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cystoid macular edema ( cme ) is the formation of fluid - filled cystoid spaces between the outer plexiform and inner nuclear layers of the retina , resulting from disruption of the blood - retinal barrier . it is a common complication observed after cataract surgery , with or without other complications . although...	aim . to investigate the utility of fundus autofluorescence ( faf ) and optical coherence tomography ( oct ) in the evaluation of cystoid macular edema ( cme ) following cataract surgery . materials and methods . forty eyes of 29 patients undergone phacoemulsification , with posterior chamber intraocular lens impla...
	tumor suppressor genes act as recessive determinants of cancer . these genes contribute to the normal phenotype and are required for regulating cell growth and differentiation during development . inactivation of tumor suppressor genes leads to an unrestricted pattern of growth in specific cell types . in drosophil...
photodynamic therapy ( pdt ) is treatment with drugs that react to light ; the mechanisms of action is based on the science of photochemistry . the effects of pdt are based on the interaction of a tumor - selective photosensitizer and a laser beam of light . a basic photochemical reaction occurs when a sensitizer i...	photodynamic therapy ( pdt ) that is based on the science of photochemistry has been recognized as a lung sparing local therapeutic modality that can achieve remarkable responses . it is an alternative treatment for early stage lung cancer patients who have poor lung function or multiple sites of cancer . recently ...
recovery of the gait ability of stroke survivors is an important goal of rehabilitation1 and is known to be influenced by environmental factors ( e.g. , walking on the ground , climbing stairs , and avoiding obstacles ) , physical factors ( e.g. , muscle strength , endurance , and balance ) , and psychological ...	[ purpose ] to investigate clinical measures as valid predictors and discriminators of the level of community ambulation of hemiparetic stroke survivors . [ subjects and methods ] seventy - five hemiparetic stroke patients were separated into a community ambulation group ( > 0.8 m / s ) and a limited community ...
cryptococcosis is a life - threatening fungal infection , caused by cryptococcus ( c. ) neoformans , an encapsulated yeast . primary infection develops in the lungs by inhalation and remains asymptomatic in the majority of immunocompetent hosts . t cell - related immunodeficiency , most commonly in association with...	cryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of life threatening meningoencephalitis in hiv - infected patients . diagnosis is based on tests for cryptoccocal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid , and on culture of the organism . we present a case of aids - related cryptococcal meningoencephalitis unrespon...
the full - length 569-residue lasv np protein ( josiah strain ) was expressed and purified as a recombinant mbp fusion protein in e. coli as described in methods . the purified protein exists mainly in two forms , with a majority in trimeric and some in hexameric form . both forms bind random rnas , which are longe...	summarylassa fever virus ( lasv ) causes thousands of deaths yearly and is a biological threat agent , for which there is no vaccine and limited therapy1 . the nucleoprotein ( np ) of lasv plays essential roles in viral rna synthesis and immune suppression2 - 6 , the molecular mechanisms of which are poorly understoo...
for many generations , marine algae have been extensively used in coastal regions in the far east as food for humans and animals and as organic fertilizers . the high protein , lipid , and vitamin content of marine algae have encouraged their cultivation and use as a food source in many parts of the world . these a...	the green macroalgae , enteromorpha compressa ( linnaeus ) nees , ulva lactuca , and e. linza , were seasonally collected from abu qir bay at alexandria ( mediterranean sea ) this work aimed to investigate the seasonal environmental conditions , controlling the green algal growth , predominance , or disappearance...
we present a case of splenic rupture in an adult with complicated malaria in east africa . despite the rarity of such presentations , this case has been published to remind clinicians about the complications of malaria that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen , even when radiological s...	spontaneous splenic rupture in complicated malaria is an uncommon cause of hemoperitoneum in the tropics . the exact incidence of splenic rupture is unknown , largely due to under - reporting , but has been estimated at 2% . its pathophysiology is linked to the formation of a subcapsular hematoma . upon rupture , ...
chitosan is known to be biodegradable , biocompatible , nontoxic , nonallergenic , renewable material . chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin which is the second most abundant polymer after cellulose . due to its unique polycationic nature , chitosan has been shown to possess antibacterial as...	in order to find an environmentally benign substitute to hazardous inhibitory agents , the inhibitory effect of -irradiated chitosans against a mixed culture of denitrifying bacteria was experimentally evaluated . unlike other studies using pure aerobic cultures , the observed effect was not a complete inhibition but a...
cutaneous pseudolymphomas are a group of benign reactive t- or b - cell lymphoproliferative processes of diverse etiology that simulate cutaneous lymphomas clinically and histologically . the diagnosis and classification of pseudolymphomas is a challenge for the clinical dermatologists and dermatopathologists . thoug...	cutaneous pseudolymphomas are a group of benign reactive t or b cell lymphoproliferative processes of diverse etiology that simulate cutaneous lymphomas clinically and histologically . we report one such case of pseudolymphoma occurring in the groin of an elderly lady with a history of excision arthroplasty and cemen...
during evolution , the stability of genetic material plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of life . the equilibrium between the benefits of changes in the blueprint of life , which facilitates diversity , and the perpetuation of genetic information is fundamental for evolution . in multicellular organisms , ...	the discovery of dna repair defects in human syndromes , initially in xeroderma pigmentosum ( xp ) but later in many others , led to striking observations on the association of molecular defects and patients clinical phenotypes . for example , patients with syndromes resulting from defective nucleotide excision repai...
recurrent aphthous stomatitis ( ras ) is the most common type of ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa , and it affects approximately 20% of the general population . the classic presentation of ras is recurrent , self - limiting ulcers that mainly affect nonkeratinized oral mucosa . a prodromal burning sensation lastin...	introduction and objectives : recurrent aphthous stomatitis ( ras ) is the most common type of ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa . despite its worldwide occurrence and the extensive amount of research that has been devoted to the subject , the etiology of ras remains unclear . nevertheless , several hereditary ...
duodenal neuroendocrine tumors ( nets ) are rare neoplasms that originate from the enterochromaffin cells of the gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine system . duodenal nets account for only 2.6% of nets in the united states,1 although they are being increasingly recognized with the more widespread use of upper gastr...	duodenal neuroendocrine tumors ( nets ) are rare neoplasms . in this study , the medical records of 14 patients with duodenal nets diagnosed at chonnam national university hospital from july 2001 to august 2011 were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively . four patients were diagnosed in the first 5 years , and 10 p...
odontomas are hamartomas of aborted tooth formation , which account for 22% of the odontogenic tumors . compound odontomas manifest as a regularly shaped , solitary or multiple small tooth - like denticles , where all dental tissues are represented in a structural and more orderly pattern . a complex odontoma prese...	odontomas are considered to be hamartomas rather than a true neoplasm . they consist chiefly of enamel and dentin , with variable amount of pulp and cementum when fully developed . they are generally asymptomatic and are included under the benign calcified odontogenic tumors . they are usually discovered on routi...
splenic artery pseudoaneurysms are rare vascular abnormalities typically caused by sequelae of pancreatitis or abdominal trauma , and can lead to fatal bleeding complications if left untreated . the treatment options for splenic artery pseudoaneurysms include transarterial embolization , splenectomy or splenic artery...	a 48-year - old man with a history of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm requiring transarterial embolization 3 months earlier presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and fever . computed tomography showed evidence of embolization coil fragments within the gastrointestinal tract . upper endoscopy showe...
hydroxystilbenes ( hereafter referred to as stilbenes ) are natural phenolic compounds occurring in a number of plant families including vitaceae , dipterocarpaceae , gnetaceae , pinaceae , poaceae , fabaceae , leguminoseae , and cyperaceae . although polyphenolic compounds display an enormous chemical diversity , st...	resveratrol , a stilbenic compound deriving from the phenyalanine / polymalonate route , being stilbene synthase the last and key enzyme of this pathway , recently has become the focus of a number of studies in medicine and plant physiology . increased demand for this molecule for nutraceutical , cosmetic and possibl...
an 80-year - old woman ( weight , 53 kg ; height , 154 cm ) was scheduled for tkra of the left knee due to degenerative joint disease . preoperative electrocardiography ( ecg ) showed normal sinus rhythm and a complete right bundle branch block ( fig . we did not perform an echocardiogram , because it was obtained ...	complete atrioventricular ( av ) block is defined as a dissociation of atrial and ventricular activities . complete av block that occurs during the perioperative period is difficult to reverse and usually requires implantation of a pacemaker . propofol does not affect a normal av conduction system but may act as a ...
a retrospective chart review was conducted of patients from september 2006 through september 2010 who presented with an acute central scotoma or defective vision secondary to smh from n - amd . inclusion criteria for the study included : symptoms of 7 days duration , thick ( causing visible elevation of the fovea by ...	aim : to investigate the role of anti - vegf monotherapy in patients with thick submacular hemorrhage ( smh ) of 1 week duration secondary to neovascular age - related macular degeneration ( n - amd).materials and methods : a retrospective chart review of 14 eyes of 14 patients presenting with acute decrease in central...
we describe a 61 year - old caucasian male who presented to our hospital complaining of sudden onset diplopia which lasted over 24-hour period . he had become aware of double images while working at his computer the previous night . there were no other associated symptoms like orbital pain , headache , neck stiffness...	patients presenting with endocarditis often will give clues to the diagnosis within the history and the physical exam . a history of valvular heart disease and obvious signs of bacteriemia are classical stigmata of infective endocarditis . however , we should keep in mind that endocarditis can present with unusual si...
mc was first reported in 1890 , but the term used to describe this phenomenon was first coined in 1971 by anderson and smith . mc has been reported in more than 100 fungal species , and has a considerable number of morphological differences [ 3 , 8 ] . to understand the morphogenesis of mc , we separated mc morphogen...	the typical life cycle of filamentous fungi commonly involves asexual sporulation after vegetative growth in response to environmental factors . the production of asexual spores is critical in the life cycle of most filamentous fungi . normally , conidia are produced from vegetative hyphae ( termed mycelia ) . howe...
pancreatic cancer is a common cause of cancer death . identification of defined patients based on prognostic factors may improve the prediction of survival and selection of therapy . however , pancreatic cancer is difficult to diagnose early , and the prognosis and treatment options depend on many factors , which signi...	prognostic factors in pancreatic cancer have been a hot topic for the clinical pancreatology , and many studies have been involved in the field . the author reviewed the pancreatic abstracts of american pancreas club 2011 , and sumarized highlight of all the abstracts in prognostic factors in pancreatic cancer .
since it is presently impossible for food producers and processors to ensure a pathogen free food supply , the home food preparer plays an essential role to prevent foodborne illnesses . some authors ( bryan , 1988 ; medeiros et al . , 2001 ) reported that only a few types of food handling errors are responsible for ...	the aim of this qualitative survey was to gain an insight into the ways consumers purchase , transport and storage fresh and frozen food . in particular , this paper considered consumers behaviour and the knowledge they have about cold chain . an explorative study was held using focus group interviews ( n. 4 ) as t...
to report high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography ( sd - oct ) findings in a case with bilateral photic maculopathy and resultant central scotoma following pterygium excision . a 38-year - old man with a history of pterygium excision complained of visual disturbance and annoying central scotoma i...	purpose : to report high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography ( sd - oct ) findings in a case with bilateral photic maculopathy and resultant central scotoma following pterygium excision.case report : a 38-year - old man with a history of pterygium excision complained of visual disturbance and annoyi...
an aquatech submersible powerhead ( pump ) was purchased from walmart ( aquatech : moordark , ca ) . aquatech offered the least expensive pump per flow rate , retailing at just under $ 19 and providing a flow of 170 gallons per minute . the pump has two outlet paths , one of them for an aeration tube ; we closed th...	we describe a simple means of modulating preparation temperature , which may be useful in undergraduate physiology laboratories . the device was developed in an effort to make teaching exercises that involve temperature modulation accessible at low cost . although we were interested in using the device specifically wit...
oral health is a vital part of general health and is a valuable asset of every individual . oral diseases are one of the most common of non - communicable diseases affecting varied population . it is an important public health problem owing to the prevalence , socio - economical aspect , expensive treatment , and l...	background : the aim was to evaluate the oral hygiene practices and dental caries status of lock factory workers in aligarh city.materials and methods : who oral health assessment form ( 2013 ) was used to collect data from each subject . a total of 850 subjects constituted the final sample size . information was o...
myopia has emerged as a major global public health issue , particularly in east asia 1 . around 80% or more of young adults have myopia in east asian countries including mainland china , taiwan and korea 2 - 4 . the direct cost of myopia for each school child was estimated to be us $ 148 5 . myopia , in particular ...	objective : to evaluate factors associated with myopic shift among primary school children.methods : in a one - year prospective school - based study , 5052 children from ten schools were enrolled using a multi - stage random cluster approach . the baseline examination included non - cycloplegic auto - refractometry ...
to fulfill the victorian hepatitis e case definition for surveillance purposes , one must demonstrate seroconversion , a 4-fold rise in paired serum specimens or detect highly reactive igg in a single specimen in the presence of a clinically compatible illness ( 9 ) . two commercial tests have been used for hev serol...	in the first half of 2004 , acute hepatitis e virus infections diagnosed in victoria , australia , increased 7-fold . of the interviewed patients with highly reactive serologic results , 90% reported recent clinically compatible illness and overseas travel . the increase is compared with a background of exposure in...
in this report , we present our experience and results of treatment of lumbar canal stenosis that involved only fixation of the involved segments of the lumbar spine using two interarticular screws or double insurance screws for each joint . the proposed treatment is based on the hypothesis that vertical instabili...	study design and objective : the author reports experience with treatment of degenerative lumbar canal stenosis that involved fixation - arthrodesis of the affected spinal segment using double insurance transarticular screws for each joint . no direct bone , ligament or disc resection is done for decompression of ...
brodie s abscess , first described by sir benjamin brodie in 1832 , is a rare bone lesion variant of subacute osteomyelitis with a presentation that is atypical and usually late [ 2 , 3 ] . diagnosis is difficult because the characteristic signs and symptoms of the acute form of the disease are absent . the lesion ...	brodie s abscess is a rare subacute osteomyelitis that can be found in sickle cell disease along with other bone complications . a 21-year - old female with sickle cell disease was presenting frequently to the medical casualty department for painful vasoocclusive crises and for persistent ankle pain and swelling . hy...
oxidizing agents produced by cell metabolism , chemicals or ionizing radiation can lead to damage of dna and associated diseases ( 13 ) . one of the most frequent oxidative damages of dna is the oxidation of guanine at position c8 yielding 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine ( 8oxog ) ( figure 1a ) . if not repaired , 8oxog can...	oxidation of guanine ( gua ) to form 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine ( 8oxog ) is a frequent mutagenic dna lesion . dna repair glycosylases such as the bacterial mutm can effciently recognize and eliminate the 8oxog damage by base excision . the base excision requires a 8oxog looping out ( flipping ) from an intrahelical ...
an 82-year - old caucasian male presented to a community ophthalmologist with 6 months of decreased vision in the left eye . initial workup revealed abnormal fundus findings and the patient was referred to a local retina specialist who diagnosed nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion ( crvo ) of the left eye , demo...	cytomegalovirus ( cmv ) retinitis remains the most common opportunistic ocular infection in immunocompromised patients . patients with immunocompromising diseases , such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , inherited immunodeficiency states , malignancies , and those on systemic immunosuppressive therapy , are kno...
for intra - articular distal radius fractures ( ao classification , type b2 ) with a displaced dorsal fragment , there remains much discussion on the fixation method for the dorsal fragment . to reduce the displaced dorsal fragment , we developed a new technique consisting of fenestration of the volar bone cortex , r...	introduction : for intra - articular distal radius fractures ( ao classification , type b2 ) with a displaced dorsal fragment , there remains much discussion on the fixation method for the dorsal fragment . to reduce the displaced dorsal fragment , we developed a new technique consisting of fenestration of the volar ...
erlotinib , a small - molecule egfr tyrosine kinase inhibitor , has been approved by the fda for patients with pancreatic cancer and non - small cell lung cancer . skin rash is a well - known side effect related with all egfr blocking agents . it has been suggested that rash could be used as a surrogate marker for ...	acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis ( agep ) is a rare acute reaction that is drug induced in 90% of the cases and characterized by a widespread , sterile pustular rash . erlotinib , a small - molecule egfr tyrosine kinase inhibitor , has been approved by the fda for patients with pancreatic cancer and non - s...
lung cancer is a very common malignancy with the peculiar characteristic of high aggressivity and lethality , so it has been called the big killer . pulmonary lobectomy is the operation of choice for the standard treatment of early - stage lung cancer . it encompasses an approach through the pleural cavity and th...	objectivewe aimed to evaluate the direct costs of pulmonary lobectomy hospitalization , comparing surgical techniques for the division of interlobar fissures : stapler ( st ) versus electrocautery and hemostatic sealant patch ( es).methodsthe cost comparison analysis was based on the clinical pathway and drawn up by co...
congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( cah ) is characterized by the inability to produce adequate amounts of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids , and reciprocal excessive production of androgens [ 13 ] . untreated , cah can result in adrenal crisis attended by circulatory collapse and hypoglycemia [ 13 ] . excessive...	objective . to assess the growth and control of adrenal androgen secretion in children with virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( cah ) treated with dexamethasone . method . we examined doses used , control of adrenal androgen secretion , and growth and skeletal maturation of 8 children with cah treated wit...
perhaps no amino acid in the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center ( rc ; figure 1a ) has been scrutinized more than the tyrosine situated near the dimeric bacteriochlorophyll ( bchl ) primary electron donor ( p ) and the monomeric bchl initial electron acceptor ( ba ) on the a - side of the rc . this resi...	slow , 50 ps , p * p+ha electron transfer is observed in rhodobacter capsulatus reaction centers ( rcs ) bearing the native tyr residue at m208 and the single amino acid change of isoleucine at m204 to glutamic acid . the p * decay kinetics are unusually homogeneous ( single exponential ) at room tempera...
the melting and annealing of dna hairpins are essential in many biological processes such as replication , transcription , recombination , gene expression , and dna transposition for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems . furthermore , hairpins with multiple loops are known to play specific roles in vira...	we directly measure the dynamics of the hiv trans - activation response ( tar)dna hairpin with multiple loops using single - molecule frster resonance energy transfer ( smfret ) methods . multiple fret states are identified that correspond to intermediate melting states of the hairpin . the stability of e...
obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders , with a lifetime prevalence of 2%3%.13 ocd is characterized by persistent intrusive thoughts ( obsessions ) , repetitive actions ( compulsions ) , and excessive anxiety . a major characteristic of obsessions and compulsions ...	backgroundnear - infrared spectroscopy has helped our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders and has advantages including noninvasiveness , lower cost , and ease of use compared with other imaging techniques , like functional magnetic resonance imaging . the verbal fluency task is th...
vascular diseases represent an important problem due to their potential severity and increasing prevalence . many series of studies , especially those on atherosclerosis , have contributed to reduce the mortality rate of vascular diseases and to improve the patients ' quality life . unfortunately , it is not a case i...	cerebral aneurysms ( cas ) have a high prevalence and can cause a lethal subarachnoid hemorrhage . currently , cas can only be treated with invasive surgical procedures . to unravel the underlying mechanisms of ca formation and to develop new therapeutic drugs for cas , animal models of ca have been established , m...
it is well documented that intracranial artery stenosis ( icas ) has become the most frequent cause of stroke worldwide . indeed , in asian countries , icas has been found to be the cause for up to half of all stroke cases . similarly , previous studies in the united states also indicate that icas contributes to a ...	backgroundthe value of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting ( ptas ) in the context of aggressive medical treatment for severe intracranial artery stenosis ( icas ) is under debate . this study compared the effects of ptas and aggressive medical treatment in patients with severe icas and transient ische...
leishmania parasites maintain a life cycle consisting of a phase in a dipteran insect ( sandflies ) and a phase in a mammalian host . this can lead to infection of macrophages , in which the parasite thrives inside the hostile environment of the phagolysosomes . leishmaniasis is one of the most important of the neg...	leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with no effective vaccines . actin , microtubules and the actin - based molecular motor myosin va were investigated for their involvement in leishmania braziliensis macrophage interactions . results showed a decrease in the association index when macrophages were withou...
small cell carcinoma ( scc ) is relatively common and accounts for about 20% of lung cancer . chemotherapy , not resection or radiation , is the sole therapy for scc of the lung , indicating a poor prognosis . although the majority of scc are located in lungs , the minority ( 2.54.1% ) has been reported to be from ...	primary small cell carcinoma ( ssc ) of the liver is very rare in japan and only ten cases have been reported worldwide . we report herein the case of a 77-year - old man with primary scc of the liver . he had a tumor over 10 cm in diameter which was localized in the right lobe of the liver and had invaded the rig...
a 12-year - old boy presented with painful swelling on his left thigh after being kicked by his friend . plain radiography revealed a concentric cystic lesion with cortical thinning and ballooning in the mid - portion of the femoral shaft accompanied by a pathologic fracture ( fig . the patient underwent curettage ...	diaphyseal unicameral bone cysts of the long bone are generally known to originate near the growth plate and migrate from the metaphysis to the diaphysis during skeletal growth . in the case of unicameral bone cysts of diaphyseal origin , recurrence at the same location is extremely rare . we report a case of recurre...
colorectal cancer ( crc ) is highly preventable with screening , yet it remains the third leading cause of cancer death in both men and women . crc screening is uniformly recommended in men and women as well as blacks and whites over the age of 50 . however , almost half of eligible individuals do not complete crc ...	background . the literature on colorectal cancer ( crc ) screening is contradictory regarding the impact of weight status on crc screening . this study was intended to determine if crc screening rates among 2005 national health interview survey ( nhis ) respondent racial / ethnic and gender subgroups were influence...
the world has seen a rapid increase in the incidence of diabetes generally , and type 2 diabetes has become the most common metabolic disease globally . this has been in part due to a growth in obesity , especially excess visceral adiposity , in addition to the associated metabolic syndrome which encompasses insuli...	in previous studies , abdominal obesity has been related to total low - grade inflammation and in some cases has resulted in insulin resistance and other metabolism related disorders such as diabetes . quercetin is a polyphenol , which is a derivative of plants , and has been shown in vitro as well as in a few animal...
the first course that will be described is a non - majors course called sex , gender , and the brain ( sgb ) . this course combines three hours of class and three hours of lab per week , for fourteen weeks . it is cross - listed between biology and women s studies , and typically fills with a variety of majors . ...	incorporating service learning ( sl ) components can be a very powerful way to engage students , add relevance , and develop community - building skills . sl experiences can play important roles in neuroscience classes , although the roles can be different depending on the needs of the classes . in this paper , we wi...
in recent years direct measurements of cone pigments combined with inferences drawn from examinations of the genes coding for photopigment opsins have provided a greatly enhanced understanding of the distribution and evolution of cone photopigments . the consensus is that four families of genes specify the opsin prot...	only two of the four cone opsin gene families found in vertebrates are represented in contemporary eutherian and marsupial species . recent genetic studies of two species of south american marsupial detected the presence of representatives from two of the classes of cone opsin genes and the structures of these genes ...
second to lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women , colorectal carcinoma ( crc ) has increased in incidence over the past 20 years . about half of the patients undergoing radical resection of crc will develop metastatic disease [ 1 , 2 ] , mostly to the liver ( 33% ) and the lungs ( 22% ) . the overall 5-year ...	backgroundresection of isolated hepatic or pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer is widely accepted and associated with a 5-year survival rate of 2540% . the value of aggressive surgical management in patients with both hepatic and pulmonary metastases still remains a controversial area.materials and methodsa r...
assessing the potential risk that a substance poses to human health or the environment involves a combined quantitative analysis of both exposure and hazard , including the estimation of associated uncertainties . for decades , the evaluation of toxicological hazards in the context of regulatory risk assessme...	systems toxicology is the integration of classical toxicology with quantitative analysis of large networks of molecular and functional changes occurring across multiple levels of biological organization . society demands increasingly close scrutiny of the potential health risks associated with exposure to che...
for more than a century , the fruit fly drosophila has been used to unravel major biological questions . the fruit fly has played crucial roles in deciphering various developmental signaling cascades such as the notch , wingless , and hedgehog pathways . in addition , studies using drosophila have contributed to a ...	aggregates of the microtubule - associated protein tau are neuropathological hallmark lesions in alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) and related primary tauopathies . in addition , tau is genetically implicated in a number of human neurodegenerative disorders including frontotemporal dementia ( ftd ) and parkinson 's disease (...
massive acute pulmonary embolism ( pe ) remains a life threatening event , associated with significant morbidity and mortality . conservative treatment of pe includes administration of thrombolytics , however , in hemodynamically unstable patients , emergent surgical embolectomy may be indicated . hemodynamic insta...	introductionright ventricular failure remains a major cause of mortality during acute pulmonary embolism . right ventricular function can be assessed with transesophageal echocardiography . however , due to the complex right ventricular anatomy , only a few echocardiographic parameters are reliable and easily obtaina...
knee punctures were taken from 26 ra patients and five osteoarthritis ( oa ) patients . ra patients ( 6 male , 20 female ) had a mean age of 52 yr ( range 3666 ) ; their mean disease duration was 6 yr ( 0.516 ) . oa patients ( 1 male , 2 female ) had a mean age of 68 ( 6278 ) ; mean disease duration was 8...	cyclophilins have been suggested to act as leukocyte chemotactic factors produced in the course of inflammation . therefore we looked for the presence of cyclophilins in the synovial fluids ( sf ) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) . peptidyl prolyl cis trans isomerase activity ( ppiase ) was meas...
emergence of multi - drug resistance ( mdr ) among enterobacteriaceae is a threat observed in the last two decades . carbapenems are broad spectrum antibiotics structurally very similar to penicillin but contain a sulphur group at c1 position . several gram - negative pathogens have become resistant to these by acq...	klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases ( kpcs ) are plasmid encoded carbapenem hydrolyzing enzymes which have the potential to spread widely through gene transfer . the instability of upstream region of blakpc accelerates emergence of different isoforms . routine antibiotic susceptibility testing failed to detect kpc...
total body water ( tbw ) was measured on two consecutive days using stable , nonradioactive , nontoxic isotopes . for the first measurement of tbw , the participant was given an oral dose of an isotope of oxygen ( o ) , in the form of water ( h218o ) . the subject consumed 1.5 g / kg body weight of 4% h218o via a ...	research on the bioavailability of water from thickened fluids has recently been published and it concluded that the addition of certain thickening agents ( namely , modified maize starch , guar gum , and xanthan gum ) does not significantly alter the absorption of water from the healthy , mature human gut . using xant...
acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ) , a hematologic malignancy of the myeloid line of white blood cells in the bone marrow , is the most common leukemia of the adult [ 1 , 2 ] . despite major progress in the treatment of aml during the last couple of years different genetic causes result in variable clinical courses of am...	recent studies have shown genetic and epigenetic aberrations resulting in aberrant activation of the wingless - int ( wnt ) pathway , thus influencing the initiation and progression of acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ) . of major importance , these findings may lead to novel treatment strategies exploiting targeted modu...
the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus ( pda ) among very low birth weight infants ( vlbwis ) is reported to be 30% . its incidence is inversely related to gestational age ; depending on which diagnostic criteria is used , pda is estimated to affect up to 80% of infants born at 2425 weeks gestation . despite the h...	abstractthe present study examined whether early patent ductus arteriosus ( pda ) surgical ligation at 2 weeks of life was associated with increased morbidities and mortality in very low birth weight infants ( vlbwis ) who were diagnosed with hemodynamically significant ( hs ) pda . between december 2013 and december 2...
influenza is responsible for three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250 000 to 500 000 deaths each year worldwide ( http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/index.html ) . these numbers , together with increased disease awareness and focus on pandemic preparedness , have contributed to the ...	influenza is a vaccine preventable disease that causes severe illness and excess mortality in humans . licensed influenza vaccines induce humoral immunity and protect against strains that antigenically match the major antigenic components of the vaccine , but much less against antigenically diverse influenza strains ...
in eukaryotic cells , hundreds of molecules are exchanged between the nucleus and the cytoplasm every minute . this process , called nucleocytoplasmic transport , is crucial not only for basic cellular activities but also for regulating various cellular events . based on the literatures and database information , w...	cellular stresses significantly affect nuclear transport systems . nuclear transport pathways mediated by importin -family members , which are active under normal conditions , are downregulated . during thermal stress , a nuclear import pathway mediated by a novel carrier , which we named hikeshi , becomes active ....
the coagulation cascade is a complex system , which can be activated by an intrinsic pathway ( blood stasis and contact activation ) or an extrinsic pathway ( exposed tissue after vascular damage ) . the final common pathway from these two potential stimuli starts with the activation of plasma factor x into activated...	in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation , oral anticoagulation with the vitamin k antagonists acenocoumarol , phenprocoumon and warfarin reduces the risk of stroke by more than 60 % , whereas single or double antiplatelet therapy is much less effective and sometimes associated with a similar bleeding risk as ...
the human vocal fold can be divided into five different layers : squamous epithelium , lamina propria ( superficial , intermediate and deep layers ) and the thyroarytenoid muscle . the superficial layer of the lamina propria , also known as reinke 's space , plays a relevant role in production and quality of the voic...	reinke 's edema is a benign disease of the human vocal fold , which mainly affects the sub - epithelial layer of the vocal fold . microscopic observations show a strongly oedematous epithelium with loosened intercellular junctions , a disruption of the extracellular connections between mucosal epithelium and connecti...
radiofrequency ( rf ) radiation has long been used for different types of information exchange . mobile phones which are low power , single channel two - way radios , emit signals via electromagnetic waves . widespread use and increased popularity of these modern communication devices have caused a growing public con...	background : the rapidly increasing use of mobile phones has led to public concerns about possible health effects of these popular communication devices . this study is an attempt to investigate the effects of radiofrequency ( rf ) radiation produced by gsm mobile phones on the insulin release in rats . methods : f...
density of breast parenchyma in mammography is presently a feature recognized as one of the risk factors for breast cancer [ 13 ] . relative risk for breast cancer in high density mammograms is 2- to 6-fold higher than in low density ones [ 1 , 2 , 4 ] . among factors recognized as potentially capable of influencing ...	background . mammographic density is a risk factor , for breast cancer and its association with various factors is under investigation ; we carried out a study to assess its relationship with daily dairy intake , sun exposure , and physical activities . patients and methods . women 40 years of age were interviewe...
mosquitoes have attracted considerable attention worldwide being the most prevalent vectors of several lethal diseases , malaria , filariasis , chikungunya , yellow fever , dengue , and encephalitis , accounting for enormous mortality and morbidity . since last few years , dengue fever has become the major public - h...	background and objectives . aedes aegypti , dengue fever mosquito , is primarily associated with the transmission of dengue and chikungunya in tropical and subtropical regions of the world . the present investigations were carried out to assess the larvicidal efficiency of five indigenous weeds against ae . aegyp...
more than 1 out of 4 donor - recipient couples are incompatible , because of either blood type abo incompatibility or a positive crossmatch . worldwide , alternative donation programs were developed to enable these couples to pursue donation and transplantation . in kidney - exchange donation , a match is sought betw...	donor - recipient abo and/or hla incompatibility used to lead to donor decline . development of alternative transplantation programs enabled transplantation of incompatible couples . how did that influence couple characteristics ? between 2000 and 2014 , 1232 living donor transplantations have been performed . in c...
fifteen patients with type 2 diabetes receiving stable sulfonylurea and/or metformin treatment were recruited for study participation . patients were excluded if they had been treated with insulin , peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- agonists , glinides , or glucosidase inhibitors within the last 4 weeks be...	objectiverecent studies suggested an impact of prandial insulin delivery on postprandial regulation of tissue blood flow . this study compared the effect of viaject with human regular insulin and insulin lispro on postprandial oxidative stress and endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes.research design ...
to study about the utility of goniometry in screening for limited joint mobility ( ljm ) in patients attending a secondary level diabetic clinic . randomly selected data of 100 patients attending a secondary level diabetic clinic without any complications were used . range of movement around the ankle joint and 1 m...	aim : to study about the utility of goniometry in screening for limited joint mobility ( ljm ) in patients attending a secondary level diabetic clinic.materials and methods : randomly selected data of 100 patients attending a secondary level diabetic clinic without any complications were used . baseline neuropathy as...
positron emission tomography ( pet ) is a functional imaging modality to observe the physiological processes in the body . to conduct a pet scan , positron - emitting radioisotopes , as a tracer , when a positron encounters and annihilates an electron , it emits two gamma rays in reverse directions which will be sens...	dynamic pet , in contrast to static pet , can identify temporal variations in the radiotracer concentration . mathematical modeling of the tissue of interest in dynamic pet can be simplified using compartment models as a linear system where the time activity curve of a specific tissue is the convolution of the tracer...
korean ginseng ( the root of panax ginseng c.a . meyer ) is a representative herbal which is ethnopharmacologically well known in east asian countries , including korea , china , and japan for about 2,000 years . this plant is indeed widely used as a supplementary herbal medicine for treating numerous diseases such a...	red ginseng acidic polysaccharide ( rgap ) , isolated from korean red ginseng , displays immunostimulatory and antitumor activities . even though numerous studies have been reported , the mechanism as to how rgap is able to stimulate the immune response is not clear . in this study , we aimed to explore the mechani...
malaria is a major parasitic disease with high mortality and morbidity , especially in the sub - saharan africa , latin america , and asia . about 3 billion people worldwide are exposed annually , with 1.2 billion at high risk , and some 200 million developed symptomatic malaria . this disease is caused by malarial...	due to the emergence and spread of malaria parasite with resistance to antimalarial drugs , discovery and development of new , safe , and affordable antimalarial are urgently needed . in this respect , medicinal plant extracts are targets to optimize antimalarial actions and restore efficacy of standard antimalarial ...
tuberculum sellae ( ts ) meningiomas , a member of a group called parasellar meningiomas , grow in the subchiasmal area that can compress the optic nerves . neurosurgeons have reported that ts meningiomas have a high tendency to extend into the optic canal regardless of their size.15 mahmoud et al reported the tumo...	we present detailed ophthalmic findings in a case of tuberculum sellae meningioma with acute visual symptoms due to optic canal involvement . a 62-year - old japanese woman reported a 1-week history of headaches and blurred vision in her left eye . her visual acuity was 0.3 in the left eye with no ophthalmoscopic a...
glucan particles ( gps ) , prepared from the walls of saccharomyces cerevisiae cells , are composed primarily of -1,3-d - glucans ( g ) [ 1 , 2 ] . these are recognized as a fungal cell wall pathogen - associated molecular pattern ( pamp ) and gps serve as an effective adjuvant for igg antibody production when admixe...	background . u65 , a self - aggregating peptide scaffold , traps fused protein antigens in yeast cells . conversion to yeast cell particle ( ycp ) vaccines by partial removal of surface mannoproteins exposes -glucan , mediating efficient uptake by antigen - presenting cells ( apcs ) . ycp vaccines are inexpensive...
saliva lacks the drama of blood , the sincerity of sweat and the emotional appeal of tears . despite the absence of charisma , practitioners are finding that saliva provides an easily available , non - invasive diagnostic medium for a rapidly widening range of diseases and clinical situations . in the oral cavity , pro...	background : to evaluate the salivary protein concentration in gingivitis and periodontitis patients and compare the parameters like salivary total protein , salivary albumin , salivary flow rate , ph , buffer capacity and flow rate in both young and elderly patients with simple methods.materials and methods : one hund...
hemoptysis is one of the most common symptoms in patients with respiratory diseases , when massive , has a mortality rate of more than 50% . therefore , significant or life - threatening hemoptysis calls for quick treatment to stop bleeding . in the past , the control of hemoptysis had been obtained using surgical ...	background : hemoptysis is a significant clinical entity with high morbidity and potential mortality . both medical management ( in terms of resuscitation and bronchoscopic interventions ) and surgery have severe limitations in these patients population . bronchial artery embolization ( bae ) represents the first -...
although prevalent at all ages , in india it predominantly occurs during fourth to fifth decade of life . patients with pulmonary disease , complain of nonproductive cough , dyspnea , chest pain , and wheezing . diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis relies on the presence of noncaseating granulomas on histopathologica...	background : sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology . lungs and lymphatics are the principal sites affected by this disease . the disorder is often not suspected by physicians.materials and methods : this was a retrospective study done on 140 transbronchial lung biopsies received for hist...
vector - borne diseases constitute a large percentage of emerging infectious diseases in both human and animal populations.1 lyme disease , a spirochetal infection transmitted by the blacklegged ixodes tick , is the most common tick - borne disease in the united states . in recent years , a growing number of addition...	ticks are important vectors of disease and transmit an extensive array of bacterial , viral and protozoan diseases to both humans and dogs within a community . borrelia burgdorferi , the causative agent of lyme disease , has been extensively studied within both the human and veterinary population . anaplasma phagoc...
rna localization is a widespread mechanism that targets mrnas to regions of the cell , where the proteins are required . restricting proteins to spatially confined areas results in compartmentalization of the cell and can be achieved either by specific translocation of the protein or the accumulation of the mrna at a s...	it is now generally accepted that rna localization in the central nervous system conveys important roles both during development and in the adult brain . of special interest is protein synthesis located at the synapse , as this potentially confers selective synaptic modification and has been implicated in the establi...
pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer - related death in the us . it is predicted that , in 2014 , pancreatic cancer will account for approximately 7% ( more than 39,500 cases ) of all cancer deaths in the us , with more than 46,000 new cases being anticipated . prognosis is particularly poor ...	patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma and poor performance status ( ps ) are typically excluded from clinical trials of new systemic treatments . due to concerns that such patients can not tolerate the greater toxicity sometimes associated with combination chemotherapy regimens , the recommended treatment ...
we have undertaken a proteomic analysis of chromatin passing through interphase of the cell cycle in xenopus egg extract . the abundance of proteins associated with chromatin at different times was assessed by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry ( lc - ms / ms ) . the behavior of known proteins was as ...	summaryxenopus egg extract supports all the major cell - cycle transitions in vitro . we have used a proteomics approach to identify proteins whose abundance on chromatin changes during the course of an in vitro cell cycle . one of the proteins we identified was elys / mel-28 , which has recently been described as ...
at present in the medical field , the biggest achievement of the human beings is western medicine and traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) . with a history of 2000 to 3000 years herbal medicines have gained increasing attention worldwide for the treatment of chronic diseases because of their effectiveness and small s...	horizontal attenuation total reflection fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy ( hatr - ft - ir ) studies on cuscutae semen and its confusable varieties japanese dodder and sinapis semen combined with discrete wavelet transformation ( dwt ) and radial basis function ( rbf ) neural networks have been conducted in ...
matsuba and shimamura s report on the exercise physiology and performance testing of racehorses ( fig . 1fig . this report was a large book of 294 pages ( b5 size ) consisting of 2 parts ; the first part was entitled exercise physiology of the racehorse , and the second part was entitled performance testing of t...	abstractthe history of research on the exercise physiology of racehorses in japan dates back to the 1930s . a research report entitled studies on exercise physiology and performance testing of the racehorse , published in 1933 by shigeo matsuba and torao shimamura of the university of tokyo , was epoch - making an...
protein structures are stabilized by numerous non - covalent interactions , e.g. hydrophobic , hydrogen bonding , electrostatic and van der waals interactions ( 1,2 ) . hydrophobic interactions are believed to be the driving force behind protein folding and stability ( 3 ) . the cooperative , non - covalent and lon...	residues expected to play key roles in the stabilization of proteins [ stabilizing residues ( srs ) ] are selected by combining several methods based mainly on the interactions of a given residue with its spatial , rather than its sequential neighborhood and by considering the evolutionary conservation of the residues ...
micrornas or mirnas have been a subject of significant research work since the discovery of lin-4 in the early 1990s , underscoring the importance of posttranscriptional gene regulation in cis and trans . mirnas are a subset of endogenously - initiated , single - stranded noncoding rna guide molecules , traceable in ...	discovered in 1993 , micornas ( mirnas ) are now recognized as one of the major regulatory gene families in eukaryotes . to date , 24521 micrornas have been discovered and there are certainly more to come . it was primarily acknowledged that mirnas result in gene expression repression at both the level of mrna stabilit...
extrusion of long middle segment of radius following open segmental fracture both bone forearm and dislocation of ipsilateral elbow is a very rare injury . the surgical options in such cases include secondary autogenous fibular gap grafting or leaving a single bone forearm . we hereby report a case of extruded midd...	extruded middle segment of radius with open segmental fracture both bone forearm and dislocation of ipsilateral elbow is a rare injury . a 12-year - old child presented to us within 4 hours following fall from tree . the child 's mother was carrying a 12-cm - long extruded soiled segment of radius . the extruded ...
starting in june 2005 , several players of a dutch soccer team , consisting of 35 members , noted soft - tissue infections . in october 2005 , the municipal health service received a report of a patient , a member of this soccer team , who had been hospitalized for an abscess resulting from mrsa . other members of ...	an outbreak of community - acquired methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus occurred among members and close contacts of a soccer team . typing of the isolates showed the outbreak was caused by the well - known european st80-iv strain . to our knowledge , this is the first report of an outbreak of this strain a...
sipunculans are a phylum of nonsegmented peanut - shaped marine worms that lack a true circulatory system . recent molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest a close relationship between sipuncula and the phylum annelida , particularly with the major group polychaeta that includes mostly marine worms [ 24 ] . these wo...	clot formation in the sipunculid themiste petricola , a coelomate nonsegmented marine worm without a circulatory system , is a cellular response that creates a haemostatic mass upon activation with sea water . the mass with sealing properties is brought about by homotypic aggregation of granular leukocytes present in...
according to the american association of physicist in medicine ( aapm ) and the european society for radiotherapy and oncology ( estro ) recommendations , in order to fulfil the dosimetric prerequisites , all sources to be used in clinical practice have to have a set of dosimetric parameters available based on the radi...	purposerecently , a new hdr 60co brachytherapy source , flexisource co-60 , has been developed ( nucletron b.v . veenendaal , the netherlands ) . this study aims to obtain dosimetric data for this source for its use in clinical practice as required by aapm and estro.material and methodstwo monte carlo radiation trans...
rugby union is a field based team sport , requiring repeated bouts of moderate to high intensity running and activity separated by low intensity running or walking ( 1 , 3 , 15 ) . a rugby union match involves two teams of 15 athletes competing in two 40-min halves . players are separated into positional groups wit...	the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between spatial awareness , agility , and distance covered in global positioning system ( gps ) derived velocity zone classifications during a collegiate rugby match . twelve american collegiate rugby union players ( meansd ; age : 21.21.4 y ; weight :...
in 1998 , the who , world bank , undp and unicef conceived and partnered to create the roll back malaria movement , with the welcome and necessary goal of halving malaria deaths by 2010 the first major effort against the disease in four decades . the need for such an effort is abundantly clear : malaria places a hug...	the who announced the roll back malaria ( rbm ) movement in 1998 , with the goal of halving malaria deaths by 2010 , and halving again by 2015 . it is widely agreed that reaching this goal requires a major increase in international aid funding for malaria control , to a budget of perhaps $ 1.5 $ 2.5 billion annually...
the voltage - gated calcium channels ( vgccs ) are regulated by kinases that are activated by second messenger pathways [ 14 ] . the dihydropyridine - sensitive vgcc , known as the l - type channel or cav1.2 , is modulated by protein kinase a ( pka ) and protein kinase c ( pkc ) . the -adrenergic receptor activates c...	a pka consensus phosphorylation site s1928 at the 11.2 subunit of the rabbit cardiac l - type channel , cav1.2 , is involved in the regulation of cav1.2 kinetics and affects catecholamine secretion . this mutation does not alter basal cav1.2 current properties or regulation of cav1.2 current by pka and the beta - adr...
it is characterized by a complex of neuropathological , biochemical , and behavioral symptoms , that gradually impair memory and the ability to learn , carry out daily activities and behavior . in particular , ibotenic acid - induced lesions of the nbm in rats produce impairment in acquisition and retention phase of ...	background : alzheimer 's disease was known as a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly and is characterized by dementia and severe neuronal loss in the some regions of brain such as nucleus basalis magnocellularis . it plays an important role in the brain functions such as learning and memory . loss...
the classification and functional role of the human accessory nerve has been a topic of interest among anatomists dating back to sir thomas willis . contemporary anatomical texts universally describe the accessory nerve as having two separate components , one from the spinal cord and the other from the brainstem . ...	classically , the accessory nerve is described as having a cranial and a spinal root . textbooks are inconsistent with regard to the modality of the spinal root of the accessory nerve . some authors report the spinal root as general somatic efferent ( gse ) , while others list a special visceral efferent ( sve ) mo...
bladder cancer represents the ninth most common cancer worldwide and the most common malignancy of the urinary tract . approximately 75%-85% of patients present with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer ( nmibc ) , for which transurethral resection of bladder tumour ( turbt ) remains the standard first - line treatment ...	purposeinflammation - based prognostic scores including neutrophil - to - lymphocyte ratio ( nlr ) , platelet - to - lymphocyte ratio ( plr ) , and lymphocyte - to - monocyte ratio ( lmr ) are associated with oncologic outcomes in diverse malignancies . we evaluated the predictive value of pretreatment prognostic sco...
was introduced for two species described from tropical and subtropical habitats in africa and australia : a. gelatinosporus ( j.w . ( 2000 ) mainly on the basis of spore characters ( prominent spines on the spore surface within an inflated utricle ) and a pink to brown , gelatinized gleba , while hysterangium is char...	little is known of the truffle - like fungi of northern mexico . few mycologists have collected truffle - like specimens in this area . the wide diversity of habitat and potential mycorrhizal partners portend a unique and varied truffle - like mycota . in the conduct of recent field studies in this region we coll...
the pharmacists responsibilities have developed from dispensing functions to providing various new professional services . the world health organization ( who ) has described the role of a pharmacist as a compassionate caregiver , decision maker , active communicator , lifelong learner , good manager , a teacher , and ...	background : the pharmacists roles and responsibilities toward the pharmaceutical care practice have developed considerably during the recent years.objectives:the aim of this program is to explore the opinions and performances of community pharmacists with regard to their professional tasks and responsibilities in isfa...
we conducted this study at the microbiology laboratory , mahosot hospital , vientiane , laos , the only microbiology laboratory in vientiane with a routine , accessible hemoculture service for sepsis diagnosis ( 4,14 ) . study patients provided written informed consent ; ethical approval was granted by the oxford tro...	orientia tsutsugamushi , which requires specialized facilities for culture , is a substantial cause of disease in asia . we demonstrate that o. tsutsugamushi numbers increased for up to 5 days in conventional hemocultures . performing such a culture step before molecular testing could increase the sensitivity of o....
chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension ( cteph ) is an important cause of severe pulmonary hypertension resulting in significant morbidity and mortality . as it is a potentially curable cause of pulmonary hypertension , its accurate diagnosis is vital . research on the development of new surgical approaches ...	we report a modified technique for pulmonary endarterectomy ( pea ) on a 67-year - old man with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension ( cteph ) who presented with dyspnea . he was referred to our medical center for coronary artery bypass grafting . cteph had not been detected in his first visit to another m...
metabolic syndrome ( mets ) is recognized as the clustering risk factors of obesity , insulin resistance , dyslipidemia and hypertension associated with the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes . in addition to adults , the number of children and adolescents affected by mets is increas...	background : physical activity ( pa ) is associated with the metabolic syndrome ( mets ) and its components . this study aimed to examine the association between pa and mets and its components among normal weight and overweight / obese adolescent in tehran lipid and glucose study ( tlgs).methods : this cross - sectio...
recognition of the impact of ventilator - induced lung injury on morbidity and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ards ) has led to an ongoing search for ventilation strategies that limit further damage to the already injured lung . in this issue of critical care , bollen and colleagues ...	in this issue of critical care , bollen and colleagues present the results of a multicentre randomised controlled trial , comparing high - frequency oscillatory ventilation with conventional ventilation as the primary ventilation mode for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome . the study was stopped early a...
craniopharyngioma is the most common non - neural brain tumor derived from pituitary gland embryonic tissue ; it occurs primarily in children but also in adults , with an incidence of approximately 2/100 000 . due to its sensitive sellar / suprasellar location and ability to form large cysts , acp often exhibits loca...	backgroundthe aim of this study was to compare the differences in macular ganglion cell complex ( gcc ) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer ( prnfl ) in child and adult patients with primary craniopharyngioma by fourier - domain optical coherence tomography ( fd - oct ) and to evaluate their significance in the...
the risk of secondary malignancies associated with radiation treatment for cancer patients is an area of controversy in clinical radiation oncology . while the prevalence of second malignancies after radiotherapy for pediatric and young adult populations is well established as one of the significant long - term seque...	secondary cancer risk following radiotherapy is an increasingly important topic in clinical oncology with impact on treatment decision making and on patient management . much of the evidence that underlies our understanding of secondary cancer risks and our risk estimates are derived from large epidemiologic studies ...

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