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reversible protein phosphorylation is a major mechanism in the regulation of fundamental signaling events in all living organisms . in bacteria , four types of phosphorylation systems were described : ( i ) the two - component system ( 1 ) , ( ii ) the phosphoenolpyruvate ( pep ) transferase system ( pts ) ( 2 ) , ( ...
bacterial tyrosine - kinases share no resemblance with their eukaryotic counterparts and they have been unified in a new protein family named by - kinases . these enzymes have been shown to control several biological functions in the bacterial cells . in recent years biochemical studies , sequence analyses and stru...
the total removal of the larynx ( total laryngectomy ) , performed in 1872 by the well - known viennese surgeon christian a. theodor billroth ( 18291894 ) , was an epoch - making event in the history of surgery and laryngology . this paper presents the first surgeons who performed this operation . the first pole who ...
the quest for newer materials is never ending in the field of restorative dentistry and endodontics . ideal characteristics lead to the introduction of mineral trioxide aggregate ( mta ) by torabinejad et al . , in 1993 . mta was recommended initially as a root - end filling material ; however , its use has been s...
aims : this study examined the setting time , compressive strength , and ph of white mineral trioxide aggregate ( mta ) mixed with various additives : calcium chloride ( cacl2 ) , calcium formate ( caf ) , disodium hydrogen orthophosphate ( na2hpo4).materials and methods : group 1 ( control ) was obtained by mixing mta...
the open access publication charges for this paper has been waived by oxford university press .
pdbselect ( http://bioinfo.tg.fh-giessen.de/pdbselect/ ) is a list of representative protein chains with low mutual sequence identity selected from the protein data bank ( pdb ) to enable unbiased statistics . the list increased from 155 chains in 1992 to more than 4500 chains in 2009 . pdbfilter - select is an onl...
atrial fibrillation ( af ) represents the most common sustained supraventricular arrhythmia , which is also noteworthy for its growing incidence in the elderly population . it is associated with increased mortality , risk of stroke , and exacerbation of heart failure . since pharmacological treatment of arrhythmia...
backgroundcatheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation yields an unsatisfactorily high number of failures . the hybrid approach has recently emerged as a technique that overcomes the limitations of both surgical and catheter procedures alone.methods and resultswe investigated the sequential ( staged ) hybrid met...
olfaction contributes to the finding of food , hosts , reproductive partners , in the making of developmental decisions , and to the evasion from predators . studies into the olfactory system of the model nematode caenorhabditis elegans have yielded detailed descriptions of the molecular and cellular pathways that su...
the relationship between biological network architectures and evolution is unclear . within the phylum nematoda olfaction represents a critical survival tool . for nematodes , olfaction contributes to multiple processes including the finding of food , hosts , and reproductive partners , making developmental decisio...
next - generation whole - genome and exome - sequenced cancer samples were previously sequenced by members of the international cancer genome consortium , the cancer genome atlas and other centres . high - confidence somatic substitutions were obtained from these consortia or other peer - reviewed publications not re...
introductionthe somatic mutations in a cancer genome are the aggregate outcome of one or more mutational processes operative through the life of the cancer patient1 - 3 . each mutational process leaves a characteristic mutational signature determined by the mechanisms of dna damage and repair that constitute it . a...
brazil is a country whose population consists of several different nationalities , among them the japanese . japanese immigration occurred mainly from 1908 to 1935 , and the large ethnic group living in brazil has prevented crossbreeding . as a result , japanese physical characteristics can be easily noted in japanes...
objectivesquantitative evaluation of palpebral dimensions of japanese residents in japan and japanese descendant ( nikkeis ) who live in brazil , in order to define if environmental factors may influence these parameters.methodsa prospective study evaluating 107 nikkeis from brazil and 114 japanese residents in japan ,...
mosquitoes transmit some of the most deadly infectious diseases of humans . although malaria is the best known arthropod - transmitted viruses ( arboviruses ) include the causative agents of dengue , yellow fever , west nile virus , chikungunya , and many others . the life cycle of these viruses typically depends o...
a recent paper in bmc microbiology shows how suppression of mosquito innate immunity against a virus that the mosquito can normally tolerate increases mosquito mortality . this is just one of several approaches that may soon bring genetics - based mosquito control methods from the laboratory into the field .
pneumatosis intestinalis ( pi ) and portal venous gas ( pvg ) are individually worrying radiological signs . both are associated with severe mesenteric ischaemia and when present with symptoms of abdominal pain have a mortality rate in excess of 75% . however , both can exist either individually or concurrently wit...
pneumatosis intestinalis ( pi ) is defined as the presence of gas within the serosal or mucosal layer bowel wall . this sign is usually found upon radiographic imaging and is most commonly secondary to acute gastro - intestinal ischaemia . fifteen per cent of cases can present with a primary condition called pneuma...
although cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome ( chs ) is well documented after carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting , only a few cases have been described after intracranial stenting . after the stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis and vitesse stent ischemic therapy ...
cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome ( chs ) is a rare complication following cerebral revascularization . it presents with ipsilateral headache , seizures , and intracerebral hemorrhage . it has mostly been described following extracranial carotid endarterectomy and stenting and it is very unusual after intracranial s...
moxifloxacin is a new 8-methoxy - quinolone with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against organisms gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria , anaerobes , and atypical organism such as mycoplasma and chlamydia spp . it has some characteristics such as a wide spectrum of bactericidal activity , a large v...
this study describes disposition of long - acting moxifloxacin and conventional formulations of moxifloxacin in sheep after intravenous administration in five male sheep . long acting moxifloxacin solution ( 10% moxifloxacin in solution with l - arginine , n - butyl alcohol , and benzyl alcohol ) and conventional mox...
the pediatric risk of mortality ( prism ) score is effective in predicting children 's mortality . information about the predictive value of prism score is very limited outside america and europe , especially in developing countries . especially in centers with limited pediatric intensive care unit ( picu ) beds , by...
objectivethe pediatric risk of mortality ( prism ) score is one of the scores used by many pediatricians for prediction of the mortality risk in the pediatric intensive care unit ( picu ) . herein , we intend to evaluate the efficacy of prism score in prediction of mortality rate in picu.methodsin this cohort study ,...
osteoid osteoma is an osteoblastic benign bone lesion that may be easily diagnosed when the typical clinical and radiological features are present . however , diagnosis may occasionally be difficult if the lesion is in an area not clearly seen on plain radiographs , or if it presents with atypical clinical findings.1...
a 34-year - old man with a subtrochanteric osteoid osteoma localized to the lateral cortex of the left femur is reported . the patient presented with mild spontaneous pain of the lateral thigh and knee . he refused a radiographic examination and was treated as a greater trochanteric pain syndrome for 9 months . he ...
influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality in the united states ( us ) , with associated costs of 1077 billion dollars [ 13 ] . current us influenza surveillance activities include the reporting of the percentage of outpatient visits due to influenza - like illness ( ili ) , reports of laboratory - confirme...
objectives . disease surveillance combines data collection and analysis with dissemination of findings to decision makers . the timeliness of these activities affects the ability to implement preventive measures . influenza surveillance has traditionally been hampered by delays in both data collection and dissemina...
chiral gas chromatography ( gc ) analyses were performed by using a heptakis(2,3dioacetyl6otbutyldimethylsilyl)cyclodextrincolumn ( machereynagel , dren , germany ) on a gc14a gas chromatograph ( shimadzu , tokyo , japan ) and by using a heptakis(2,6odiomethyl3opentyl)cyclodextrincolumn ( machereynagel , dren , germany...
summaryenantiomerically pure arylalkyl carboxylic acids are important synthetic intermediates for the preparation of a wide range of compounds with biological and pharmacological activities . a library of 83 enzymes isolated from the metagenome was searched for activity in the hydrolysis of ethyl esters of three race...
menopause is associated with an increase in intra - abdominal fat , which is considered a major risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) . however , whether an increased risk of cvd in postmenopausal women is due to altered body composition , changes in reproductive hormones , or some other physi...
we hypothesized that soy isoflavones would attenuate the anticipated increase in androidal fat mass in postmenopausal women during the 36-month treatment , and thereby favorably modify the circulating cardiometabolic risk factors : triacylglycerol , ldl - c , hdl - c , glucose , insulin , uric acid , c - reactive pro...
cage : cap analysis of gene expression , a method based on selection of rnas containing the 5 cap modification and obtaining short sequences or tags near the 5 end of these rnas . encode : encyclopedia of dna elements , an nhgri - sponsored project aimed at empirically identifying functionally important element in th...
the mysteries surrounding the 9798% of the human genome that does not encode proteins have long captivated imagination of scientists . does the protein - coding , 23% of the genome carry the 9798% as a mere passenger and neutral cargo on the evolutionary path , or does the latter have biological function ? on one...
fine needle aspiration cytology ( fnac ) has been applied routinely as a useful and indispensable method to diagnose thyroid lesions . however , it is still quite difficult to establish a precise diagnosis of follicular lesions of the thyroid preoperatively by cytology . the present study was undertaken to analyse ...
aim : to evaluate the cytomorphometric features in fine needle aspiration cytology ( fnac ) of thyroid lesions.materials and methods : fnac of 36 thyroid cases was reviewed . the study included 10 cases each of follicular lesion , adenomatous goiter , papillary carcinoma , 4 cases of medullary carcinoma and 2 cases o...
maculopathy associated with hypotony was first described by dellaporta in 1954,1 but the term hypotony maculopathy was coined by gass in 1977.2 chorioretinal folds can be identified with a number of conditions , but they are most frequently associated with hypotony.3 when folds extend to the macula , vision loss ofte...
chorioretinal folds may occur as a consequence of hypotony and can be a cause of vision loss when associated with macular involvement . in this report , the spectral domain ocular coherence tomography imaging of three patients with chorioretinal folds before and after management are presented . the cases had unique...
the median age of the sample was 60 years ( range : 3587 years ) . all were in - patients in a coronary intensive care unit ( getafe hospital , madrid ) and were evaluated , in the first instance , within the first 4872 hours after the mi . a number of exclusion criteria were used : having suffered a similar episod...
background there is a controversy as to whether the diagnostic umbrella of post - traumatic stress reactions is directly applicable to serious health conditions like myocardial infarction ( mi).objective the principal objective of this study was to examine longitudinally the prevalence of posttraumatic stress - related...
. interactions of connective tissue cells chiefly fibroblasts with numerous inflammatory mediators and cytokines present at the site of injury initiate an inflammatory response that destroys the collagenous and non - collagenous proteins in the extracellular matrix of the periodontium . cementum of the root becomes e...
background : it is suggested that diabetes plays an important role in tooth loss . the periodontal structure and alveolar bone architecture in diabetics have revealed alterations . however , changes in cementum of diabetics with periodontal disease have not been evaluated adequately . thus , the aim of the study ...
today , many middle - aged women suffer from urinary incontinence , because of the decrease in the strength of their pelvic floor and urethral sphincter muscles due to pregnancy , delivery and aging1,2,3,4 . urologic diseases , particularly urinary incontinence , tend to decrease people s self - esteem and caus...
[ purpose ] this study examined the effect of belly dancing on the urinary incontinence - related muscles and vaginal pressure in middle - aged women to provide fundamental data for establishing an effective training program focusing on mitigating and preventing urinary incontinence . [ subjects and methods ] the...
serous cystic neoplasm ( scn ) of the pancreas is a very rare benign lesion , accounting for only 1% to 2% of all pancreatic tumors . in 2010 , several new types of scn were added to the world health organization criteria for pancreatic tumor classification ; this includes the mixed scns and pancreatic neuroendocrine...
abstractintroduction : the aim of this study was to report a new case of mixed serous neuroendocrine neoplasm ( msnn ) and review the literature concerning this type of lesion , which was added to the world health organization classification of pancreatic tumors in 2010.results:a 73-year - old woman presented with a pa...
the childbearing years pose potential obesity risk for women because of excessive gestational weight gain ( gwg ) and postpartum weight retention [ 24 ] . excess gwg and postpartum weight retention result in suboptimal pre- and perinatal health and predispose both mothers and their infants to long - term chronic dise...
women of reproductive age are particularly at risk of obesity because of excessive gestational weight gain ( gwg ) and postpartum weight retention , resulting in poor health outcomes for both mothers and infants . the purpose of this qualitative study was to examine perceptions and barriers to gwg among low - income ...
a cross - legged position is that in which the lower legs are folded towards the body , crossing each other at the ankle or calf , with both ankles on the floor . this posture has various names originating from different cultural backgrounds : in english , it is referred to as indian style ; in many european language...
objectiveto compare radiographic analysis on the sagittal lumbar curve when standing , sitting on a chair , and sitting on the floor.methodsthirty asymptomatic volunteers without a history of spinal pathology were recruited . the study population comprised 11 women and 19 men with a mean age of 29.8 years . an inde...
hospitals , as the most important healthcare organizations , have a leading role in health promotion in society , and their coordinated action with a set of political , social , and cultural factors leads to people s health . since this sector is the main consumer of a large part of the healthcare budget in a country...
introductionpublic - private partnerships ( ppps ) have been constructively considered in recent years to reform health sectors in many countries . this study aimed at explaining the strategies to develop and promote ppps in the provision of hospital services in iran.methodsthis qualitative study was conducted in 201...
echinococcus multilocularis is one of the rare types of parasitic infestations in the northern hemisphere which can involve several organs , especially the liver . however , there is not enough information about liver involvement related to this parasite in human beings ( hepatic alveolar echinococcosis ) ( 1 ) . l...
contextechinococcus multilocularis is the cause of alveolar hydatid disease , which most commonly involves the liver in more than 90% of cases . this disease is endemic in northern iran . however , there are very few published cases from iran . in this article , we will review all of the published cases of hepatic ...
appendectomy for acute appendicitis is one of the most common emergency general surgery procedures performed in the united states . while novel nonoperative treatments for acute appendicitis are emerging , the mainstay of treatment for nonperforated appendicitis remains laparoscopic removal of the appendix . in the c...
background and objectives : laparoscopic appendectomy remains one of the most common emergency general surgical procedures in the united states . in an era of increasing focus on costs in medical care , we sought to evaluate the use of polymeric clips to secure the appendiceal base during laparoscopic appendectomy.me...
a 57-year - old man was referred to samsung medical center with abrupt confusion , fever , and loss of vision in both eyes . the patient was in his usual state of health until two weeks prior , when he began to develop sudden loss of vision in his right eye . in another hospital , he was diagnosed with retinal vascul...
acute retinal necrosis ( arn ) , a viral retinal disease with poor visual prognosis , following herpes simplex encephalitis ( hse ) are uncommonly seen , and there has been no case yet reported of the reverse situation . we herein present the reverse situation , an immune - competent patient with hse following arn . ...
anterior choroidal artery ( achoa ) aneurysms ( achoaa ) are rare and count for less than 5% of all intracranial aneurysms . most of the time , achoaa arise from the posterior wall of the internal carotid artery ( ica ) and are located at the proximal segment near the origin10 ) . distal achoaas ( daa ) are even mo...
a 35 years old woman presented with an acute meningeal syndrome following an intra ventricular haemorrhage without subarachnoid haemorrhage . the angiography demonstrated a 6 mm partially thrombosed saccular aneurysm at the plexal point of the right anterior choroidal artery ( achoa ) . it was surgically approached...
cyanotic congenital heart disease is still a common occurrence and many patients with uncorrected cardiac lesions present for various non - cardiac surgery . this case report is aimed at presenting a case of labor epidural analgesia and subsequently epidural anaesthesia in a patient with uncorrected pentalogy of fall...
tetraology of fallot is the most common congenital heart disease causing intracardiac right - left shunts . it is characterized by presence of ventricular septal defect , aortic overriding , pulmonary artery outflow obstruction and right ventricular hypertrophy . when these features are associated with atrial septa...
the second - order evolution equation ( 1)l[u]ut+uux+uxx=0 was proposed by burgers as a one - dimensional turbulence model . ( 1 ) is also applied to model other phenomena in physics , chemistry , mathematical biology , etc . a fairly complete review of properties of the burgers equation can be found in [ 3 , c...
the solution of the problem on reduction operators and nonclassical reductions of the burgers equation is systematically treated and completed . a new proof of the theorem on the special no - go case of regular reduction operators is presented , and the representation of the coefficients of operators in terms of s...
the threats of terrorism and criminal bombing are becoming ever more serious problems for all countries . to find hidden explosives , various types of detectors for explosives bulk detection includes x - ray imaging , nuclear quadrupole resonance ( nqr ) , and neutron techniques that are used to determine the shape a...
the development of a robust ionization source using the counter - flow apci , miniature mass spectrometer , and an automated sampling system for detecting explosives are described . these development efforts using mass spectrometry were made in order to improve the efficiencies of on - site detection in areas such as...
animals : all experiments were performed using female wistar imamichi rats , 910 weeks of age , 218.45 2.09 g ( mean se ) in weight , and obtained from the institute of animal reproduction ( kasumigaura , japan ) . the animals were reared in a room with the temperature controlled at 22 2c , humidity at 50 5...
abstractpregnant rats were treated with 30 mg / kg of methotrexate ( mtx ) on gestation day 13 , and fetal brains were examined histopathologically from 6 to 48 hr after the treatment . in the telencephalon of the control group , there were few pyknotic neuroepithelial cells throughout the experimental period . ...
the dpp design and methods have been described ( 1 ) . in brief , eligible participants had impaired glucose tolerance and elevated fasting glucose levels , bmi 24 kg / m ( > 22 kg / m for asian americans ) , and were at least age 25 years ( 1 ) . the lifestyle intervention ( 12 ) had two specific goals : to lose at ...
objectiveto identify the most important pretreatment characteristics and changes in psychological and behavioral factors that predict weight outcomes in the diabetes prevention program ( dpp).research design and methodsapproximately 25% of dpp lifestyle intervention participants ( n = 274 ) completed questionnaires t...
kidney epithelium in collecting duct contacts with hypotonic fluid which osmolality varies significantly and the cells continually expose to osmotic stress . alterations in luminal osmolality would influence cell volume . to avoid damage and perform their functions , these processes , termed regulatory volu...
the purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of the volume - regulatory response and intracellular sodium concentration ( [ na+]i ) in the principal cells of rat kidney outer medulla collecting duct ( omcd ) epithelia during acute swelling in hypotonic medium . hypotonic shock was created by pbs dilut...
extraosseous soft - tissue uptake of technetium-99 m methylene diphosphonate ( tc-99 m mdp ) can occur in number of occasions . cancer patients those undergoing bone scintigraphy will have abnormal uptake , which should be differentiated from benign and metastasis in a planar bone scan . single - photon emission to...
we report a case of 79-year - old male with prostate cancer and coagulation disorder presented with left shoulder pain . he underwent bone scintigraphy to rule out metastasis , which showed intense foci of tracer activity in the left axilla . hybrid single - photon emission tomography - computed tomography ( spect ...
congenital pouch colon ( cpc ) is a relatively rare form of ano - rectal malformation ( arm ) in which part or whole of colon is converted into a pouch - like dilatation that ends blindly and communicates with the urogenital tract by means of a fistula[1 , 2 ] . pathogenesis and embryology of cpc are not well underst...
backgroundcongenital pouch colon , also known as congenital short colon or pouch colon syndrome , is a rare condition that occurs in association with anorectal malformations ; colon is either partially or completely replaced by pouch - like dilatation and communicates with the urogenital tract by means of a fistula ...
as a service to our authors and readers , this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors . such materials are peer reviewed and may be reorganized for online delivery , but are not copyedited or typeset . technical support issues arising from supporting information ( other than missing files )...
abstractthree types of chlorideconducting membranes based on polyvinyl chloride , commercial gelatin , and polyvinyldifluoridehexafluoropolymer are introduced in this report . the polymers are mixed with chloridecontaining salts , such as tetrabutylammonium chloride , and cast to form membranes . we studied the str...
type 2 diabetes ( t2d ) is a chronic disease with an increasing incidence worldwide . it remains the leading cause of nontraumatic lower - extremity amputation [ 1 , 2 ] . the annual incidence of diabetic foot ulcers varies between 1.9% and 2.2% , with a prevalence of 7.5% to 12% . the risk of amputation is assoc...
only 30 percent of chronic diabetic foot ulcers heal after 20 weeks of standard treatment . pirfenidone is a drug with biological , anti - inflammatory , and antifibrotic effects . the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical pirfenidone added to conventional treatment in noninfected chronic diabetic...
when robert merton wrote about the sociology of science in the 1970s , the central task at hand was explaining how a set of social norms and practices yielded knowledge what was different about science compared to the humanities and the professions ( merton , 1973 ) . this paper addresses a related , but somewhat di...
the science commons , knowledge that is widely accessible at low or no cost , is a uniquely important input to scientific advance and cumulative technological innovation . it is primarily , although not exclusively , funded by government and nonprofit sources . much of it is produced at academic research centers ...
a 67-year - old post - menopausal woman visited the clinic due to vaginal bleeding . levels of serum tumor markers , including carbohydrate antigen 125 and carbohydrate antigen 19 - 9 , were normal . curettage of the endometrial lesion showed endometrioid adenocarcinoma , the international federation of gynecology ...
perivascular epithelioid cell tumors ( pecomas ) refers to a family of mesenchymal neoplasms composed of angiomyolipomas , clear cell sugar tumors of the lung , and lymphangioleiomyomatoses . these tumors have a distinctive and common component of perivascular epithelioid cells that show an association with blood v...
crouzon syndrome is a genetic disorder showing autosomal dominant trait . originating from the mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 ( fgfr2 ) , this syndrome affects the first branchial arch , which is the precursor of the maxilla and mandible . the most notable characteristic of crouzon syndrome is crania...
crouzon syndrome is a rare genetic disorder , which can be defined as a variation of craniofacial dysostosis caused by the premature obliteration and ossification of two or more sutures . the growth pattern results in pseudoprognathism and malocclusions including an overcrowded or a widely spaced dentition . specif...
data were obtained from a sample of children residing in a ukrainian region where mn mining operations were active ( near the cities ordzhonikidze and marhanets of dnipropetrovsk [ dnk ] oblast ) . these data were compared with records of children living in the territory of novotroitskoye in the dnk region , an envir...
introduction : chronic manganese ( mn ) exposure is a health hazard associated with the mining and processing of mn ores . children living in an area with increased environmental exposure to mn may have symptoms of chronic toxicity that are different from adults who experience occupational exposure . the aim of the stu...
( r. tomentosa ) , also named as rose myrtle , is an evergreen shrub in the family myrtaceae and mainly grown in southeast asian countries , especially southern china , japan , and thailand . the edible berries of r. tomentosa are dark violet and bell - shaped and have been historically used as a folk medicine to tre...
the optimal condition of spray drying purified flavonoids extract from r. tomentosa berries was studied by response surface methodology . the optimized condition for microencapsulation was of maltodextrin to gum arabic ratio 1 : 1.3 , total solid content 27.4% , glycerol monostearate content 0.25% , and core to coa...
during a 16-year period ( 1995 - 2010 ) , a total of 21 patients with primary thymic neuroendocrine tumors had been surgically treated at the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery of samsung medical center in seoul , korea . note that these 21 cases included no cases of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors and...
backgroundthymic neuroendocrine carcinomas ( necs ) are uncommon , for which there is no established information available because of a limited number of epidemiological study in asia.methodswe reviewed 21 cases of surgically resected thymic necs , and evaluated their pathological and clinical features.resultsit showed...
intake data from adults 19 + years of age ( y ) participating in the nhanes 20032006 who self - identified as nhw ( n=4,811 ) , nhb ( n=2,062 ) , or ma ( 1,950 ) ( 26 , 27 ) were obtained from a single in - person 24-h dietary recall interview using an automated multiple - pass method ( 28 , 29 ) . data from pregnant...
backgroundidentification of current food sources of energy and nutrients among us non - hispanic whites ( nhw ) , non - hispanic blacks ( nhb ) , and mexican american ( ma ) adults is needed to help with public health efforts in implementing culturally sensitive and feasible dietary recommendations.objectivethe objecti...
mycosis fungoides ( mf ) is the commonest variant of primary cutaneous t cell lymphoma , accounting for almost 50% of all primary cutaneous lymphomas [ 1 , 2 ] . typically , neoplastic t cells localize to the skin and produce patches , plaques , tumors or erythroderma . it is characterized by a relatively consisten...
mycosis fungoides ( mf ) is an uncommon primary cutaneous lymphoma with a wide spectrum of clinicopathological manifestations . diagnosis can be difficult in its early stages given the considerable overlap with more common benign dermatoses . we report an unusual case of mf in a 52-year - old male presenting with p...
the masectomized tissue of an 11-year - old female yorkshire terrier with large intestinal and abdominal tissues were obtained from a hwanggum animal medical center ( daegu , korea ) for evaluation of tumors . a laparatomy revealed masses that were black to reddish colored and 2 - 3 mm in diameter ; they were multifo...
an eleven - year - old spayed female yorkshire terrier presented with a sublumbar mass and upon ultrasonographic examination , was revealed to have a mammary gland tumor . black to reddish colored masses , located in the visceral peritoneum of the sublumbar region was observed on laparotomy with masectomy of the righ...
we provide some background on the main task at hand and relevant motivation , before the control methodology is elaborated . this procedure is successfully performed in human oocytes as well as other species such as mouse and bovine . first , a holding pipette is used to immobilize an individual oocyte with a sligh...
a novel control methodology which uses a low - resolution encoder is presented for a cellular microinjection technology called the ros - drill ( rotationally oscillating drill ) . it is developed primarily for icsi ( intracytoplasmic sperm injection ) operations , with the objective of generating a desired oscillator...
according to the world health organization ( who ) , diabetes is likely to be one of the most substantial threats to human health in the 21 century ; 346 million people worldwide have diabetes . type 2 diabetes typically develops in older people . among people aged 65 years and older , type 2 diabetes is diagnosed ...
backgrounddepression is associated with a variety of diabetes complications , including diabetic retinopathy , nephropathy , neuropathy , and macrovascular complications . the prevalence of the symptoms of anxiety ( 32% ) and depression ( 22.4% ) in patients with diabetes is considerably higher than in general popula...
many clinical cases of genital self - mutilation ( gsm ) were reported in the literature . however , the voluntary cutting of the genital organ remains extremely rare . in this paper , we report a case of genital self - mutilation committed in a jail while associating a depression episode . , we will discuss the ...
self - mutilation acts are known to characterize the borderline personality disorders . however , voluntary cutting of the male genital organ remains extremely rare . the present paper reports a case of a 25-years - old young male with a borderline personality . the patient committed a genital self - mutilation (...
chickenpox ( varicella ) is a highly contagious disease recognized by a characteristic and often pathognomonic maculopapular vesicular rash . varicella may lead to serious complications , including secondary bacterial skin and soft - tissue infections , cerebellitis , encephalitis , pneumonia , and coagulopathy . m...
abstractthis study investigates parental attitudes and factors associated with varicella vaccination among preschool and schoolchildren prior to introduction of the vaccine into hong kong 's universal childhood immunization program.fourteen kindergartens and 5 primary schools in hong kong were randomly selected in 2013...
deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ) and pulmonary embolism ( pe ) are expressions of venous thromboembolism ( vte ) . cancer patients with active disease are at higher than average risk compared to a non - cancer population.1 in one study , cancer patients with solid tumors had a vte prevalence of 7.8% ( 95% confidence inte...
backgroundpatients with cancer are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism ( vte ) and the risk is further elevated after a primary vte . to reduce the risk of recurrent events , extended prophylaxis with vitamin k antagonists ( vka ) is available for use . however , in a large randomized trial ( comparison of ...
dental caries is one of the causes of tooth loss for all human beings across age and gender . numerous studies have been carried out , which have helped to increase our knowledge of dental caries and reduce the prevalence of dental caries . however , according to the world oral health report , dental caries still rem...
aims : the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the remineralization potential of bioactive - glass ( bag ) ( novamin/calcium - sodium - phosphosilicate ) and casein phosphopeptide - amorphous calcium phosphate ( cpp - acp ) containing dentifrice.materials and methods : a total of 30 sound human premolars were...
it initially presents with difficulty swallowing and is a chronic progressive condition that usually does not resolve . although the specific cause is unknown , the primary pathology involves the inability of the lower esophagus to relax , resulting in delayed passage of food and liquid into the stomach . clinical ...
the craft of surgery has always relied on the use of instruments . innovations in surgery have paralleled innovations in instrumentation . advances in surgical instrumentation continue today and have enabled huge strides in surgical procedures and outcomes during this generation . computers and related technology...
ribosomally synthesized and post - translationally modified peptides are a rapidly expanding class of natural products . they are typically biosynthesized by modification of a c - terminal segment of the precursor peptide ( the core peptide ) . the precursor peptide also contains an n - terminal leader pe...
the syndrome of severe , acute , intensive care unit ( icu)-acquired neuromuscular weakness poses a common and serious diagnostic , prognostic , and therefore management issue . it goes by various names , some of which presuppose a mechanism : acute necrotizing myopathy of intensive care , acute quadriplegic myopathy...
icu - acquired limb and respiratory muscle weakness is a common , serious icu syndrome , increasing in frequency with prolonged icu stay and sepsis . a systematic approach facilitates precise localization of the problem within central or peripheral nervous system . most cases relate to critical illness polyneuropat...
case 1 involved a male neonate delivered by cesarean section in obstetric hospital a in taiwan in april 2013 , after an uneventful pregnancy of 38 weeks . he was fed infant formula in the hospital s nursery . on postpartum day 7 , he had a fever of 39c and tachypnea and was taken to a tertiary hospital . chest radiog...
we report 2 cases of neonatal legionella infection associated with aspiration of contaminated water used in hospitals to make infant formula . the molecular profiles of legionella strains isolated from samples from the infants and from water dispensers were indistinguishable . our report highlights the need to cons...
the spine creates a closed kinematic chain through segmental configuration of the upper and lower extremities and the pelvic girdle , influencing static and dynamic balance during sports activities and the activities of daily life1 , 2 , while also having a direct effect on postural alignment through musculoske...
[ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of restricted spinal motion on kinematic changes in the lower extremities using a rigid thoracolumbosacral orthosis . [ subjects and methods ] forty healthy males in their 20s were selected as the sample , which was randomly and evenly divided ...
with explosive increase in knowledge , new technologies , and rapid changes in pattern of diseases , there is concern that nursing students are not provided with enough opportunities to learn required clinical skills . to meet this concern , finding effective strategies to improve students learning , especially clinica...
background : peer learning is an educational process wherein someone of the same age or level of experience level interacts with other students interested in the same topic . there is limited evidence specifically focusing on the practical use of peer learning in iran . the aim of this study was to explore nursing ...
the prognosis for oesophageal cancer is poor with a median survival of 35 months and recurrences are frequent . the best chance of cure is successful surgery and pre - operative chemo - radiotherapy is used to try and improve outcomes with the aim of eradicating lymphatic and haematogenous metastases , not only to im...
abstractthe prognosis for oesophageal cancer is poor with a median survival of 35 months and recurrences are frequent . the best chance of cure is successful surgery and pre - operative chemoradiotherapy is used to try and improve outcomes . however , patients may either not respond or may progress during therapy a...
inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor ( imt ) is rare and characterized by spindle cell proliferation with inflammatory cell infiltration . because of its cytological features and infiltrative nature , it may be difficult to distinguish histologically from malignant sarcomatous lesions . a 36-year - old male was refer...
a 36-year - old male was referred to our department for further examination of asymptomatic gross hematuria emanating from a bladder tumor . cystoscopy revealed a broad - based tumor 40 mm in diameter . urinary cytology was negative . preoperative magnetic resonance imaging suggested a muscle invasive tumor . t...
the myelodysplastic syndromes ( mds ) are characterized by proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells with abnormalities of differentiation leading to peripheral blood cytopenia and a preleukemic state . the mechanism of transformation of mds to acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ) includes many factors , and prediction of ...
the case reported here was that of an old woman characterized by pancytopenia , chromosome clonal abnormality , fluctuation of the percent of blast cells at 20% , and negative evidence of malignancy in whole - body 2-[f18 ] fluoro-2-deoxy - d - glucose positron emission tomography ( f18-fdg pet ) . after about 10 mon...
though corticosteroids are the most potent anti - inflammatory agents , yet they do not suppress inflammatory mediators like leukotrienes which have an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma . moreover , pharmacokinetic studies have shown the effects of systemic corticosteroids to be apparent only after 46 h o...
background : leukotriene modifiers have an established role in the management of chronic asthma but their role in acute asthma is still under evaluation.objective:to study and compare the effects of oral montelukast with oral zileuton in acute asthma.materials and methods : this study included 120 asthmatics and was co...
the term epigenetics was coined some 70 years ago by sir conrad waddington , who theorized the existence of a necessary layer of molecular complexity beyond the genome that must be responsible for producing distinct and variable cellular phenotypes from a singular genome . instincts and genetic programs as usefu...
dynamic regulation of chromatin structure in postmitotic neurons plays an important role in learning and memory . methylation of cytosine nucleotides has historically been considered the strongest and least modifiable of epigenetic marks . accumulating recent data suggest that rapid and dynamic methylation and deme...
collagen cross - linking ( cxl ) has been employed for many years as a means of stabilizing cornea ectasia [ 1 , 2 ] . among the multitude of treatments and technique variations applied , cxl has been well documented to almost invariably result in some central anterior corneal flattening [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] . dis...
purposeto report a novel application of toric topographically customized transepithelial collagen cross - linking ( cxl ) aiming to achieve refractive astigmatic changes in a keratoconic cornea.methodsspecially formulated riboflavin transepithelial administration and delivery of high - fluence uva in a topographically ...
at least two overlapping signaling pathways are regulated by the family of secreted glycoproteins known as wnts . the highly conserved canonical wnt/-catenin signaling pathway is activated by the binding of wnt ligand to the receptors frizzled ( fzd ) and low - density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5/6 ( lr...
in cancer , wnt/-catenin signaling is ubiquitously referred to as an oncogenic pathway that promotes tumor progression . this review examines how the regulation and downstream effects of wnt/-catenin signaling in cancer varies depending on cellular context , with a focus on malignant melanoma . we emphasize that ...
the development of comprehensive stroke centers within hub - and - spoke stroke networks has been recommended to improve stroke care and to increase the utilization of approved therapies.1 within these networks , eligible patients from community or primary stroke centers could be transferred to comprehensive stroke cen...
the ministry of health and welfare of korea recently designated cerebrovascularspecified centers ( cscs ) to improve the regional stroke care system for acute ischemic stroke ( ais ) patients . this study was performed to evaluate the changes in the flow of ais patients between hospitals and to describe the role of t...
malaria remains an important public health concern in countries where transmission occurs regularly as well as in areas where transmission has been largely controlled or eliminated . it was estimated that there are 39 million children under 5 years of age who experience 33.7 million malaria episodes and 152,000 child...
this study compares the performance of clinical diagnosis and three laboratory diagnostic methods ( thick film microscopy ( tfm ) , rapid diagnostic test ( rdt ) , and polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) ) for the diagnosis of plasmodium falciparum in nigeria . using clinical criteria , 217 children were recruited into...
mycosis fungoides ( mf ) is a cutaneous t cell lymphoma ( ctcl ) characterized by infiltration of skin with patches , plaques and nodules composed of t - lymphocytes . it has various stages , premycotic , patch , plaques , nodules , tumours and erythroderma . tumour demblee is a variant of tumour stage , which deve...
mycosis fungoides is a cutaneous t - cell lymphoma characterized by infiltration of skin with patches , plaques , and nodules composed of t - lymphocytes . it is the most common type of cutaneous t - cell lymphoma and accounts for almost 50% of all primary cutaneous lymphoma . tumour d emblee is the term used for t...
cullin proteins are molecular scaffolds that have crucial roles in the post - translational modification of cellular proteins involving ubiquitin . the mammalian cullin protein family comprises eight members ( cul1 to cul7 and parc ) , which are characterized by a cullin homology domain . cul1 to cul7 assemble mult...
summarycullin proteins are molecular scaffolds that have crucial roles in the post - translational modification of cellular proteins involving ubiquitin . the mammalian cullin protein family comprises eight members ( cul1 to cul7 and parc ) , which are characterized by a cullin homology domain . cul1 to cul7 assemb...
echo - endoscopes are much stiffer and thicker than regular endoscopes . during the procedure of endoscopic ultrasound ( eus ) procedure , water irrigation is a very useful for imaging but very dangerous if the patient receive the procedure under anesthesia without intubation . in this study , we evaluated the safe...
objective : echo - endoscopes are much stiffer and thicker than regular endoscopes . during the procedure of endoscopic ultrasound ( eus ) procedure , water irrigation is a very useful for imaging but very dangerous if the patient receive the procedure under anesthesia without intubation . in this study , we evalua...
injury to superficial nerves in the foot and ankle can lead to painful sequelae that have a profound impact on patient quality of life . these nerve injuries are often the consequence of trauma or iatrogenic injury during operative interventions . in a recent report , deng et al found neurologic injury to be the...
background : localized nerve pain in the foot and ankle can be a chronic source of disability after trauma and has been identified as the most common complication following operative interventions in the foot and ankle . the superficial location of the injured nerves and lack of suitable tissue for nerve implantation...
peroxisome proliferator - activated receptors ( ppars ) are involved in the regulatory response processes of lipid and glucose metabolisms , adipocyte differentiation , and inflammatory response . the three peroxisome proliferator - activated receptors ( ppars ) , ( ) , and constitute a distinct subfamily in the ...
the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness ( vo2max ) on anthropometric variables and pparg mrna expression was investigated . monozygotic twin pairs aged 1118 years were grouped into discordant ( d ) and concordant ( c ) high and low vo2max groups . vo2max was determined by progressive maximal exercise test on tre...
timed - pregnant ( second parity ) female sprague - dawley rats ( charles river , kingston , ny ) were received on gestation day 2 . animals were individually housed in conventional tub cages with ad libitum access to food and water in an environmentally controlled room maintained on a 12-h light / dark cycle with li...
objectiveperturbations to the prenatal environment have been associated with the development of adult chronic disease , findings that gave rise to the barker hypothesis or the developmental origins of adult disease concept . in this study , we used an animal model to determine the metabolic consequences of matern...
spontaneous isolated abdominal aortic dissection ( iaad ) ( not associated with trauma or with descending thoracic aortic dissection ) is rare and accounts for less than 2% of all aortic dissections . spontaneous suprarenal iaads are even more rarely encountered as most appear from infrarenal intimal defects . this...
aortic dissections that originate from isolated tears in the abdominal aorta are uncommon . rarer still are cases of isolated abdominal aortic dissections arising in suprarenal locations , as most appear from infrarenal intimal defects . we present a quite unusual case of a spontaneous supraceliac isolated abdomina...
as a therapy for hypercholesterolaemia , statins have been used clinically for over two decades . however , over the last decade , immunosuppressive effects have also been demonstrated which are independent of their cholesterol - lowering properties . statins in vitro modulate cell adhesion through effects on endothe...
hmg - coa reductase inhibitors ( statins ) have been demonstrated to be immunomodulatory for human immune - mediated disease and in experimental models . the aim of this study was to compare statin - mediated immunosuppressive effects on human t - cell responses in vitro with those of conventional immunosuppressives ...
endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms is rapidly becoming the preferred method of aneurysm treatment over open neurosurgical clipping.1 2 this is in large part due to advances in coil and stent technology that have improved safety and outcomes of the procedure . however , complex and broad - necked aneur...
introductiontreatment of wide - necked bifurcation aneurysms often poses procedural and long - term outcome challenges . the initial preclinical experience with the pulsar vascular aneurysm neck reconstruction device ( pvanrd ) in a canine bifurcation model is described.methodsexperimental bifurcation vein pouch aneu...
studies related to anti - aging are currently being conducted actively around the world , and the related markets are growing fast . in particular , many studies are being conducted on delaying the skin aging process , as people have an increasing interest in changing their external form as well as the functional...
[ purpose ] in this study , the effects of low - level laser therapy ( lllt ) , electroacupuncture ( ea ) , and radiofrequency ( rf ) , which are used in physical therapy , on the pigmentation and skin tone of adult women s faces were investigated to provide basic data for skin interventions . [ subjects and me...
inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) is a group of inflammatory intestinal disorders mainly comprising 2 types of disease : crohn 's disease ( cd ) and ulcerative colitis ( uc ) . traditionally , the incidence of this disease is relatively stable in western countries ; however , the ibd incidence has been increasing in...
abstractstudies on the association between inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) and peripheral arterial disease ( pad ) are scant . this nationwide population - based cohort study assessed the relationship between ibd and further risk of pad.this nationwide population - based cohort study was based on data obtained fro...
we describe one patient who was affected by an and presented high level increase of serum liver enzymes , along with sever thrombocytopenia . a 14-year - old boy with an was admitted in the pediatric psychiatric emergency department of alzahra hospital with impaired electrolyte levels , bradycardia , hypotension , li...
background : anorexia nervosa ( an ) is a difficult - to - treat psychosomatic disease . very few cases of acute liver failure associated with an have been described . we describe one patient who was affected by an and presented high level increase of serum liver enzymes , along with sever thrombocytopenia . then...
aggressive angiomyxoma was first reported as a distinct variant of myxoid neoplasms in the female vagina and pelvis by steeper and rosai . these tumors mostly occurs in 3 to 5 decade of life and 95% in females . these lesions have a predilection for female pelvic soft parts , slow growth , frequent recurrences , an...
aggressive angiomyxoma is a rare , benign neoplasm occurring in 3rd to 5th decade of life that can be mistaken both clinically and on microscopy for several other conditions , it should be included as a differential diagnosis for any vaginal mass . these lesions have a predilection for female pelvic soft tissues , sl...
the electron phonon interaction in semiconductor heterostructures is of greater interest in comparison to bulk materials . this is due to the fact that the quasi - particle space localization leads to the modifications of the energy spectrum . the all - important factor is the rise of new vibration branches of opt...
the theory of large radius polaron in the quantum wire is developed . the interaction of charge particles with interface optical phonons as well as with optical phonons localized in the quantum wire is taken into account . the interface phonon contribution is shown to be dominant for narrow quantum wires . the wa...
type 2 diabetes , while being initially characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues , ultimately results in the loss of -cell mass . islet transplantation has the potential to rescue the -cell deficiency observed in both forms of diabetes . a major obstacle to greater use of islet transplanta...
decreased -cell mass is a hallmark of type 1 and type 2 diabetes . islet transplantation as a method of diabetes therapy is hampered by the paucity of transplant ready islets . understanding the pathways controlling islet proliferation may be used to increase functional -cell mass through transplantation or by enha...
these tumors tend to occur in characteristic locations like interhemispheric ( approximately 50% ) , quadrigeminal or superior cerebellar cistern ( 10 - 25% ) , suprasellar or interpeduncular cistern , cerebellopontine angle , and sylvian fissure . almost half of the intracranial lipomas are asymptomatic , and freque...
quadrigeminal lipoma is a rare tumor that has been categorized as developmental malformation rather than a hamartoma or true neoplasm , due to its origin from abnormal persistence and mal - differentiation of meninx primitiva during the development of the subarachnoid cisterns . reported admixture of adipose tissue w...
calcitonin is a 32-residue peptide hormone produced by specialized c - parafollicular cells of the thyroid glands in mammals or by cells of the ultimobranchial glands in reptiles and fish . the nucleotide sequence and translation of human calcitonin are shown in figure 1 [ 1 , 2 ] . calcitonin plays an important ro...
aim . to construct a recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid containing human calcitonin ( hct ) gene and express the gene in murine fibroblast nih3t3 cells . materials and methods . a murine ig-chain leader sequence and hct gene were synthesized and cloned into pcdna3.0 to form the pcdna3.0-ig-hct eukaryotic expre...
atrial septal defects ( asd ) are congenital deficiencies of the atrial septum , most commonly occurring in the fossa ovalis and referred to as secundum defects as they result from failure of development of the septum secundum.1 failure of the development of the septum primum results in partial atrio - ventricular sept...
we present a patient who had transcatheter closure of a low atrial septal defect which was overlooked during surgical closure of a secundum atrial septal defect . the residual defect was detected during ablation for atrial flutter , and was closed successfully during the same procedure with an amplatzer atrial septal...
solution nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr ) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for studying the structures of macromolecules under a variety of conditions and their internal dynamics on a wide range of time scales . sample preparation is often a key factor in being able to obtain high - quality nmr data o...
an optimized reverse micelle surfactant system has been developed for solution nuclear magnetic resonance studies of encapsulated proteins and nucleic acids dissolved in low viscosity fluids . comprising the nonionic 1-decanoyl - rac - glycerol and the zwitterionic lauryldimethylamine - n - oxide ( 10mag / ...
it is frequently asymptomatic but when being symptomatic the most presenting problems are flank pain and urinary tract infection with an atrophic upper pole which may also cause hypertension . the standard treatment for a duplex kidney with a poorly functioning upper pole moiety is an upper pole heminephrectomy . t...
purpose : the standard treatment for a duplex kidney with poorly functioning upper pole moiety is ipsilateral upper pole heminephrectomy . this procedure is usually performed by open surgery , but with recent developments in techniques of uro - laparoscopy , it can be done with it , safely . in this study we evalua...
human exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo - p - dioxin ( tcdd ) and chlorinated analogs commonly results in pathological changes in the skin and its appendages characterized by thickening of the epidermis ( acanthosis ) , hyperkeratosis and squamous metaplasia of the epithelial lining of the sebaceous glands . acn...
diverticula of the female urethra are rare lesions occurring predominantly in the distal two thirds of the urethra . they are thought to be derived from the periurethral glands as a result of recurrent infections . urethral diverticula ( ud ) have historically been described with the classic triad of three d 's e.g...
female urethral diverticulum is a rare entity with diverse spectrum of clinical manifestations . it is a very rare cause of bladder outlet obstruction and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in females presenting with acute urinary retention associated with a vaginal mass . strong clinical suspicion co...
sephacryl s-300 hr and [ -p]gtp ( 400 ci / mmol ) were obtained from ge healthcare europe gmbh ( vienna , austria ) . co. , hohenlockstedt , germany ) containing 4.4 mm gtn in 250 mm glucose were obtained from a local pharmacy ; dilutions were made in 50 mm triethanolamine hcl buffer . dea / no and odq ( alexis cor...
metabolism of nitroglycerin ( gtn ) to 1,2-glycerol dinitrate ( gdn ) and nitrite by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase ( aldh2 ) is essentially involved in gtn bioactivation resulting in cyclic gmp - mediated vascular relaxation . the link between nitrite formation and activation of soluble guanylate cyclase ( sgc...
the high dose rate ( hdr ) brachytherapy is a technique where small iridium-192 source ( active length 3.5 mm and diameter 0.6 mm ) can be programmed to dwell for a given time at any point in the treatment catheters . the success of this treatment is strongly dependent on accurate knowledge of the source strength , d...
for high dose rate ( hdr ) brachytherapy , independent treatment verification is needed to ensure that the treatment is performed as per prescription . this study demonstrates dosimetric quality assurance of the hdr brachytherapy using a commercially available two - dimensional ion chamber array called imatrixx , whi...
global estimates for 2008 indicate that colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world . reports in several countries have described diverging incidence rates in colorectal cancer by subsite , including , in relative terms , an increasing proportion of proximal tumors [ 215 ] , and thus a shift in abs...
objective . a shift in the total incidence from left- to right - sided colon cancer has been reported and raises the question as to whether lifestyle risk factors are responsible for the changing subsite distribution of colon cancer . the present study provides a review of the subsite - specific risk estimates for ...
during the a / h1n1 2009 global pandemic , adjuvanted influenza vaccines were widely used for the first time . along with many other countries , all canadians older than 6 mo were eligible to receive this vaccine , which accounted for over 96% of pandemic vaccine doses administered . this vaccine was used in a dose...
many canadians received a novel as03-adjuvanted vaccine during the 2009 influenza a / h1n1 pandemic . longer term implications of adjuvant use were unclear : would anti - h1n1 immune responses persist at high levels and , if so , could that result in increased or unusual adverse effects upon re - exposure to h1n1pdm0...
gestational diabetes mellitus ( gdm ) is defined as impaired glucose tolerance appearing specifically during pregnancy ( 1 ) . gdm develops by excessive insulin resistance , inadequate -cell compensation , reduced -cell function , or any combination of these ( 2 ) . a large number of epidemiological studies demon...
objective(s):the link between a hyperglycemic intrauterine environment and the development of diabetes later in life has been observed in offspring exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus ( gdm ) , but the underlying mechanisms for this phenomenon are still not clear . reduced -cells mass is a determinant in the dev...
pyridines and diazines are among the most prevalent heterocycles in biologically active compounds . they are found in 2 of the 5 top - selling pharmaceuticals and 6 of the 23 small molecules approved by the fda in 2013 . of course , the groups appended to the heteroarene and the heteroarene core together af...
we report the late - stage functionalization of multisubstituted pyridines and diazines at the position to nitrogen . by this process , a series of functional groups and substituents bound to the ring through nitrogen , oxygen , sulfur , or carbon are installed . this functionalization is accomplished by...
generalized lipodystrophy ( gl ) is categorized as a rare congenital generalized lipodystrophy ( cgl ) or acquired generalized lipodystrophy ( agl ) disease characterized by widespread loss of adipocytes , leading to leptin deficiency , ectopic fat deposition , and severe metabolic abnormalities ( insulin resistance , ...
generalized lipodystrophy ( gl ) is a rare inherited or acquired disease characterized by widespread loss of subcutaneous fat , leading to leptin deficiency , ectopic fat deposition , and severe metabolic abnormalities . previous studies have shown the benefit of leptin replacement ( metreleptin ) in ameliorating met...