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plasma liver enzyme tests are broadly applied to predict biochemical liver functions and to diagnose liver diseases . alanine transaminase ( alt ) and aspartate transaminase ( ast ) are closely associated with hepatocyte damage and steatosis , including non - alcoholic fatty liver disease ( nafld ) . elevated liver...	liver enzyme elevations , as an indicator of liver function , are widely associated with metabolic diseases . genome - wide population - based association studies have identified a genetic susceptibility to liver enzyme elevations and their related traits ; however , the genetic architecture in childhood remains larg...
the adoption of the latin cortex to describe the outer gray matter covering of the brain paints this structure as a thin bark or rind enveloping the remainder of the brain.1 the cerebral cortex , however , is not a homogeneous , two - dimensional mantle . rather , the cortex is a multilayered sheet with rich lamina...	the mammalian neocortex features distinct anatomical variation in its tangential and radial extents . this review consolidates previously published findings from our group in order to compare and contrast the spatial profile of neural activity coherence across these distinct cortical dimensions . we focus on studie...
heterologous synthesis of selected ntts and mutant proteins in e. coli the heterologous synthesis of pamntt1 and of two atp / adp transporters from the rickettsia - related bacteria caedibacter caryophilus ( ccntt ) and holospora obtusa ( hontt ) was performed on the basis of existing pet16b constructs ...	chlamydiales and rickettsiales as metabolically impaired , intracellular pathogenic bacteria essentially rely on energy parasitism by the help of nucleotide transporters ( ntts ) . also in plant plastids ntt - type carriers catalyze atp / adp exchange to fuel metabolic processes . the uptake of atp4- ...
limbic encephalitis is believed to be a disorder affecting the medial temporal lobe of the brain . it could be either a paraneoplastic or autoimmune ( non - paraneoplastic ) origin . the most common non - paraneoplastic antibodies associated with limbic encephalitis are voltage - gated potassium channel antibodies ...	with the increased availability of laboratory tests , glutamic acid decarboxylase ( gad ) antibody - positive limbic encephalitis has become an emerging diagnosis . the myriad symptoms of limbic encephalitis make the diagnosis challenging . symptoms range from seizures , memory loss , dementia , confusion , to psyc...
world health organization ( who ) defines unsafe abortion as a procedure for terminating unwanted pregnancy either by people lacking the necessary skills or in an environment lacking minimal medical standards or both . according to who , worldwide unsafe abortions were estimated to be 21.6 million , almost all in dev...	unsafe abortion is one of the major medical and public health problems in developing countries including ethiopia . however , there is a lack of up - to - date and reliable information on induced abortion distribution and its determinant factors in the country . this study was intended to assess induced abortion an...
older adults ( 65 + years ) are among the most rapidly growing segments in the united states population , and projections predict this trend to continue into the future [ 1 , 2 ] . despite modern advancements in medicine and technology , there are continual health concerns in the older adult population . the prevalen...	introduction . it is unclear if community - based fitness resources ( cbfr ) translate to heightened activity levels within neighboring areas . the purpose of this study was to determine whether awareness and utilization of fitness resources and physical activity differed depending on residential distance from cbfr...
pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms ( pnens ) are relatively rare tumors with an estimated incidence of less than 1 per 100,000 according to the national cancer institute surveillance , epidemiology and end results program and similar findings from studies derived from europe and asia . the 2010 who classification di...	abstractintroduction : pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms ( pnens ) are relatively rare tumors representing 1% to 2% of all pancreatic neoplasms . these tumors can secrete a variety of biologically active substances giving rise to distinct clinical symptoms or can be clinically nonfunctioning . apart from insulino...
we developed a web - based content management system that enables the delivery of content to mobile devices . the main purpose of creating this system was to enable users with average computing skills to build flexible and customizable computer - based learning packages for distribution to mobile devices via direct i...	backgroundfacilitating direct observation of medical students ' clinical competencies is a pressing need.methodswe developed an electronic problem - specific clinical evaluation exercise ( ecex ) based on a national curriculum . we assessed its feasibility in monitoring and recording students ' competencies and the i...
isolated dislocation of the radial head in adults is a rare injury with less than 30 cases reported in literature [ 1 - 9 ] . if neglected , these can cause restriction of forearm supination and pronation , secondary degenerative arthritis of the elbow and distal radio - ulnar joints later on . this important injur...	a 26 year old male reported with gross limitation of pronation and supination of right forearm 8 week after a vehicular accident . x - ray of the elbow showed isolated radial head dislocation without any associated fracture . it was treated with radial head excision with almost full restoration of movements postope...
hesc lines ( wa-09 , passages 32 - 50 ; shef1 , ) and hipsc lines ( c14 , c72 ; passages 10 - 20 ) were cultured with mouse embryonic fibroblasts ( mefs , globalstem ) pre - plated at 12 - 15,000 cells / cm . medium containing dmem / f12 , 20% knockout serum replacement , 1 mm l - glutamine , 100 m mem non - essentia...	there has been considerable progress in identifying signaling pathways directing the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells ( hpscs ) into specialized cell types including neurons . however , extrinsic factor - based differentiation of hpscs is a slow , step - wise process mimicking the protracted timing of no...
adamantinoma of the tibia is a rare slow - growing primary tumor of the bone . there has been much controversy on the origins of this tumor with one major focus being the relationship between osteofibrous / fibrous dysplasia and adamantinoma . there have been approximately 300 cases of tibial adamantinoma reported ...	adamantinoma is a rare primary bone tumor that commonly arises in the jaw and has also been described in the appendicular skeleton such as the tibia . we report 2 cases of tibial adamantinomas that were originally misdiagnosed ; one as fibrous dysplasia of the tibia and the other as a cutaneous eccrine carcinoma in a...
granulomatous lobular mastitis ( glm ) is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast that was first described by kessler and wolloch in 1972 . this disease usually affects women of childbearing age or those with a history of oral contraceptive use . although glm is a benign condition , its clinical and radiological ...	abstractgranulomatous lobular mastitis ( glm ) is a rare inflammatory pseudotumor . no therapeutic modality for this disease has been established because of its rarity . the purpose of this study is to evaluate the treatment strategies of glm . twelve women who met the histological criteria for glm were retrospec...
brain computed tomography ( ct ) is commonly used to assess intracranial abnormalities in the emergency department . possibilities that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a hyperdense basal ganglion lesion on brain ct include benign calcification , hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage ( ich ) , pr...	a 77-year - old woman was admitted to a local clinic for altered consciousness and presented with a suspected basal ganglion hemorrhage detected on brain computed tomography . the patient was stuporous , but her vital signs were stable . her initial blood glucose was 607 mg / dl , and a hyperdense lesion was found ...
all patients in this study had previously been published as cases of meier - gorlin syndrome or fulfilled diagnostic criteria for meier - gorlin syndrome ( microtia , absent / small patellae and short stature ) . no cytogenetic abnormalites were observed on routine karyotyping of these meier - gorlin syndrome cases (...	meier - gorlin syndrome ( ear , patella , short stature syndrome ) is an autosomal recessive primordial dwarfism syndrome characterised by absent / hypoplastic patellae and markedly small ears1 - 3 . both pre and post - natal growth are impaired in this disorder and although microcephaly is often evident , intellect ...
currently , hypertension is increasingly growing in the most of developing countries due to rapid changes in lifestyle and the increase in urbanization stress ( 1 ) . as reported by world health statistics ( 2012 ) , 28.1% of men and 25% of women suffer from systolic blood pressure ( bp ) more than 140 or diastolic o...	background : since risk factors of hypertension are formed during adolescent period and regarding that attitudes change occurs more easily in these ages , the present paper aimed to evaluate the impact of education based on the theory of planned behavior in hypertension prevention behaviors in female adolescent student...
ageing often leads to a loss of functional fitness in older people , reducing their ability to perform daily tasks.1 moreover , fallrelated injuries are serious problems in old age , as they often lead to prolonged , or even permanent , disability . thus , maintenance of functional fitness and prevention of the assoc...	objective : to evaluate the effects of shortterm exercise detraining on the functional fitness of older women after a 12week waterbased exercise ( we ) program.methods:healthy older women ( trained ( tr ) group ) were submitted to 12 weeks we ( three 45 min sessions per week ) followed by a 6week detraining period . ...
sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease is a common and usually a minor disease . although wide excision has been a common practice , there are more simple alternatives , and its treatment remains controversial . numerous surgical procedures have been described , but treatment failure and disease recurrence are freque...	background : numerous surgical procedures have been described for pilonidal sinus disease , but treatment failure and disease recurrence are frequent . conventional off - midline flap closures have relatively favorable surgical outcomes , but relatively unfavorable cosmetic outcomes.aim:the author reported outcomes of ...
isolated dislocation of the tarsal naviculum is scarcely reported in the literature.1 some few similar injuries have been described previously , whereas , they were often associated with fractures in the navicular bone or in the other midfoot bones.2 the rarity of isolated dislocation in tarsal naviculum is explained b...	isolated dislocation of the tarsal naviculum is an unusual injury , scarcely reported in the literature . the naviculum is surrounded by the rigid bony and ligamentous support hence fracture dislocation is more common than isolated dislocation . the mechanism and treatment options remain unclear . in this case repo...
the golgi complex is the central secretory organelle of most eukaryotic cells and consists of membranous stacks called cisternae . secreted proteins , like all other proteins , are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum ( er ) and are specifically packaged into vesicles that bud off from the er in a gtp - dependent...	backgroundmembers of the p24 ( p24/gp25l / emp24/erp ) family of proteins have been shown to be critical components of the coated vesicles that are involved in the transportation of cargo molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi complex . the p24 proteins form hetero - oligomeric complexes and are believ...
steptoe et al . defined health behavior as the activities undertaken by people in order to protect , promote or maintain health and to prevent disease.1 the personal health behavior is important in individual for the maintenance of general health or total health of the body and this depends to some or more extent on t...	background : dentists play very important role in the oral health education of the community . thus it is important to know the status of knowledge , attitude , and behavior toward the maintenance of oral health at the student level . the aim of the present study was to evaluate the oral health knowledge , attitude ,...
anatomical parameters of intracranial aneurysms such as aneurysm shape , size , and location clearly correlate with their natural progressions [ 14 ] . in general past clinical studies also raised a possibility that there was a difference in the aneurysm shape between ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms [ ...	introductionvarious anatomical parameters affect on intra - aneurysmal hemodynamics . nevertheless , how the shapes of real patient aneurysms affect on their intra - aneurysmal hemodynamics remains unanswered.methodsquantitative computational fluid dynamics simulation was conducted using eight patients angiograms of ...
the term reprocessing is defined in 3 no . 14 mpg ( medizinproduktegesetz ) as follows : the reprocessing of medical devices intended to be applied semi - sterile or sterile , is the cleaning , disinfection and sterilisation , including the processes connected therewith , as well as the testing and restoration of tech...	the processing of single - use products is permissible pursuant to medical device law . this is apparent both from the wording of the german law on medical devices and from the purpose and the objectives underpinning the legislative materials . the prerequisite for processing is , however , compliance with the the ...
csip was initiated to address a perceived decline in the scientific workforce by attracting more students to majors in science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ( stem ) . csip was originally targeted to primarily undergraduate institutions ( puis ) , which , as a result of the 1985 oberlin report ( davis ...	for over 20 years , the division of undergraduate education ( due ) at the national science foundation ( nsf ) has been supporting undergraduate curricula in the sciences , including neuroscience . nsf s priorities in undergraduate education , however , have evolved during that period , and the competition for grants...
neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( nms ) rare but life - threatening side effect of antipsychotic medications . it is suggested that the ability to create nms by neuroleptics is associated with their ability to block dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway , mesocortical pathway , and hypothalamic nucleus . its inciden...	neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( nms ) is a rare but life - threatening idiosyncratic side effect resulting from neuroleptic drugs . nms mainly occurs in patients treated with high - potency typical antipsychotics , but rarely caused by atypical antipsychotics . although nms is less common with atypical antipsychot...
resilience is defined as an active and adaptive biological , psychological , and social response to an event that may otherwise impair one 's normal function ( mcewen , 2007 , dudley et al . , 2011 , russo et al . , 2012 ) . resilience typically implies the presence of insult - related pathologies that are overcome...	genes and environment interact to influence cognitive and emotional functions throughout life . early - life experiences in particular contribute to vulnerability or resilience to a number of emotional and cognitive illnesses in humans . in rodents , early - life experiences directly lead to resilience or vulnerabi...
rett syndrome ( rtt ) is a genetically determined , neurodevelopmental disorder with autistic features [ 1 , 2 ] . although relatively rare , rtt represents the second most common cause of severe intellective disability in the female gender . to date , the disease has been classified into a typical form and three mai...	rett syndrome ( rtt ) is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder with a 300-fold increased risk rate for sudden cardiac death . a subclinical myocardial biventricular dysfunction has been recently reported in rtt by our group and found to be associated with an enhanced oxidative stress ( os ) status . here , we tes...
the first reported hiv cases in china were found among foreign travellers in 1985 and the first indigenous infections were identified in 1989 among injection drug users ( idus ) in yunnan province . subsequently , hiv infections spread to henan province through contaminated plasma collection and to xinjing uygur auto...	background in 2009 , there were 8273 local screening laboratories , 254 confirmatory laboratories , 35 provincial confirmatory central laboratories and 1 national aids reference laboratory ( narl ) in china . these laboratories were located in center for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) facilities , hospitals ,...
chronic low back pain ( clbp ) is one of the common health problems in modern society , with 7080% of the population having experienced back pain at least once in their lifetime1 . people with clbp show more muscle atrophy , especially of the lumbar deep muscles3 , 4 . movement limited by low back pain causes mor...	[ purpose ] this study aimed to investigate the effects of prone bridge exercise on trunk muscle thickness . [ subjects and methods ] thirty - seven chronic low back pain patients participated in this study . each participant was randomly assigned to one of three exercise groups , namely , a prone bridge exer...
the eye mutant resource ( emr ) and the translational vision research models ( tvrms ) programs currently housed at the jackson laboratory are tailored to provide genetically defined models of vision - associated diseases to the research community . the emr screens for spontaneous mutations in the large production an...	the need for mouse models , with their well - developed genetics and similarity to human physiology and anatomy , is clear and their central role in furthering our understanding of human disease is readily apparent in the literature . mice carrying mutations that alter developmental pathways or cellular function prov...
each row of the image represents a gene and each column a tissue ( labeled at the bottom ) , with the color indicating the ratio of expression levels . clusters of genes coordinately regulated in certain tissues correlate with the biological functions indicated on the right .	it is widely supposed that the tissue specificity of gene expression indicates gene function . now , an extensive analysis of gene expression in the mouse reveals that quantitative measurement of expression levels in different tissues can contribute powerfully to the prediction of gene function .
after an acute myocardial infarction , women continue to experience higher mortality than men , despite improvements in reperfusion therapy.1 , 2 this worse outcome is attributed , at least in part , to older age at presentation , though a recent metaanalysis of observational studies has reported that women have a high...	backgroundage and sexspecific differences exist in the treatment and outcome of stelevation myocardial infarction ( stemi ) . we sought to describe age and sexmatched contemporary trends of inhospital management and outcome of patients with stemi.methods and resultswe analyzed data from 5 italian nationwide prospecti...
depression is one of the most prevalent , disabling , and costly mental disorders worldwide . according to recent estimates , the 12-month prevalence rate of depression in europe is 6.9%1 and depression accounts for 33% of the total costs of all brain disorders.2 similarly , each year in the uk , an estimated 6% of a...	purposeto assess the impact of pain severity and time to diagnosis of depression on health care costs for primary care patients with pre - existing unexplained pain symptoms who subsequently received a diagnosis of depression.patients and methodsthis retrospective cohort study analyzed 4000 adults with unexplained pain...
on intraoral examination , there was protrusion of both upper and lower anterior teeth with spacing . the dental history revealed that the spacing is present from the past 3 years [ figure 1 ] . different treatment options were presented to the patient . because of the large - sized space and completely flared uppe...	the demand for the dentist to achieve excellence in esthetics and function has driven modern advances in materials and restoration fabrication . the development of various casting alloys and precise casting systems has contributed to the successful use of metal - based restorations . however , patient requests for mo...
	we analyzed the dynamics of cumulative severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ) cases in singapore , hong kong , and beijing using the richards model . the predicted total sars incidence was close to the actual number of cases ; the predicted cessation date was close to the lower limit of the 95% confidence interva...
a dietary supplement is a product , which contains a dietary ingredient intended to supplement the diet . in general , the natural dietary supplements for male sexual potency consist of different herbal extracts such as ginseng root , lychee seed , barbary wolfberry fruit , longan aril , and aweto . these dietary s...	a flow method of high - performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) seperation and chemiluminescence ( cl ) detection for sensitive vardenafil analysis in dietary supplements was developed . the vardenafil separation was achieved on a c18 column at 30c using ethanol - h3po4 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium...
measurement and quantification of protein protein interactions at low and high protein concentrations as a function of solution conditions is important for understanding biological processes , as well as the development and optimization of biotechnology products . in concentrated protein solutions , intermolec...	protein protein interactions were investigated for -chymotrypsinogen by static and dynamic light scattering ( sls and dls , respectively ) , as well as small - angle neutron scattering ( sans ) , as a function of protein and salt concentration at acidic conditions . net protein protein interactions were pr...
a 27-year - old female was referred to gil medical center due to a painful and edematous left lower extremity of 4 days duration after varicose vein surgery at a local clinic . in addition to the edematous left lower extremity , there were bruises on the left thigh and around the operation wound site . since deep v...	a 27-year - old female patient was referred due to an edematous left lower extremity . both saphenous veins had been ablated with an endovenous laser procedure used to treat varicose veins . venography revealed that the left common femoral vein had been divided and that thrombosis was present at the site of divisio...
the prevalence of crohn 's disease ( cd ) in north america ranges from 26.0 to 198.5 cases per 100,000 persons . clinical symptoms as well as endoscopic aspects of cd are nonspecific , even if some lesions can be highly suggestive . diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis ( pc ) is much less f...	in some cases the diagnosis of gastric cancer is difficult and the endoscopic presentation may be misleading . diffuse type gastric carcinoma with peritoneal metastasis may present primarily with abdominal pain , colonic infiltration and/or diarrhea , thus other differential diagnoses like crohn 's disease ( cd ) may...
mass spectrometry ( ms ) based glycomics techniques are broadly used to analyze free oliogsaccharides , glycosaminoglycans as well as the glycan portions of glycoproteins , proteoglycans and glycolipids . both matrix - assisted laser desorption - ionization ( maldi ) and electrospray ionization ( esi ) are commonly a...	mass spectrometry plays an increasingly important role in structural glycomics . this review provides an overview on currently used mass spectrometric approaches such as the characterization of glycans , the analysis of glycopeptides obtained by proteolytic cleavage of proteins and the analysis of glycosphingolipids ...
	optical sensing of solid - state nanopores is a relatively new approach that can enable high - throughput , multicolor readout from a collection of nanopores . it is therefore highly attractive for applications such as nanopore - based dna sequencing and genotyping using dna barcodes . however , to date opt...
use 0.5 m circular , closed mesocosms to prevent emigration or immigration of animal species ( figure 1 ) . construct mesocosms using 2.4 m lengths of 1.5 m high " mesh aluminum fence as a scaffolding . cover the fencing with 2.5 m lengths 1.75 m high aluminum window screening folded over the top and bottom of the fen...	the quantity and quality of detritus entering the soil determines the rate of decomposition by microbial communities as well as recycle rates of nitrogen ( n ) and carbon ( c ) sequestration1,2 . plant litter comprises the majority of detritus3 , and so it is assumed that decomposition is only marginally influenced b...
unlike infections by other human hepatitis viruses , hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) infection of healthy immunocompetent adults is persistent or prolonged in the majority of cases , unlike hepatitis b , where it persist in the minority of cases . investigators have suggested that viral interactions with tumor necrosis fac...	the present studies assessed the level of tumor necrosis factor receptor ( tnfr ) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( pbmcs ) subsets from patients with chronic hcv undergoing interferon /ribavirin - based therapy ( ifn / r ) . methods . tnfr family member mrna expression was determined using quantitat...
the indian metropolitan city of mumbai was besieged with india 's heaviest downpour of the century in july 2005 , killing nearly 600 people . according to the indian meteorological department , was the heaviest ever rainfall received in a single day , any where in india recording 94.4 cm in the last 100 years . it br...	extremes weather changes surpassing their usual statistical ranges and tumbling records in india could be an early warning bell of global warming . extreme weather events like the recent record setting in western indian city of mumbai or all time high fatalities due to the heat wave in southern indian states or incre...
in a previous issue of critical care , ertmer and colleagues present an experimental study in which they examine the effects of dobutamine when given together with arginine vasopressin ( avp ) in endotoxemic sheep . avp is an increasingly used supplementary vasopressor in advanced vasodilatory shock states where st...	supplementary arginine vasopressin infusion in advanced vasodilatory shock may be accompanied by a decrease in cardiac index and systemic oxygen transport capacity in approximately 40% of patients . while a reduction of cardiac output most frequently occurs in patients with hyperdynamic circulation , it is less often...
cyclosporin a ( cya ) is a cyclic undecapeptide with strong immunosuppressive activity , since it has a specific inhibitory effect on the t - cell receptor signal transduction pathway [ 1 , 2 ] . reactive oxygen species ( ros ) have been implicated in the nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity caused by cya , either by di...	the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin a ( cya ) has been used in diseases with immunological basis and in transplant patients . nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity are the main adverse effects of this drug . to find a protective drug against those effects we assayed the cardioprotector trimetazidine ( tmz ) and vitami...
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) is a common , preventable , and treatable disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation . associated with airway chronic inflammatory response and by lung noxiousness to particles or gases , copd is the third leading cause of death in the us and has an es...	introductionwhile cross - national studies have documented rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) misdiagnosis among patients in primary care , us studies are scarce . studies investigating diagnosis among uninsured patients are lacking.objectivethe purpose of this study is to identify patients who...
	osteoarthritis , characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage in synovial joints , has long been viewed as the result of wear and tear1 . although low - grade inflammation is detected in osteoarthritis , its role is unclear24 . here we identify a central role for the inflammatory complement system in the ...
the concept of a reference group and its potential influence on an individual has been know at least since the landmark publication of merton ( 1949 ) , but its beginnings can be traced to cooley ( 1902 ) . a brief definition of a reference group is given in park and lessig ( 1977 ) : ( ... ) a reference group is def...	the present paper tries to answer analytically how much the reference group influence can affect an actual market share of a particular brand or product . it is found that the increase of the size of a reference group and the probability of following the majority within the reference group may lead to the temporary mod...
hydroxyl radicals , activated from hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen superoxide anion under light radiation , are well known as potent mutagens that attack dna and convert them to many different kinds of base and ribose derivatives [ 1 , 2 ] . every aerobic organism possesses several enzymes to remove such toxic oxides ...	hydroxyl radicals are potent mutagens that attack dna to form various base and ribose derivatives . one of the major damaged thymine derivatives is 5-formyluracil ( fu ) , which induces pyrimidine transition during replication . in order to establish the structural basis for such mutagenesis , the crystal structure...
although a rare , but an important cause of drug resistant seizures , the dyke davidoff masson syndrome ( ddms ) is not a difficult diagnosis to make in the era when neuroimaging has profoundly improved epilepsy care . acquired or congenital ( infantile ) cerebral hemiatrophy , also referred to as ddms , is a diagn...	dyke davidoff masson syndrome ( ddms ) is a rare , but important cause of drug - resistant seizures . dyke davidoff masson syndrome is a constellation of clinical features that consists of hemiparesis , seizure , facial asymmetry , and intellectual disability with distinct neuroimaging features . a 27-year - o...
microglia , the only immunocompetent cells in the cns , originate from progenitors derived from the yolk sac ( 1 , 2 ) . studies have shown that , after birth , microglia maintain their numbers under normal conditions by self - renewal without the recruitment of monocyte - derived microglia precursors ( 2 , 3 ) . alt...	abstractrecent studies have indicated that microglia originate from immature progenitors in the yolk sac . after birth , microglial populations are maintained under normal conditions via self - renewal without the need to recruit monocyte - derived microglial precursors . peripheral cell invasion of the brain paren...
most of the time teeth with periapical lesions heal satisfactorily after non - surgical endodontic intervention . however , we do come across cases with persisting symptoms and infection that require periradicular surgery in order to remove the pathological tissues and to eliminate the source of irritation , and prom...	aim and objectives : to evaluate bone regeneration in endodontically induced periapical lesions using hydroxyapatite , platelet - rich plasma ( prp ) , and a combination of hydroxyapatite and platelet - rich plasma for a period of one year.materials and methods : twenty systemically healthy patients of both genders bet...
more than 4 million children in the united states have a chronic condition that results in some degree of limitation in their ability to participate in school or play or to engage independently in activities of daily living , such as eating or walking . these children are more likely than their healthier peers to obt...	the authors present findings from a study of state medicaid managed care enrollment and benefit policies in 1995 and 1996 for children with disabilities . during this time the number of states serving children through fully capitated plans grew by more than one - third , and enrollment of children receiving supplemen...
elevated liver function tests ( lfts ) in obese patients either with or without diabetes are a common clinical problem . the most frequent cause is non - alcoholic fatty liver disease ( nafld ) , which represents both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge . the diagnostic criteria also include absence of significa...	a 25-year - old female nurse was referred to our diabetes outpatient clinic with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes , obesity and elevated liver function tests ( lfts ) . following a liver biopsy she was diagnosed with non - alcoholic steatohepatitis ( nash ) and liver fibrosis . treatment with subcutaneous injectio...
carcinoma primarily developing in the cystic duct is uncommon , compared to other locations in the biliary ducts . they may have better survival than malignancies located in other biliary ducts [ 2 , 3 ] . we report a 66-year - old male who is still doing well 13 years after surgical resection for ccd . a 66-year...	cystic duct carcinoma is known to have a better prognosis compared to its location in other biliary ducts . only one case with a survival over ten years has been previously published . the authors report a case of survival over 13 years without recurrence or metastasis . preoperative diagnosis of cystic duct tumo...
smoking cessation requires commitment shared by individuals and national authorities . along with an individual approach , a supportive environment is needed to encourage tobacco consumers in their attempts to quit ( 1 ) . according to who data , about 87% of countries in the world health organization ( who ) europea...	introduction : quitting tobacco use has many benefits for both individuals and society . for individuals , quitting of smoking provides immediate and long - term benefits to health . higher levels of nicotine addiction and start smoking at a younger age are factors consider as strongly influence on quit smoking . a...
	computerized techniques for the evaluation of o'farrell two - dimensional electrophoretic gels have been applied to proteins derived from asbestos bearing macrophages . preliminary results indicate definite changes in the protein content of cells depending on fiber phagocytosis.imagesfigure 1.figure 2.figure 3.figure...
1 ) is a perennial herb with a eurasian - mediterranean distribution area ( kretzschmar et al . the species is confined to calcareous soils and occurs in sunny or partially shaded sites . it ranges from sea level to 2,200 m and it can grow in chalk grasslands , sand dunes , wet meadows , abandoned cultivated lands ...	as part of a research project on the food deception strategy in orchis militaris ( l. ) , the objective of this study was to identify insect visitors and potential pollinators of this orchid species in belgium . in 2013 , insects were collected over 2 d per site in five localities distributed in southern belgium ( wa...
radiographic diagnosis of impacted third molars precedes their surgical removal . the factors such as the position of tooth , the number , and morphology of roots , in particular , the relationship between the roots and mandibular canal , require assessment for an atraumatic untoward transalveolar extraction of these i...	aims and objectives : this study was conducted to compare the clinical assessment of impacted third molars of mandible with panaromic radiograph ( opg ) and intraoral periapical radiograph ( iopa ) and to assess the efficacy of iopa and . moreover , we corroborated the opg and iopa findings of impacted mandiblar thir...
chronic instability of the major leg joints occurs frequently in athletes who play soccer , basketball , rugby , and other sports that involve repetitive joint movements1 , 2 . the risk of injury appears to depend on the functional differences between the stable and unstable sides in almost all movement patterns ...	[ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to determine potential predictors of functional instability of the knee and ankle joints during single - leg drop landing based on the prior history of injury . [ subjects and methods ] the subjects were 24 collegiate soccer players without pain or dysfunction . to comp...
chronic pelvic pain ( cpp ) in women is commonly described as continuous or intermittent pain in the anatomic pelvis ( anterior abdominal wall at or below the umbilicus ) that lasts for at least six months , is not exclusively related to menstruation or sexual intercourse , and is sufficiently severe to cause functiona...	introduction : chronic pelvic pain is a disease that directly affects the social and professional lives of women.objective:to estimate the prevalence of this clinical condition and to identify independent factors associated with it in women living in ribeiro preto , brazil.methods:a one - year cross - sectional study w...
chronic intraventricular encapsulated hematoma is a rare entity and the exact mechanisms of capsule formation , progressive expansion and resolution have remained uncertain . here damage to any of these vascular or neural elements from direct compression , ischemia or invasion can result in a multitude of signs and s...	this case report is a presentation of a chronic intraventricular encapsulated hematoma in an adult who presented with gait disturbance , fever , palsy of n. iii , n. vi and n. vii , and photophobia . ophthalmoscopy revealed a bilateral papilledema . computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an...
vignon and colleagues prospectively assessed the ability of transesophageal echocardiography ( tee ) to predict paop higher than 18 mmhg in mechanically ventilated patients with an inserted pulmonary artery catheter . in a first group , they analyzed simple doppler variables derived from transmitral flow ( tmf ) and ...	the measurement of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure ( paop ) is important for estimation of left ventricular filling pressure and for distinction between cardiac and non - cardiac etiology of pulmonary edema . clinical assessment of paop , which relies on physical signs of pulmonary congestion , is uncertain . r...
the proportions of seniors are steadily increasing . on july 1 , 2015 , approximately one in six canadians ( 16.1% or 5,780,900 persons ) was at least 65 years old , and according to population projections , the number of persons aged 65 years and older is expected to continually increase and account for 20.1% of the p...	backgroundevidence - informed care to support seniors is based on strong knowledge and skills of nursing assistants ( nas ) . currently , there are insufficient nas in the workforce , and new graduates are not always attracted to nursing home ( nh ) sectors because of limited exposure and lack of confidence . innovat...
i novoroeneta predstavlja stres , a metoda kontakt koa na kou ( kkk ) i m a brojne pozitivne efekte . cilj studije je da se odreivanjem nivoa salivarnog kortizola pre i nakon primene kkk proceni efekat na stres majke i novoroeneta i da se proceni uspenost uzimanja malih uzoraka salive kod novoroeneta . kkk , iz m...	summarybackgroundsalivary cortisol measurement is a non - invasive method suitable for use in neonatal research . mother - infant separation after birth represents stress and skin - to - skin contact ( ssc ) has numerous benefits . the aim of the study was to measure salivary cortisol in mothers and newborns before...
the advent of various new techniques like ureteroscopy ( urs ) , shock wave lithotripsy ( swl ) , and percutaneous renal surgery has revolutionized the treatment of ureteral calculi and rendered a need for open surgical lithotomy . however , these minimally invasive techniques have not been able to completely substit...	we evaluated the role of retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy ( rplu ) for upper ureter stones . between february 1998 and july 2004 , 12 patients ( 10 men and 2 women ) underwent rplu for upper ureter stones ( mean size 18.1 mm , range 10 - 25 ) . rplu was carried out in 5 patients as a salvage treatment ...
every patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ards ) is hypoxemic by definition . in these patients , mechanical ventilation ( mv ) is often life - saving . repetitive cyclic stretch however , results in regional overdistension or / and derecruitment which is associated with a number of severe complication...	in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ards ) , supportive therapy with mechanical ventilation and oxygen is often life saving . further acute lung injury however , is an unfortunate consequence of oxygen therapy as well as mechanical injury secondary to ventilator induced / associated lung injury ( v...
a 42-year - old overweight immunocompetent woman with a history of hypertension and mild psoriasis and no travel history was seen twice in the emergency department-11 days prior to admission and again 8 days prior to admission - with tachycardia , tachypnea , and left infrascapular back pain that radiated to her chest ...	acromioclavicular ( ac ) and sternoclavicular ( sc ) septic arthritis with contiguous pyomyositis are rare , especially in immunocompetent individuals . we report a case of septic ac joint with pyomyositis of the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles and a separate case with septic sc joint with pyomysitis of the sternoc...
endothelial dysfunction ( ed ) , which is characterized by an imbalance between relaxing and contracting factors , procoagulant and anticoagulant substances , and between pro - inflammatory mediators , may play a particularly significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis . under physiological conditions , t...	summarybackgroundto understand the heterogeneity of platelets , we investigated the correlation between von willebrand factor ( vwf ) and mean platelet volume ( mpv ) in subjects with isolated impaired fasting glucose ( ifg).material / methodswe selected 48 subjects with isolated ifg and 48 normoglycemic control subjec...
the divide and conquer technique first described by gimbel1,2 in the late 1980s , has been gradually refined and tested over the years to be safe and reliable.3 it involves formation of deep grooves within the lens to allow for fracturing into smaller segments within the capsular bag using the phacoemulsification ( pha...	aimto describe a useful technique utilizing lens thickness from biometric data as well as phacoemulsification ( phaco ) probe tip dimensions , in order to more accurately determine safe groove depth during divide and conquer techniques for cataract surgery.methodssingle center , selection of patients for cataract surge...
an autogenous arteriovenous fistula ( avf ) is the optimal form of vascular access for hemodialysis ( hd ) due to the longer duration of patency , fewer infections , and lower mortality [ 1 , 2 ] . the presence of occlusive neointimal hyperplasia at the anastomosis and/or the outflow veins , which may be accelerated ...	the major problem associated with the creation of an arteriovenous fistula ( avf ) , which is the optimal form of vascular access for hemodialysis , is the fact that fistulas do not necessarily mature into a usable vascular access , requiring subsequent revision and construction of another access . the caliber of the...
percutaneous liver biopsy is known to have risk of major complications , in particular , hemorrhage , due to the highly vascular liver tissue and limited access for hemostasis at biopsy site . transarterial embolization and laparotomy are the mainstay of management in the current practice in case of massive post biop...	percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy has been one of the major new developments in tumor ablation . microwave ablation has also been used intraoperatively to achieve hemostasis at surgical margins in laparotomy . however , the use of microwave ablation for coagulation and hemostasis through percutaneous appro...
family members are classically grouped into three subclasses including one that inhibits apoptosis , a second that induces apoptosis and a third contains that family members , such as bim , that only have a bh3 domain that binds antiapoptotic family members to promote apoptosis . bcl-2 exerts opposing effects with re...	apoptosis of vascular cells , including pericytes and endothelial cells , contributes to disease pathogenesis in which vascular rarefaction plays a central role . bim is a proapoptotic protein that modulates not only apoptosis but also cellular functions such as migration and extracellular matrix ( ecm ) protein expr...
although sanitation has improved dramatically in the past decade , globally 2.4 billion people lack access to improved sanitation . an estimated 946 million lack access to any sanitation facility and practice open defecation , although the actual number is probably much higher . fecal contamination of the...	community - led total sanitation ( clts ) is a participatory approach to addressing open defecation that has demonstrated success in previous studies , yet there is no research on how implementation arrangements and context change effectiveness . we used a quasi - experimental study design to compare two in...
we consider a propeller to be a rigid structure rotating with frequency f around a fixed axis of rotation . the propeller is actuated by an external force f and an external torque . because the reynolds number is low ( see the supporting information for an estimate ) , the hydrodynamics of the propeller mot...	studying propulsion mechanisms in low reynolds number fluid has implications for many fields , ranging from the biology of motile microorganisms and the physics of active matter to micromixing in catalysis and micro- and nanorobotics . the propulsion of magnetic micropropellers can be characterized by a dimen...
the physician is often faced with treating an infection caused by specific micro - organisms not normally found at that site , or by microbes that have colonised a site that is normally sterile . in contrast , the mouth has a microbiome that is natural and is essential for the normal development of the physiology of th...	the mouth supports a diverse microbiota which provides major benefits to the host . on occasions , this symbiotic relationship breaks down ( dysbiosis ) , and disease can be a consequence . we argue that progress in the control of oral diseases will depend on a paradigm shift away from approaches that have proved suc...
extracranial carotid artery pseudoaneurysms are very rare and make less than 4% of total peripheral arterial pseudoaneurysms . among these , external carotid artery pseudoaneurysm is rare and the pseudoaneurysm with fistula is even rarer . color doppler ultrasound and computed tomography ( ct ) angiography are the pr...	posttraumatic external carotid artery pseudoaneurysm with arteriovenous fistula is a rare condition . an 8-year - old child presented with painful pulsatile swelling in the preauricular region following a penetrating glass shrapnel injury . detailed evaluation showed distal external carotid artery pseudoaneurysm wi...
kaufman described that the mean length of the styloid process on the right and left sides was 30 mm and 29.49 mm , respectively in panographic radiographs of 484 hospitalized patients . he also reported that the mean length for elongated styloid processes was roughly 33 mm and 53 mm for left and right side . theref...	we experienced a case of an elongated styloid process that was 8 cm in length . the patient was a 68-year - old japanese man with frequent episodes of left - sided throat pain for 10 years . the elongated styloid process could be diagnosed by 3d - computed tomography ( left and right length : 7.8 cm and 8.0 cm , re...
huntington disease ( hd ) is a hereditary , progressive neurodegenerative disease clinically characterized by abnormal involuntary movements , behavioral disturbance , cognitive dysfunction , and psychiatric disease . the disease is caused by a cag ( glutamine ) trinucleotide expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin ( h...	huntington disease ( hd ) is a dominantly inherited progressive neurological disease characterized by chorea , an involuntary brief movement that tends to flow between body regions . hd is typically diagnosed based on clinical findings in the setting of a family history and may be confirmed with genetic testing . p...
chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) has become a public health problem due to its increasing prevalence globally and associated high morbidity and mortality.123 the burden of ckd is more felt in developing countries like nigeria where there is no health insurance to meet the huge financial demands the disease places on its ...	background : chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) has become a public health problem in nigeria . efforts are being geared toward early diagnosis and prevention of ckd . this study involved the evaluation of the referral pattern and mode of presentation of ckd patients at first contact in a tertiary health institution.pa...
calcium channel blocker ( ccb ) toxicity is associated with refractory hypotension and myocardial depression which can be fatal . amlodipine is a dihydropyridine ccb that inhibits calcium entry into slow l - type calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle , the myocardium , and pancreatic beta cells . the hemodynam...	calcium channel blocker ( ccb ) toxicity is associated with refractory hypotension and can be fatal . a 13 year old young woman presented to the emergency department(ed ) six hours after an intentional overdose of amlodipine , barbiturates , and alcohol . she remained extremely hypotensive despite the administration ...
macrodystrophia lipomatosa is a congenital , progressive , nerve territory oriented , localized gigantism . there is proliferation of all mesenchymal elements , but especially adipose tissue . the abnormal growth ceases at puberty , but the overgrown part is prone to joint degeneration and compression of the neurovas...	macrodystrophia lipomatosa ( mdl ) , a rare congenital disorder , is considered by some to be a localized form of proteus syndrome . the implication of the pten ( phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 ) gene in both strengthens this belief . we present a case who had mdl in multiple nerve territor...
human lipoxygenases ( lox ) are nonheme iron - containing enzymes that catalyze the dioxygenation of 1,4-cis , cis - pentadiene - containing polyunsaturated fatty acids ( e.g. , linoleic acid ( la ) and arachidonic acid ( aa ) ) to form hydroperoxy fatty acids . the nomenclature of the lox isozymes is loose...	a key challenge facing drug discovery today is variability of the drug target between species , such as with 12/15-lipoxygenase ( 12/15-lox ) , which contributes to ischemic brain injury , but its human and rodent isozymes have different inhibitor specificities . in the current work , we have utilized a quant...
subdural hematoma is a neurosurgical condition resulting from the collection of blood or remnants of blood elements in the subdural space following bleeding . it can be acute , subacute , or chronic depending on the duration since bleeding . chronic subdural hematoma is characterized by the persistence of liquefied...	the clinical manifestation of chronic subdural hematoma is not limited to neurological deficits or cognitive impairment . it may present with behavioral abnormalities . when the behavioral abnormalities present without obvious neurological deficits and in the absence of trauma , it leads to misdiagnosis . a trivial...
abiotrophia species have been referred to as nutritionally variant streptococci because of their fastidious nutritional requirements for growth . abiotrophia species sometimes cause sepsis and bacteremia , and are especially known as one of the major pathogens of infective endocarditis . a 48-year - old unemployed ...	introductionabiotrophia species have been referred to as nutritionally variant streptococci because of their fastidious nutritional requirements for growth . abiotrophia species are difficult to identify with conventional solid culture.presentation of casea 48-year - old woman was admitted to our hospital with severe...
initially described after treatment with flutamide , responses to withdrawal of hormonal therapies in prostate cancer patients have been documented after cessation of other antiandrogens such as nilutamide , bicalutamide , or cyproterone acetate and of megestrol acetate , diethylstilbestrol or estramustine . in the s...	in 2011 abiraterone acetate ( aa ) was approved for the treatment of castrate - resistant metastatic prostate cancer patients who have failed docetaxel chemotherapy . we report the case of a patient who experienced a confirmed psa decrease of 50% after stopping aa , mimicking an antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome .
its chronic nature and the limitations it imposes contribute significantly to the increase in hospitalization , disability , and mortality rates . the occurrence of diabetes in population groups is linked mainly to socioeconomic factors , cultural factors , stress , and family predisposition . in the year 2000 , the ...	the aim of this study was to determine the impact of periodontal disease on the quality of life of individuals with diabetes according to different clinical criteria ( i - aap , ii - beck , iii - machtei , iv - lopez , v - albandar , vi - tonetti , and vii - cpi ) . this cross - sectional study sampled 300 individual...
intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct ( ipnb ) have been associated with papillary tumors of malignant potential in the extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts.123 ipnb is classified as a distinct clinical and pathological entity in the 2010 world health organization classification.4 its malignant potential...	intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct ( ipnb ) leads to malignant transformation and mucin production . herein , we presented two cases of mucin - producing ipnb with obstructive jaundice who underwent resection of the intrahepatic lesions and bypass hepaticojejunostomy . the first case was a 69 year - old...
during the course of the study , harp consisted of 11 hospital study sites across the united states . the first five patients who sought treatment each month for esophago - gastro duodenal endoscopy ( egd ) as part of treatment for h. pylori infection , confirmed by gastric biopsy , were enrolled at each site . whe...	helicobacter pylori is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease and an etiologic agent in the development of gastric cancer . h. pylori infection is curable with regimens of multiple antimicrobial agents , and antimicrobial resistance is a leading cause of treatment failure . the helicobacter pylori antimicrobial ...
the existence of dark matter ( dm ) in the universe is highly motivated by many astrophysical and cosmological observations [ 14 ] . one of the best motivated candidates for a dm particle is a weakly interacting massive particle ( wimp ) . at the large hadron collider ( lhc ) , one can search for dm particles ( \...	this article reports on a search for dark matter pair production in association with bottom or top quarks in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal } \usepackage{amsmath } \usepackage{wasysym } \usepackage{amsfonts } \usepackage{amssymb } \usepackage{amsbsy } \usepackage{mathrsfs } \usep...
we recently reported that concentrations of circulating tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 ( tnfr1 and tnfr2 ) are strong predictors of future progression to chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) 3 in patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria ( 1 ) . these biomarkers also predict the onset of end - stage renal...	objectivewe studied the serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 ( tnfr2 ) and the rate of renal decline , a measure of the intensity of the disease process leading to end - stage renal disease ( esrd).research design and methodsa cohort of 349 type 1 diabetic patients with proteinuria was followed for 5...
hypopharyngeal cancer comprises one - third of these cases and is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage , leading to extensive surgical resection , post - surgical loss of function of swallowing and/or speaking , and poor prognosis.1 - 3 with the initiation of the national cancer screening program , routine diagnostic...	hypopharyngeal cancers are often diagnosed at an advanced stage and have a poor prognosis . even when they are diagnosed at an operable stage , surgery often results in substantial morbidity and decreased patients ' quality of life . although the endoscopic diagnosis of early hypopharyngeal cancer is difficult , re...
as mentioned earlier , during the early phases of throwing the medial elbow structures are subjected to medial tensile forces . this leads to the common overuse syndromes presenting with medial elbow pain including medial epicondylar aphophysitis , medial epicondyle avulsions , ulnar collateral ligament sprains / tea...	the pediatric and adolescent elbow is subject to both acute and chronic overuse injuries . the practitioner should develop a classification system to evaluate all such injuries , with first focusing on whether the injury represents an acute episode or rather it represents a more chronic problem . in addition , loca...
injury to the spleen is a recognized complication during percutaneous renal access due to the close anatomical relationship of the spleen and the left kidney . however , transsplenic renal access is a rare complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and can also result in considerable morbidity , often requiring eme...	background : injury to the spleen is a recognized complication during percutaneous renal access due to the close anatomical relationship of the spleen and the left kidney . however , transsplenic renal access is a rare complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and can also result in considerable morbidity , often ...
the most commonly used tool for diagnosis of non - functional thyroid nodules is fine - needle aspiration biopsy ( fnab ) [ 13 ] . however , fnab still do not provide a diagnosis in 3040% of cases [ 411 ] ; consequently , non - diagnosed patients must be subjected to diagnostic surgery , which could impact in recurre...	backgroundcancer development involves an injury to the respiratory machinery ( warburg effect ) due to decreased or impaired mitochondrial function . this circumstance results in a down regulation of some of the atpase subunits of the malignant tissue . the objective of this work was to assess and compare the rel...
first described in 1886 by hochstetter , left - sided gallbladder remains a rare anomaly . in a multicenter series of laparoscopic cholecystectomies completed in hungary true left - sided gallbladder ( sinistroposition ) occurs when the gallbladder is found to the left of the falciform ligament , beneath the left lob...	true left - sided gallbladder ( sinistroposition ) is a rare anatomic anomaly in which the gallbladder is found to the left of the falciform ligament , under the left lobe of the liver . though uncommon , it is important for the surgeon to recognize this finding because the ductal anatomy is unique and the mechanics ...
the temporomandibular joint ( tmj ) is a joint present above the spine . from a kinematic standpoint , the alignment of the tmj directly affects the stability and alignment of the spine , and the tmj is the only bilateral joint among all joints in the human body1 . when the position of the lower jaw is misplace...	[ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to measure the muscle activities of the trunk muscles and upper limb muscles during maximum isometric contraction when temporomandibular joint alignment was achieved with a mandibular orthopedic repositioning appliance in order provide basic data on the effects of mandibu...
copd is a serious , debilitating condition that has become a major public health concern and by 2020 is projected to rank fifth in global burden of disease and third in global mortality.1 for a proportion of patients , copd is a progressive disease characterized by periodic acute exacerbations of symptoms . these exa...	purposeacute copd exacerbations account for much of the rising disability and costs associated with copd , but data on predictive risk factors are limited . the goal of the current study was to develop a robust , clinically based model to predict frequent exacerbation risk.patients and methodspatients identified from...
modern society requires a high level of communication skills ; speech , language , vision , and literacy are the foundation skills that are needed to meet these demands . dysfunction in one or more of these areas , for example , caused by various medical conditions , may lead to communication disorders . communicat...	summarybackgroundcommunication is an integral part of human behaviour . communication disorders are associated mainly with impairment in hearing , vision , and/or speech , which influences the ability to receive , comprehend , produce , and express verbal , nonverbal , and graphic information . when unrecognized and ...
alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) is the most common form of dementia in the aging population . currently 37 million people around the globe have dementia and the number is expected to double every 20 years [ 1 , 2 ] . ad is clinically characterized by progressive deficits of memory and other cognitive functions leading ...	alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) , the major cause of dementia worldwide , is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognition . the sporadic form of ad accounts for nearly 90% of the patients developing this disease . the last century has witnessed significant research to identify various mechanisms and risk facto...

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