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a 76-year - old female presented to the emergency department with the main complaint of 7 days of dyspnea and 1 day of dysarthria and dizziness . auscultation findings showed an irregular heart beat with a diastolic rumbling murmur in the apical region and crackles in both lower lung fields . transthoracic echocard...	a 76-year - old female present to the emergency department with dysarthria , dizziness , dyspnea . the patient had hypertension and atrial fibrillation . brain mri revealed right cerebellar infarction . transthoracic echocardiography showed a large round mass in the left atrium . transesophageal echocardiograph...
	akap79/150 is a protein scaffold thought to position specific kinases ( pka , pkc ) and phosphastases ( calcineurin ) in appropriate synaptic domains so that their activities can regulate excitatory synaptic strength . using a viral - mediated molecular replacement strategy in rat hippocampal slices , we found that a...
traditionally , the major mechanism underlying parkinson 's disease was thought to be reduced dopaminergic synaptic transmission in the nigrostriatal system . however , neurons may also communicate by extrasynaptic transmission , which was recently found to affect dopamine neurotransmitter delivery through diffusion ...	most hypotheses concerning the mechanisms underlying parkinson 's disease are based on altered synaptic transmission of the nigrostriatal system . however , extrasynaptic transmission was recently found to affect dopamine neurotransmitter delivery by anisotropic diffusion in the extracellular matrix , which is modula...
reagents were received from sigma aldrich chemical co. ( bangalore , karnataka , india ) and used without further purification . solvents were purchased from commercial sources from hyderabad , telangana , indiabased companies and purified by reported protocols . h and c nmr spectra were recorded on bruker 300 mh...	abstractin the present work , two new naphthalene diimide ( ndi ) amphiphiles , ndin and ndina , were successfully synthesized and employed to investigate their selfassembly and optical properties . for ndina , which contains an amide group , aggregationinduced emission enhancement ( aiee ) was demonstrated in the pres...
medical researchers also realized that treating only small areas originally involved by lymphoma with radiation was not good enough , if radiation had to be used as the only treatment . a large area covering all lymph node areas in the upper or lower half of the body had to be treated . when the upper half of the b...	the long - term sequelae of mantle therapy include , especially lung and cardiac disease but also involve the vessels and the organs in the neck and thorax ( such as thyroid , aorta , and esophagus ) . we presented the case of 66-year - old female admitted for congestive heart failure in radiation - induced heart dis...
it has been reported that serious problems during general anesthesia occur in 0.4% of patients . it may be difficult to detect anaphylactic reactions during anesthesia because various medications are administered in short periods of time , and transient interactions between drugs may take place . there have been ma...	although uncommon , anaphylactic reactions during surgery are very dangerous and can result in serious morbidity . various anesthetics can trigger anaphylactic reactions , and incidents with cephalosporin antibiotics are on the rise . in the case presented , an 84-year - old woman scheduled for calcaneus fracture s...
soft tissue sarcomas ( stss ) are a heterogeneous group of solid tumors that arise from embryonic mesenchymal cells and that have distinct clinical and pathological features . microscopically , arcinosarcomas are biphasic tumors comprising an intimate admixture of carcinomatous and sarcomatous components with an abru...	purposethe purpose of this study was to elucidate prognostic factors for survival and clinical outcomes of rological soft tissue sarcomas ( stss).materials and methodsthis was a retrospective review of the medical records of 48 patients with urological sts treated from january 1982 to july 2009 . demographic and path...
traumatic cerebral aneurysms with carotid cavernous fistula ( ccf ) are rare and difficult to treat by surgery . if left untreated mortality rate of 50% is reported in these cases . hence , the presence of these lesions should be diagnosed and treated at the earliest in order to prevent the untoward effects due to th...	carotid cavernous fistulae ( ccf ) are abnormal communication between cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus . these entities are usually encountered in 0.2 - 0.8% of patients with traumatic skull base fractures . traumatic cerebral aneurysms are rare and account for less than 1% of intr...
water channels of the aquaporin ( aqp ) family achieve the diffusive water permeation required for biological function and form tetramers . since the discovery of the first water channel , aqp1 , more than 300 aqps have been identified in many organisms from bacteria to plants and mammals . aqp family members are c...	acetazolamide ( aza ) reduces the water permeability of aquaporin-4 , the predominant water channel in the brain . we determined the structure of aquaporin-4 in the presence of aza using electron crystallography . most of the features of the 5- density map were consistent with those of the previously determined ato...
developmental disabilities ( dd ) are a chronic delay in development , including conditions such as cerebral palsy , intellectual development disorder , autism , and mixed type dd . children with dd have problems with physical , cognitive , social , sensory , and communication skills2 . these unique problems ...	[ purpose ] this study aimed to investigate the effects of a computer - based cognitive rehabilitation program for children with developmental disabilities . [ subjects ] subjects included 29 children with developmental disabilities . [ methods ] the subjects were randomly allocated to either the experimental g...
to determine the accuracy of the holladay 1 , hoffer q , sanders - retzlaff - kraff ( srk)/t , and srk ii iol power calculation formulas in patients with high myopia in a subset of indian population . this study was conducted at sadguru netra chikitsalaya , chitrakoot , madhya pradesh , india . all consecutive pati...	efficacy of intraocular lens power calculation formulas in a subset of indian myopic population . retrospectively reviewed 43 patients who underwent phacoemulsification with high axial length ( al ) ( > 24.5 mm , range 24.75 - 32.35 mm ) . the power of the implanted intraocular lens ( iol ) was used to calculate the ...
chronic low back pain ( lbp ) has long been one of the most common causes of disability in adults and is a very frequent condition among early retirees in industrialized societies . degenerative disc disease ( ddd ) is the most frequent problem in patients with lbp . in 1988 , modic et al . thereafter , the med...	[ purpose ] this study was conducted to examine the association between modic classification and the eating habits in patients with degenerative disc disease ( ddd ) and to determine the influence of nutrition on disease severity . [ subjects and methods ] sixty patients with ddd visiting a low back pain outpat...
hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) infection can cause infectious liver diseases , and about 400 million people throughout the world are chronically infected with this virus ( 1 , 2 ) , which has a high risk of progression to the development of liver failure , liver cirrhosis , and hepatocellular carcinoma ( 1 ) . according to ...	background : covalently closed circular dna ( cccdna ) of hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) is a marker of hbv replication in the liver of patients infected with hbv.objectives:this study aimed to investigate the association between the presence of cccdna in the plasma samples of iranian treatment - naive patients with chronic...
early childhood caries is a complex disease involving the maxillary primary incisors within a month after eruption and spreads rapidly to involve other primary teeth.1 it is a serious socio - behavioral and dental problem that afflicts infants and toddlers worldwide.2 the definitions of ecc in the published literature ...	objectives : early childhood caries ( ecc ) is a devastating form of dental decay with multi - factorial origin . the aim of this cross - sectional study is to investigate the prevalence and related risk factors of ecc in preschool children of urban bangalore ( india).methods : a random sample of 1,500 children aged be...
dissolved organic carbon ( doc ) export from mangrove swamps accounts for 10% of the global terrestrial flux of doc to coastal oceans . given recent reports of high concentrations of mercury ( hg ) in mangrove tissues and mangrove marsh waters , and the known high affinity of hg species for doc in surface water...	the flux of dissolved organic carbon ( doc ) from mangrove swamps accounts for 10% of the global terrestrial flux of doc to coastal oceans . recent findings of high concentrations of mercury ( hg ) and methylmercury ( mehg ) in mangroves , in conjunction with the common co - occurrence of doc and hg species...
benign cystic lesions of the knee region in the form of fluid collections in synovial recesses , bursae , and ganglion cysts are common and often discovered incidentally in routine magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) examinations . mr has proved to be superior compared to other imaging techniques in the detection of c...	objective . to determine the risk of intra- and periarticular cyst - like lesions of the knee joint in occupational kneeling . methods . magnetic resonance imaging of both knees ( n = 282 ) was conducted in 92 male floor layers and 49 male graphic designers ( referents ) , with a mean age of 55.6 years ( range 4270...
the term groove pancreatitis was first used in 1973 by becker to describe a specific form of chronic pancreatitis that resulted in scarring , which extended into the anatomic space ( groove ) between the pancreatic head , duodenum , and common bile duct . more recently , preoperative diagnosis of groove pancreati...	groove pancreatitis is a special form of chronic pancreatitis in which scarring is found mainly in the groove between the pancreatic head , duodenum , and common bile duct . preoperative differentiation between groove pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer is difficult . here we report one case of segmental groove panc...
ion channels are membrane proteins that provide a pathway for the movement of ions into or out of all cells and are critical for all physiological processes . some channels discriminate poorly among various ions and some are quite selective , allowing passage of predominantly only one or very few types of ions . in c...	membrane voltage controls the passage of ions through voltage - gated k ( kv ) channels , and many studies have demonstrated that this is accomplished by a physical gate located at the cytoplasmic end of the pore . critical to this determination were the findings that quaternary ammonium ions and certain peptides hav...
the study was approved by the university malaya medical centre ( ummc ) medical ethics committee .	staphylococcus haemolyticus is one of the pathogens that harbor a high level of antibiotic resistance . here , we highlighted the potential determinants for multidrug resistance and virulence from the draft genome of staphylococcus haemolyticus strain c10a , isolated from a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary ...
cell transplantation into the damaged myocardium ( cell therapy ) has received extensive attention as a regenerative tool , and the accumulated evidence from both pre - clinical and clinical studies suggests that it has the potential to restore heart function . currently , cellular cardiomyoplasty is being actively e...	abstracttissue engineering is an increasingly expanding area of research in the cardiovascular field that involves engineering , chemistry , biology and medicine . cardiac tissue engineering ( cte ) aims to regenerate myocardial damage by combining cells , matrix , biological active molecules and physiological stimul...
dokonano analizy dokumentacji medycznej pacjentw z samoistn odm opucnow leczonych w klinice chirurgii dziecicej uniwersytetu medycznego w biaymstoku . w latach 20042014 hospitalizowano 22 dzieci z powodu samoistnej odmy opucnowej 18 chopcw i 4 dziewczynki , w wieku od 14 do 17 lat ( rednio 16,6 miesica ) . w 11...	introductionprimary spontaneous pneumothorax ( psp ) occurs at a frequency of 7.4 - 18 cases per 100 000 population per year . the psp typically occurs in young adults and is uncommon in children . the aim of this study was to review our institutional experience with psp in children.material and methodstwenty - two...
obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) syndrome represents a serious health hazard and is recognized as an independent risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes such as hypertension , arrhythmias , stroke , and coronary heart disease . sympathetic activation , oxidative stress , and systemic inflammation have been sho...	rationale . accumulated evidence implicates sympathetic activation as inducing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation , which in turn lead to hypertension , endothelial dysfunction , and atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) . statins through their pleiotropic properties may modify inflammation , lip...
concomitanced with craniofacial dysostosis , short arms , and other anomalies , while silver described a syndrome of congenital hemihypertrophy , short stature , and elevated urinary gonadotrophins . silver syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disorder , with a very wide variation in phenotype . it is also the f...	russell silver syndrome is a rare heterogeneous disorder mainly characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation , craniofacial disproportion , clinodactyly , variation in urogenital development , and skeletal asymmetry . it is rare to come across tethered cord - associated russell silver syndrome . ...
strabismus is an ocular alignment disorder characterized by a horizontal , vertical , and/or torsional deviation of one eye relative to the other , which may result in compromised binocular vision and amblyopia.1,2 strabismus is classified roughly into comitant and incomitant types . according to a study conducted in c...	objectiveto investigate the underlying regional homogeneity ( reho ) of brain - activity abnormalities in patients with comitant strabismus ( cs ) and their relationship with behavioral performance.methodstwenty patients with cs ( ten men and ten women ) and 20 ( ten men and ten women ) age- , sex- , and education - ma...
surgical intervention in epilepsy is a widely accepted , effective therapy in patients with pharmacoresistant partial epilepsy . seizure semiology correlates with the seizure origin , spread , and release phenomenon and can help in the estimation of the anatomical brain localization . finger snapping has been noted...	we describe two patients who showed snapping of the right hand fingers during invasive intracranial eeg evaluation for epilepsy surgery . we correlated the eeg changes with the finger - snapping movements in both patients to determine the underlying pathophysiology of this phenomenon . at the time of finger snapping ...
although oral phosphodiesterase ( pde)-5 inhibitors are generally an effective and well - tolerated treatment modality for patients with erectile dysfunction ( ed ) , pde-5 therapy can not cure the underlying disorder in the corpus cavernosum and has limitations such as reduced efficacy in patients with diabetes or rad...	purposeelectroporation is known to enhance the efficiency of gene transfer through a transient increase in cell membrane permeability . the aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for in vivo electroporation - mediated gene delivery into mouse corpus cavernosum.materials and methodsdiabetes was indu...
accessory scrotum is the rarest developmental anomaly of scrotum . because it is usually associated with perineal lipomatous mass or anomalies in the anorectal and genitourinary system , early diagnosis and proper treatment are important to improve the quality of patients ' lives . , we report a case of perineal acce...	accessory scrotum is a rare congenital anomaly that is often associated with perineal tumor or other developmental abnormalities . because most cases are diagnosed and treated in early childhood , little is known about the natural biologic course of this entity and associated lesions through time . we present a case ...
approximately 20%-30% of patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease , and 70%-80% of patients are presented with localized or locally advanced disease at the time of diagnosis , which is potentially curable by radical surgical resection alone . among patients who undergo radical resection for localized disease , ...	purposestudies suggested the existence of a trial effect ' , in which for a given treatment , participation in a clinical trial is associated with a better outcome . sunitinib is a standard treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma ( mrcc ) . we aimed to study the effect of clinical trial participation on the ...
chemokines are small cytokines known for their ability to induce migration of cells such as lymphocytes , dendritic cells ( dc ) , macrophages , and stem cells . based on the cellular context and the site of expression , chemokines can be divided into inflammatory chemokines , that are synthesized and promote recru...	fractalkine / cx3cl1 , the only member of the cx3c chemokine family , exists as a membrane - anchored molecule as well as in soluble form , each mediating different biological activities . it is constitutively expressed in many hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues such as endothelial and epithelial cells , lymp...
although contact angle hysteresis phenomenon has been well known for several decades , its nature is not fully explained yet . numerous papers have been published in which this phenomenon was investigated both experimentally and theoretically , and it would be impossible to cite all of them . the appearance of cont...	advancing and receding contact angles of water , formamide and diiodomethane were measured on 1,2-dipalmitoyl - sn - glycero-3-phosphocholine ( dppc ) layers deposited on three different solid supports glass , mica and poly(methyl methacrylate ) . up to five statistical monolayers were deposited on the surfaces by s...
hypothyroidism is a multiorgan endocrine disorder which results in metabolic dysfunction involving brain , nerves , heart , and muscular systems . neurological abnormalities of the central and peripheral nervous system occur in conjunction with systemic abnormalities in hypothyroid and are present in 30%80% of cases ...	background : central nervous system ( cns ) involvement is insidious and may occur early in subclinical hypothyroid ( sch ) state which can be picked up by electrophysiological study . this study aims to record visual evoked potential ( vep ) , event - related latency and cognitive functions , and find their associat...
trauma is among the top five causes of death in the world , showing different incidence rates from one country to another.1 , 2 treatment and management of trauma involving craniofacial region still represents a challenge , due to the presence of important anatomical structures . this part of the body includes , in f...	in recent years , recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 ( rhbmp-2 ) has been introduced as a therapeutic option in the treatment of several congenital and acquired craniofacial defects . although there have been promising clinical results , the international literature still lacks complete guidelines , inclu...
the size of engineered nanomaterials makes many novel and innovative products , as evident by the increasing number of commercially available nanotechnology products . thus , there is a huge concern surrounding the potential toxicity of these nanomaterials and there is a need to sufficiently test such materials...	redox potential has been identified by the organisation for economic co - operation and development ( oecd ) as one of the parameters that should be investigated for the testing of manufactured nanomaterials . there is still some ambiguity concerning this parameter , i.e. , as to what and how to measure , particularl...
during percutaneuos coronary intervention ( pci ) procedures , several complications can occur , such as dissections , thrombi , ulcers or plaque , may appear as angiographic hazy or uncertain images . a proper diagnosis is important to guide the correct management in the catheterization laboratory and to improve pat...	although its use in daily practice is not common , optical coherence tomography ( oct ) is a powerful research tool in invasive cardiology . this report describes a hazy angiography image after percutaneous coronary intervention that has been assessed using oct . based on the results of the oct , the patient underw...
epilepsy is one of the common neurological disorders , which require immediate medical attention and long - term therapy . the incidence is approximately 0.30.5% in different world populations with a prevalence rate of five to 10 per thousand people . the overall aim of treating epilepsy should be complete control ...	objectives : health - related quality of life ( qol ) is an important outcome in epilepsy treatment . very few studies have been carried out on the quality of life in epilepsy ( qolie-31 ) in india . the present study aimed to determine the level of health - related qolie-31 in patients of epilepsy.materials and me...
sheehan 's syndrome ( ss ) is defined as pituitary hormone deficiency due to ischemic infarction of the pituitary gland as a result of massive postpartum uterine hemorrhage . although the onset of ss can involve acute severe panhypopituitarism in some patients , the majority of ss patients are diagnosed with a clinic...	sheehan 's syndrome ( ss ) is defined as pituitary hormone deficiency due to ischemic infarction of the pituitary gland as a result of massive postpartum uterine hemorrhage . herein , we aimed to investigate the roles of factor ii ( g20210a ) , factor v ( g1691a ) , mthfr ( c677 t and a1298c ) , pai-1 4g/5 g , and tnf-...
aric is an ongoing , prospective , observational study of the natural history of cv risk factors and atherosclerotic diseases . detailed study rationale , design , and procedures have been previously published.11 the original cohort included 15 792 participants recruited between 1987 and 1989 using probability sampl...	backgroundnatriuretic peptides promote natriuresis , diuresis , and vasodilation . experimental deficiency of natriuretic peptides leads to hypertension ( htn ) and cardiac hypertrophy , conditions more common among african americans . hospital - based studies suggest that african americans may have reduced circula...
proteolytic lysosomal enzyme activity may be responsible for detrimental effects on the corneal endothelium.1,2 glycolytic lysosomal enzymes have been studied less extensively and their role in endothelial cell loss during corneal preservation is still incompletely understood.3 the use of adjuvant corticosteroid in the...	purpose : to analyze the levels of -glucuronidase during prolonged ( 14 day ) corneal preservation with epithelialized ( epi ) and deepithelialized ( dep ) corneas and the effect of supplemental hydrocortisone ( hct ) on these levels.methods:thirty-six freshly excised bovine corneas were preserved in optisol solution (...
hypertension is a global public health problem , accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality through heart disease , stroke , blindness , and renal failure.1,2 globally , it accounts for at least 45% of heart disease , and 51% of deaths resulting from stroke.1 hypertension was once considered rare in sub - sahar...	backgroundthe prevalence of hypertension is increasing rapidly in sub - saharan africa , but data are limited on hypertension prevalence . in addition , few population - based studies have been conducted recently in nigeria on the prevalence and correlates of hypertension in both urban and rural communities . therefo...
the identification of a stem cell in a tissue is a major challenge of pivotal importance . being able to detect the stem cell population allows for powerful approaches to study cell differentiation dynamics by , for example , lineage tracing ( barker et al . , 2007 , busch et al . , 2015 ) . additionally , it pro...	summaryadult mitotic tissues like the intestine , skin , and blood undergo constant turnover throughout the life of an organism . knowing the identity of the stem cell is crucial to understanding tissue homeostasis and its aberrations upon disease . here we present a computational method for the derivation of a linea...
stigma is a broad term that includes direct discrimination and systemic discrimination ( link et al . the stigma of schizophrenia has been studied extensively in many cultures and has been shown to have a variety of negative impact on finance , quality of life , ( thornicroft et al . healthcare professionals are no...	stigma against those with schizophrenia has demonstrated deleterious effects . however , less is known about the experience of individuals who disclose this diagnosis and how such disclosures differ by social situations . this study examines diagnosis disclosure in different contexts . a convenience sample of 258...
pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) is a group of diseases characterized by progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance ( pvr ) ( mean pulmonary arterial pressure [ pap ] > 25 mm hg at rest or > 30 mm hg with exercise , as confirmed by right heart catheterization ) , leading to right ventricular failure a...	we describe two cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) that occurred under dasatinib treatment and were resolved after dasatinib discontinuation . two patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ) were switched to dasatinib therapy because of hematological progress while receiving imatinib . ...
pertussis , also known as whooping cough , is an acute respiratory tract infection caused by bordetella pertussis . although the incidence rate of pertussis has significantly decreased following the wide use of pertussis vaccine , b. pertussis infection is continuously occurring as a small outbreak even in several deve...	a recent resurgence of pertussis has raised public health concerns even in developed countries with high vaccination coverage . the aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of infant pertussis , and to determine the relative importance of household transmission in korea . the multicenter study w...
the role of low - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( ldl - c ) in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis has been unequivocally established , and the use of ldl - lowering agents , especially statins , has led to a significant reduction of cardiovascular events in both primary1 and secondary2 prevention . however , a si...	the atheroprotective role of high - density lipoprotein cholesterol ( hdl - c ) in cardiovascular disease has been unequivocally established , and epidemiological data have clearly demonstrated a strong inverse relationship between hdl - c levels and the risk of cardiovascular events , which is independent of the low -...
1.8 million people died in 2009 due to aids - related causes , and an estimated 2.6 million people were newly infected with hiv in world . india carries the third largest number of hiv infected patients in the world after south africa and nigeria . hiv infection causes depletion of cd4 cells in peripheral blood and...	the objective of the present research was to determine the prevalence of oral manifestations in an hiv infected population from south india and evaluate their association with hiv viral load and cd4/cd8 ratio . intraoral examination of 103 patients , whose cd4/cd8 ratio was available , were conducted . hiv viral lo...
perhaps one of the most important concepts in inorganic chemistry is the nature of the bonding interactions between a metal center and its ligands . the covalency , or charge donation from the ligands to the metal , of these bonds influences the chemistry of transition metal complexes , including their reac...	the mainline feature in metal k x - ray emission spectroscopy ( xes ) has long been recognized as an experimental marker for the spin state of the metal center . however , even within a series of metal compounds with the same nominal oxidation and spin state , significant changes are observed that can not be ...
it was an observational , prospective , cross - sectional study conducted in patients with bronchial asthma . the study was carried out from november 2013 to march 2015 in the department of pulmonary medicine in a tertiary care hospital . a written informed consent was taken , and patients were enrolled in the stud...	introduction : there is a need to assess erroneous steps in the use of inhaler devices in people who have asthma . the objectives of this study were to assess the inhaler technique in patients who have asthma , the factors affecting improper technique , and the association of inhaler use with asthma control , hospita...
eukaryotic gene expression is controlled at multiple levels , and splicing of mrna is an important regulatory step in the production of functional proteins . during mrna splicing , portions of the rna , introns , are removed by the spliceosome complex , and the remaining protein - coding rnas , exons , are joined tog...	the regulation of metazoan gene expression occurs in part by pre - mrna splicing into mature rnas . signals affecting the efficiency and specificity with which introns are removed have not been completely elucidated . splicing likely occurs cotranscriptionally , with chromatin structure playing a key regulatory rol...
cysts related to the mullerian system usually occur in paraovarian ( 1 ) or paratubal regions ( 2 ) . an eleven year old girl presented to the emergency department with a twenty four history of abdominal pain , fever and nausea . on presentation she was clinically dehydrated , pyrexial , and the lower abdomen was f...	paramesonephric duct remnants are an infrequent cause of abdominal symptoms in childhood . preoperative diagnosis is often difficult and diagnosis is usually made at surgery . we report a rare presentation of an acute abdomen in a child with bilateral inflamed fimbrial cysts . ultrasound revealed the presence of ...
gastrointestinal ( gi ) autoimmune diseases are characterized by the uninhibited immune response in the gi tract . these diseases are characterized by an increased number of mononuclear cells in the intestinal epithelium , which can lead to destruction of intestinal crypts . some common gi autoimmune diseases are c...	gastrointestinal ( gi ) autoimmune diseases have a high incidence in developed countries , such as canada and the us . some common gi autoimmune diseases include ulcerative colitis and crohn 's disease . these conditions are not only unpleasant for the patient , but also present a heavy burden on the healthcare sys...
sepsis is one of the most common infectious conditions during the neonatal period , and it is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality , despite the outstanding development of neonatology in recent years . described as systemic inflammatory response ( sirs ) associated with a suspected or proven infection ,...	neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and its signs and symptoms are nonspecific , which makes the diagnosis difficult . the routinely used laboratory tests are not effective methods of analysis , as they are extremely nonspecific and often cause inappropriate use of antibiotics . sepsis is th...
prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men . androgen deprivation therapy is the treatment of choice in patients with advanced metastatic disease , although progression typically occurs within 12 years of initial response [ 2 , 3 ] . secondary hormonal therapy is a...	hormone - resistant prostate cancer ( hrpc ) occurs when prostate cancer is no longer responsive to hormone therapy . treatment options are limited , and there is a clear necessity for therapies that improve outcome . preclinical and clinical evidence supports the role of the immunomodulatory agent lenalidomide in ...
adult mesenchymal stem cells ( mscs ) represent an innovative tool for cell - based therapy of degenerative disorders , chronic inflammatory , and autoimmune diseases or allograft rejection . the understanding of the mechanisms that mediate and/or modulate the therapeutic potency of mscs is important from both a phys...	mesenchymal stem cells ( mscs ) are of special interest as therapeutic agents in the settings of both chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases . toll - like receptors ( tlr ) ligands have been linked with the perpetuation of inflammation in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases due to the permanent exposure o...
high blood pressure occurs in around 80% of patients with acute ischemic stroke and usually decreases over the following 7 days . whether this elevated blood pressure is a physiological and protective reaction or a side effect of a generalised stress reaction that is in fact harmful to the newly damaged brain and w...	high blood pressure is common in acute stroke patients . very high as well as very low blood pressure is associated with poor outcome . spontaneous fall of blood pressure within the first few days after stroke was associated both with neurological improvement and impairment . several randomized trials investigate...
local canonical correlation analysis ( cca ) is a multivariate statistical method in fmri that uses the joint time course of a group of neighboring voxels , usually in a 3 3 in - plane voxel grid , to determine the significance of activation . the value of a suitable test statistic is used as a measure of activation...	a wide range of studies show the capacity of multivariate statistical methods for fmri to improve mapping of brain activations in a noisy environment . an advanced method uses local canonical correlation analysis ( cca ) to encompass a group of neighboring voxels instead of looking at the single voxel time course . ...
the use of visible and near - infrared ( nir ) light , penetrable to deep tissue , is an attractive method of spatiotemporally controlling drug release from various drug delivery forms , such as prodrugs , liposomes , polymers , and other nano- and macrodelivery systems . however , because of its lower energy...	we recently developed photo - unclick chemistry , a novel chemical tool involving the cleavage of aminoacrylate by singlet oxygen , and demonstrated its application to visible light - activatable prodrugs . in this study , we prepared an advanced multifunctional prodrug , pc-(l - ca4)2 , composed of the flu...
anterior cervical discectomy and fusion ( acdf ) is the most frequently performed surgical treatment for several cervical spinal diseases , including herniated disc , compressive myelopathy , trauma and degenerative disease5,8 ) . after decompression of spinal cord or nerve roots , interbody fusion should be performe...	objectiveto evaluate radiologic result of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with allobone graft and plate augmentation , and the change of radiologic outcome between screw type and insertion angle.methodsretrospective review of clinical and radiological data of 29 patients . segmental angle , height and screw a...
they have more conservative cavity designs which basically rely on the effectiveness of current dentin bonding agents . however , composite resins still have some limitations in use due to their physical properties,[3 - 5 ] polymerization shrinkage , microleakage , low wear resistance and color stability,[7 - 8 ] and l...	statement of the problem : composite bond to dentin is crucial in many clinical conditions particularly in deep cavities without enamel margins due to insufficient penetration of adhesive into demineralized dentin . purpose : the aim of this study was to assess the shear bond strength ( sbs ) of a methacrylate - base...
over 5.7 million americans have been diagnosed with heart failure , and with the aging population , this number is expected to increase to 8 million by 2030.13 heart failure is the most common diagnosis among hospitalized patients 65 years of age and older and the leading cause of readmissions in the medicare populatio...	purposeheart failure prevalence is increasing in older adults , and polypharmacy is a major problem in this population . we compared medication regimen complexity using the validated patient - level medication regimen complexity index ( pmrci ) tool in young - old ( 6074 years ) versus old - old ( 7589 years ) ...
lung cancer has become a disease of great global impact and remains the leading cause of death from cancer in the world.1 as smoking and environmental pollution can not be controlled in the short term , the incidence of lung cancer continues to increase , especially in females.2,3 in brazil , the estimate for 2010 is a...	objectives : the purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the brazilian version of the functional assessment of cancer therapylung ( factl ) with the factlung symptom index ( flsi ) questionnaire.introduction:the assessment of quality of life in patients with lung cancer has become an important evaluative...
the concept of total mesorectal excision ( tme ) , which was introduced by heald and ryall during the 1980s , has significantly improved the outcome for patients with rectal cancer , particularly with regard to local recurrence . the results of some studies showed that tme was a superior surgical modality for the tre...	it is suggested that laparoscopic total mesorectal excision of low - lying rectal cancer has advantages over an open procedure with less blood loss , reduced hospital stay , and a shorter disability period . complete macroscopic surgical resection appears to be aided by improved pelvic view offered by laparoscopy .
a research report from the chinese center for disease control and prevention showed that the incidence of paraquat poisoning increased by about 47.35% a year on average from 2002 to 2010 . although the survival rate of pq poisoning increased with the improvement of medical levels , there were still a considerable num...	backgroundthe aim of this study was to explore the effects of different tidal volume ( vt ) ventilation on paraquat - induced acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ali / ards ) in piglets.material/methodswe developed ali / ards models in piglets by intraperitoneal injection of paraquat ( pq ) . t...
at present kidney diseases are a major problem across the globe . as per global and regional overview , 1783000 patients are suffering from end stage renal disease ( esrd ) , of which dialysis has been given to 1371000 patients and kidney has been transplanted on 412000 patients suffering from renal failure whom live u...	the present study has been designed to find out the protective effect of aqueus extract of terminalia arjuna against dehydration induced oxidative stress and uremia , protection by plant extract in male wister strain albino rats , and therefore to find out the scientific basis of local use of terminalia arjuna bark ext...
behet s disease ( bd ) is the systemic vasculitis of small and large vessels , which affects both veins and arteries . the clinical features of bd indicate that there are distinct geographical differences ; while vascular involvement is detected in 40% of patients in the middle east , the percentage of vascular invol...	backgroundbudd - chiari syndrome , which is a rare complication of behcet s disease , carries a high mortality rate.objectivesthe aim of the study was to present our long - term follow up experience with patients suffering from budd - chiari syndrome due to behcet s disease.methodsthe records of 402 patients with behce...
the issue of child sex selection and gender preferences is as old as human life . it seems that the historical tendency to determine the sex of the child is rooted in religious , economic , cultural - social and medical issues . until recently , sex selection seemed impossible , but modern medical technologies in t...	backgroundgender preference is prevalent in some communities and using medical techniques to choose the baby 's sex may cause the gender discrimination and gender imbalance in communities . therefore , evaluating the gender preferences and attitudes towards using sex selection technologies seems to be necessary.methods...
normal pressure hydrocephalus ( nph ) is characterized by a clinical triad of symptoms including cognitive impairment , gait difficulty , and urinary incontinence along with ventricular enlargement in brain imaging . nph is considered as idiopathic ( inph ) when there are no known predisposing factors such as subarac...	the diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus ( inph ) is still challenging . alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) , along with vascular dementia , the most important differential diagnosis for inph , has several potential cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) biomarkers which might help in the selection of patients for shu...
in 2004 , denosumab was under development for treating osteoporosis , progressing from proof of concept to registration trials.1 questions existed that could not be practically addressed with clinical studies due to the protracted dosing interval ( q6 m ) and required trial duration , nor by traditional pkpd models . ...	in the evolving discipline of quantitative systems pharmacology ( qsp ) , qsp model ( qspm ) applications are expanding . recently , a qspm was used by us food and drug administration ( fda ) clinical pharmacologists to evaluate the appropriateness of a proposed dosing regimen for a new biologic . this application ...
the use of cardiopulmonary bypass ( cpb ) , bleeding ( during and after surgery ) , frequent blood analyses ( before , during and after surgery ) , hemodilution , significant shift of intravascular volume , mechanical trauma of blood cells , therapeutic hypothermia , co - morbidities , the use of anticoagulant and anti...	objectives : removal of pro inflammatory stimuli after cabg , wound closure and the regenerative ability of the bone marrow will ensure a gradual recovery of hematological parameters . the aim of this study was to assess the hematological changes after cabg.materials and methods : a prospective cohort study included ...
the precision of the excimer laser introduced a new era for the correction of myopia . studies have demonstrated that photorefractive keratectomy ( prk ) and laser in situ keratomileusis ( lasik ) for myopia are safe and predictable . the application of excimer laser for the treatment of hyperopia started in the la...	purpose : to evaluate refractive and visual outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin - c . ( prk - mmc ) for the treatment of mild to moderate hyperopia.materials and methods : this case series enrolled 21 patients with up to + 5.50 diopters ( d ) of hyperopia . all 42 eyes were treated with the conce...
the incidence of kidney stones has been increasing in korea with the rise in dietary and lifestyle changes influenced by western countries . nephrolithiasis is one of the common causes of morbidity and deterioration of quality of life in the united states , with a lifetime prevalence of 5% to 10% . in addition , ur...	since its initial introduction in 1976 , percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( pcnl ) has been widely performed for the management of large renal stones and currently is recommended for staghorn calculi , kidney stones larger than 2 cm , and shock wave lithotripsy - resistant lower pole stones greater than 1 cm . however , ex...
the growth of flexible ureteroscopy ( urs ) in the asian subcontinent has not been as fast as its potential appears to be . the factors responsible for this are perhaps the high initial cost and the maintenance cost involved in flexible urs . it is a well - known fact that the damage to the instrument is more so du...	objective : we performed a comparative study of high - fidelity training models for flexible ureteroscopy ( urs ) . our objective was to determine whether high - fidelity non - virtual reality ( vr ) models are as effective as the vr model in teaching flexible urs skills.materials and methods : twenty - one trained u...
in terms of enteral nutritional support , percutaneous endoscopic gastroscopy ( peg ) is widely accepted as a safe and effective approach . however , some general complications have been reported , such as skin infection of peri - gastrostomy site , ileus , leakage , tubal obstruction , stomach perforation , hemorrhage...	as a rare complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastroscopy ( peg ) , a gastrocolocutaneous fistula may occur after peg placement . this paper reports an interesting case which peg tube unintentionally penetrated transverse colon during peg . a 72-year - old female patient who suffered from medullary infarction u...
the closing article in the series celebrating the 30th anniversary of diabetes control and complications trial / epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications ( dcct / edic ) study reflects on how past investigations have shaped the study s future directions . the preceding articles on retinopathy , nephro...	objectivethe diabetes control and complications trial / epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications ( dcct / edic ) study continues to address knowledge gaps in our understanding of type 1 diabetes and the effects of intensive therapy on its long - term complications.research design and methodsduring the d...
	the role of protein dynamics in the reaction catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase from the hyperthermophile thermotoga maritima ( tmdhfr ) has been examined by enzyme isotope substitution ( 15n , 13c , 2h ) . in contrast to all other enzyme reactions investigated previously , including dhfr from escherichia col...
the species richness of flowering plant lineages shows tremendous variation amongst clades , indicating that certain traits influence speciation and/or extinction rates . in plants , many traits have been associated with evolutionarily success , such as self - incompatibility and floral asymmetry . the reasons wh...	the vast diversity of floral colours in many flowering plant families , paired with the observation of preferences among pollinators , suggests that floral colour may be involved in the process of speciation in flowering plants . while transitions in floral colour have been examined in numerous genera , we have very ...
	cofactors involved in respiratory tract carcinogenesis were studied in syrian golden hamsters or in rats using benzo(a)pyrene as the carcinogenic agent . these factors included severe tissue damage induced by electro - coagulation , glass fibers administered by intratracheal instillation , acetaldehyde as irritant va...
the maldi - tof ms spectrum of c. massiliense is available online ( http://www.mediterranee-infection.com/article.php?laref=256&titre=urms-database ) . strain marseille - p3295 was deposited in the collection de souches de l'unit des rickettsies ( csur , wdcm 875 ) under number p3295 .	we report the main characteristics of a new genus , congobacterium, and a new species , congobacterium massiliense, strain marseille - p3295 ( csur p3295 ) , a new member in the order coribacteriacea , which was isolated from a stool sample of a healthy 50-year - old pygmy ( baka ) woman .
jaundice presenting after cholecystectomy may be the initial manifestation of a serious surgical misadventure and requires rigorous diagnostic pursuit and therapeutic intervention . a 23-year - old female underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones and three weeks postoperatively developed painl...	background : jaundice presenting after cholecystectomy may be the initial manifestation of a serious surgical misadventure and requires rigorous diagnostic pursuit and therapeutic intervention . biloma is a well recognized postcholecystectomy complication that often accompanies biliary ductal injury.case report : a 2...
a 59-year - old womon presented with an abnormal mass on chest x - ray that was discovered during a routine check - up . we obtained a biopsy though endobronchial ultrasound and pathologically diagnosed a thymoma ( type a ) . contrast - enhanced computed tomography showed a smooth , solitary homogeneously enhanced ...	thymoma is a common anterior mediastinal mass , although thymomas have occasionally been found in the neck , pulmonary hillus , or posterior mediastinum . but a thymoma within the middle mediastinum has rarely been reported . we report a thymoma arising in the middle mediastinum with a review of the literature .
one of the major goals for scientists is to identify biomarkers for patients , thus ultimately providing them with personalized medicine . personalized medicine provides a patient - specific means by which to target one 's disposition to a disease or condition . recent developments in this area include molecular pr...	numerous gel - based and nongel - based technologies are used to detect protein changes potentially associated with disease . the raw data , however , are abundant with technical and structural complexities , making statistical analysis a difficult task . low - level analysis issues ( including normalization , back...
drug addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disorder , manifested as an intense desire for the drug , with impairment of the ability to control the urges to take the drug , even at the expense of serious adverse consequences ( cam and farr 2003 ) . these behavioral abnormalities develop gradually with repeated exposu...	this review will discuss the latest knowledge of how the endocannabinoid system might be involved in treating addiction to the most common illicit drugs . experimental models are providing increasing evidence for the pharmacological management of endocannabinoid signaling not only to block the direct reinforcing effe...
currently the influenza vaccine is recommended in the united states for all individuals over 6 months of age and by the world health organization for high - risk groups . these recommendations have , in part , the aim to reduce the worldwide estimated deaths 250,000500,000 each year caused by the seasonal form of t...	the purpose of this study was to compare influenza vaccination rates of pregnant women in a public safety - net health system to national coverage rates during the 2009 - 2010 pandemic influenza season . a chart review of a random sample of deliveries was undertaken to determine rates of coverage and predictors of va...
the recurrent laryngeal nerve ( rln ) injury during surgeries on thyroid and parathyroid remains the most significant commonly found complication of endocrine surgery in the neck , and it can result in significant morbidity including temporary or permanent paralytic dysphonia and dysphagia . rates of nerve injury pub...	objective . our goal is to study the feasibility of using intraoperative neuromonitoring ( ionm ) in minimally invasive video - assisted thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy ( mivat / p ) with emphasis given to the identification of recurrent laryngeal nerve ( rln ) . methods . consecutive series of forty - seven pa...
it is a failure to report , respond to , or orient towards stimuli located on the contralesional side . it also occurs when converting not only a visual landscape but also body schema to a visual image2 . spatial neglect is caused by a disturbance of both hemispheres after unilateral cortical lesions3 . spa...	[ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to identify the effects of oculo - motor exercise , functional electrical stimulation ( fes ) , and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation ( pnf ) on the visual perception of spatial neglect patients . [ subjects and methods ] the subjects were randomly allocated to ...
today s world is a world of organizations , and their main operators are the people who invigorate them and prepare the grounds for the realization of their objectives . without people , the concepts of organization and management would become meaningless ( 1 ) . therefore , professional satisfaction on the part of m...	introductionthe professional satisfaction of staff is one of the most challenging organizational concepts that can enhance the efficiency level of organizations . in a similar vein , the professional satisfaction of nurses is of considerable importance , in that , professional dissatisfaction among nurses could resul...
crc cases were selected from patients who underwent surgical treatment at eulji university hospital from january 2000 to june 2005 . all cases were histologically confirmed to be primary colorectal adenocarcinoma and hematoxylin and eosin slides were re - evaluated by two independent pathologists . the tumor grade ...	backgroundthymosin 4 is a multi - functional hormone - like polypeptide , being involved in cell migration , angiogenesis , and tumor metastasis . this study was undertaken to clarify the clinicopathologic implications of thymosin 4 expression in human colorectal cancers ( crcs).methodswe investigated tissue sections...
the caudate lobe is located anterior to the inferior vena cava ( ivc ) and may envelop this structure circumferentially . it extends to the hilum of the liver just posterior to the bifurcation of the portal vein . cephalad , the caudate lobe lies posterior to the confluence of the left and middle veins as they ente...	resection of the caudate lobe ( segment i- dorsal sector , segment ix- right paracaval region , or both ) is often technically difficult due to the lobe s location deep in the hepatic parenchyma and because it is adjacent to the major hepatic vessels ( e.g. , the left and middle hepatic veins).a literature search was c...
there are some commonly held beliefs that aging is associated with increased dependency , loss of self - control , incapacity , ailment , social isolation , and disengagement from life.1 misconceptions about older people and aging are called ageism , gerontophobia , or the elderly mystique.2 according to butler s ...	backgroundthere are several negative stereotypes about older adults that have negatively influenced people s attitude about aging . the present study compared emotional well - being between older adults and adolescents.methodsdata for this study came from 1,403 community - dwelling elderly persons and 1,190 secondary...
we selected patients who were diagnosed with impending central retinal vein occlusion from january 2003 to march 2007 in wonju christian hospital , and we retrospectively studied their medical records . by gass ' definition , impending central retinal vein occlusion has mild or no loss of vision with venodilation and...	purposeimpending central retinal vein occlusion is associated with mild or no loss of vision ; however , its progress and vision prognosis have not been clearly defined until now . therefore , we studied the progress and prognoses in patients with impending central retinal vein occlusion.methodsfor this study , we se...
radiofrequency ( rf ) catheter ablation has proven efficacy for treating many types of supraventricular arrhythmias and has become an increasingly important clinical tool for treating atrial fibrillation ( af).1 electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins ( pvs ) from the left atrium is the cornerstone for most af abla...	acute safety from 2 af ablation registriesintroductionthis report presents safety data on the use of a new open - irrigation radiofrequency ablation ( rfa ) catheter with a 56-hole porous tip in 742 patients enrolled in 2 us prospective , multicenter observational registry studies representing real - world use of the c...
solar energy is considered as one of the most important alternative energy sources and solar cell has been actively studied as promising solar energy conversion device . for its practical use , however , there are numbers of technical barriers to be overcome such as high cost and low - conversion efficiency . accordi...	we have demonstrated lithography - free , simple , and large area fabrication method for subwavelength antireflection structures ( sas ) to achieve low reflectance of silicon ( si ) surface . thin film of pt / pd alloy on a si substrate is melted and agglomerated into hemispheric nanodots by thermal dewetting process...
brown tumors ( bts ) , also called as osteoclastomas , are rare nonneoplastic lesions that arise in the setting of hyperparathyroidism319 ) . hyperparathyroidism is overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone ( pth ) . excessive pth secretion may be due to problems i...	brown tumors also called as osteoclastomas , are rare nonneoplastic lesions that arise in the setting of primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism . parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasia constitute the major brown tumor source in primary hyperparathyroidism while chronic renal failure is the leading cause in secondary h...
interestingly , the trajectory of a proton in the lumen of the so - called m2 channel of the influenza a virus is an example from biology . the m2 integral membrane protein is a tetramer assembled from four identical subunits , each with 97 residues . as a prerequisite for release of genetic material to the cyt...	the activity of the m2 proton channel of the influenza a virus is controlled by ph . the tautomeric state and conformation of his37 , a key residue in the m2 transmembrane four - helix bundle , controls the gating of the channel . previously , we compared the energetics and dynamics of two alternative con...
patent foramen ovale , which is necessary in fetal circulation , is a potential route for emboli arising from the venous system to enter the systemic arterial circulation , resulting in paradoxical air embolism syndrome . we report a case of paradoxical air embolism as a complication of percutaneous approach for trea...	air embolism is a rare complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy . patent foramen ovale , which is necessary in fetal circulation , is a potential route for emboli arising from the venous system to enter the systemic arterial circulation , resulting in paradoxical air embolism syndrome . a case of paradoxical ai...
results of the investigation on artificial radionuclides in the environmental objects provide for the assessment of possible affects of radiation exposure on human health . at the same time investigation of radionuclide distribution in the environment hence it is necessary to consider the basic sources of radioactive...	the article presents the measurement results of the volumetric activity ( va ) of artificial radionuclides 90sr and 137cs in the coastal waters of the baltic sea near the curonian peninsula in 20052009 . the annual average values for this period of time were 12 bq / m3 ( 90sr ) and 40 bq / m3 ( 137cs ) . consider...
the vascular lesions of the skin are divided into congenital and acquired lesions . acquired and congenital vascular lesions are described as follows : the most significant acquired vascular lesions of infancy are hemangiomas . the lesions are composed of proliferating blood vessels and , although benign , have a pot...	vascular anomalies constitute some of the most difficult diagnostic and therapeutic enigmas in the head and neck region . it is of paramount importance that a modern classification system is established to differentiate vascular lesions from vascular malformations . vascular malformations are usually congenital and...
trichomycosis is asymptomatic , superficial infection , which is generally caused by a coryneform - actinomycetes bacteria which , from the very first reports , has been called corynebacterium tenuis . while on rare occasions the pubic , scrotal and intergluteal hairs may also be affected , this infection predominant...	background : trichomycosis is asymptomatic bacterial infection of the axillary hairs caused by corynebacterium sp.objective:to bring a series of cases of trichomycosis , its clinical and microbiological experience.materials and methods : this report consists in a linear and observational retrospective study of 15 years...
anthocyanins , as ubiquitous constituents of berries and coloured vegetables , are widespread in the plant dominion . much attention has been paid in recent years to their radicals scavenging activity in vitro and in vivo and possible health benefits . the main anthocyanins being analysed in elderberries ar...	in a pilot study with 6 females and 1 male , the metabolism of various cyanidin glucosides after oral administration of elderberry juice was investigated . the anthocyanin metabolites were detected in urinary excretion . after ingestion of a bolus quantity of 3.57 g total anthocyanins in a 150 ml elderb...
the trunk midline is the reference for orientation of the body in space and is the point of comparison for the synthesis of all tactile , kinesthetic , and pressure - related information from the two sides of the body1 . thus , the trunk midline can be considered the axis of symmetry around which the body org...	[ purpose ] recently , there has been growing interest in the somatosensory system , but little data exist on the interaction between dynamic postural control and the somatosensory system . the purpose of this study was to determine whether a training program , based on tactile and proprioceptive sensory stimulat...
the study was carried out between 2005 and 2007 at the all india institute of medical sciences ( aiims ) , new delhi . amphotericin b deoxycholate ( fungizone ) was purchased from ambalal sarabhai enterprises ltd , vadodara , india . new formulation of the liposomal amphotericin b , kalsome10 , was a kind gift from...	background & objectives : current therapy for leishmaniasis is limited and unsatisfactory . amphotericin b , a second - line treatment is gradually replacing antimonials , the first - line treatment and is used as the preferred treatments in some regions . though , presently it is the only drug with highest cure ra...

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