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it is not unusual to find medially retracted or foreshortened handle of malleus ( manubrium ) during tympanoplasty . apart from posing difficulties in placement of graft during underlay technique
, it can affect orientation during surgery as the manubrium is one of the important landmarks in middle ear .
sectioning... | the current study aims at observing effects of sacrificing the tensor tympani tendon when manubrium of malleus is foreshortened or retracted on graft uptake , hearing improvement , and occurrence of complications if any during type i tympanoplasty surgery for central perforations .
42 patients were included in group ... |
intraoperative diagnosis of space - occupying lesions of the central nervous system ( cns ) is of utmost importance in order to plan the treatment of patients .
intraoperative cytologic techniques were introduced in the 1920s when eisenhardt and cushing reported squash smear cytology .
very few centers continued th... | background : intraoperative diagnosis of central nervous system ( cns ) lesions is of utmost importance for neurosurgeons to modify the approach at the time of surgery and to decide on further plan of management .
the intraoperative diagnosis is challenging for neuropathologists.aims:the study was undertaken to deter... |
polymyalgia rheumatica ( pmr ) is an inflammatory condition affecting elderly people and characterized by aching and stiffness in shoulder and pelvic girdles .
its occurrence is not rare , and reported prevalence rates from european data range from 12.7 to 112.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants , with a geographical gra... | polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory disease affecting elderly and involving the shoulder and pelvic girdles .
no epidemiological study of polymyalgia rheumatica was conducted in korea .
we retrospectively evaluated patients with polymyalgia rheumatica followed up at the rheumatology clinics of 10 tertiary hos... |
plain radiography is the simplest , oldest , and cheapest technique for studying the salivary glands .
conventional sialography , ultrasonography ( usg ) , and computed tomography ( ct ) can detect sialolithiasis with a high degree of sensitivity .
sialolithiasis accounts for more than 50% of the diseases of the la... | the pneumonia virus of chickenpox is now known to cause scattered calcified foci in the lungs , however to our knowledge , recent literature has not discussed calcification in the salivary glands .
a 15-year - old boy consulted the department of radiology because of a swelling on the right side of the submandibular a... |
eukaryotic genomes are packaged into arrays of nucleosomes composed of 147-base - pair dna intervals wrapped around an octameric complex of the core histones h2a , h2b , h3 and h4 ( luger et al , 1997 ) . together with the h1-type linker histones , these proteins are termed canonical histones , as they constitute the v... | a genetic system to assess in vivo the functions of histones and histone modifications in higher eukaryotesthe study describes the development of a genetic tool for drosophila melanogaster in which the canonical histone genes can be replaced by multiple copies of experimentally modified histone transgenes to directly a... |
effective patient self - management has been demonstrated to prevent adverse clinical outcomes from diabetes [ 1 , 2 ] .
while research has examined factors that influence patient receptivity and use of self - management skills , there has been less attention to the delivery of diabetes education and support in prima... | objective . to describe a comprehensive strategy for implementing an effective diabetes self - management support intervention incorporating goal - setting and followup support in community health clinics ( chcs ) serving vulnerable patients
. methods .
the replicating effective programs ( rep ) framework was appli... |
vocationally educated licensed practical nurses ( lpns ) who enter an online university to upgrade their credentials by earning a bachelor of nursing ( bn ) degree can find the experience of socializing into a new and more complex professional role challenging [ 1 , 2 ] .
professional socialization is the process of ... | this paper presents findings from a qualitative descriptive study that explored the professional socialization experiences of licensed practical nurses ( lpns ) who attended an online university to earn a baccalaureate degree in nursing ( bn ) , a prerequisite to writing the canadian registered nurse ( rn ) qualifying ... |
evolution is a two - way pull between the generation of variation in types of individuals in populations and preferential proliferation ( selection ) of those variants best suited to the environment .
this feedback between genome ( ultimately mutation ) and environment drives cancer proliferation , pathogen adaptat... | abstractdiploid organisms are buffered against the effects of mutations by carrying two sets of each gene , which allows compensation if one is mutated .
but recombination between mom and dad chromosomes causes loss of heterozygosity ( loh ) , stretches of mom - only or dad - only dna sequence , suddenly reve... |
hydroxyapatite ( hap ) has a chemical composition
similar to bones
and teeth .
methods to prepare it include reacting calcium
nitrate with phosphoric acid , disodium
creatine phosphate , ammonium hydrogen
phosphate , and phosphorus pentoxide , as well as combining calcium hydroxide with phosphoric
acid . ... | hydroxyapatite ( hap ) was modified
with 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic
acid ( hedp ) , and its effect on divalent metal ion binding was determined .
hap was synthesized from calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid .
after
calcination , it was modified with hedp , and the influence of time
and temperature o... |
epidermal nevus syndrome ( ens ) is characterized by epidermal nevi associated with abnormalities involving the nervous , skeletal and other systems . rarely , hypophosphatemic rickets has also been observed in association with epidermal nevi .
phosphatonins including fibroblast growth factor-23 ( fgf-23 ) , which m... | the association of multisystem pathologic conditions and epidermal nevi , known as the epidermal nevus syndrome , includes disorders of bone , central nervous system , eye , kidney , vasculature and skin . rarely , congenital nevomelanocytic nevus also known as hairy nevus has also been reported in association with hyp... |
the study was approved by the scientific - ethical committee of the capital region of denmark ( reg .
h - d-2009 - 0078 ) , is registered with clinicaltrials.gov ( clinical trial reg .
nct01048268 ) , and was conducted according to the principles of the helsinki declaration ii .
all potential subjects ( n = 12 ) ... | objectiveto evaluate the glucose dependency of glucose - dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( gip ) effects on insulin and glucagon release in 10 healthy male subjects ( [ means sem ] aged 23 1 years , bmi 23 1 kg / m2 , and hba1c 5.5 0.1%).research design and methodssaline or physiological doses of gip were admi... |
cellular compartmentalization into and within organelles segregates biochemical reactions and increases local molecular concentrations , thereby promoting efficiency of cellular processes . at the plasma membrane , subdomains generate lateral heterogeneity that organizes the spatial distribution of glycoprotein recepto... | the plasma membrane is organized into various subdomains of clustered macromolecules .
such domains include adhesive structures ( cellular synapses , substrate adhesions , and cell cell junctions ) and membrane invaginations ( clathrin - coated pits and caveolae ) , as well as less well - defined domains such as lip... |
preterm birth ( ptb ) continues to be a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality . defined as birth prior to 37 weeks of gestation , ptb accounts for over 35% of health care spending for infants and 10% of health care spending for children in the united states .
the incidence of ptb has been estimated to be ... | objective . preterm birth ( ptb ) remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality .
the association between ptb and infection is clear .
the purpose of this report is to present a focused review of information on the use of antibiotics to prevent ptb . methods .
we performed a search of the pubmed datab... |
lanthanum carbonate ( lc ) has become an accepted phosphate binder in patients with chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) . after chewing and then swallowing the tablets , lc dissociates in the upper gastrointestinal tract into its trivalent cation .
this cation then forms insoluble complexes with phosphate throughout a wid... | lanthanum carbonate ( lc ) is used as a phosphate binder in dialysed patients . abdominal pain and constipation
are known side effects of its use .
furthermore , in radiological studies , lc tablets are seen as intense radio - opaque deposits within the entire gastrointestinal tract findings which can lead to diag... |
pressure relief cushions range from a simple pillow - like to an individualized conforming
cushion with gel or raised air - filled pockets .
it is unclear which type of cushion is
appropriate for the elderly to relieve interface pressure . a previous study by hong et al .
compared and analyzed the form of air c... | [ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to compare the interface pressure redistribution
when sitting after applying three different types of cushions and on a firm surface in
individuals in their 20s and those older than 60 years old .
[ subjects and methods ] healthy
100 elderly ( 60 years and older ) sub... |
the metastasis of cancer cells hinges upon a series of successive events ; hence , interrupting any one step could halt the process .
metastasis suppressors , defined by their abilities to inhibit metastasis without blocking orthotopic tumor growth , are attractive agents to treat metastasis1 . over a decade ago , a ... | kisspeptins ( kp ) , peptide products of the kisspeptin-1 ( kiss1 ) gene are the endogenous ligands for a g protein - coupled receptor ( gpcr ) - kp receptor ( kiss1r ) .
kiss1r couples to the gq/11 signaling pathway .
kiss1 is a metastasis suppressor gene and the kp / kiss1r signaling has anti - metastatic and tum... |
a case control study was conducted among patients with p. falciparum malaria diagnosed at bichat - claude bernard and saint - denis hospitals in paris , france .
participants traveled to or lived in an area endemic for malaria and had a p. falciparum infection during 19962005 .
falciparum trophozoites on a blood s... | few immigrant travelers have plasmodium falciparum infections > 2 months after leaving malaria - endemic areas .
we conducted a case control study to identify factors associated with prolonged p. falciparum infection in immigrant travelers .
results suggest that p. falciparum infection should be systematically sus... |
advances of scientific research have brought about better understanding of diseases and mechanism of action of allopathic medicines .
however , a good proportion of the world 's population , even in developed countries , continue to depend on complementary and alternative medicines ( cam ; b chng y t di y xu ) which... | interest , use of and research into complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ; b chng y t di y xu ) is on the increase in recent times even in developed countries
. it may therefore be appropriate if medical students who would become future physicians possess adequate knowledge and better attitude towards cams .... |
it is a component of cookware , utensils , medicines such as antacids , cosmetics such as deodorants , and food additives .
some foods , especially corn , yellow cheese , salt , herbs , spices , and tea , might also contain al [ 1 , 2 ] .
in addition , industrialized civilizations use alum ( aluminum sulfate or alu... | the objective was evaluation of the effects of pioglitazone on medial prefrontal cortex ( mpfc ) of the rats exposed to aluminum ( al ) .
al induces structural changes in several brain regions , including mpfc .
pioglitazone is an agonist of peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor gamma .
male rats were rando... |
certain guanine - rich dna sequences have the ability to form stable secondary structures , g - quadruplexes , comprising g - tetrad motifs that involve four guanines arranged in a planar array interacting via hoogsteen hydrogen bonds ( 1,2 ) .
these g - tetrads are stable when a number are stacked on top of one anot... | we have carried out a survey of potential quadruplex structure sequences ( pqss ) , which occur in the immediate upstream region ( 500 bp ) of human genes . by examining the number and distribution of these we have established that there is a clear link between them and the occurrence of the sp1-binding element
gggcg... |
fractures of the distal radius are commonly encountered in the upper extremity particularly in the elderly and constitute a major public health concern .
while immobilization reduce pain , local soft tissue swelling exaggerates aching , decreases patient satisfaction , and results in poor clinical outcome due to dela... | objectives : to investigate the analgesic effect of nasal salmon calcitonin on the post - fracture period of distal radius fracture.methods:in this prospective randomized double - blind study , forty - one postmenopausal women with a recent distal radius fracture treated conservatively were randomly assigned to receive... |
hormone binding to nuclear receptors has long been known to activate gene expression . in the case of steroid hormone receptors , hormone triggers dissociation from cytoplasmic chaperones , nuclear localization , and dna binding .
the related thyroid hormone receptor ( tr ) and retinoic acid receptor ( rar ) also a... | the ability of nr lbds to transfer repression function to a heterologous dna binding domain , and the cross - squelching of repression by untethered lbds , has suggested that repression is mediated by interactions with putative cellular corepressor proteins .
the yeast - two hybrid screen for protein interactors has ... |
chronic renal failure is an aggravated and incorrectable condition in renal function in which the body will lose its ability to maintain electrolyte and metabolic balance leading to increased blood urea and its retention in the body ( 1 ) .
dialysis is a method of removing unnecessary fluids and wastes when the kidne... | background : chronic renal failure is among the chronic disease which due to persistence of the disease and long treatment process has various effects on the physiological , psychological , functional ability , lifestyle changes , and independence status of the patient and his family .
this may result in the burden f... |
we
introduce a stabilized diazo group as a reporter for chemical
biology .
mandiaz , which is a diazo derivative of n - acetylmannosamine , is found to endure cellular metabolism and label
the surface of a mammalian cell .
there its diazo group can undergo
a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with a strained alkyne ... | |
one goal of this ' update on genome completion and annotations ' series has been to select a gene , or gene family , check for accuracy in the databases , and then help to suggest ways to correct any nomenclature problems that might exist . the glutathione s - transferases ( gsts ) represent an important group of enz... | the glutathione s - transferase ( gst ) gene family encodes genes that are critical for certain life processes , as well as for detoxication and toxification mechanisms , via conjugation of reduced glutathione ( gsh ) with numerous substrates such as pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants .
the gst genes are up... |
the current standard of care for femoral fractures is the intramedullary nail , but there are situations in which the use of plates is indicated , like narrow medullary cavity , bone deformities , and open growth plate .
metal plates have been used for the fixation of fractures since the end of the 19th century .
t... | the objective of this study was to compare the locking compression plate ( lcp ) with the more cost - effective straight - dynamic compression plate ( dcp ) and wave - dcps by testing in vitro the effects of plate stiffness on different types of diaphyseal femur fractures ( a , b , and c , according to ao classificatio... |
in 2008 , we published unique work addressing the question of whether canada 's public pensions , old age security
and the canada pension plan
, provide adequate income for four hypothetical senior households living in nova scotia ( ns ) to afford a basic nutritious diet .
this was the first published study usin... | building on earlier quantitative work where we showed that lone senior households reliant on public pensions in nova scotia ( ns ) , canada lacked the necessary funds for a basic nutritious diet , here we present findings from a qualitative study involving in - depth interviews with eight low - income lone senior women... |
we recently discovered that ( )hopeaphenol ( 1 ) , a tetramer of resveratrol ( 2 ) ( figure 1 ) isolated from the stem bark of hopea hainanensis , inhibits the type iii secretion system1 ( t3ss ) in yersinia pseudotuberculosis and pseudomonas aeruginosa.2 the conserved3 t3ss is critical for these pathogens to cause di... | abstractthe total synthesis of the resveratrol dimers ( )ampelopsin b and ( )viniferin is reported .
highlights of the approach include the use of cyclopropylmethyl groups to protect aromatic alcohols .
this group allows an acid promoted threestep , onepot deprotection epimerization
cyclization of an advanced in... |
the effect of residual renal function ( rrf ) in patients with end stage renal disease in peritoneal dialysis is extensively studied and is associated with lower morbidity and mortality .
the canusa study has proven that for every 0.5 ml / min additional glomerular filtration rate ( gfr ) there was a 9% lower risk o... | residual renal function ( rrf ) has an important role in the overall morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients .
the role of angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitor ( acei ) in preserving renal function in chronic proteinuric nephropathies is well documented .
we test the hypothesis that enalapril ( an ace... |
one mechanism used by cells to prevent the overexpression of genes is to target their mrna for decay .
although several destabilizing elements have been described to alter mrna stability , the most widely studied is the adenine / uridine - rich element ( are ) , which often includes a repeat of the auuua pentamer .
... | messenger ribonucleic acids ( mrnas ) containing adenine / uridine - rich elements ( ares ) in their 3 untranslated region are particularly labile , allowing for the regulation of expression for growth factors , oncoproteins , and cytokines .
the regulators , effectors , and location of are - mediated decay ( amd ) h... |
resistance exercise helps improve the strength of all the muscles of the body and can be
performed continuously at any location .
well - designed resistance exercise programs have been
reported to effectively improve muscle strength and the ability to perform exercise ,
increase fat - free mass , and decrease b... | [ purpose ] the purpose of the present study was to determine whether vibrations should be
applied before resistance exercises by examining changes in stress hormone levels with
vibrations applied before different exercise intensities .
[ subjects ] eighteen male
subjects in their 20s were included , and were r... |
transient ischemic attacks ( tia ) typically present with neurological deficits such as loss of muscle power , reduced sensation , or loss of vision . symptoms such as involuntary movements are not generally regarded to be a feature of cerebral ischemic episodes .
limb shaking tias are a rare form of tias that presen... | limb shaking transient ischemic attack is a rare manifestation of carotid - occlusive disease .
the symptoms usually present with seizure like activity and often misdiagnosed as focal seizures . only on careful history the important clinical clues - which may help in differentiating from seizure
- are revealed : la... |
despite advances in pharmacologic management ( 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 ) and device therapy ( 6 ) , improvement in left ventricular ( lv ) function in congestive heart failure ( chf ) patients , while statistically significant , remains relatively mild in many subjects .
the late sodium current ( ina ) present in chf cause... | backgroundranolazine ( ran ) reduces cardiac sodium channel 1.5 s late sodium current in congestive heart failure ( chf ) , reducing myocardial calcium overload , potentially improving left ventricular ( lv ) function .
ran blocks neuronal sodium channel 1.7 , potentially altering parasympathetic and sympathetic ( p&... |
it is generally accepted that genomic instability , whether inherent or induced by external agents , is a primary event leading to neoplastic transformation in the multistep path of carcinogenesis .
genomic instability in women with cervical carcinoma has been demonstrated using chromosomal abnormalities , sister c... | a hospital - based unmatched case - control study was performed in order to determine the relation of dna single ( ssb ) and double ( dsb ) strand breaks in women with and without cervical neoplasia .
cervical epithelial cells of 30 women : 10 with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions ( lg - sil ) , 10 with hig... |
periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms , resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation , recession , or both .
periodontal diseases are ... | a case - control study was done to assess the influence of smoking on clinical , microbiological , and histopathological parameters .
methods .
two hundred dentate male patients ( 100 smokers and 100 nonsmokers ) ranging between 25 and 50 years were enrolled in the study .
periodontal parameters were recorded .
... |
health sector is labor intensive where service quality and efficiency are directly influenced by workers satisfaction , motivation and health worker 's willingness to apply resources to the task at work place .
job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one 's j... | introduction : job satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job . the core components of information necessary for what satisfies and motivates the health work force in our country are missing at policy level .
therefore present study will help us to know the f... |
the authors ' affiliations were published as : neil z miller , independent researcher , santa fe , new mexico , usa
gary s goldman , independent computer scientist , pearblossom , california , usa however , for the purposes of this publication the correct affiliations are as follows : neil z miller , think twice glo... | corrigendum to ' infant mortality rates regressed against number of vaccine doses routinely given :
is there a biochemical or synergistic toxicity ? ' by neil z miller and gary s goldman , human and
experimental toxicology , published online before print may 4 , 2011 , doi : 10.1177/0960327111407644 , and
also in... |
unilateral cerebral palsy ( u - cp ) is the most common type of cerebral palsy ( cp ) , with an incidence of 1 in 1000 live - births .
typically , the upper limb ( ul ) is more involved than the lower , with impairments of spasticity , sensation , and reduced strength .
effective use of the arm and hand to reach , ... | noninvasive rehabilitation strategies for children with unilateral cerebral palsy are routinely used to improve hand motor function , activity , and participation .
nevertheless , the studies exploring their effects on brain structure and function are very scarce . recently
, structural neuroplasticity was demonstr... |
chronic liver disease ( cld ) represents a significant public health problem world - wide .
the current major ones , such as viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease , were estimated to have a collective morbidity of up to 20% of the general population . without effective management
, clds normally shar... | objective : the present mini - review updated the progress in methodologies based on using liver biopsy.data sources : articles for study of liver fibrosis , liver biopsy or fibrosis assessment published on high impact peer review journals from 1980 to 2014.study selection : key articles were selected mainly according ... |
chondrosarcoma of the larynx is quite rare , comprising 1% of all laryngeal primary tumors [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] .
primary malignant lesions originating from the subglottis area are also rare and constitute between 1 and 3.6% of all laryngeal cancers [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] . in subglottic cancers ,
epidermoid carcinoma was found in... | chondrosarcoma is categorized as a malignant cartilaginous tumor , which occurs rarely in the craniofacial region .
we report the case of a 68-year - old man with chondrosarcoma in the subglottic area .
his chief symptoms were hoarseness and mild dysphagia .
a computed tomography scan revealed a lesion with expan... |
vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat infections caused by gram - positive organisms , most commonly methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( mrsa ) .
it is used for a variety of infections including cellulitis , pneumonia , sepsis , and endocarditis .
due to potential side effects such as ne... | purpose . to determine if the use of a novel vancomycin nomogram predicts dosing regimens that achieve target trough concentrations equal to or more accurate than dosing regimens calculated using traditional pharmacokinetic calculations , evaluate the incidence of subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic troughs , and asses... |
plants are constantly exposed to microbes and counteract them by activating an innate immune response , including mechanisms of basal and race - specific resistance .
a contemporary view of plant immunity proposes a model where the first line of active plant defense involves plant pathogen recognition through specifi... | plant pathogenic bacteria cause diseases in important crops and seriously and negatively impact agricultural production .
therefore , an understanding of the mechanisms by which plants resist bacterial infection at the stage of the basal immune response or mount a successful specific r - dependent defense response is... |
malnutrition in hospital patients is a global concern : up to 50% of inpatients are malnourished or at risk for malnutrition.16 this is also true for the people s republic of china , where figures of undernutrition in hospital patients are close to 10%.7 in fact , the overall percentage of hospitalized patients at nutr... | background and objectivesclinical evidence supports the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( pufa)-enriched lipid emulsions in place of standard lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition ( pn ) for intensive care unit ( icu ) patients , but uptake may be limited by higher costs .
we compared clinical and economi... |
the technique is used for evacuation of fluid contents or administration of medicines ( fig .
example injection administering medicine to a ganglion on the dorsal side of the wrist an advantage of ultrasound - guided ( us - guided ) procedures is the control of the needle insertion path and , if needed , the possibi... | minor procedures with an injection needle are frequently performed in orthopedic clinics .
they may be of a diagnostic , diagnostic and therapeutic or purely therapeutic nature .
ultrasound guidance while inserting the needle allows for a safe medicine administration and evacuation of fluid contents .
it improves... |
iron deficiency anemia ( ida ) is prevalent and a major public health care issue [ 1 , 2 ] .
ida has been associated with motor and cognitive developmental deficits in children and may be irreversible [ 37 ] .
ida may have an even greater impact on select populations who are already at risk for intellectual and dev... | background . iron deficiency anemia impacts on cognitive development .
the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in children with down syndrome and identify risk factors for anemia .
methods .
we conducted a prolective cross - sectional study of children attending a... |
the highest mortality rate in the world is associated with cardiovascular diseases . based on who documents issued in sept 2012 , out of 17.3 million patients who died of cardiovascular diseases in 2008 , the cause was coronary artery disease in 7.3 million .
coronary artery bypass grafting ( cabg ) is one of the mos... | background : improving the patients quality of life ( qol ) after coronary artery bypass grafting ( cabg ) is one of the main concerns of the treatment team .
educational interventions may affect the aspects of qol in various ways .
the present study aimed to investigate the effect of education based on the main co... |
laserassisted tattoo removal has wellknown limitations . often a lengthy regimen of many treatment sessions is required .
although a scale has been described that estimates the number of required sessions 2 , it is often difficult for the clinician to predict the number of treatment sessions required for satisfactory... | background and objectivesperfluorodecalin ( pfd ) has previously been shown to rapidly dissipate the opaque , white microbubble layer formed after exposure of tattoos to qswitched lasers [ 1 ] .
the current pilot study was conducted to qualitatively determine if the use of a transparent pfdinfused silicone patch woul... |
the identification of effective polypeptide
ligands for magnetic
iron oxide nanoparticles ( ionps ) could considerably accelerate the
high - throughput analysis of ionp - based reagents for imaging and cell
labeling .
we developed a procedure for screening ionp ligands and
applied it to compare candidate pe... | |
nowadays , postsurgical adhesion formation has become an important challenge in surgery and occurs in almost 97% of all abdominal surgeries .
development of adhesion after any surgical process is influenced by various factors , such as , complexity of operation , extent of peritoneal trauma , previous illness , and p... | background : the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of vitamin a and c , as the agents that improve wound healing , on the adhesion formation process.materials and methods : sixty male wistar rats were used .
they underwent midline laparotomy , for repair of a peritoneal injury , and were then assigned to... |
approximately one million children are born worldwide through assisted reproductive techniques ( art ) . in many developed countries ,
the most important problems of art are the result of prematurity and low birth weight ( lbw)[3 , 4 ] . in three studies , prematurity and
in five other case - control studies on art... | objectivedue to recent scientific progress in assisted reproductive techniques ( art ) , infertile couples can now become fertile .
thus , a number of infants in our country are the results of these costly interventions .
this study has been undertaken to evaluate the physical growth process of different methods of... |
the world health organization ( who ) has had control of the international spread of infectious diseases as one of its core functions since the first world health assembly ( wha ) in 1948 .
the priorities over the ensuing decades have changed , as new diseases have emerged and others have been controlled , and even e... | the global outbreak alert and response network ( goarn ) was established in 2000 as a network of technical institutions , research institutes , universities , international health organisations and technical networks willing to contribute and participate in internationally coordinated responses to infectious disease ou... |
osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease with spectrum ranging from asymptomatic bone loss to disabling hip fracture .
several studies have reported relationships between medication persistence and reduced fracture risk.[2 - 4 ] highly persistent patients showed significant reduction of relative risk for all f... | backgroundrecently long - term safety of bisphosphonate raises issues about the duration of therapy .
we examined the effects of a drug holiday ( dh ) on bone mineral density ( bmd ) and bone turnover markers.methodsin korean , 125 women of 50 years of age or older with t - score-3.0 of their lumbar or left femoral b... |
luteinizing thecoma with sclerosing peritonitis is a rare ovarian tumor , the etiology and pathogenesis is not clear till date .
the entity was proposed in 1994 , and an association with anti - epileptic drugs was suggested .
approximately 30 cases has been reported among which a few indian reports has been documen... | a unique case of unilateral ovarian luteinized thecoma with sclerosing peritonitis is reported because the association between these two conditions is extremely rare .
etiology is not clearly known .
a 50-year - old post - menopausal woman presented with pain abdomen and huge swelling . pelvic contrast - enhanced c... |
central line placement is associated with risk of inadvertent puncture of the artery , pleura , and other nearby structures .
these risks have been very much reduced with the use of point of care ultrasound .
even though ultrasound can guide proper puncture of the vessel desired , it can not help in following or di... | central venous placement using ultrasound has significantly reduced the complications associated with blind puncture
. the central venous catheter can still get misplaced if it follows an anomalous route after appropriate puncture of desired vessel .
we report a case of misplaced dialysis catheter into the accessor... |
as malnutrition is often present in cachexia,1 nutritional intervention has been one of the widely accepted strategies recommended by guidelines.2 , 3 , 4 the role of nutritional support in patients with cancer and cachexia has been examined in detail by previous reviews.5 , 6 however , the findings suggest that nutrit... | abstractas malnutrition is often present in cachexia , nutritional intervention has been one of the widely accepted strategies .
a literature review of cachexia models with dietary interventions in the present issue of this journal pointed out that the majority of nutrient intervention studies were of n3 fatty acid ,... |
a 46-year - old female with a history of diabetes mellitus , morbid obesity , peripheral vascular disease , and dense peripheral neuropathy was initially treated in another facility ( private outpatient clinic ) for a calcaneal puncture wound with multiple incision and debridement procedures .
the patient had a histo... | the treatment of calcaneal osteomyelitis in diabetic patients poses a great challenge to the treating physician and surgeon . the use of a distally based sural neurofasciocutaneous flap after an aggressive debridement of non - viable and poorly vascularized tissue and bone that is combined with a thorough antibiotic re... |
the study population included the 45 to 65 years old women with type ii diabetes who referred to charity center of diabetes in isfahan .
sample size was determined to be 39 , using sample size formula and considering 15% additional samples .
the women with type ii diabetes , who were at least diagnosed five years a... | background : visfatin is an adipocytokine which is secreted from adipose tissue and can affect on the diabetes inflammatory reaction and also serum lipids level . on the other hand
, omega-3 can also prevent formation of insulin resistance . in the present study ,
the effect of omega-3 on the serum visfatin concent... |
acne has similar negative effects as chronic systemic diseases on mental , social health and on the patient s quality of life .
therapeutic success not only depends on the appropriate selection of drugs , but also on the patient s treatment adherence or compliance .
adherence is defined as the extent to which a pat... | background : therapeutic success in acne patients not only depends on the appropriate selection of drugs but also on the patient s treatment adherence or compliance .
lack of adherence is an important problem both in general medicine and in dermatologic practice.objective:to evaluate the impact of oral and written co... |
hiv infection increases the risk for invasive cervical carcinoma and its precursors , sils [ 14 ] .
the introduction of haart has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in hiv - infected patients .
some studies have reported a beneficial effect of haart with increase in regression [ 58 ] , or decrease in pro... | background .
more hiv - infected women are reaching older age and menopause , but there is limited information on cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions ( sils ) on these women . methods . to assess the effect of haart and menopause on sils in hiv - infected women , we reviewed the results of papanicolaou ( pap ) ... |
the clinical picture of cerebral venous thrombosis is variable , and a wide spectrum of neurological symptoms has been described .
several cranial nerve syndromes in cvt have been identified and attributed to extension of thrombosis into contiguous venous tributaries , which leads to direct pressure and subsequent pa... | cerebral venous thrombosis ( cvt ) is a well - recognized entity , but its clinical presentation is varied and often mimics many neurological disorders , making it a diagnostic challenge .
cerebral venous thrombosis has a wide spectrum of signs and symptoms , which may evolve suddenly or over weeks .
it mimics many... |
torsion of a stimulated ovary occurring after in vitro fertilization ( ivf)/intrauterine insemination ( iui ) is a rare event .
ovarian torsion should be suspected and ruled out in any female undergoing ovulation induction for iui or ivf , presenting with severe abdominal pain .
a 33-year - old lady with secondary ... | ovarian torsion is a rare entity and the diagnosis is commonly missed . here
we present a series of two cases of ovarian torsion .
first case followed the in vitro fertilization treatment , along with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome , where even with timely intervention and laparoscopy , we had to compromise one ... |
the sensations of bitter and sour deter us from ingesting potential toxic substances and strong acids , while the preferred qualities of sweet , umami ( glutamate ) , and salty encourage us to eat foods containing carbohydrates , amino acids , and sodium .
taste sensations are mediated by taste buds , which are small... | taste is a discriminative sense involving specialized receptor cells of the oral cavity ( taste buds ) and at least two distinct families of g protein - coupled receptor molecules that detect nutritionally important substances or potential toxins . yet
the receptor mechanisms that drive taste also are utilized by num... |
it is described as a proliferation of abnormal keratinocytes limited to the epidermis without invasion of the basement membrane .
historically , various terms have been used to define cancer precursors of the vulva including vin grades 1 - 3 and bowen s disease . in 2004 ,
the international society for the study of... | vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia ( vin ) is a premalignant disease of the vulvar squamous epithelium .
standard treatment for vin lesions is surgical excision .
alternative therapeutic options for conservative treatment have been sought by patients to prevent disfigurement and to preserve sexual function .
we pre... |
obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) is a frequent , albeit underdiagnosed problem in children . if left untreated
the immediate consequences of osa in children include behavioral disturbance and learning deficits , pulmonary hypertension , as well as compromised somatic growth .
however , if not treated promptly and ea... | mandibular retrognathism due to temporomandibular joint ( tmj ) ankylosis is one of the important contributing factors to the obstructive sleep apnea(osa ) .
such patients suffer from number of apneic or hyponeic events during sleep , snoring , daytime sleepiness , fatigue , inability to concentrate , irritability . ... |
adolescence denotes a time in which youth begins to experience dangerous behaviors like substance use and delinquency ( 1 ) .
delinquent behaviors are commonly defined as behaviors prohibited by law such as drug use , vandalism , larceny , burglary , and violence ( 2 ) .
delinquent behaviors such as vandalism and t... | background : adolescence denotes a time in which youth begins to experience dangerous behaviors like substance use and delinquency.objectives:in this study , we investigated the family power structure and identity style in delinquent and non - delinquent juveniles residing in tehran , iran.materials and methods : to ac... |
statins , hmg - coa reductase inhibiters , are effective in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and act principally by reducing cholesterol and triglyceride levels .
the relationship between high levels of plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic vascular disease is clearly established , with... | adequate vitamin d levels are necessary for good vascular health .
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol activates cyp3a4 , an enzyme of the cytochrome p450 system , which metabolizes atorvastatin to its main metabolites .
the objective of this study was to evaluate the response of cholesterol and triglycerides to
atorva... |
down syndrome ( ds ) and it s chromosomal basis is the most common genetic reason for congenital malformations in the human population ( 1 ) .
it has been recognized in 1933 ( 2 ) , occurring with an incidence of around 1/733 newborns ( 3 ) .
some people with down syndrome are mosaics with only a proportion of tris... | background : advanced paternal and/or maternal age is a classic risk factor for down syndrome . the aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of down syndrome types in children and its association with maternal and paternal age in bosnia and herzegovina.subjects and methods : the cross sectional , observational... |
several studies have been conducted citing the neuropsychological consequences regarding non - lethal hanging of adults .
the primary findings are described as memory deficits and anterograde - retrograde amnesia . however , isolated memory disturbances can occur , though rarely , without other cognitive dysfunctions... | lethal suspension ( hanging ) is one of the most common methods of attempting suicide .
spinal fractures , cognitive and motor deficits as well as epileptic seizures can be detected after unsuccessful hanging attempts .
introduced here is the case of a 25-year - old man exemplifying the clinical observations stated... |
the fasciculations can be defined as visible fast , fine , spontaneous and intermittent contractions of muscle fibers .
some neurologists call them verminosis , because they look like worms moving below the dermis .
undoubtedly , this finding in a neurological examination is of concern , given its close relationshi... | fasciculations are visible , fine and fast , sometimes vermicular contractions of fine muscle fibers that occur spontaneously and intermittently . the aim of this article is to discuss the main causes for fasciculations and their pathophysiology in different sites of the central / peripheral injury and in particular to... |
diverticular diseases of the gallbladder are unusual congenital or acquired diseases occurring only in 0.1% to 0.2% of cases in previous studies of resected gallbladder specimens.1 - 3 these diseases are divided into congenital ( true ) diverticula and acquired pseudodiverticula according to different developmental , c... | gallbladder diverticula have the appearance of hernia - like protrusions of the gallbladder wall .
this disorder may not be diagnosed until surgically resected because it has no clinical significance unless there are associated diseases .
gallbladder pseudodiverticula have an acquired cause , multiple fundal lesion... |
hypertension is predominantly essential , but in 15% of cases it is secondary to renal or endocrine diseases .
pheochromocytoma and extra - adrenal paraganglioma are rare chromaffin tumours arising from neural crest tissue that develops into sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia throughout the body .
these tu... | functioning paraganglioma is extra - adrenal catecholamine - secreting tumours that may cause secondary hypertension .
primary intrapericardial paragangliomas are very rare and are located adjacent to the great vessels or heart , typically near the left atrium .
these tumours are an exceptionally uncommon finding d... |
mild cognitive impairment ( mci ) often represents a transitional state between normal cognition and alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) [ 1 , 2 ] .
accurate prediction of transition from mci to ad aids in prognosis and targeting early treatment .
episodic verbal memory impairment and informant report of functional deficit... | a published predictor model in a single - site cohort study ( questionable dementia , qd ) that contained episodic verbal memory ( srt total recall ) , informant report of function ( faq ) , and mri measures was tested using logistic regression and roc analyses with comparable measures in a second multisite cohort stud... |
this was a prospective study of patients with type 2 diabetes and ckd stage iiib or iv ( estimated glomerular filtration rate [ modification of diet in renal disease ] 1544 ml / min per 1.73 m ) selected for treatment with intravenous iron and/or esas between january 2009 and december 2009 inclusive .
all patients we... | objectiveto examine the effect of intravenous iron and erythropoietin - stimulating agents ( esas ) on glycemic control and a1c of patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease ( ckd).research design and methodsthis was a prospective study of patients with type 2 diabetes and ckd stage iiib or iv undergoing intrave... |
serum samples were obtained from 823 febrile patients at the secretaria de salud de yucatn and other health institutions in merida during january october 2007 .
the patients resided in all 3 states of the yucatan peninsula of mexico : yucatan ( n = 809 ) , quintana roo ( n = 8) and campeche ( n = 6 ) .
the study w... | we performed a serologic investigation to determine whether orthobunyaviruses commonly infect humans in the yucatan peninsula of mexico .
orthobunyavirus - specific antibodies were detected by plaque reduction neutralization test in 146 ( 18% ) of 823 persons tested .
further studies are needed to determine health ... |
over recent years , there has been a growing number of reports indicating a relationship between serum thyrotropin and bone remodeling [ 1 - 9 ] .
animal studies have shown that reduced expression of the tsh receptor leads to the development of osteoporosis , in accordance with the hypothesis that tsh deficiency may ... | backgroundpathogenic role of tsh suppression in the damaged bone tissue , in contrast to increased concentrations of thyroid hormones is still unknown . the aim of study was to evaluate the relationship between serum tsh and biochemical bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with normal thyroid function and to a... |
as blood vessels nourish all the tissues and organs in the body , it is unsurprising that abnormal formation and maintenance of blood vessels contribute to pathogenesis of numerous disorders . indeed
, excessive vascular formation causes cancer , arthritis , psoriasis and infectious disease , and so forth , whereas a... | abnormal angiogenesis and vascular remodeling contribute to pathogenesis of a number of disorders such as tumor , arthritis , atherosclerosis , restenosis , hypertension , and neurodegeneration . during angiogenesis and vascular remodeling , behaviors of stem / progenitor cells , endothelial cells ( ecs ) , and vascula... |
saponins are key constituents of panax ginseng meyer to exhibit various pharmacological activities . to date , approximately 80 kinds of saponin have been isolated from p. ginseng .
most have two kinds of dammarane - type triterpenoid moieties as aglycones : protopanaxdiol ( diol , ppd ) and protopanaxtriol ( triol ... | ginseng roots were extracted with aqueous methanol , and extracts were suspended in water and extracted successively with ethyl acetate and n - butanol .
column chromatography using the n - butanol fraction yielded four purified triol ginseng saponins : the ginsenosides re , rf , rg2 , and 20-gluco - rf .
the physi... |
we identified 8,029 individuals aged 065 years entered in the registry from 1996 to 2005 .
data were routinely collected after patient consent in a standardized fashion from 50 british cystic fibrosis specialist centers .
of 8,029 patients , 6,678 had complete baseline data defined as registration followed within t... | objective longer survival of patients with cystic fibrosis has increased the occurrence of cystic fibrosis related diabetes ( cfrd ) . in this study
we documented the incidence of cfrd and evaluated the association between mutations responsible for cystic fibrosis and incident cfrd , while identifying potential ris... |
the latest world health organization investigation shows that hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) is one of the most common malignant diseases and the third leading cause of cancer - related death globally [ 1 , 2 ] . in 2008 , about half of the world 's new cases of liver cancer and related - death were from china , of w... | aim . sal - like protein 4 ( sall4 ) ,
is reexpressed in tissues of a subgroup of hcc associated with poor prognosis .
reports of sall4 serological levels linked to hcc patients are meager and unclear in the prognosis of this malignancy . methods .
immunohistochemistry and optical microscopy protocols were used t... |
molecular imaging is
a rapidly growing
area of chemistry that aims
to visualize cellular function and structure in a noninvasive manner
with the in vivo use of specially designed imaging agents .
the combination
of magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) and optical imaging offers synergistic
advantages over e... | two
novel dual - modal mri / optical probes based on a rhodamine
do3a
conjugate have been prepared .
the bis(aqua)gadolinium(iii ) complex gd.l1 and mono(aqua)gadolinium(iii ) complex gd.l2 behave as dual - modal imaging probes ( r1 = 8.5 and 3.8 mm1 s1 for gd.l1 and gd.l2 , respectively ; ex = 560 nm and em = ... |
recently , genomic sequencing has become far less expensive , and also has become more efficient , developing even faster than comparable computer technology as predicted by moore s law .
this has led to next - generation sequencing ( ngs ) being increasingly used to study nearly all types of malignancies , and gastr... | advancement in the field of cancer genomics is revolutionizing the molecular characterization of a wide variety of different cancers .
recent application of large - scale , next - generation sequencing technology to gastric cancer , which remains a major source of morbidity and mortality throughout the world , has he... |
although iron is an essential nutrient widely used for normal cell function , elevated iron concentrations in the lungs are associated with an increased risk of pulmonary injury .
iron - catalyzed oxidative stress contributes to lung injury after exposure to various toxins , including cigarette smoke .
smoking has ... | backgroundiron - catalyzed oxidative stress contributes to lung injury after exposure to various toxins , including cigarette smoke .
an oxidant / antioxidant imbalance is considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of copd .
ferritin is a key protein in iron homeostasis , and its capacity to oxidize and... |
parkinson s disease ( pd ) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder , characterized by bradykinesia , tremor and rigidity with postural instability developing later in the course of the illness along with gait and balance abnormalities.1 the motor symptoms associated with pd arise primarily from dopamine deficiency ... | continuous infusion of levodopa or apomorphine provide constant dopaminergic stimulations are good alternatives to deep brain stimulation to control motor fluctuations in patients with advanced parkinson s disease ( pd ) .
apomorphine provides motor benefit similar to dopamine , but its long - term use is limited by ... |
the principal goal of the systers project is to automatically partition all the available protein space . because the fully automated classification scheme does not rely on interventions and updates by experts , the systers approach is complementary to expert - curated protein domain or protein family classification sc... | the systers project aims to provide a meaningful partitioning of the whole protein sequence space by a fully automatic procedure .
a refined two - step algorithm assigns each protein to a family and a superfamily .
the sequence data underlying systers release 4 now comprise several protein sequence databases derive... |
post exposure prophylaxis ( pep ) is a medical response to prevent transmission of pathogens after potential exposure and refers to comprehensive management instituted to minimize the risk of infection following potential exposure to blood - borne pathogens ( hiv , hbv , hcv ) .
it includes first aid , counselling , ... | average risk of acquiring hiv infection after a percutaneous exposure to hiv infected blood is 0.3% .
post exposure prophylaxis ( pep ) for hiv refers to a set of comprehensive services to prevent hiv infection in exposed individuals where the exposure can be occupational/ non occupational and a provision of short te... |
studies have demonstrated that deviations in skeletal components such as the cranial base , mid - facial complex and mandible may be seen in patients with class iii skeletal malocclusion.[13 ] additionally , deviations in head and neck posture can also be associated with this type of malocclusion .
several of these s... | background and objective : studies have documented that deviations in skeletal components such as the cranial base , the mid - facial complex and the mandible may be associated with morphological factors in patients with class iii skeletal malocclusion .
furthermore , deviations in head and neck posture may be associ... |
however , many cancers remain refractory to treatment and develop resistance to treatment modalities over time . despite recent therapeutic advances , such as
the introduction of monoclonal antibodies and small - molecular inhibitors , treatment responses vary considerably among patients and a high relapse rate with ... | the development of novel targeted therapies with acceptable safety profiles is critical to successful cancer outcomes with better survival rates .
immunotherapy offers promising opportunities with the potential to induce sustained remissions in patients with refractory disease .
recent dramatic clinical responses i... |
in complete denture prosthetics , there are four fundamental requirements that every satisfactory denture should fulfill .
they are esthetics , phonetics , mastication and comfort.1 these requirements are achieved by applying proper techniques in complete denture construction .
thus , the correct determinations of ... | purposethe purpose of this study was to determine accurately the part of the tragus to be used to form the ala - tragal line or camper 's line in orthognathic profile patients.materials and methods150 dentate subjects with age of 18 - 40 years with orthognathic profile were sampled .
life - size lateral digital photo... |
as rising health care costs become an area of increasing focus , length of stay ( los ) after routine surgical procedures has become an important consideration . with over $ 1.5 billion dollars spent each year on the surgical management of lumbar stenosis
alone,1 the identification of factors that affect the associat... | study design retrospective case series .
objective recent studies suggest that baseline hematocrit ( hct ) levels may affect the surgical outcomes after orthopedic procedures .
the authors examined whether preoperative hct values had a significant effect on the hospital length of stay ( los ) after lumbar spinal ... |
stress - induced gastroduodenal erosions are a frequent occurrence in
critically ill patients , but it is the incidence of clinically important
complications resulting from these erosions that is important in deciding which
patients should receive prophylaxis .
clinically important complications inc... | background : no surveys of stress ulcer prophylaxis prescribing in the usa have
been conducted since 1995 . since that time ,
the most comprehensive meta - analysis
and largest randomized study to date concerning stress ulcer prophylaxis have
been published.results:three hundred sixty - eight surveys were sent ... |
we report the case of a 64-year - old man , who had been under immunosuppressive treatment for many years after a pulmonary transplant , who presented with diffuse viral warts on the neck and chin that had been present for 11 months ( fig .
cryotherapy sessions were conducted over the course of 9 months without succe... | a 64-year - old man with a pulmonary transplant developed diffuse verrucae vulgares of the neck . after the failure of multiple cryotherapy treatments ,
3 sessions of photodynamic therapy resulted in rapid therapeutic clinical success .
this moderately painful and well - tolerated treatment is reproducible and can ... |
a majority of the world 's hiv infections occur in generalized epidemic countries in sub - saharan africa , where hiv transmission is thought to be sustained by sexual behavior in the general population and would persist despite effective programs for high - risk sub - populations .
in contrast , concentrated epidemi... | backgroundmigrant populations such as mine workers contributed to the spread of hiv in sub - saharan africa .
we used a mathematical model to estimate the community - wide impact of targeting treatment and prevention to male migrants.methodswe augmented an individual - based network model , emod - hiv v0.8 , to inclu... |
disturbances in cell adhesion and cytoskeleton dynamics could signal an early event in oral carcinogenesis
.
these alterations , including loss of cell - cell adhesion and increase in cell motility , occur in the epithelial - mesenchymal transition ( emt ) process
.
emt transition is a biological process charac... | objective the current study aimed to investigate the -catenin expression in oral leukoplakia ( ol ) with different degrees of epithelial dysplasia and normal oral mucosa.material and methods formalin - fixed , paraffin - embedded tissue samples of 39 ol ( mild dysplasia n=19 , moderate dysplasia n=13 , and severe dyspl... |
the role of steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases is well established . oral contraceptives ( ocs )
may enhance periodontal breakdown by reducing the resistance to dental plaque and may induce gingival enlargement ( ge ) in otherwise healthy females.1,2 ocs accentuate the gingival response to l... | the purpose of this article is to report a case of unusual oral contraceptive induced periodontal endocrinopathies and its treatment approach . a 32-year - old female patient , having fair oral hygiene , presented with painless , soft , diffuse gingival enlargement on severely compromised periodontium ( 4 mm generaliz... |
colonoscopy is regarded as the most effective tool for colorectal screening in older patients ( > 50 years of age ) with an average risk of colorectal cancer and in younger patients with a high risk of colorectal cancer .
decreased incidence of colon cancer is associated with optimal colonoscopic examination of the e... | inadequate bowel preparation is observed in more than 25% of all colonoscopies .
identification of predictive factors for inadequate colon cleaning is helpful and more detailed preparation methods should be used for patients at high risk .
age , male sex , inpatient status , and comorbidities were identified as ind... |
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis ( xgn ) is an uncommon condition characterized by chronic suppurative renal inflammation that leads to progressive parenchymal destruction . in the past , the preoperative diagnosis of xgn was notoriously difficult because of its nonspecific clinical presentation and nonspecific radio... | background : xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis ( xgn ) is an uncommon condition characterized by chronic suppurative renal inflammation that leads to progressive parenchymal destruction.purpose:to review the computed tomography ( ct ) findings of patients diagnosed with xgn.materials and methods : a retrospective revi... |
it has many clinical and socio - economic impacts on patients , families and the community . in areas where mycetoma is endemic , local health care facilities and health education
mycetoma is a hard - to - treat disease in many tropical and subtropical regions due to multifactorial reasons .
although such infection... | background : mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by true fungi ( eumycetoma ) or filamentous bacteria ( actinomycetoma ) .
it usually involves the subcutaneous tissue after a traumatic inoculation of the causative organism .
we reviewed retrospectively 13 patients with mycetoma.materials and methods ... |
gabaergic striatal projection neurons ( spns ) and gabaergic and cholinergic interneurons are the target of corticostriatal afferents . acetylcholine ( ach ) plays a role in the processes that modulate cortical inputs onto spns [ 26 ] since cholinergic interneurons respond earlier than spns after a cortical command .
... | striatal projection neurons ( spns ) process motor and cognitive information .
their activity is affected by parkinson 's disease , in which dopamine concentration is decreased and acetylcholine concentration is increased .
acetylcholine activates muscarinic receptors in spns .
its main source is the cholinergic ... |
a recent analysis of hospital glucometry data by bersoux and cook from january to december 2012 was conducted on 51.4 million measurements from 2.6 million inpatients .
the authors found that the prevalence of hypoglycaemia ( < 4 mmol / l or 70 mg / dl ) was 6.1% in non - icu patients and 5.6% in icu patients , whi... | background .
poor inpatient glycaemic control has a prevalence exceeding 30% and results in increased length of stay and higher rates of hospital complications and inpatient mortality .
the aim of this study was to improve inpatient glycaemic control by developing an alert system to process point - of - care blood ... |
the online version of this article ( doi:10.1007/s00125 - 011 - 2311 - 5 ) contains peer - reviewed but unedited supplementary material , which is available to authorised users .
metformin is one of the most widely used glucose - lowering agents to treat type 2 diabetes and is now recommended as the first - line dr... | aim / hypothesisthe glucose - lowering drug metformin has been shown to activate hepatic amp - activated protein kinase ( ampk ) , a master kinase regulating cellular energy homeostasis .
however , the underlying mechanisms remain controversial and have never been investigated in primary human hepatocytes.methodshepa... |
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