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vaccination recommendations and programs are based on clinical trials performed in selected , healthy and mostly young populations . the data derived from these vaccine trials on safety , immunogenicity and efficacy are thus performed under ideal situations aiming to reflect the normal population distribution but ...	there are 2 major factors responsible for vaccine failures , the first is vaccine - related such as failures in vaccine attenuation , vaccination regimes or administration . the other is host - related , of which host genetics , immune status , age , health or nutritional status can be associated with primary or seco...
in 1998 , the incidence of typhoid / paratyphoid fever in china was 4.82 cases/100,000 population ( 60,146 cases reported ) ; this measure has since decreased annually to 0.88/100,000 ( 11,890 cases ) in 2012 ( china information system for disease control and prevention , unpub . data ) . typhoid / paratyphoid fever ...	to explore transmission patterns and genetic relationships of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a in china , we conducted a genome - wide single - nucleotide polymorphism analysis on the strains in the 4 provinces in which incidence was highest during 19982012 . markedly phylogeographic clustering suggested regio...
stormwater catch basins are common sources of permanent or semipermanent standing water in urban and suburban residential areas and are considered to be important habitats for culex pipiens , a primary mosquito vector of west nile virus ( wnv).15 because tens of thousands of these structures can exist within a mosquito...	since the mid-1990s , the north shore mosquito abatement district ( nsmad ) has applied extended - release formulations of mosquito larvicides to approximately 50,000 catch basins in the suburbs north of chicago , il , usa . this is performed as part of nsmad s efforts to reduce local populations of the west nile vir...
obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) is by far the most common form of sleep - disordered breathing , and is defined as frequent episodes of obstructed breathing during sleep . specifically , it is characterized by sleep - related decreases ( hypopneas ) or pauses ( apneas ) in respiration . an obstructive apnea is defi...	backgroundobstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) is a relatively common disorder which has a negative impact on the psychological well - being of affected individuals.objectiveto assess the association between osa and depression as well as the effect of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap).methodsa total...
the unique capabilities of the magnetic navigation system ( mns ) offer the possibility to perform ablations that would not be possible manually . we report the case of a retrograde transaortic approach to perform a pulmonary vein isolation ( pvi ) . a 41-year - old female patient with highly symptomatic atrial fib...	transseptal puncture is the most commonly used technique to perform electrophysiological procedures in the left atrium . this case report describes a pulmonary vein isolation in a patient with a paroxysmal atrial fibrillation , complicated by the presence of an oversized amplatzer device ( aga medical corp . , gold...
type ii diabetes mellitus associated with obesity is becoming a worldwide epidemic and in most patients , the control of the disease is suboptimal even with maximum medical therapy currently available . the evidence for surgical intervention of dm is emerging and the international federation of diabetes ( idf ) has f...	introductionwe report the first case of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with loop bipartition ( a modified form of santoro 's operation ) in the treatment of type ii diabetes mellitus associated with obesity.presentation of casea 46-year - old gentleman ( baseline bmi 32.9 ; bw 98.5 kg ) with 7-year history of type ii...
in 2010 , four men employed at a seed supply company in chiba prefecture , japan , came to an occupational health physician of the company complaining of ocular irritation while working in a seed warehouse ( warehouse a ) . to identify the cause of the problem and to take appropriate measures to resolve it , th...	four workers at a seed supply warehouse in chiba prefecture , japan , complained of ocular irritation on the job . pesticide - coated seeds were stored in the warehouse but no significant amount of pesticide was detected in the air inside the warehouse . to identify the cause of the ocular irritation and to det...
enzymatic proteins can exhibit abnormal activity in a wide variety of diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders and , therefore , can be exploited for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes . this anomalous activity can help to increase the specificity and selectivity of drugs to diseased sites to reduce ...	many diseases can be characterized by the abnormal activity exhibited by various biomolecules , the targeting of which can provide therapeutic and diagnostic utility . recent trends in medicine and nanotechnology have prompted the development of protease - sensitive nanomaterials systems for therapeutic , d...
increased fatigability of skeletal muscles , characterized by difficulty in squatting and in performing repetitive motions , is commonly observed in both type i and type ii diabetes . insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus ( iddm ) can also lead to ventilatory depression and decreased sensitivity to hypercapnia . di...	diabetes is characterized by ventilatory depression due to decreased diaphragm ( dph ) function . this study investigated the changes in contractile properties of rat dph muscles over a time interval encompassing from 4 days to 14 weeks after the onset of streptozotocin - induced diabetes , with and without insulin t...
a 32-year - old female visited our hospital with a complaint of right knee pain . she had come three months ago for similar symptoms and had been diagnosed with ocd of the right knee based on clinical presentation and imaging studies obtained at that time . at the latest presentation , the pain increased in severit...	osteochondritis dissecans ( ocd ) of both femoral condyles is very rare , with no previously reported cases of bilateral ocd of both knees in two siblings . we report on a brother and sister with both femoral condyle ocd with a description of surgical technique and clinical results . fixation using headless compres...
the anticancer role of bacteria was recognized over a hundred years ago , when the american physician william coley began the first well - documented use of bacteria and their toxins to treat end - stage cancers . he developed a safe vaccine composed of killed bacteria species , which was used to successfully treat s...	bacterial toxins can exhibit anticancer activities . here we investigated the anticancer effects of the listeriolysin o toxin produced by listeria monocytogenes . we found that supernatants of listeria monocytogenes strains ( wild type , 1189 , and 1190 ) were cytotoxic to the jurkat cell line and human peripheral ...
oral sub - mucous fibrosis ( osmf ) is a pre - neoplastic condition of the oral cavitythat causes significant loss of mouth function , because of reduced mouth opening.[15 ] osmf is predominantly seen in south - east asian countries with female : male ratio of 3:1 and in the age group of 4554 years . the condition is...	this case report presents the endodontic management of a patient diagnosed with oral submucous fibrosis ( osmf ) , and with a reduced mouth opening of 18 mm . the patient presented with acute pain ; and , emergency pulpectomy was performed using modified endodontic instruments . treatment of osmf was initiated and ...
stroke is the third most common cause of mortality and the primary cause of disabilities in the world . it is also an important cause of morbidity and high health care costs in industrialized countries . there is no reliable information about the prevalence or incidence of stroke in turkey . in industrialized count...	backgroundstroke is a serious health problem all over the world . ischemia causes 85% of strokes and 75% of these ischemic strokes occur within the area supplied by the internal carotid artery ( ica).material / methodsthis study included 47 acute stroke patients who were in the large - artery atherosclerosis group ac...
yersinia enterocolitica is an important zoonotic foodborne pathogen that can cause acute diarrhea , terminal ileitis , and mesenteric lymphadenitis in humans and animals [ 1 , 2 ] . the isolates largely responsible for human yersiniosis in europe , japan , canada , and the usa belong to biotype 4/o:3 . the pig is c...	yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen that causes illness in humans and animals . the biotype 4/o:3 has been commonly associated with yersiniosis and is characterized by the presence of chromosomal and extra - chromosomal virulence genes . molecular typing methods have been successfully used to characteri...
the lifetime risk of elderly undergoing at least one surgery for prolapse or incontinence by age of 80 years is 11% . pelvic organ prolapse ( pop ) is rampant in a remote village called shillai , district sirmour , himachal pradesh . a project prolapse was introduced by the department of obstetrics and gynaecolog...	aims : the aim was to study the epidemiological factors responsible for pelvic organ prolapse ( pop ) in poor women of the remote village shillai , do their pop quantification staging , to study the variety of surgeries conducted in mobile surgical camps in this area.materials and methods : retrospective analysis of su...
computed tomography ( ct)-guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy ( fnab ) of lung lesions is currently one of the most commonly used techniques to determine the nature of lung lesions , such as nodules and tumors.1 because it is a simple , safe and reproducible technique with lower costs than a surgical biop...	objective : computed tomography - guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of lung lesions is a simple , safe and reproducible procedure . currently , it is widely used to diagnose lung lesions . however , different factors can influence the success rates of this procedure . the purpose of this study was...
the 5 ' adenosine monophosphate ( amp)-activated protein kinase ( ampk ) is a heterotrimeric enzyme complex consisting of a catalytic subunit ( ) and two regulatory subunits ( and ) 1 . activation of ampk requires phosphorylation of threonine 172 ( t172 ) in the catalytic ( ) subunit by one of the three upstream ...	activation of amp - activated protein kinase ( ampk ) inhibits hepatic fatty acid synthesis by suppressing sterol regulatory element - binding protein ( srebp)-1c , a master regulator of hepatic lipogenic gene expression . using a model cell line rat hepatoma mca - rh7777 ( crl-1601 ) that mimics the behavior of the in...
sepsis which is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome ( sirs ) and the presence of an infection is one of the most serious complications in critically ill patients and it may finally lead to cell death and multi - organ dysfunction syndrome ( mods ) . sepsis and its subsequent complications are t...	background : impairment of intestinal barrier function and increased translocation of bacteria to the systemic blood flow contribute to the emergence of sepsis . probiotics might be of beneficial effects on critically ill - patients , modulating intestinal barrier function and reducing inflammation . the aim of thi...
study design - this is an observational descriptive study where epidemiological and clinical data from cases of cryptococcosis in children during the years of 1993 - 2010 were extracted from the national survey mentioned above . the national survey was designed in accordance with the guidelines given by the europ...	cryptococcosis is reported in adults and is often acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( aids)-associated ; however , its frequency in children is low . based on the national survey on cryptococcosis conducted in colombia , an epidemiological and clinical analysis was performed on cases of the disease observed i...
viral meningoencephalitis leading to hydrocephalus is an extremely rare entity with only few documented cases , predominantly due to hsv-2 infection . herpes simplex virus type 1 ( hsv-1 ) infection of central nervous system present in the majority of the cases as encephalitis . an 11-year - old boy was presented t...	abstractherpes simplex virus type 1 ( hsv-1 ) is a human neurotropic virus causing encephalitis , corneal blindness or several peripheral nervous system disorders . herpes simplex encephalitis ( hse ) is the most devastating clinical syndrome with severe morbidity and mortality . hydrocephalus associated with viral...
a 59-year - old caucasian male presented with complaints of chest pain for 2 h and racing heart . the pain started at rest , substernal , crushing in nature , constant , 7/10 in severity , non - exertional , not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin . with the pain not getting any better he has an established diagnosis...	backgroundcryoglobulinemia is a cold - reactive autoimmune disease . it is of distinctive importance in cardiac surgery because of the use of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass ( cpb ) . cryoglobulins , which activate at variable levels of hypothermia , can cause precipitation during surgery leading to possibly sev...
among the several types of biocontrol agents , the pathogenic arthropod microorganisms such as the filamentous fungus metarhizium anisopliae deserve special attention . this fungus can infect a broad range of arachnid and insect hosts , from agricultural pests to vectors of human disease and recently the ve...	metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus that has evolved specialized strategies to infect insect hosts . here we analyzed secreted proteins related to dysdercus peruvianus infection . using shotgun proteomics , abundance changes in 71 proteins were identified after exposure to host cuticle . among th...
the restoration of endodontically treated teeth represents a unique challenge for clinicians because the retention of the final restoration is dependent on the use of the hollow interior of the root coronal to the endodontic filling using a properly fitted retention post . it has been suggested that retention posts s...	background : the aim of this retrospective study was to assess the survival rate and causes of failure of quartz fiber posts used to restore endodontically treated teeth.materials and methods : thirty - eight patients with endodontically treated premolar and anterior teeth that were then restored with a coronoradicular...
at early stages of acupuncture research in japan , neural mechanisms were studied by many neurophysiologists . they demonstrated various neural connections in the central nervous system including ascending and descending spinal pathways and the involvement of endogenous opioids produced by low - frequency electro - a...	the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia ( aa ) is one of the most widely researched topics in complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ) based on modern medical methodology . endogenous opioid - mediated mechanisms of acupuncture have been well established since the 1970s . in this review , we have covered the pro...
congenital aniridia is a rare condition ( incidence between 1 : 64000 and 1 : 100000 ) that typically affects both eyes and is associated with pax6 gene mutations . this gene plays a role in the development of eye , mainly in the development of the cornea , iris , lens , drainage angle of the eye , and ciliary bo...	congenital aniridia is a rare condition related to a deficiency in the pax6 gene expression , which may occur as a result of a family inheritance or a sporadic occurrence . additionally , this condition may occur as an isolated ocular phenotype or in association with a systemic syndrome . the most common abnormalit...
the medical records of all children < 16 years of age diagnosed with on over a 5-year period ( 20102015 ) were retrospectively reviewed . the clinical diagnosis of on was made on the basis of acute or subacute visual loss of 2 weeks or less , an afferent pupillary defect , color vision defect with or without optic nerv...	purpose of the study : the purpose of this study was to report clinical features , neuroimaging , and visual outcome in pediatric optic neuritis ( on ) in indian population.materials and methods : this is a retrospective study of children up to the age of 16 years , diagnosed with on , that presented at pediatric and n...
pregnant rats were treated with 30 mg / kg of mtx on gd16 , and fetal brains were examined histopathologically on gds 17 , 18 , 19 and 20 . animals : all experiments were performed using female wistar imamichi rats , 910 weeks of age , 305.7 4.1 g ( mean se ) in weight , and obtained from the institute of anima...	pregnant rats were treated with 30 mg / kg of methotrexate ( mtx ) on gestation day ( gd ) 16 , and fetal brains were examined time - dependently . on gd 20 , the appearance of the telencephalon in the mtx group was different from that in the control group , and the major axis of the telencephalon of the mtx grou...
shoulder muscle strength is often studied with a particular focus on the relationship between swimming performance and muscle strength in front crawl swimming . in a previous study on the relationship between swimming performance and muscle strength , gola et al.1 reported a statistically significant correlatio...	[ purpose ] the purpose of the present study was to establish the intra- and inter - rater reliability of measurement of extensor strength in the maximum shoulder abducted position and internal rotator strength in the 90 abducted and the 90 external rotated position using a hand - held dynamometer . [ subjects an...
nevus of ota or oculodermal melanocytosis is a congenital hyperpigmentation of the facial skin in the distribution of the first and second divisions of the trigeminal nerve which is often associated with increased pigmentation of the various ocular structures.1 pigmentation may affect sclera , conjunctiva , cornea , i...	nevus of ota is a condition wherein the typical pattern of the bluish black pigmentation is noticed along with the cutaneous distribution of the trigeminal nerve . this condition is most prevalent in japanese population but comparatively rare among indians . we report a case of 23-year - old female presented with u...
plant material and cultivation - the individuals for field cultivation were obtained from selected seeds ( a. absinthium var . candial ) and planted in ejea de los caballeros ( zaragoza , spain ) in 2008 . a detailed description of the field and eo analysis - plant material was distilled in an industrial stainl...	artemisia absinthium is an aromatic and medicinal plant of ethnopharmacological interest and it has been widely studied . the use ofa . absinthium based on the collection of wild populations can result in variable compositions of the extracts and essential oils ( eos ) . the aim of this paper is the identif...
anemia is associated with reduced quality of life , significant morbidity , and increased mortality.1 partial correction of anemia , the maintenance of stable hemoglobin ( hb ) levels , and a reduced frequency of therapeutic interventions are common goals in anemia therapy.2,3 besides treatment of underlying diseases a...	backgrounderythropoiesis - stimulating agents ( esas ) are the mainstay of anemia therapy . continuous erythropoietin receptor activator ( cera ) is a highly effective , long - acting esa developed for once - monthly dosing . a multitude of clinical studies has evaluated the safety and efficiency of this treatment ...
pasteurella multocida is a facultative anaerobic , fermentative gram - negative coccobacillus found in the oropharynx of healthy animals , particularly cats , dogs , and pigs , as well as various wild animals . cats and dogs have the highest carriage rates , at 70% to 90% and 20% to 50% , respectively . human infec...	abstractpasteurella multocida , a zoonotic infectious organism , has most often been described in patients after an animal bite . here , we characterize the clinical features and outcomes of p multocida infection in a large cohort of patients according to the presence or absence of an animal bite.we retrospectively s...
a male , 173 cm , 71 kg , at the age of 33 came to the emergency room with the chief complaint of pain at the right lower abdomen that had started one day before . the patient had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis two years previously and has been receiving long - term care by another hospital . he used to tak...	a 33-year - old male patient with multiple sclerosis ( ms ) received an emergency laparotomy because of perforated appendicitis . he had been suffering from ms for 2 years and the symptoms of ms were paraplegia and urinary incontinence . anesthesia was induced with propofol and remifentanil and maintained with nitr...
patients attending out patient department ( opd ) of adult psychiatry were included in the study . after taking an informed consent , diagnosis of psychiatric illness was made according to the dsm - iv - tr criteria by either of the two psychiatrists ( rg , md ) . the patients were broadly divided into two groups o...	objectives : the objective of this study is to translate and validate the dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep brief version ( dbas-16 ) ) in hindi language.materials and methods : the scale was obtained online , and the permission for translation was obtained from the author . the translation of the scale...
microglial cells originate from myeloid cells of the hematopoietic lineage and are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system ( cns ) . they are involved in the active immune defense by their ability to phagocytose invading bacteria and to release reactive oxygen species acting as microbicides . in the h...	elimination of extracellular aggregates and apoptotic neural membranes without inflammation is crucial for brain tissue homeostasis . in the mammalian central nervous system , essential molecules in this process are the fc receptors and the dap12-associated receptors which both trigger the microglial immunoreceptor t...
2-oxoglutarate ( 2og)- and fe(ii)-dependent dioxygenases are widespread in eukaryotes and bacteria and catalyze a variety of reactions typically involving the oxidation of an organic substrate using a dioxygen molecule . one well - studied reaction catalyzed by such enzymes is the hydroxylation of proline and lysine ...	background : protein fold recognition using sequence profile searches frequently allows prediction of the structure and biochemical mechanisms of proteins with an important biological function but unknown biochemical activity . here we describe such predictions resulting from an analysis of the 2-oxoglutarate ( 2og )...
neuronal degeneration , i.e. , neuronal cell death , underlies the pathology and malfunction of many different neurological diseases occurring in both animals and human beings . progressive and selective neuronal cell death in the central nervous system ( cns ) and/or the peripheral nerve network has been profoundly im...	given the advantages of being stable in the ambient environment , being permeable to the blood brain and/or blood eye barriers and being convenient for administration , naturopathic compounds have growingly become promising therapeutic candidates for neural protection . extracted from one of the most common chinese ...
although most commonly due to cirrhosis and severe liver disease , ascites can be caused by a multitude of other conditions such as malignancy , heart failure , infections , pancreatic disease or dialysis . whenever the etiology is not clear , the first step in the evaluation and management of ascites is diagnostic par...	chylous ascites is rare in clinical practice . it is characterized by milky - appearing peritoneal fluid with a triglycerides concentration of > 1.25 mmol / l ( 110 mg / dl ) . its pathophysiology is related to a disruption in the normal lymphatic flow . it is more common after trauma ( including post surgery ) ,...
may 25 , 2004 : an international team of historians , paleopathologists , anthropologists and archaeologists descended upon the church of san lorenzo , in florence , officially starting the medici project , a paleopathological and historico - medical study , whose aim is to reconstruct the habits , diseases and causes ...	the medici project is a paleopathological and historico - medical research , based on the exhumation of corpses of the medici family buried in the medici chapels ( florence , san lorenzo ) . the scientific research carried out on these remains permits us to reconstruct habits and causes of death of members of this fa...
mucormycosis is an acute opportunistic infection usually seen in immunocompromised patients , particularly those with uncontrolled diabetes and leukemia12 . the disease is caused by a saprophytic fungus , mainly mucor or rhizopus , which is considered the most deadly and rapidly progressive form of fungal infection i...	oral mucormycosis is a fungal infection observed mainly in elderly immunocompromised patients . in rare instances , the disease occurs in healthy individuals and those patients that are below preschool age . although this condition mainly involves the maxilla , it may also manifest in any part of the oral cavity ba...
the vestibular system plays a primal role in the perception of musical rhythm ( 1 ) . when we move to music we feel the beat , this feeling can shape the sound we hear ( 2 ) , and we detect the melody in music . visual information is not necessary for this effect , as it likely reflects a strong , early - developing ...	introduction : the daf is a large persian frame drum used as a musical instrument in both popular and classical music which can induce a percussive sound at low frequencies ( 146290 hz ) with peaks of up to 130 dbspl . the percussive sounds have a power distribution in the region of saccular sensitivity . in view of ...
nearly all of this population use biomass and coal fuels for their day to day cooking and heating , the combustion of which is the dominant source of household air pollution ( hap ) in china and contributes significantly to the total burden of ill health in the chinese population . particulate matter with an ...	the combustion of biomass and coal is the dominant source of household air pollution ( hap ) in china , and contributes significantly to the total burden of disease in the chinese population . to characterize hap exposure related to solid fuel use and ventilation patterns , an exposure assessment study of 163...
we analyzed data from the cebu longitudinal health and nutrition survey , an ongoing study of a cohort of filipino women who gave birth between may 1 , 1983 , and april 30 , 1984 , in cebu , the philippines ( www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/cebu ) ( 6 ) . our study included data from children who were born and reached young a...	in a cohort of 1,863 filipinos , diarrhea , fever , and unsanitary conditions in infancy were associated with a decreased body mass index in adulthood ; upper respiratory tract infection was associated with an increased body mass index . these finding support the hypothesis that infections early in life play a role in ...
giant cell tumor ( gct ) are solitary lesions , but 12% may be metachronously multicentric.1 pulmonary metastases occur in approximately 3% of patients due to its high vascularity and frequent treatment by curettage . the metastases are more frequent in cases of recurrent tumors and in enneking 's stage iii lesion.15...	30 year old female patient with giant cell tumor of the distal tibia initially treated at a peripheral nononcological center by curettage and autologous bone grafting from the ipsilateral iliac crest reported to us with local recurrence and an implantation giant cell tumor at the graft harvesting site which required ex...
	our laboratory has been examining the mechanisms whereby chemicals are mutagenic in short - term in - vitro assays yet are not carcinogenic in 2-year rodent bioassays . previous studies indicated that mutagenic carcinogens increased the amount of cell turnover in the target organ , but that mutagenic noncarcinogens f...
referrals are received by the cep statewide from clinicians seeking diagnostic testing for immunocompetent patients , including tb pcr testing when appropriate , who meet the cep case definition of encephalitis ( 1 ) . inclusion criteria for this report were a positive cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) culture for mycobact...	central nervous system tuberculosis ( tb ) was identified in 20 cases of unexplained encephalitis referred to the california encephalitis project . atypical features ( encephalitic symptoms , rapid onset , age ) and diagnostic challenges ( insensitive cerebrospinal fluid [ csf ] tb pcr result , elevated csf glucose l...
fluoride is an effective and safe method for prevention of dental caries , and is used for public health intervention in several countries through water fluoridation . naf has been used to fluoridate water : as an industry standard for fluoridation and as an additive in toothpastes to prevent cavities . it has also...	regulation of cell volume is an important aspect of cellular homeostasis during neural activity . this volume regulation is thought to be mediated by activation of specific transporters , aquaporin , and volume regulated anion channels ( vrac ) . in cultured astrocytes , it was reported that swelling - induced mito...
parkinson 's disease ( pd ) is a progressive , neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the cardinal motor symptoms of resting tremor , rigidity , bradykinesia and postural instability ( jankovic , 2008 ) . at the time these symptoms first emerge , and the clinical diagnosis of pd can be made , approximately 70% o...	resting state functional mri ( rs - fmri ) has been previously shown to be a promising tool for the assessment of early parkinson 's disease ( pd ) . in order to assess whether changes within the basal ganglia network ( bgn ) are disease specific or relate to neurodegeneration generally , bgn connectivity was assesse...
unintended or unplanned pregnancy poses a major economical , psychological , social , and/or religious challenge in women of reproductive age , especially in developing countries . it has been estimated that , of the 210 million pregnancies that occur annually worldwide , about 80 million ( 38% ) are unplanned and 46...	background . induced abortion contributes significantly to maternal mortality in developing countries yet women still seek repeat induced abortion in spite of availability of contraceptive services . the aim of this study is to determine the rate of abortion and contraceptive use among women seeking repeat induced ab...
dr greg hannon from cold spring harbour laboratory and cancer research uk cambridge institute was the keynote speaker at the conference . in the keynote speech , dr hannon described the development and use of modern rnai tools to probe the mechanism of metastatic progression . a big development has been the creatio...	the tenth rnai conference was held at st . hilda s college oxford on the 2426 march 2015 . the conference offered researchers from all over the world the chance to present , discuss and discover work pertaining to the field of rnai . rnai has become an essential technique in genomic research for functional valida...
the clinical continuum of prostate cancer progression has successfully been interrupted by the advent of several newly approved agents , all of which have shown survival benefit and have unique mechanisms of action to modulate or diminish growth of prostate cancer . there has already been extensive discussion of nove...	the rapidly emerging field of immunotherapy and the development of novel immunologic agents that have been approved in melanoma and successfully studied in lung cancer , kidney cancer , and prostate cancer have mandated that there be uniformity in clinical trial analysis beyond conventional survival endpoints and imagi...
the prevalence of valvular heart disease increases with age and an estimated 13% of patients aged 75 years and over have heart valve disease . indications for surgical intervention are well defined in guidelines and symptomatic severe heart valve disease is a class i recommendation . , valve surgery in the elderly is...	backgrounda considerable proportion of elderly patients with symptomatic severe heart valve disease are treated conservatively despite clear indications for surgical intervention . however , little is known about how advanced age and comorbidities affect treatment decision - making and therapeutic outcomes.methodspat...
type i and type ii , based on histology , which differs in molecular as well as in clinical and histopathological profiles . type ii is nonestrogen dependent , nonendometrioid , with higher grade histologies , more aggressive and carries an adverse prognosis . although type ii cancers contribute only about 10% of e...	introduction : endometrial carcinoma ranks 3rd in india among gynecological malignancies . endometrial cancer ( ec ) can be classified into two distinct groups type i and type ii , based on histology , which differs in molecular , clinical and histopathological profiles . type ii is nonestrogen dependent , nonendom...
mycophenolate mofetil ( mmf ) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of minimal change disease and lupus nephritis . however , there is no consensus on its use for minimal change disease especially in systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) . a 24-year - old woman diagnosed with sle five years previously a...	the world health organization classifies lupus nephritis as class i to v or vi . however , a few cases of minimal change glomerulopathy have been reported in association with systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) . mycophenolate mofetil has been shown to be effective for treatment of minimal change disease and lupus...
although there is conclusive scientific evidence on health risks associated with exposure to shs , the health of a large proportion of children across the world is being adversely affected as a result of exposure to shs at home . an estimated 700 million children worldwide are exposed to second - hand tobacco smoke a...	context : since the home is the primary source of exposure of children to second - hand smoke ( shs ) , measures to restrict smoking at home should be introduced to protect children from its adverse health consequences.aims:objectives of the study were to assess the level of awareness of rural indian women on the healt...
russell silver syndrome ( rss ) is a heterogenous syndrome , characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation with relative macrocephaly ( sparing of cranial growth ) , triangular face , bilateral clinodactyly , congenital body asymmetry and feeding difficulties [ figures 1 and 2 ] . it is a rare geneti...	a 6 years male child was referred to our endocrinology clinic with complaints of failure to thrive and he displayed the characteristic features of russell silver syndrome which included short stature , relative macrocephaly , triangular facies and bilateral clinodactyly . he had a birth weight of 2.14 kg and an expec...
a 43-year - old married housewife of high socioeconomic status presented to the psychiatry out - patient department with a 2 years history of morbid dread of pregnancy . she asked the physician about the complications of pregnancy . on hearing the dreaded complications like having a deformed fetus , change in body fi...	tokophobia is a pathological fear of pregnancy and can lead to avoidance of childbirth . it can be classified as primary or secondary . primary is morbid fear of childbirth in a woman , who has no previous experience of pregnancy . secondary is morbid fear of childbirth developing after a traumatic obstetric even...
in the wide spectrum of congenital hemoglobin disorders , two entities have always attracted attention because of their severity and extensive geographic distribution , ie , beta thalassemia major and sickle cell disease ( scd ) . in the present review , attention is focused on the latter disease , characterized by a...	the natural history of severe hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell disease ( scd ) is rather variable , depending on the circumstances , but the main influence on such variability is the level of fetal hemoglobin ( hbf ) in the patient s red cells . it is well known that a significant hbf level is associated with a mi...
perfluorocarbon liquids ( pfcls ) are a mainstay of vitreoretinal surgery because of their high specific gravity , low viscosity , optical clarity and immiscibility in water , which permit surgical tissue manipulation . pfcls are an adjunct in vitreoretinal surgery for complex retinal detachment repair as they displa...	perfluoro - n - octane ( pfo ) is commonly used in vitreoretinal surgery . in this case report , we present a 35-year - old patient with retained pfo up to 9 years after par plana vitrectomy . post - operatively , pfo bubbles occupied 15% of the anterior chamber ( ac ) . follow - up over 9 years , consistently sh...
heart failure ( hf ) causes a significant economic burden , morbidity , and mortality . the primary cause of hf hospitalization ( hfh ) is volume overload which is treated using diuretic therapy . further , ace - inhibitors and -blockers are known to reduce mortality in hf patients . implantable medical devices ,...	backgroundwe developed and validated a heart failure ( hf ) risk score combining daily measurements of multiple device - derived parameters.methodsheart failure patients from clinical studies with implantable devices were used to form two separate data sets . daily hf scores were estimated by combining changes in int...
studies from radiology and echocardiography show that experts can accurately make a diagnosis using images viewed on handheld devices . experts viewing radiological images on tablets perceive them as of comparable quality as when viewed on computer screens . whether those favourable perceptions are specific to tabl...	backgroundmobile health has promising potential in improving healthcare delivery by facilitating access to expert advice . enabling experts to review images on their smartphone or tablet may save valuable time . this study aims at assessing whether images viewed by medical specialists on handheld devices such as sm...
ocular toxoplasmosis is the commonest cause of posterior uveitis and is usually the result of an acquired infection caused by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii [ 1 , 2 ] . the most common manifestation of ocular toxoplasmosis is toxoplasma retinochoroiditis which is typically a unilateral , unifocal , large lesion ( gr...	objective . to perform an evidence - based review of treatments for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis ( trc ) . methods . a systematic literature search was performed using the pubmed database and the key phrase ocular toxoplasmosis treatment and the filter for controlled clinical trial and randomized clinical tria...
although the overall 5-year survival rate is 40% , the survival rate drops markedly to 10% with increasing age and stage , largely because of treatment - resistant recurrence . of the gynecological cancers , ovarian cancer has the highest recurrence rate , with over 60% recurring as therapeutically resistant after op...	effective therapeutics for ovarian cancer continue to be urgently needed , particularly for chemotherapy - resistant cases . here we present both a 3d - matrigel culture - based expansion of our directed evolution method for generation of oncolytic virotherapies and two promising ovarian - cancer targeted oncolytic v...
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ( arvc ) is an important cause of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death , especially in the young and in athletes ( marcus et al . , 1982 ; thiene et al . , 1988 ; basso et al . , mutations in one or more genes encoding desmosomal proteins are found in 50% of...	arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ( arvc ) is a heart muscle disorder characterized by fibro - fatty replacement of cardiomyocytes . the cardinal manifestations are arrhythmias , sudden cardiac death , and seldom heart failure . mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins and their interaction par...
adivasis ( scheduled tribes [ sts ] ) , who are possibly india 's oldest inhabitants , constitute 8.6% of the total population numbering 104.28 million ( 2011 census ) . maharashtra 's tribal population is about 10 million , which is 9.4% of the state population . there are three high - density clusters in the stat...	background and objectives : urban and rural india are both going through health epidemiological transition and will soon face huge burden of noncommunicable diseases ( ncds ) . information on the status of ncds in tribals is limited . although the prevalence of hypertension in scheduled tribes ( sts ) has been stud...
we examined serum specimens from 376 persons that were collected at the university hospital graz , austria , from december 2001 to april 2002 . a total of 202 persons with domestic dogs , cats , or both ( dogs n=77 , cats n=106 , dogs and cats n=19 ) were compared with 174 persons who had no domestic pet contact for ...	concerns have been raised about the role of domestic cats or dogs in the acquisition of zoonoses , in particular in pregnant women or immune - suppressed persons . we report that cat or dog ownership is not associated with an increased seroprevalence of antibodies to anaplasma phagozytophilum , coxiella burnetii , an...
invasive cervical cancer is the second - most common cancer in women worldwide , but 80% of cases occur in developing countries.1 although readily detectable in its premalignant stage , cervical cancer remains the second most common cancer in nigeria2 and fifth in the united kingdom.2 among the female population in nig...	background : cervical cancer is the most common genital cancer and one of the leading causes of death among female population . fortunately , this cancer is preventable by screening for premalignant lesions but this is rarely provided and hardly utilised . we assessed the knowledge , attitude and utilisation of cer...
signaling through the mitogen activated protein kinase ( mapk ) network affects virtually every major aspect of cell physiology and is among the most intensely studied cell signaling pathways in biology . multiple mapk regulatory features related to signal strength , signal duration , compartmental localiza...	studies were undertaken to determine whether extracellular signal regulated kinase ( erk ) oscillations regulate a unique subset of genes in human keratinocytes and subsequently whether the p38 stress response inhibits erk oscillations . a dna microarray identified many genes that were unique to erk oscilla...
one model for the development of intestinal type gastric cancer is a prolonged progression from atrophic gastritis to intestinal metaplasia ( i m ) followed by dysplasia and ultimately cancer . helicobacter pylori ( h. pylori ) infection has been shown to be an important risk factor for the development of gastric ade...	intestinal type gastric adenocarcinoma is felt to develop over a protracted time period through a series of defined steps . several potential risk factors for the development of gastric cancer have been identified , including a family history of gastric cancer and helicobacter pylori infection . we present the case...
oral lichen planus ( olp ) is a relatively common inflammatory mucocutaneous disorder that frequently involves the oral mucosa . the exact etiology is uncertain , but the immunological system is believed to play a significant role in it . the age of onset is usually between 3 and 6 decade of life and it is commonly...	introduction : oral lichen planus ( olp ) is a relatively common inflammatory mucocutaneous disorder that frequently involves the oral mucosa . the clinical presentation of olp ranges from mild painless white keratotic lesions to painful erosions and ulcerations . an important complication of olp is the development of ...
the number of people living with alzheimer 's disease or related dementia ( adrd ) is expected to more than double within the next 25 years , affecting over 1.1 million canadians and their families [ 1 , 2 ] . half of those with dementia live at home , and this proportion is increasing , especially amongst women . ...	with the number of people living with dementia expected to more than double within the next 25 years , the demand for dementia home care services will increase . in this critical ethnographic study , we drew upon interview and participant data with persons with dementia , family caregivers , in - home providers , and c...
theacrine ( 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid ) is a methylurate , which is a class of purine alkaloids similar in structure to methylxanthines such as caffeine . theacrine is often found as a methylated and oxidized metabolite of caffeine in methylxanthine - producing plants . the two prominent theacrine - containing f...	a 90-day repeated - dose oral toxicological evaluation was conducted according to glp and oecd guidelines on the methylurate purine alkaloid theacrine , which is found naturally in certain plants . four groups of hsd.brl.han wistar rats ( ten / sex / group ) were administered theacrine by gavage doses of 0 ( vehicle ...
symptomatic thoracic disc herniation is one of the rare degenerative diseases of the spine . studies conducted on the general population revealed its incidence rate as approximately 1/1000000 patient in one year [ 13 ] . this rate applies to both women and men , and it is usually observed at ages 30 to 50 . the p...	objective . many surgical approaches have been defined and implemented in the last few decades for thoracic disc herniations . the endoscopic foraminal approach in foraminal , lateral , and far lateral disc hernias is a contemporary minimal invasive approach . this study was performed to show that the approach is...
cochlear implantations have become a routinely performed and successful surgical intervention in both adults and children . cochlear implantation is associated with rather low complication rates , regardless of the individually chosen cochlear implant device [ 13 ] . pediatric cochlear implants provide children wit...	objectivecochlear implantations have become a routinely performed and successful surgical intervention in both adults and children . the current article reports the complications encountered in various age groups of consecutive children who underwent implantation in our center.methodswe performed a prospective analys...
aging is inextricably linked to the world around us and regularly pervades everyday life . despite this , why organisms age remains a complex mystery that if understood could have profound implications for the quality of human health . while the physiological decline associated with old age is easily recognizable , t...	aging is a complex process regulated by multiple cellular pathways , including the proteostasis network . the proteostasis network consists of molecular chaperones , stress - response transcription factors , and protein degradation machines that sense and respond to proteotoxic stress and protein misfolding to ensure...
patients ' time and costs during illness and health care treatment are relevant aspects to include in a complete analysis of the social costs of health interventions . time and costs related to patients ' travels from home to their health care providers are also relevant when the social implications of treatment opti...	objectives . to investigate travel time , and travel cost related to contacts with health care providers for patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) during a three - month period . methods . patient - reported travel time and travel cost were obtained from 2847 patients with ra . eleven outpatient clinics across ...
morphological integration of the cranium has become a dominant research paradigm in biological anthropology . while it began with the early work of weidenreich [ 1 , 2 ] and the functional matrix model of moss [ 3 , 4 ] , morphological integration became a driving force in anthropological research through work on mac...	craniofacial integration is prevalent in anatomical modernity research . little investigation has been done on mandibular integration . integration patterns were quantified in a longitudinal modern human sample of mandibles . this integration pattern is one of modularization between the alveolar and muscle attach...
split - hand / split - foot malformation ( shfm ) is also known as ectrodactyly . it is a malformation of the limb involving the central rays of the autopod and presenting with a deep median cleft of the hand and/or foot , aplasia / hypoplasia of the phalanges , metacarpals , and metatarsals . shms expresses in two...	split - hand / split - foot malformation ( shfm ) is mainly inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance and characterized by malformation of the limb involving the central rays of the autopod . it presents with a deep median cleft of the hand and/or foot , aplasia / hypoplasia of the phalanges...
abdominal aortic aneurysm ( aaa ) is a > 3 cm dilation found in the distal aorta . the ultimate complication of aaa is the rupture of the aneurysm , which is a life - threatening condition with an approximate overall mortality rate of at least 80% . although different authors have demonstrated that the risk of rup...	objectiveabdominal aortic aneurysms are a major cause of death in developed countries , and thrombus and calcification of the aneurysm have been linked to increased complications . this study was conducted in order to identify the biochemical marker associated to the presence of intraluminal thrombus or calcification...
w ostatnich dekadach wprowadzono do uytku nowe , wysokiej jakoci zastawki stosowane w maych piercieniach aortalnych , ktre pozwalaj na uniknicie niedopasowania zastawki ( patient prosthesis mismatch ppm ) . celem pracy byo przeanalizowanie tendencji wystpujcych w operacjach wymiany mechanicznych zastawek aortalnych ...	introductionin recent decades , new high - performance prostheses have been invented for use with small aortic annuli , and they have helped avoid patient prosthesis mismatch ( ppm ) without the need for aortic annular enlargement . the purpose of this study is to examine the trends in mechanical aortic valve replace...
number of clinical trials ( cts ) conducted in iran has increased during the past few years ( 1 , 2 ) . of total 10,550 projects conducted in medical research in 2011 , 1027 clinical trial files have been reviewed in local and national ethics committees ( 3 ) and some 1147 cts have been registered in iranian registry...	background : clinical trial committee ( ctc ) has been established in food and drug organization ( fdo ) , in 2003 to assure efficacy and safety of all types of medicinal products which are meant to be registered in iran drug list and/or obtain market authorization.methods:all clinical trial files , meeting minutes and...
a 58-year - old man was admitted with a 2-month history of headache and a 2-day history of ataxia . the patient had a previous history of a high - grade transitional cell cancer ( tcc ) of the bladder diagnosed earlier that year after presenting with dysuria , urinary frequency and renal failure with bilateral hydron...	meningeal carcinomatosis occurs in 118% of patients with solid tumours , most commonly carcinomas of the breast and lung or melanomas . there are relatively few reports of meningeal carcinomatosis in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder . isolated meningeal recurrence is particularly uncommon , and we present...
among the patients who underwent colonoscopic biopsy at kyung hee medical center and were diagnosed with colorectal tubular adenoma with any degree of dysplasia or colorectal cancer , a list of 50 patients was generated and their clinicopathological data were retrospectively collected . patients were categorized into...	background : a decrease in the number of tissue eosinophils is known to reflect the malignancy potential of neoplastic lesions and even prognosis . increased levels of the chemokines ccl11 and ccl24 in serum and tissue are also known to have diagnostic value as serum tumor markers or prognostic factors . the aim of...
intracranial pial arteriovenous fistula ( avf ) is a rare cerebrovascular malformation , accounting for only 1.6% of all vascular malformation of the brain.9)10 ) pial avf was once regarded as a type of arteriovenous malformation ( avm ) . however , current evidence suggests that the pathological characteristics and ...	intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas ( avfs ) are rare cerebrovascular lesions consisting of one or more arterial connections to a single venous channel without an intervening nidus . because of the location and high flow dynamics of these lesions , neurosurgeons may have a difficulty deciding between endovascula...
hemagglutinin ( ha ) coding sequences for influenza a h3n2 viruses , former seasonal h1n1 viruses ( preceding the 2009 pandemic ) , and influenza b virus lineages victoria ( vic ) and yamagata ( yam ) collected by the world health organization ( who ) global influenza surveillance and response network including the nat...	understanding the spatio - temporal patterns of emergence and circulation of new human seasonal influenza virus variants is a key scientific and public health challenge . the global circulation patterns of influenza a / h3n2 viruses are well - characterized1 - 7 but the patterns of a / h1n1 and b viruses have remaine...
congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia ( cpl ) is a rare primary developmental defect of the lung characterized by subpleural , interlobular , perivascular , and peribronchial lymphatic dilatation ( 1 ) . although the exact incidence of cpl is unknown , autopsy studies suggest that approximately 0.5%-1% of infants ...	congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia ( cpl ) is a rare lymphatic pulmonary abnormality . cpl with respiratory distress has a poor prognosis , and is frequently fatal in neonates . we report a case of pneumonectomy for cpl in a newborn . an infant girl , born at 39 weeks ' after an uncomplicated pregnancy , exhibit...
india shines today with a whopping one billion army of its own , the dazzle , however , is marred by a myriad health problems . urbanization , industrialization and technological advancement have established india as a force but the price the society is paying is a tremendous load of non - communicable diseases.(1 )...	background : mental health is an important component of the total positive health and is interwoven closely with the physical and physiological dynamics of the human body . worldwide , about 500 million people are believed to be suffering from neurotic , stress related and psychological problems . in india , surveys ...
	ruthenium(ii ) tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine ( tpa ) is an effective caging group for nitriles that provides high levels of control over the enzyme activity with light . two caged nitriles were prepared , [ ru(tpa)(mecn)2](pf6)2 ( 1 ) and [ ru(tpa)(3)2](pf6)2 ( 2 ) , where 3 is the cathepsin k inhibitor cbz - leu ...
37~40 mm in diameter , dense and velutinous , radially sulcae ( 8~16 sulcae ) with several wrinkles , glaucous grey to pale olivaceous grey with 1~2 mm white mycelia at the margins , golden yellow in the center covered with clear or pale yellow droplets of exudates , soluble pigment not produced , margin entire , rever...	twenty penicillium isolates were recovered during the investigation of fungal community in the soil samples collected from wando ( jeonnam province , korea ) . among them , one species was identified and described as p. cainii based on phylogentic analysis of internal transcribed spacer and -tubulin ( bt2 ) genes and m...
systemic lupus erythematous ( sle ) is a complex debilitating and fatal autoimmune disease affecting between 1.4 and 2.0 million americans . hormonal , infectious , and environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of the disease [ 2 , 3 ] . although the precise etiology of sle remains elusive , the pa...	systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) has shown an association with high levels of prolactin , low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone ( dhea ) , and induction of inflammatory cytokines in the serum of patients with the disease . this preliminary study examined the relevance of a 1149g / t functional single - nucleotide ...
animal models of disease are important tools for biomedical researchers to understand human pathology , identify relevant drug targets , and develop new drug therapies . these models , generated through genetic or pharmacological manipulation , are employed in a wide range of fields including cancer biology...	quantification of proteomes by mass spectrometry has proven to be useful to study human pathology recapitulated in cellular or animal models of disease . enriching and quantifying newly synthesized proteins ( nsps ) at set time points by mass spectrometry has the potential to identify important early regula...
while many of today 's cutting - edge alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) research programs focus on understanding and targeting the molecular mechanisms underpinning this disease , the ultimate goal for researchers and clinicians is the treatment of dementia , preventing the cognitive decline and loss of quality of life that ...	as the world 's population continues to age , alzheimer 's disease presents a homing public health crisis that left unchecked , threatens to overwhelm health care systems throughout the developed world , in order to significantly tackle the most catastrophic and devastating symptom of alzheimer 's disease ( ad)-dementi...
uveitis causes glaucoma , cataract , and retinal damage , resulting in severe visual loss . iris bombe is induced by formation of the posterior synechiae and pupillary block . because intraocular pressure ( iop ) elevation during iris bombe is caused by angle closure , however , laser iridotomy has a high failure r...	purpose . to quantify changes in anterior segment ( as ) parameters after laser peripheral iridotomy ( lpi ) using as - optical coherence tomography ( oct ) of iris bombe . method . as images of eight eyes were captured before and after iris bombe and more than 2 weeks after lpi ( post - lpi ) using as - oct . we com...
from the earliest days of perutz crystal structures and the celebrated two - state ligation model of monod , changeux and wyman , hemoglobin ( hb ) has served as a paradigm for allosteric systems . our understanding of the complex mechanism whereby the high - affinity r structure shifts to the low - affinit...	the use of hybrid hemoglobin ( hb ) , with mesoheme substituted for protoheme , allows separate monitoring of the or hemes along the allosteric pathway . using resonance raman ( rr ) spectroscopy in silica gel , which greatly slows protein motions , we have observed that the fe histidine stretching frequ...
any given time , most 16 - 18 year old and up to half of adults have acne . in 60% of teenagers , the condition is sufficiently severe for them to seek medical advice . in 7 - 17% , but since its introduction to the market , it has been alleged to be associated with a variety of adverse psychiatric effects , includ...	background : acne is a common disorder among adolescents and young adults causing a considerable psychological impact including anxiety and depression . isotretinoin , a synthetic oral retinoid is very effective in the treatment of moderate to severe acne . but there have been many reports linking isotretinoin to d...
ranibizumab ( lucentis , novartis pharma ag , basel , switzerland , and genentech inc . , south san francisco , ca , usa ) is a humanised monoclonal antibody fab fragment , specifically designed for ocular use , that binds with high affinity to and inhibits multiple biologically active isoforms of vascular endothelia...	purpose . to assess the safety profile of ranibizumab 0.5 mg in patients with neovascular age - related macular degeneration ( namd ) in routine clinical practice . methods . this 2-year , multicentre , observational study was conducted to capture real - world early practice and outcomes across europe , shortly aft...
the cichorieae tribe ( subfamily cichorioideae , family asteraceae ) comprises about 70 genera and 1,500 species . the group is morphologically well characterized by the presence of latex and perfect flowers within the capitulum . among the economically most important members of the tribe , lettuce ( lactuca sativa l...	endive ( cichorium endivia l. ) and chicory ( c. intybus l. ) both have 2n = 18 , but until now , there has been no detailed karyomorphological characterization . the present work evaluated five accessions of each species using fish with rdna probes and fluorochrome staining with cma and dapi . both species present...
a 52-year - old female with no history of disease presented with a sudden bursting headache and transient loss of consciousness . an immediate ct scan showed a diffuse , thick sah in the basal cisterns and bilateral sylvian fissures ( fig . subsequent digital subtraction angiography ( dsa ) revealed a small hemisph...	blood - blister like aneurysms ( bbas ) are challenging lesions because of their wide fragile neck . flow - diverting stents ( fdss ) , such as the pipeline embolization device ( ped ) , have been applied to treat bbas less amenable to more established techniques of treatment . however , the use of fdss , including...
chronic acalculous cholecystitis ( cac ) is a disorder characterized by biliary colic symptoms such as right upper quadrant abdominal pain , nausea and vomiting in the absence of calculi . it may also be known as biliary dyskinesia or functional gallbladder ( gb ) disease . liver function tests are typically unrema...	chronic acalculous cholecystits typically presents with biliary symptoms , normal blood tests and unremarkable ultrasound , computerized tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography . however , cholescintigraphy may show reduced gallbladder ejection fraction ( gbef ) . there are no reports on using ultr...
gestational trophoblastic neoplasms ( gtns ) represent a unique group of human tumors that develop as a semiallograft from fetus - derived tissues . gtns were originally considered a homogeneous group of diseases arising from the neoplastic transformation of trophoblastic cells . however , recent clinicopathologica...	gestational trophoblastic neoplasms ( gtns ) are a rare group of neoplastic diseases composed of choriocarcinomas , placental site trophoblastic tumors ( pstts ) and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors ( etts ) . since these tumors are derivatives of fetal trophoblastic tissue , approximately 50% of gtn cases are expect...

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