination of pre - existing posterior capsule defect in patients with posterior polar cataract.methodsthree patients presented with posterior polar cataract and were evaluated preoperatively using as -... |
fetal tachyarrhythmia is an uncommon condition that occurs in 0.4% to 0.6% of all pregnancies.1 atrial flutter ( afl ) accounts for 26% to 29% of all fetal tachyarrhythmias2 , 3 and is defined as a rapid regular atrial rate of 300 to 600/min , accompanied by variable atrioventricular conduction.2 afl can occur with str... | backgroundatrial flutter ( afl ) accounts for up to one third of all fetal tachyarrhythmias and can result in premature delivery , hydrops , and fetal death in 10% of cases ; however , the electrophysiology of afl in utero is virtually unstudied.methods and resultsin this observational study , we reviewed 19 fetal magn... |
the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy are variable and many growth factors initiate diabetic renal complications . among growth factors , vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf )
vegf is known to increase vascular permeability to macromolecules and its expression is localized to the... | the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ) is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy . in this study ,
the protective effects of taurine on diabetic nephropathy along with its underlying mechanism were investigated .
experimental animals were divided into three group... |
przedstawiono 30 przypadkw guzw agodnych i zoliwych mostka leczonych na jednym oddziale w latach 20062015 .
i raka nerki ) w rkojeci , a 18 guzw agodnych w rnych czciach mostka .
rozpoznanie ustalono na podstawie obrazu tomografii komputerowej klatki piersiowej , biopsji chirurgicznej lub wycicia guza .
rek... | introductiontumours of the sternum are rare and can be malignant , benign or inflammatory.aimto determine the clinical , pathological and therapeutic options for tumours of the sternum.material and methodswe report a series of 30 cases of sternal tumours treated in our institution in the period 20062015 .
there were ... |
patients with geriatric depression ( gd ) often have subjective memory complaint ( smc ) , and patients in early stage of alzheimer diseases ( ad ) also not seldom have depressive symptoms.14 ) there are many hypotheses about the correlation between gd and ad , but none of them can explain the causal relationship corre... | the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between cerebral amyloid deposition and overall clinical factors including cognitive functions in geriatric depression by using 18f - florbetaben positron emission tomography .
thirteen subjects aged over 60 years who had a history of major depressive disorder... |
developmental dysplasia of the hip ( ddh ) or dislocation of the hip is a structural defect , which results in incompatibility between the femoral head and the acetabulum .
the prevalence rate of the disease has been determined as 1/3000 in the world but is higher in japan and in the mediterranean basin ( 1 ) .
del... | backgrounddevelopmental dysplasia of the hip ( ddh ) can be detected with ultrasonography ( usg ) images .
however , the accuracy of this method is dependent on the skill of the radiologist .
radiologists measure the hip joint angles without computer - based diagnostic systems .
this causes mistakes in the diagno... |
the toll - like receptors ( tlrs ) are a recently discovered family of innate immune recognition receptors ( prrs ) .
innate immune system is rapidly activated by recognition of pathogenic microorganisms and special structure of cell wall that is a highly conserved pathogen - associated molecular patterns ( pamps ) .... | purpose . to observe the expression of toll - like receptor-4 ( tlr4 ) , myeloid differentiation factor 88 ( myd88 ) , and nuclear factor kappa b p65 ( nf-b p65 ) in iris tissue during endotoxin - induced uveitis ( eiu ) and evaluate the significance of these factors in uveitis
. methods .
wistar rats were randomly... |
mandible is a very prominent and vulnerable bone on the face since the projected chin is a favored target of adversaries .
the management of mandibular fractures varies in various maxillofacial units depending on the presentation , surgical expertise and the facilities available .
the general principles of treatmen... | aim : the purpose of this study was to determine and compare various postoperative parameters like ease of operability , plate adaptability , stability etc . , associated with use of matrix miniplate versus locking miniplate in the treatment of displaced mandibular angle fractures.materials and methods :
the study wa... |
diabetes mellitus is a public health problem ; prevalence of the disease is progressively on the rise . in the year 2000 , 171 million ( 2.8% ) people had diabetes , and it is estimated that this number will rise to 366 million ( 4.4% ) in 2030 . as the prevalence of diabetes continues to increase ,
diabetes is the m... | background : the prevalence of prediabetes in the world continues to increase .
these patients have elevated the risk of atherosclerosis .
the current study was designed to assess the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease ( pad ) and its related risk factors in prediabetes patients.methods:this was the case - c... |
the chronic complications of sickle cell disease ( scd ) are usually collectively referred to as sickle cell chronic lung disease ( scld ) .
it is defined by radiologic and clinical features of ventilatory dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension , which may later progress to cor pulmonale.1 scld was first reported as ... | previous studies have reported abnormal pulmonary function and pulmonary hypertension among nigerians with sickle cell disease , but there is no report of interstitial lung disease among them .
we report a nigerian sickle cell patient who presented with computed tomography proven interstitial lung disease complicated... |
the goal of endodontic therapy is the removal of all vital or necrotic tissue , microorganisms , and microbial by - products from the root canal system.1 instrumentation of the root canal system should be supported by irrigation , which is capable of removing necrotic debris , as well as microorganisms . without irriga... | backgroundg : root canal irrigation plays a pivotal role in endodontics .
constant increase in antibiotic resistance and side effects caused by synthetic irrigants has shifted the research toward developing herbal alternatives .
the current study aims to assess the ex vivo effectiveness of an indigenously prepared ... |
bacteria and their products play a primary etiological role in the initiation and perpetuation of pulpo - periapicalpathosis . regardless of the files used ,
technique of instrumentation , type of irrigant used , antisepsis obtained from biomechanical preparation is temporary and partial .
application of calcium hy... | aim : to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide ( ch ) , 2% chlorhexidine gel ( chx ) and a combination of both , on obligate anaerobes , facultative anaerobes and candida spp .materials and methods:90 single rooted permanent teeth were included in the study .
after complete disinfection and access o... |
in vivo x - ray fluorescence ( xrf ) measurement of bone lead concentration ( xrf ) has emerged as an important technique for future epidemiological studies of long - term toxicity .
several issues germane to epidemiologic methodology need to be addressed , however .
first , sources of variability in measurements o... |
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