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800 | The Foundation for Economic Education ( FEE ) is a non political , non profit , tax exempt educational foundation dedicated to the economic , ethical and legal principles of a free society . FEE publishes books , the magazine The Freeman , hosts seminars , and lectures . History Founded in 1946 by Leonard E. Read , Henry Hazlitt , David Goodrich , Donaldson Brown , Leo Wolman , Fred R. Fairchild , Claude E. Robinson , and Jasper Crane , the foundation is the oldest free market think tank in the United States . Read served as president from 1946 until his death in 1983 . Perry E. Gresham followed his friend Read as president in 1983 . The presidency of FEE from 1983 to 1984 was held by John Sparks Sr. , from 1984 to 1985 by Bob Love , from 1985 to 1988 by a series of acting presidents , then from 1988 to 1992 by Bruce Evans . After retiring from Grove City College where he taught economics , Hans Sennholz served as president from 1992 to 1997 . Donald J. Boudreaux served as president from 1997 to 2001 , before moving on to chair the Department of Economics at George Mason University . Economist , investment analyst , professor and author Mark Skousen served as president from 2001 to 2002 . Author and professor Richard Ebeling served as president from 2003 to 2008 . The current president is economist , author , and professor Lawrence W. Reed , since 2008 . Significance During his extended graduate studies at Columbia University , Murray Rothbard was influenced by FEE economist Baldy Harper . So it makes sense that Rothbard credited FEE with creating a crucial open center for a libertarian movement . Friedrich Hayek saw FEE as part of the inspiration for the formation of the Mont Pelerin Society in 1947 . Beyond inspiration , FEE provided a financial subsidy to the Mont Pelerin Society . Hayek encouraged Anthony Fisher to found the Institute of Economic Affairs after visiting FEE in 1952 . Ludwig von Mises had a long term association with the Foundation for Economic Education . According to the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report FEE is number 47 out of 60 in the Top Think Tanks in the United States . Location FEE first occupied two rooms on the 30th floor of the Equitable Building in Manhattan in 1946 . Still in 1946 , the organization moved to the Hillside mansion in Irvington , New York , where FEE would remain for 68 years . In 2014 , FEE sold its Irvington headquarters as a part of the transfer of operations to Atlanta , Georgia . Programs FEE describes its mission as to inspire , educate and connect future leaders with the economic , ethical and legal principles of a free society . FEE offers a variety of programs for high school students , undergraduates , and graduate students . Since 1946 FEE has sponsored lectures by Ludwig von Mises , F.A. Hayek , Henry Hazlitt , Milton Friedman , James M. Buchanan , Vernon Smith , Walter Williams , F.A. Baldy Harper , William F. Buckley Jr. and others . Publications In 1945 du Pont executive Jasper Crane , along with Alfred Kohlberg , started a capital campaign for the organization . After contributions from J. Howard Pew , Inland Steel , Quaker Oats , and Sears enough funding was available for FEE to purchase and take up publishing The Freeman in 1950 . FEE publishes books , articles , and pamphlets both on paper and digitally that the foundation considers classic works on liberty . These include the notable publications I , Pencil My Family Tree by Read , The Law by Bastiat , Anything That 's Peaceful by Read , Planned Chaos by Mises , Industry Wide Bargaining by Wolman , Up from Poverty Reflections on the unk of Public Assistance by Sennholz , and The Virtue of Liberty by Machan .
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801 | Route 66 is a state highway located in Monmouth County , New Jersey , United States . It runs 3 . 62 mi ( 5 . 83 km ) between Route 33 in Tinton Falls and Route 35 at County Route 16 on the border of Ocean Township and Neptune Township , just to the west of Asbury Park . The route serves as an important connector between the Garden State Parkway to the west and Route 18 and Asbury Park to the east . It runs concurrent with County Route 16 from Bowne Wayside Roads to the eastern terminus at Route 35 . Route 66 , which varies from a two lane undivided road to a four lane divided highway , passes through commercial areas for most of its length with some wooded areas . The route was created in 1953 , replacing what had been Route 33 35 Link . There is currently a proposal to widen the two lane portion between Jumping Brook Road and Wayside Road in order to better handle the traffic that uses this road . Route description Route 66 begins at an intersection with Route 33 in Tinton Falls , heading to the northeast as a two lane road . A short distance past Route 33 , it comes to an interchange with the Garden State Parkway , where the road becomes a three lane undivided road with one eastbound lane and two westbound lanes . Past this interchange , the route heads into commercial areas , where it widens into a four lane divided highway that passes south of the Jersey Shore Premium Outlets , with an interchange serving the outlet mall at Premium Outlets Boulevard unk Boulevard . Following this , the road heads into Neptune Township . After the intersection with Jumping Brook Road , the divided highway ends and Route 66 becomes a two lane undivided road . The route heads through a patch of woods before passing more businesses and coming to an intersection with County Route 16 ( Asbury Avenue ) . Here , the road becomes a four lane divided highway again and heads east along the border of Ocean Township to the north and Neptune Township to the south , concurrent with County Route 16 . It passes through woodland before coming to a cloverleaf interchange with Route 18 . Past Route 18 , the road heads into commercial areas again , with the Seaview Square Shopping Center located to the north of the route . Route 66 ends at the Asbury Park Circle with Route 35 , where County Route 16 continues east toward Asbury Park on Asbury Avenue . History Route 66 was legislated in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering to replace what had been Route 33 35 Link . There is a proposal to widen the two lane portions of Route 66 between Jumping Brook Road and Wayside Road . The need for this widening is due to the need to handle traffic going to Asbury Park in the summer months as well as an evacuation route for the coastal regions of Monmouth County , and the poor design of the current roadway , which lacks turning lanes and facilities for bicycles and pedestrians . In addition , a proposed outlet mall called the Jersey Shore Premium Outlets was planned along the route in Tinton Falls , with improvements planned to the route in the vicinity of the project including an overpass to the outlet mall . In 2006 , Neptune Township refused to cooperate with these plans because the original agreement for the outlet mall project in 2001 was no longer up to date with the current traffic demands . Despite this opposition , the plans were approved by the borough of Tinton Falls in 2007 and the Jersey Shore Premium Outlets opened in November 2008 . As for the widening of Route 66 , a meeting was held in August 2009 between members of the 11th state Legislative district and the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Transportation . Major intersections The entire route is in Monmouth County .
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802 | Hurricane Henri was a rare tropical cyclone that entered the Gulf of Mexico without having made landfall it was the second of four times this occurred during the 20th century . The eighth named storm and fifth hurricane of the 1979 Atlantic hurricane season , it formed on September 14 in the northwestern Caribbean Sea . Throughout much of its duration , Henri moved erratically and initially maintained a general westward track . On September 16 it attained tropical storm status , and a day later it reached hurricane status . By two days later , after experiencing hostile conditions , Henri weakened to tropical depression status as it turned to the northeast , and on September 24 it merged with a frontal low in the northeast Gulf of Mexico . Due to its slow and erratic motion , the hurricane forced evacuations along the Mexican coastline . Its remnants brought rainfall and flooding to the Florida Panhandle . Meteorological history Hurricane Henri developed as Tropical Depression Eighteen in the extreme northwestern Caribbean Sea on September 14 from a tropical wave , which had previously moved off the coast of Africa . The formation of a tropical depression was confirmed by reports from Hurricane Hunters . The depression tracked northward , brushing the eastern portion of the Yucatn Peninsula . After reaching the Gulf of Mexico it turned sharply westward , with a ridge preventing further northward movement . The depression turned southwestward , and intensified into Tropical Storm Henri on September 16 . Tropical Storm Henri continued to intensify as it tracked through the Bay of Campeche . On September 17 , the storm turned northwestward after the ridge to its north weakened , and later that day Henri reached hurricane status six hours later , it reached peak winds of 85 mph ( 140 km h ) about 150 miles ( 245 km ) northeast of Veracruz . Subsequently , a broad low pressure area developed over the western Gulf of Mexico , causing the motion of Henri to become erratic . On September 18 , the cyclone began a steady weakening trend , believed to have been caused by land interaction and the funneling of moisture toward a developing disturbance near the Texas coast . Henri turned eastward on September 19 and weakened to tropical depression status . It failed to regain significant convection , and it turned northeastward along an extended cold front . On September 24 , Henri merged with the frontal trough in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico . Hurricane Henri was one of only four tropical cyclones to enter the Gulf of Mexico without making landfall during the 20th century . The others were Laurie of 1969 , Jeanne of 1980 , and Alberto of 1982 . Preparations and impact Although Henri did not affect land in any way as a hurricane , the developing system threatened several states along the southwestern coastline in Mexico . Mexican forecasting officials issued an advisory for the Gulf coast towns of Tampico in Tamaulipas , and Tuxpan and Nautla in Veracruz , to evacuate to higher ground . The government of Veracruz issued warnings on radio and television of possible flooding in oil rich coastlines . The storm affected cleanup operations of the Ixtoc I oil spill as it passed over the spill area , damaging a 310 ton steel cap designed to stop the blowout . Henri caused driving rains , strong winds , and floods in Ciudad del Carmen , Campeche , forcing over 2000 people from their homes . Waters swelled in the town to about 12 inches ( 305 mm ) above sea level . Maximum rainfall recorded in Mexico in association with Henri was 19 . 59 inches ( 498 mm ) at unk . The remnants of Henri brought showers and thunderstorms to west central Florida , causing river flooding and some evacuations .
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803 | Southtown Center , colloquially known as Southtown , is a regional shopping mall in Bloomington , Minnesota , a suburb of the Twin Cities . Southtown Center consists of 534 , 650 square feet ( 50 , 000 m2 ) of retail space . The center contains 38 retail tenants and is anchored by AMF Bowling Centers , Bed Bath Beyond , Herberger 's , Kohl 's , and T.J. Maxx . The first phase of Southtown Center opened on November 3 , 1960 , with two more phases proceeding in 1963 and 1964 . The mall is partially enclosed , while the majority of the center contains open air structures . Several additional buildings were constructed on the property throughout the years , while minimal renovations took place to maintain the mall 's appearance . History 1960 62 Construction , grand opening , and additions Southtown Center opened on November 3 , 1960 in Bloomington , Minnesota and became Bloomington 's first regional shopping center . The center was developed by Kraus Anderson , Inc . , a Bloomington based construction firm , with founder Lloyd Engelsma taking over as the site 's project manager . According to Engelsma , Southtown was built atop a strip of cow pasture near a busy intersection in Bloomington , taking up nearly 37 acres of land Engelsma had high expectations for the new center . During construction of the mall , three labor strikes occurred which heavily delayed construction unk and inclement weather created further setbacks during the construction . Montgomery Ward , a Chicago based department store , announced that they would be opening up a location at Southtown , and became the mall 's only anchor Ward filled a 188 , 050 square feet ( 17 , 000 m2 ) building , the largest Ward department store in the United States . After the center 's opening , several additions took place at the mall . During 1963 , a 43 , 000 square feet ( 4 , 000 m2 ) AMF Bowling Center was constructed on the north side of the property the bowling alley is still currently in use today . In 1964 , a Mann Theatres was constructed on the property Southtown Mann Theatre became the first movie theater to be attached to a shopping center in the Twin Cities . However , the cinema was completely remodeled in 1980 , removing some its original decor , before being torn down in 1995 to make way for additional retail . 1998 present Store closings and rezoning Montgomery Ward prospered as Southtown 's largest tenant until 1998 , when Ward announced that they would be closing nine underperforming locations as part of their ongoing operations and strategic initiatives to return to profitability . Filling Ward 's vacancy was Herberger 's , a Minnesota department store , who had agreed to purchase several other closed Montgomery Ward stores in the Twin Cities area . Toys R Us agreed to lease the other side of the Ward store that Herberger 's hadn 't leased . In September 2014 , several plans were created by the city of Bloomington in order to rezone several parts of the shopping center . However , Southtown 's owner , Kraus Anderson , stated that the rezoning would threaten Southtown 's existence and that customers like things how they are . Several Bloomington locals and customers of Southtown created a website to persuade the city of Bloomington not to continue with any redeveloping plans . Despite the creation of the website and Kraus Anderson 's frustration and concern during the proposed redevelopment , the city council approved the project in July 2015 . In April of the same year , Southtown 's 44 , 548 square feet ( 4 , 100 m2 ) Toys R Us closed after their 26 year lease expired . Despite this closing , Southtown Center has maintained a 99 percent occupancy rate for many years .
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804 | The first USS Milwaukee , a double turreted Milwaukee class river monitor , the lead ship of her class , built for the Union Navy during the American Civil War . The ship supported Union forces during the Mobile Campaign as they attacked Confederate fortifications defending the city of Mobile , Alabama in early 1865 . She struck a mine in March and sank without loss . Her wreck was raised in 1868 and broken up for scrap that was used in the construction of a bridge in St. Louis , Missouri . Description Milwaukee was 229 feet ( 69 . 8 m ) long overall and had a beam of 56 feet ( 17 . 1 m ) . The ship had a depth of hold of 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 . 6 m ) and a draft of 6 feet ( 1 . 8 m ) . She had 970 tons burthen and displaced 1 , 300 long tons ( 1 , 300 t ) . Her crew numbered 138 officers and enlisted men . The ship was powered by two 2 cylinder horizontal non condensing steam engines , each driving two propellers , using steam generated by seven tubular boilers . The engines were designed to reach a top speed of 9 knots ( 17 km h 10 mph ) . Milwaukee carried 156 long tons ( 159 t ) of coal . The ship 's main armament consisted of four smoothbore , muzzle loading 11 inch Dahlgren guns mounted in two twin gun turrets . Her forward turret was designed by James Eads and her rear turret by John Ericsson . Each gun weighed approximately 16 , 000 pounds ( 7 , 300 kg ) and could fire a 136 pound ( 61 . 7 kg ) shell up to a range of 3 , 650 yards ( 3 , 340 m ) at an elevation of 15 . The cylindrical turrets were protected by eight layers of wrought iron 1 inch ( 25 mm ) plates . The sides of the hull consisted of three layers of one inch plates , backed by 15 inches ( 380 mm ) of pine . The deck was heavily cambered to allow headroom for the crew on such a shallow draft and it consisted of iron plates .75 inches ( 19 mm ) thick . The pilothouse , positioned behind and above the fore turret , was protected by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of armor . Construction and service James Eads was awarded the contracts for all four of the Milwaukee class ships . He laid down Milwaukee at his Union Iron Works Carondelet , St. Louis in 1862 . The first U.S. Navy ship to be named after the Wisconsin city , she was launched on 4 February 1864 and commissioned on 27 August 1864 . Acting Volunteer Lieutenant James W. unk was in command . Milwaukee was initially assigned to the Mississippi Squadron upon commissioning , but saw no action before she was ordered south to join West Gulf Blockading Squadron . The ship departed Mound City , Illinois on 15 October and arrived at New Orleans , Louisiana 12 days later . Lieutenant Commander James H. Gillis relieved unk on 22 November . She was still under repair there on 27 November , although Milwaukee reached Mobile Bay by 1 January 1865 . Although the victory at the Battle of Mobile Bay on 5 August 1864 had closed the port of Mobile to blockade runners , the city itself had not been taken . The Confederates fortified the approaches to the city and heavily mined the shallow waters surrounding it . On 27 March 1865 , Milwaukee , together several other Union ships , sortied upriver in an attempt to cut communications between Spanish Fort and Mobile . The following day she and her sister ship Winnebago steamed up the Blakely River to attack a Confederate transport and forced it to retreat . While returning downriver Milwaukee struck a mine in an area previously swept . She remained afloat forward , which permitted her crew to escape without loss . Another of her sisters , Kickapoo , rescued the survivors . In 1868 the wreck was raised and towed to St. Louis and broken up her iron was used in the construction of the Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River .
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805 | Tropical Cyclone Urmil ( RSMC Nadi designation 06F , JTWC designation 07P ) was a short lived storm of January 2006 that explosively intensified to reach its peak intensity as a high end Category 2 cyclone on the Australian Scale , just 12 hours after being named . Forming out of a tropical disturbance early on January 14 , Urmil quickly intensified before weakening just as quickly . The intensification was a result of the main convective banding feature wrapping around the center of circulation . However , the combination of high wind shear and the rapid movement of the cyclone caused convection to become separated from the center . By January 15 , the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone shortly before dissipating . Urmil had only minor effects on land scattered vegetation damage was reported in Tonga . Meteorological history Tropical Cyclone Urmil originated from a weak tropical disturbance over the open waters of the south Pacific Ocean on January 13 . Around 1800 UTC , the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre ( RSMC ) in Nadi , Fiji classified the system as Tropical Disturbance 06F , while it was located about 370 km ( 230 mi ) west of Pago Pago , American Samoa . Forming in the wake of Tropical Cyclone Tam , the disturbance rapidly organized within an environment of favorable diffulence aloft , warm waters ( 29 C 84 . 2 F ) , and moderate wind shear . Six hours later , RSMC Nadi upgraded 06F to a tropical cyclone and gave it the name Urmil while it was situated near Niuatoputapu , Tonga . Shortly after , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert as the storm quickly traveled towards the south southeast . Around 0600 UTC on January 14 , the JTWC classified Urmil as Tropical Cyclone 07P . During the following six hours , Urmil underwent explosive deepening as the main feeder band wrapped around the center of circulation . After the brief period of intensification , the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 110 km h ( 70 mph ) according to both the RSMC Nadi and the JTWC , making it a high end Category 2 cyclone on the Australian Scale . The highly favorable environment , in combination with the fast forward motion of the storm , allowed Urmil to rapidly reach its peak intensity , despite wind shear reaching 35 km h ( 25 mph ) . However , as quickly as the storm strengthened , it began to weaken as convection weakened . With both wind shear and forward motion increasing , the cyclone quickly became disorganized . Around 0000 UTC on January 15 , the center of circulation was devoid of shower and thunderstorm activity . About six hours later , Urmil transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and was subsequently absorbed into the mid latitude westerlies . Preparations and impact Upon being designated Tropical Disturbance 06F , tropical cyclone alerts and strong wind warnings were issued for Niue , Tonga , the Cook Islands , and French Polynesia . A flood advisory and small craft advisory were issued for Samoa . Later that day , the strong wind warnings for the Cook Islands and French Polynesia were canceled , as Urmil no longer posed a threat to the islands . By January 15 , all of the warnings associated with Urmil were lifted . Early on January 14 , 06F passed close to unk and Niuatoputapu , produced heavy rains and near gale force winds over the islands . The highest winds in Tonga were recorded on Niuatoputapu sustained winds reached 35 km h ( 25 mph ) with gusts to 65 km h ( 40 mph ) . The winds caused minor damages , mainly limited to vegetation . Some fruit trees were damaged , mainly banana trees . The rains from Urmil exaggerated flooding produced by Cyclone Tam just a few days earlier .
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806 | M 116 is a 7 . 018 mile long ( 11 . 294 km ) state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that begins in Ludington at an intersection with US Highway 10 ( US 10 ) at James Street and Ludington Avenue . The road travels northward , much of it along the shore of Lake Michigan before reaching its terminus at the entrance to Ludington State Park . The roadway has been in the state highway system since the late 1920s . It has been realigned a few times , most recently in the late 1990s . Route description M 116 begins in Ludington at the intersection of James Street and Ludington Avenue . It is at this intersection where US 10 turns southward and heads to the Ludington Manitowoc ferry docks . From here , M 116 continues westward along Ludington Avenue through a mixed commercial area for about one half mile ( 0 . 8 km ) before turning north on Lakeshore Drive . The road continues as North Lakeshore Drive through resident areas and passes the Lakeview Cemetery . Before passing the Lincoln Hills Golf Club , M 116 crosses a narrow section of Lincoln Lake and then curves westward towards the shore of Lake Michigan as it approaches the state park . The route runs along the coast of Lake Michigan for the remainder of its route , through an area of sand dunes , until reaching its northern terminus at the entrance to Ludington State Park . Ludington State Park is bound to the west by Lake Michigan , the north by sand dunes and to the east by Hamlin Lake . As such , M 116 provides the only road access to the park from the south . The park encompasses 5 , 300 acres ( 2 , 100 ha ) offering biking , hiking , fishing , tubing , boating and ice skating in the winter . The park is also home to the 112 foot ( 34 m ) tall Big Sable Point Lighthouse , built in 1867 , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The highway is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , which is responsible for maintaining and constructing transportation infrastructure in the state , including highways . As part of this role , the department periodically conducts surveys on their highways to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2009 , MDOT calculated that 7 , 377 vehicles used the southern section of M 116 daily near the US 10 junction . On the north end , only 859 vehicles used the roadway near the state park entrance each day . The highway has not been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . In December 2014 , Michigan Governor Rick Snyder authorized a portion of the highway in Ludington State Park between Little River and Big Sable in Mason County to be named The Paul K. Butterfield II Memorial Highway , in honor of that Michigan State Police Trooper who was murdered during a traffic stop there in 2013 . The ceremony to do so took place in early February 2015 . History M 116 was first designated in May or June 1928 from the north city limit of Ludington north to the Sable River , but not all of it was built and open to traffic . It was extended southerly in 1931 into the city of Ludington to US 10 . There was a new alignment closer to the lakeshore opened in early 1933 . The northern end was extended in late 1935 to encompass the Big Sable River bridge . The last change to the routing was made in 1998 when US 10 was shifted to follow James Street instead of William Street to the car ferry docks . At that time , M 116 was extended east along Ludington Avenue to end at James Street . Major intersections The entire highway is in Mason County .
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807 | R B Junkie is a song by American singer songwriter Janet Jackson from her eighth studio album , Damita Jo ( 2004 ) . Written by Jackson , James Harris III , Terry Lewis , Tony Prof T Tolbert , Michael Jones and Nicholas unk , the track was released as a promotional single in December 2004 by Virgin Records . R B Junkie is an upbeat song which has a retro feel consisting of eighties soul , R B funk , dance pop and synths , while it samples Evelyn King 's 1981 song I 'm in Love it has oh oh unk throughout the verses . R B Junkie received positive reviews from music critics , who described it as infectious and one of the best tracks on Damita Jo . The song peaked at number one on the Bubbling Under R B Hip Hop Singles , as it received a limited release . R B Junkie was performed by Jackson during the 2004 BET Awards . Recording and composition R B Junkie was recorded in 2003 , at Flyte Tyme Studios West at The Village , in Los Angeles , California . It was written by Janet Jackson , James Harris III , Terry Lewis , Tony Prof T Tolbert , Michael Jones and Nicholas unk , while it was produced by Jackson , Jam and Lewis . The latter one also played the keyboards . The song had its drums and percussion played by unk . Serban Ghenea did the mixing of R B Junkie at MixStar Studios , Virginia Beach , with Tim Roberts being his assistant . Ian Cross engineered the song while unk Wright was an assistant . Additionally , the Pro Tools engineer was John Hanes . R B Junkie is an upbeat song which has a retro feel consisting of eighties funk , dance pop , and synths . It transforms a brief sample from Evelyn King 's 1981 song I 'm in Love into a new composition . According to LA Weekly , it worked in the context of a song that is an ode to old school soul music and the dances those sounds inspired . The magazine also considered the song a likely candidate for a summer club hit . R B Junkie ' s positive vibe was described as a sonic ambrosia by Baltimore City Paper . Additionally , the song has oh oh unk throughout the verses and on the chorus . Critical reception The song received positive reviews from music critics . Angus Batey from Yahoo Music described R B Junkie as one of the high points from Damita Jo , describing it as a delicious throwback . BBC Music 's Ian Warde asserted that the song is a nice Evelyn Champagne King infused number that parties like it 's 1982 . Similarly , Michael Paoletta from Billboard called the song a winner from Damita Jo and noted that it fabulously referenced the sampled song . Mikael Wood from Baltimore City Paper commented that R B Junkie had an enough positive vibe to shame American musician Michael J. Powell into early retirement . Ernest Hardy from LA Weekly described the song as the second best song from Damita Jo , after Like You Don 't Love Me . Spence D. from IGN called it as ultimately non descript , despite considering it infectious . Live performance Jackson performed a medley of All Nite ( Don 't Stop ) and R B Junkie at the 2004 BET Awards . Following Jackson 's Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy , various performances on TV were aired with a time delay per the U.S. Federal Communications Commission 's guidelines , but the awards show was televised without a delay . Track listing US promo CD single R B Junkie 3 10 Credits and personnel Credits and personnel adapted from Damita Jo album liner notes . Chart performance R B Junkie was only released as promo single and was sent to Urban AC radio stations . It failed to chart on any main Billboard charts , but peaked at number one on the Bubbling Under R B Hip Hop Singles .
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808 | Fire Station Number 4 or Fire Station No. 4 is a historic fire station located at 474 Broadway in Pawtucket , Rhode Island . The Queen Anne Style station was built in 1890 . It is a two and a half story , hip roofed rectangular brick building with two brick wings and a bell tower . Constructed of red brick with sandstone trim and sandstone lintels and sills on the windows , the building has a foliate terracotta plaque bearing its name and date of construction . The fire station was closed as a firehouse in 1974 , when the current Fire Station Number 4 on Cottage Street opened . The interior of the building was greatly modified to accommodate offices and meeting rooms by the time of its listing on the national register . As of 2014 , the building is being used by the Catholic Charities of Providence . Fire Station Number 4 was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . Design Fire Station Number 4 was constructed in 1890 by an unknown architect on the southwest corner of Broadway and Carnation Street , in the center of Pleasant View neighborhood . The main block of the Queen Anne styled red brick firehouse is a two and a half story , hip roofed rectangle with a cross gable facing Broadway . A pair of matching single story wings with gable on hipped roofs project from the long sides of the building . The building has small hip roofed porches with arched openings on the main entrance and Broadway facing sides . Though constructed of red brick and pinkish mortar , sandstone was used for the window sills and lintels and the station 's trim . The building has detailed terracotta work , with an ornate foliate name and date plaque on the front gable and a string course at the base of the corbeled main entrance . Above the plaque is a semi circular window , and another round headed window is on the northern side . The northwest corner has a square hose drying bell tower that also has its own round headed window . The station has been modified its two fire engine doors have been removed and replaced with modern garage doors . The pyramidal roof on the belfry which crowned the bell tower was recently removed at the time of its NRHP nomination in 1983 . The interior of the firehouse has been greatly altered in the conversion to office and meeting room space by the time of its National Register of Historic Places nomination . The surviving details included the Queen Anne staircase and sunken panel doors . Though the interior has been greatly modified , it did not prevent its listing on the historic register . Use In 1974 , Fire Station Number 4 was replaced by a new Fire Station Number 4 located on 397 Cottage Street . This was not to be the only replacement of the firehouses which would be reused through the Community Development Block Grant program , which assisted in the adaptation in the late 1970s and into the 1980s . By the time of its nomination , the fire station had been re purposed as office and meeting space for city agencies . As of 2014 , the property is used by the Catholic Charities of Providence for Project Hope as a Diocesan community advocacy , parish outreach and social service assistance center . Significance The Fire Station Number 4 is architecturally significant as an example of a late 19th century Queen Anne style firehouse . The firehouse 's distinguishing feature is the corbeled cornice and terracotta trim , but also it is historically significant as an example of Pawtucket 's maturation as a city . The boundary for the property is listed as Plat 7B , lot 164 and includes the surrounding area , totaling less than one acre . Fire Station Number 4 was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 18 , 1983 .
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809 | Tropical Storm Haishen was the twentieth officially recognized tropical storm of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season . The tropical depression that was to become Tropical Storm Haishen formed late on November 14 , as a minor tropical depression to the south of the Ogasawara Islands , however the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) did not start issuing advisories on it until early the next day . As the JMA were starting to issue advisories on the minor tropical depression , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) reported that it was not expected to become a significant tropical cyclone within 24 hours as they unk the depression as subtropical . During that afternoon the JMA upgraded the depression to a full tropical depression while the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the developing depression as it had become Tropical . That evening , the JMA reported that the depression had become a tropical storm and named it as Haishen while the JTWC designated Haishen as Tropical Depression 25W . Early on November 16 , the JTWC upgraded the depression to a tropical storm and then both the JMA and the JTWC declared it had reached its peak intensity with winds of 75 km h ( 45 mph ) . At this time , the JTWC reported that there were signs in satellite imagery that Haishen had started its extratropical transition and then issued their final advisory 12 hours later . The JMA continued to issue advisories on Haishen for another 24 hours , when they declared that Haishen had become an extratropical low . The extratropical low then raced across the Pacific Ocean and crossed the International Dateline later that day . There were no casualties or Impact reported from Haishen as it remained out to sea throughout its life . Meteorological history On November 14 , the JMA reported that a minor tropical depression had formed 490 km ( 300 mi ) to the southeast of Iwo To , despite the JTWC noting the tropical cyclone formation was unlikely within the next 24 hours due to lack of deep convection . Later that day , the JMA designated the low as a full tropical depression while later that afternoon as deep convection persisted along the eastern portion of a low level circulation center , indicating the storm developed a fully warm tropical core . Despite increased vertical wind shear , the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system . During that evening the JMA upgraded the depression to a tropical storm and named it Haishen whilst , the JTWC designated Haishen as Tropical Depression 25W while it was located 900 km ( 560 mi ) to the east of Iwo To . Early on November 16 , Haishen attained its peak intensity of 75 km h ( 45 mph ) . Traveling along the north portion of a subtropical ridge to the southeast of the system , dry air began to take toll on the system . The JTWC then issued their final warning later that day as they thought that Haishen was rapidly taking on extratropical characteristics as it had lost most of its deep convection . However , the JMA kept issuing advisories on Haishen for another 24 hours before following suit . The extratropical low of Haishen accelerated towards the International Dateline and crossed into the central Pacific later that day . As an extratropical low , the system briefly reintensified . Preparations , impact and naming As Haishen remained out over open waters for the duration of its existence , there was no impact on any land masses . The name Haishen was submitted to the World Meteorological Organisation 's Typhoon Committee by the People 's Republic of China and was one of the original names submitted for use from January 1 , 2000 . The name Haishen is Chinese for the God of the sea and was last used in the 2002 Pacific typhoon season .
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810 | Hoylande unk Young unk ( June 26 , 1903 January 12 , 1986 ) was an American chemist . During World War II she worked at the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory . After the war she became the first woman to be appointed as a division head at the Argonne National Laboratory , and the first female to chair the Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society . Biography Hoylande unk Young was born in Columbus , Ohio , on June 26 , 1903 . She had a sister , Hilda . She became interested in chemistry when she was in high school , where there were separate boys ' and girls ' chemistry classes . Due to course scheduling conflicts she was permitted to take the more challenging boys ' course , although she had to sit up the back of the class . She entered Ohio State University , from which she received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry in 1924 . She then went on to earn a Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Chicago , writing her thesis on unk unk unk under the supervision of Julius Stieglitz . After graduating , Young became an industrial research chemist , working in the lacquer industry at Van Schaack Brothers Chemical Works in Chicago . In 1930 , she became an assistant professor of chemistry at the Texas State College for Women , where she taught nutrition and biochemistry . In 1934 , she resigned to take up an offer from Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago , but when she arrived the director found out that she was a woman , and refused to hire her . Jobs were hard to find during the Great Depression , and she was a consultant with no regular employment until 1938 , when she took a position with Pure Oil . There she worked with Cary R. Wagner , Jr . , on a book on petroleum refining . The project went on for six years , but it was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II , and the book was never published . With the United States at war , Young took a job in 1942 as a scientific librarian with the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) at the University of Chicago 's Toxicity Laboratory , compiling American , British and Canadian reports on chemical warfare , and preparing an index of toxic chemicals . In 1945 , she transferred to the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory as a chemist . There she edited papers that would later be published by the Atomic Energy Commission as part of its National Nuclear Energy Series . She later served on the editorial board of the National Nuclear Energy Series , representing the Argonne National Laboratory . In 1946 , Young joined the newly created Argonne National Laboratory in 1946 as Director of Technical Information , the first woman to be appointed a division head . She would remain at Argonne until she retired in 1964 . In 1956 , she became the first woman to be appointed chair of the Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society . She was involved in setting up its Distinguished Service Award , and later received it herself in 1975 . She was also a fellow of the American Institute of Chemists , the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Atomic Scientists of Chicago . She was a charter member of the American Nuclear Society and the president of Iota Sigma Pi , a national honor society for women in chemistry . In 1959 , the Chicago Tribune named her as one of the city 's most distinguished women in business or the professions , and the Argonne National Laboratory established the Hoylande D. Young lecture series in her honor in 1963 . Young married Crawford unk , whom she had known in the Toxicity Laboratory . She died at her home in Hyde Park , Chicago , on January 12 , 1986 , and was buried in the Riverside Cemetery , Columbus , Ohio . She was survived by her sister , Hilda Young .
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811 | Christian Cook ( born June 3 , 1975 in Denver , Colorado ) is a retired professional lacrosse defenseman who last played professional field lacrosse with the Washington Bayhawks of Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1995 through 1998 , where he earned National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) lacrosse defenseman of the year award , two United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All American recognitions ( one first team ) , four Ivy League championships , and three national championships . As a professional he has been recognized as the Major League Lacrosse Defensive Player of the Year and been a member of Team USA at the World Lacrosse Championships . He was twice named to the Major League Lacrosse All Star Game and has been a member of an MLL Steinfeld Cup championship team . Background Cook was a high school All American lacrosse player at Denver East High School . College career He anchored the defense of the teams that were led on offense by the record setting trio of revered attackmen Jesse Hubbard , Jon Hess and Chris Massey . He was awarded the 1998 Schmeisser Award as the best NCAA lacrosse defenseman . He was a first team USILA All American Team selection in 1998 and third team selection in 1997 . He was also first team All Ivy League in 1997 and 1998 . The 1995 team , which earned the school 's sixth consecutive NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship invitation , was Ivy League co champion , while the 1996 1998 teams were 6 0 undefeated outright conference champions . These undefeated league champions won the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championships , becoming the first team to threepeat since Syracuse from 1988 90 and the first to be recognized to have done so without an NCAA scandal since Johns Hopkins from 1978 80 . He was a co captain during his 1998 senior season . Cook was named to Princeton 's All Decade team . In one game as a senior , he held the Ivy League 's leading scorer , Mike Ferrucci of Harvard , scoreless . In the 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament semifinals he held the nation 's leading scorer Casey Powell of Syracuse without a goal in the 11 10 victory , but he was injured and had to sit out the finals on crutches . He was named to the All tournament team nonetheless . Professional career Cook played with the New Jersey Pride during the 2001 through 2003 MLL seasons . The Pride traded him to the Baltimore Bayhawks for a second round draft choice in the 2005 Collegiate Draft . He then played with the Baltimore Bayhawks from 2004 through 2006 and stayed with the franchise when it became the Washington Bayhawks for the 2007 and 2008 seasons . Cook was part of the Bayhawks ' 2005 Steinfeld Cup MLL Championship team . He is a two time Major League Lacrosse All Star . Cook missed four games of the 2006 season due to participation in the World Games . At the 2006 World Lacrosse Championships , he was one of four Princeton athletes on Team USA . Personal Cook has worked for the United States Secret Service , American Enterprise Institute and PricewaterhouseCoopers . He competed in the AAU Junior Olympic Games in skiing in 1990 . Cook was named to the Colorado Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 2003 . His sister , Lauren , played lacrosse at Davidson College in Charlotte , North Carolina . He is the son of Gary and Diane Cook . He earned his Bachelor of Arts in Politics from Princeton University and his Master of Business Administration from Georgetown University . Christian and Lauren have founded Play for Parkinson 's Lacrosse after their mother was diagnosed with early stage Parkinson 's disease .
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812 | Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic is the first remix album by American recording artist Prince , under the unpronounceable Love Symbol , as shown on the album cover . It was released on April 29 , 2001 by NPG Records and contains remixes of songs found on Prince 's twenty third studio album , Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic ( 1999 ) . It was issued via mail exclusively through the NPG Music Club , an Internet subscription service due to this circumstance , the album was not able to chart . The album is an alternative version of Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic , containing 13 of the album 's tracks , plus a previously unreleased track entitled Beautiful Strange . Besides remixes of the mentioned tracks , Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic also contains several extended songs , plus a trimmed version of Wherever U Go , Whatever U Do . The album also does not contain Segue tracks , that were used several times in the previous album . Background and release Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic is an alternative version of Prince 's 1999 studio album Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic . Unlike Prince 's previous efforts , the album was not released commercially . Instead , an internet subscription service co founded by Prince , NPG Music Club , issued the album via mail through the NPG Music Club . Due to this , Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic also was not able to chart anywhere . Recording sessions for the parent album took place in Prince 's hometown of Chanhassen , Minnesota , at Paisley Park Studios , plus at Electric Lady Studios in California and O 'Henry Sound Studios in New York . The album was released on April 29 , 2001 , exclusively through the NPG Music Club . A limited number of CDs were made available to members Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic is no longer in production and has since became unavailable for purchase . The album was only released in one format , consisting of fourteen tracks , with four of them being remixes , four others being extended versions , five being Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic tracks , and a previously unreleased track , Beautiful Strange . Composition Almost the entire album consists of the songs from Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic , minus Beautiful Strange , which was a previously unreleased recording . Unlike the former album , Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic does not include any Segue tracks . The album opens with Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic , similar to the opening song on the parent album . The Greatest Romance Ever Sold also includes a verse from Eve , along with an additional three minutes of production the album 's fourth song is the Nasty Girl remix of Hot Wit ' U , however , this version does not include the Eve verse . An extended version of Tangerine occurs , followed by So Far , So Pleased , a duet with Gwen Stefani created to cater to modern radio . The aforementioned track and The Sun , the Moon and Stars both appear in their untouched versions on the album . A remix of promotional single Man unk is the eighth recording , immediately by a lengthier version of other promotional single Baby Knows . I Love U , but I Don 't Trust U Anymore is also the original track , and includes a verse from folk rock singer Ani DiFranco , who plays an acoustic guitar . The album 's eleventh song is Beautiful Strange , a previously unreleased track , which was later the name of a DVD released by Prince in 2010 . The following recording is Silly Game , which is the album 's final untouched song . Alternative versions of Wherever U Go , Whatever U Do and Prettyman close the album , while the latter song is also a hidden track . Track listing All songs composed by Prince . Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . Release history
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813 | County Route 106 ( CR 106 ) is a 7 . 8 mile ( 12 . 6 km ) east west county route in Rockland County , New York , in the United States . It serves as an eastward continuation of Orange CR 106 , extending from the Orange County line to U.S. Route 9W ( US 9W ) and US 202 in Stony Point via Harriman State Park . CR 106 intersects with several county highways in Rockland County along the way . The route is only one of two in Rockland County to keep its numbering from Orange County , with the other being CR 72 . CR 106 had one spur route , CR 106A , which was recently decommissioned . The route was originally designated County Highway 416 in the 1920s and 1930s . In 1930 , it became the easternmost part of New York State Route 210 ( NY 210 ) , a state highway continuing westward into Orange County . In 1982 , NY 210 was truncated to end in Greenwood Lake , and its former routing east of NY 17 was replaced by CR 106 in Orange and Rockland counties . Route description CR 106 begins at the Orange County line in Harriman State Park as a continuation of that county 's CR 106 . The route is only one of two county routes that have the same number in both Rockland and Orange counties the other is CR 72 . CR 106 proceeds east from here providing a border between Harriman State Park ( to the west ) and Bear Mountain State Park ( to the east ) . It then intersects Lake Welch Parkway , a seasonal road which provides a route to Lake Welch Beach on the northern side of the lake . Then , CR 106 splits Lake Welch in two different locations on the southern side of the lake . CR 106 then begins its trek out of Harriman State Park and into the town of Stony Point . Immediately after entering Stony Point , CR 106 intersects CR 98 where CR 106 makes a left turn . CR 106 then proceeds east toward its intersection with the Palisades Parkway . This is at exit 15 and is the last residential exit northbound on the PIP , with everything north of this point being exits within Harriman and Bear Mountain . Just after its intersection with the PIP , the road intersects two former Rockland County Routes ( CR 106A CR 69 ) . Also , at this point CR 106 enters the village limits of Stony Point , and becomes a 55 mile per hour ( 89 km h ) , highway with extra lanes in some places . The highway intersects CR 108 , CR 47 , and CR 33 as Central Drive . CR 106 comes to an end shortly after these intersections at US 9W and US 202 in downtown Stony Point , about a mile west from the Hudson River and the Stony Point Marina . History CR 106 originated in 1824 , when the road was chartered for the New Turnpike and headed from Monroe to Haverstraw . Back in the 1820s , what is now Southfields was known as Monroe . The New Turnpike started at a nail factory in Monroe to a crossing over the Ramapo River , and progressed eastward , passing Lake unk ( then known as Car Pond ) . The turnpike continued eastward , meeting the Old Turnpike at a fork in the road . At the fork , part of the road became NY 210 in the 1930 New York State Route renumbering . In 1910 , when the park opened , the road became known as the Southfields Road . Three years later , it became part of the Seven Lakes Drive . Three more years later , the route became known as County Highway 416 . In 1919 and 1920 , the western section of the road was reconstructed . After a bridge was built to cross a river in 1923 , a new route , making up part of the original Warwick Turnpike , became NY 17A . The responsibility for maintaining NY 210 was turned over to the county in 1982 . The road was replaced with CR 106 . CR 106A CR 106A was a 0 . 1 mile ( 0 . 16 km ) spur which began at CR 106 and ended at a dead end near CR 69 in Stony Point . Major intersections
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814 | The Black River National Forest Scenic Byway is a National Forest Scenic Byway that runs along the Black River in the Ottawa National Forest in the U.S. state of Michigan . The byway follows County Road 513 ( CR 513 ) through Gogebic County in the Upper Peninsula . As a county road , it is maintained jointly by the Gogebic County Road Commission ( unk ) with assistance from the U.S. Forest Service ( USFS ) . The byway provides access to several waterfalls and other visitor attractions in the area . The route of the byway first existed as a wagon road in the 1840s and as a county road in the 1920s . The byway designation was instituted on June 20 , 1992 , and the byway was dedicated later that year . Route description While CR 513 ( Black River Road ) extends further south to connect with US Highway 2 near Bessemer , the National Forest Scenic Byway designation starts at the intersection with CR 204 ( Airport Road ) west of the Gogebic Iron County Airport and north of the Big unk Mountain . From this southern starting point , the roadway runs northward along the Black River through the Ottawa National Forest . CR 513 runs along the western side of the river , staying shy of the banks as it passes through the woods . The woods through which the roadway passes contain pine , hemlock and hardwood trees . The Royal Palm Ranch , a nationally known equestrian school is located along the road on 100 acres ( 40 ha ) of land next to the river . The byway curves away from the river near Copper Peak , the tallest ski flying hill in the world . The 18 story facility allows visitors on clear enough days to see 85 miles ( 137 km ) in the distance to places like Minnesota , Isle Royale and Canada . North of Copper Peak , the road once again roughly parallels the river , but staying away from the river 's course . The road provides access to five sets of waterfalls . The first is Great Conglomerate Falls , followed by Potawatomi , Gorge , Sandstone and Rainbow falls . The falls are connected to the road by four separate hiking trails . The byway continues past these landmarks before terminating at Black River Harbor . The harbor is the site of a 1920s fishing village , one of only two harbors in the National Forest System . The area was also host to three taverns built by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression and a pedestrian suspension bridge used by the North Country Trail to cross the mouth of the river . History According to the surveys of William A. Burt in 1848 , a wagon road ran south from the modern site of the Black River Harbor to Chippewa Hill , the location of Copper Peak . A wagon road was built by the State of Michigan in 1904 to connect the waterfront with Bessemer . The county had purchased the land around the waterfront in 1924 for a park , and a county road running parallel to the Black River was in place by 1927 . The residents of the fishing village were forced to move and settled at Black River Village . The roadway was improved to a gravel surface by 1930 , and fully paved in late 1949 or early 1950 . In 1967 , the Gogebic County exchanged the park land along the river , including the harbor , with the USFS for other land in the area , and the harbor has been under federal maintenance since . Local officials originally proposed the National Forest Scenic Byway designation for the road in April 1991 . The desire was to showcase a special part of the National Forest and boost tourism to the area , according to the park ranger in charge of handling the application . The designation was conferred by the USFS on June 20 , 1992 , with a dedication ceremony on September 19 that year . Major intersections The entire road is in Ironwood Township , Gogebic County .
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815 | These Days Live in Concert is a live album by Australian alternative rock band Powderfinger , released as a CD on 6 September 2004 , and as a two disc DVD on 4 October 2004 . The album consists of songs performed by Powderfinger in concerts at Sydney Entertainment Centre , and Fox Studios in Sydney . Most of the songs performed are from Powderfinger 's prior studio album Vulture Street . These Days Live in Concert earned a mixed response from reviewers some enjoyed the energy and flair of the live performances , while others disliked the lack of dynamism . Production These Days Live in Concert disc one was directed by Gregor Jordan , who the band had first encountered when he requested they write These Days for his film Two Hands . Bernard Fanning also worked with Jordan on the film Ned Kelly in 2003 . The band chose Jordan because they did not want to present These Days Live in Concert as just straight up live concert footage , but instead wanted to present it from a different angle . Jordan agreed , and believed that the band being a successful rock group from Brisbane was an interesting angle to work from . Disc one of These Days Live in Concert was recorded by Powderfinger during sellout performances at Sydney Entertainment Centre , and featured live performances of 14 songs , including nine singles . The footage on the disc was shot over two nights . Disc two low key was directed by Bernie unk of Channel V , and was recorded at Sydney 's Fox Studios . The disc contained mostly acoustic performances by the band , and included a cover of Inner City Blues by Rodriguez . The band 's live performances at large venues such as the Sydney Entertainment Centre was criticised by some fans , as the band had previously stated they disliked playing to large crowds . Drummer Jon Coghill said he was not bothered by the comments , as the band ( other than guitarist Ian Haug ) generally did not take much note of such critique . Release and response These Days Live in Concert was released as a CD on 6 September 2004 , through the record label Universal Music Australia . Only 40 , 000 copies of the CD were initially created . Meanwhile , the DVD version was released on 4 October 2004 . Stumblin ' , the first and only single from the album , was released on 6 June 2004 , but failed to chart . These Days Live in Concert entered the ARIA charts at 2 19 September 2004 , and spent a total of 8 weeks in the chart , exiting on 7 November 2004 . The CD version was certified Gold by ARIA , while the DVD version was certified Double Platinum in the same year . These Days Live in Concert received a mixed response from reviewers . Sputnikmusic reviewer James Bishop approved of the album , giving it a score of 4 5 , and summarising Powderfinger deliver a live show that 's as entertaining as it is surprising . Bishop praised numerous performances on disc one , calling Rockin ' Rocks a great introduction to their arena spectacular , describing the almost instrument free performance of These Days as one of the most heart wrenching moments they ve ever recorded , and calling Thrilloilogy the quintessential live Powderfinger track . Bishop also enjoyed disc two , lauding the acoustic performances of Sunsets and Love Your Way , and describing b side Rita as an absolute hit as usual . Jeff Crawford , of Adelaide newspaper The Messenger disagreed with Bishop , giving the album three stars , and stating Gregor Jordan 's concert film makes the most of Powderfinger 's strengths but can 't disguise their lack of dynamism , while the interviews are hardly insightful . He called Fanning 's solo on These Days the highlight of the album . Personnel Track listing
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816 | New York State Route 446 ( NY 446 ) is a state highway in the Southern Tier of New York in the United States . The highway extends for 6 . 76 miles ( 10 . 88 km ) on a northeast southwest alignment from an intersection with NY 16 north of the hamlet of Hinsdale to a junction with NY 305 in the village of Cuba . It parallels the Southern Tier Expressway ( NY 17 and Interstate 86 or I 86 ) very closely for its entire length . NY 446 was originally designated as part of Route 4 , an unsigned legislative route , in 1908 . The Hinsdale Cuba highway received its first posted designation in 1924 when it was included as part of NY 17 . It was renumbered twice , becoming part of NY 63 in 1930 and NY 408 in the 1940s , before gaining its current designation c . 1975 . Route description NY 446 begins at an intersection with NY 16 in the Hinsdale hamlet of unk , located a quarter mile ( 0 . 40 km ) north of exit 27 on the Southern Tier Expressway ( I 86 and NY 17 ) and roughly one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) north of the larger community of Hinsdale . The route heads northeast through the town of Hinsdale along the base of a valley surrounding Oil Creek . While NY 446 follows the north bank of the creek , the Southern Tier Expressway and the adjacent Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad ( WNYP ) run along the southern bank . Near the Cattaraugus Allegany county line , Route 446 , Oil Creek , and the WNYP all turn east toward Cuba however , the expressway continues on a northeasterly alignment to bypass the village to the north . Upon entering Allegany County , NY 446 passes under the Southern Tier Expressway and becomes known as Water Street as it enters Cuba from the west upon traversing Oil Creek . The route continues eastward for three blocks to NY 305 ( Genesee Street ) , where both Water Street and NY 446 terminate approximately a quarter mile ( 0 . 40 km ) south of exit 28 on the Southern Tier Expressway . History All of modern NY 446 was originally designated as part of Route 4 , a cross state unsigned legislative route defined by the New York State Legislature in 1908 . Route 4 continued south from Hinsdale on what is now NY 16 and east from the village of Cuba on County Route 20 . The legislative route system was replaced by the modern state route system in 1924 , at which time most of Route 4 was designated NY 17 , including from Hinsdale to Cuba . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 17 was moved onto a more southerly alignment ( now NY 417 ) between Olean and Wellsville . Its former routing between Hinsdale and the Amity hamlet of Belvidere became the southwesternmost part of the new NY 63 , which continued north from Belvidere to the Lake Ontario shoreline . NY 63 was rerouted south of Mount Morris in the early 1940s to follow its current alignment to Wayland . The former alignment of NY 63 from Hinsdale to Mount Morris was redesignated as NY 408 . In the early 1970s , construction began on the portion of the Southern Tier Expressway between Olean and Corning . From Hinsdale to Belvidere , the new highway closely followed NY 408 . By 1974 , the highway was open from Olean to Hinsdale and from Almond to Corning . The segment between Hinsdale and NY 19 in Belvidere was completed by January 1975 , and the leg between Belvidere and Almond opened to traffic on January 30 , 1975 , completing the Olean Corning portion of the expressway . The bypassed section of NY 408 between Cuba and Belvidere was subsequently transferred to Allegany County , and NY 408 was truncated to its current southern terminus in Nunda as a result . The portion of NY 408 's former routing between Hinsdale and Cuba was retained as a state highway and renumbered to NY 446 . Major intersections
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817 | Pierre Franois Chabaneau ( 1754 1842 ) was a French chemist who spent much of his life working in Spain . He was one of the first chemists to succeed in producing malleable platinum . Chabaneau was born in Dordogne , France , and died near his home village at the age of 88 years . Early life Chabaneau was born in 1754 in unk , a village in the Dordogne department of France . His uncle , a member of the order of Saint Anthony , encouraged him to study theology . While Chabaneau excelled in his studies , his distaste for metaphysical speculation led him to antagonize his teachers , which in turn caused him to be expelled from school . Sympathetic towards Chabaneau 's state of poverty , the director of a Jesuit college in Passy offered him a position as a mathematics professor , despite Chabaneau having only a basic understanding of arithmetic . In studying the material for the next day 's lessons , Chabaneau taught himself algebra and geometry . His academic interest soon spread to physics , natural history , and chemistry . At the age of twenty , Chabaneau was convinced to join the newly established Real Seminario unk at Vergara to teach French and physics by brothers Fausto and Juan Jos Elhuyar . The two brothers , who later made a name for themselves by isolating metallic tungsten , had been hired by the Count of unk , who had sent them to France to find professors for the Vergara Seminary . Platinum research After the Elhuyar brothers isolated metallic tungsten in 1783 , Chabaneau collaborated with them in researching platinum . This did not last long , though , as the brothers had been appointed Directors General of Mining , and soon left Spain for South America . King Charles III created a public chair of mineralogy , physics and chemistry for Chabaneau in Madrid and provided him with a laboratory for his research . The Count d unk secured the government 's entire supply of platinum for Chabaneau 's laboratory . Chabaneau was able to easily remove most of platinum 's natural impurities , including gold , mercury , lead , copper , and iron , leading him to believe that he was working with pure platinum . However , the metal displayed inconsistent characteristics . At times it was malleable , yet at times it was highly brittle . Sometimes it was entirely incombustible , yet sometimes it burned readily . These inconsistencies were a result of various impurities rhodium , palladium , osmium , iridium , and ruthenium . These elements would later come to be known as the platinum group metals , but at the time of Chabaneau 's research , they had not yet been discovered . So frustrated was Chabaneau by his research that , in 1786 , he lost his temper and smashed all of his equipment , exclaiming , Away with it all I 'll smash the whole business you shall never again get me to touch the damned metal Nevertheless , three months later Chabaneau presented the Count d unk with a 10 cm cube of pure malleable platinum . His process , involving powder metallurgy and intense heating , was kept secret until 1914 . Platinum age and death Chabaneau realized that the sheer difficulty of working with platinum would lend value to objects made from it . He and Don Joaqun Cabezas carried on a lucrative business producing platinum ingots and utensils . This marked the beginning of what is now known as the platinum age in Spain , during which nearly 18 , 000 troy ounces of malleable platinum were produced in a span of 22 years . The platinum age ended in 1808 when Chabaneau 's laboratory was destroyed during Napoleon 's second invasion . In 1799 , Chabaneau returned to France seeking rest near his native village of unk . There he remained until January 1842 , when he died at the age of 88 years .
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818 | Genes , Brain and Behavior ( also known as unk ) is a peer reviewed online only scientific journal covering research in the fields of behavioral , neural , and psychiatric genetics . It is published by Wiley Blackwell on behalf of the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society . The journal was established in 2002 as a quarterly and is currently published monthly . unk is a hybrid open access journal , but all content is available online for free two years after publication . Overview and history Genes , Brain and Behavior is published by Wiley Blackwell on behalf of the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society . Volume 1 appeared in 2002 and issues appeared quarterly . As submissions increased , the journal switched in 2003 to a bimonthly schedule , in 2006 to 8 times a year , and in 2014 to a monthly frequency . Content is available online from the Wiley Online Library or , after a 12 month embargo , from unk . Authors can elect to have accepted articles published as open access . All content is available online for free 24 months after publication . The journal was originally published in both print and electronic versions , but since 2014 the journal is online only . The founding editor in chief was Wim unk ( French National Centre for Scientific Research ) , who was succeeded in 2012 by Andrew Holmes ( National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ) . Reception In its third year , Genes , Brain and Behavior was available in 1400 academic libraries . According to the Journal Citation Reports , its 2014 impact factor is 3 . 661 , ranking the journal 80th out of 252 journals in the category unk and 7th out of 51 journals in the category Behavioral Sciences . The five journals that as of 2015 have cited Genes , Brain and Behavior most often , are ( in order of descending citation frequency ) PLoS ONE , Behavioural Brain Research , Genes , Brain and Behavior , Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience , and unk . As of 2015 , the five journals that have been cited most frequently by articles published in Genes , Brain and Behavior are The Journal of Neuroscience , Nature , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , Genes , Brain and Behavior , and the American Journal of Human Genetics . The journal has developed standards for the publication of mouse mutant studies . Many mouse mutant studies have serious methodological problems leading to fatally flawed scientific conclusions , causing a waste of time , effort , and research resources , and leading to ethical problems because of the unnecessary use of live animals for flawed studies . These standards are gradually being accepted more widely in the field . unk and indexing Genes , Brain and Behavior is abstracted and indexed in Most cited articles According to the Web of Science , the following three articles have been cited most often ( 250 times ) Rubenstein JL , Merzenich MM ( 2003 ) . Model of autism increased ratio of excitation inhibition in key neural systems . Genes , Brain and Behavior 2 ( 5 ) 255 67 . doi 10 . 1034 j.1601 unk PMID unk . Moy , SS Nadler , JJ Perez , A Barbaro , RP Johns , JM Magnuson , TR Piven , J Crawley , JN ( 2004 ) . Sociability and preference for social novelty in five inbred strains An approach to assess autistic like behavior in mice . Genes , Brain and Behavior 3 ( 5 ) 287 302 . doi 10 . 1111 j.1601 unk PMID unk . Nadler , JJ Moy , SS Dold , G Trang , D Simmons , N Perez , A Young , NB Barbaro , RP Piven , J Magnuson , TR Crawley , JN ( 2004 ) . Automated apparatus for quantitation of social approach behaviors in mice . Genes , Brain , and Behavior 3 ( 5 ) 303 14 . doi 10 . 1111 j.1601 unk PMID unk .
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819 | Old Tjikko is a 9 , 558 year old Norway Spruce , located on unk Mountain of Dalarna province in Sweden . Old Tjikko originally gained fame as the world 's oldest tree , however , this is inaccurate , as only clonal trees , and not individual trees , are known to live this long . Though there are older clonal trees , Old Tjikko is recognized as the oldest living clonal Norway Spruce . The age of the tree was determined by carbon dating of genetically matched plant material collected from under the tree , as dendrochronology would cause damage . The trunk itself is estimated to be only a few hundred years old , but the plant has survived for much longer due to a process known as layering ( when a branch comes in contact with the ground , it sprouts a new root ) , or vegetative cloning ( when the trunk dies but the root system is still alive , it may sprout a new trunk ) . Discovery and details Old Tjikko is estimated to be at least 9 , 550 years old , making it the world 's oldest known individual vegetatively cloned tree . It stands 5 metres ( 16 ft ) tall and is located on unk Mountain of Dalarna province in Sweden . For thousands of years , the tree appeared in a stunted shrub formation ( also known as a krummholz formation ) due to the harsh extremes of the environment in which it lives . During the warming of the 20th century , the tree sprouted into a normal tree formation . The man who discovered the tree , Leif unk ( Professor of Physical Geography at Ume University ) , has attributed this growth spurt to global warming , and given the tree its nickname Old Tjikko after his late dog . The tree has survived for so long due to vegetative cloning . The visible tree is relatively young , but it is part of an older root system which dates back thousands of years . The trunk of the tree may die and regrow multiple times , but the tree 's root system remains intact and in turn sprouts another trunk . The trunk may only live for about 600 years , and when one trunk dies another eventually grows back in its place . Also , each winter , heavy snow may push the tree 's low lying branches to ground level , where they take root and survive to grow again the next year in a process known as layering . unk occurs when a tree 's branch comes in contact with the earth , and new roots sprout from the contact point . Other trees , such as coast redwoods and western unk are known to reproduce by layering . The tree 's age was determined by carbon 14 dating of the root system , which found roots dating back to 375 , 5 , 660 , 9 , 000 , and 9 , 550 years . Carbon dating is not accurate enough to pin down the exact year the tree sprouted from seed , but given the estimated age the tree is supposed to have sprouted around unk BC . For comparison , the invention of writing ( and thus , the beginning of recorded history ) did not occur until around 4000 BC . Researchers have found a cluster of around 20 spruce trees in the same area , all over 8 , 000 years old . Previous researchers considered the Norway spruce species to be a relative newcomer to Sweden , with theories postulating the tree migrated into the area around 2 , 000 years ago . Trees much older than 10 , 000 years would be practically impossible in Sweden , because until around 11 , 000 years ago the area was in the grip of a world wide ice age . Nature conservancy authorities are considering putting a fence around the tree to protect it from possible vandals or trophy hunters . Access There is a small path leading up towards the tree . However , it is unmarked , as park rangers do not want to encourage large groups of tourists to surround the tree . A free guided tour can be arranged at the entrance ( unk ) that can take tourists to the tree .
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820 | The 40th Boat Race , an annual side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames , took place on 15 March 1883 . Following confusion at the start of the race and a snow storm during the event , Oxford won by a margin of three and a half lengths in a time of 21 minutes 18 seconds . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions having won the previous year 's race by seven lengths , and held the overall lead , with 21 victories to Cambridge 's 17 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge 's coaches were John Goldie ( who had rowed for Cambridge four times in the 1869 , 1870 , 1871 and 1872 races ) and Herbert Edward Rhodes ( who was also a four time Blue , rowing in each race between 1873 and 1876 ) . Oxford were coached by William Grenfell ( who rowed for Oxford in the 1877 and 1878 races ) and Walter Bradford Woodgate ( who represented Oxford in the 1862 and 1863 races ) . Woodgate also briefly coached the Light Blues the same year . The umpire for the race was Robert Lewis Lloyd ( who had rowed for Cambridge four times between 1856 and 1859 ) and the starter was Edward Searle , who had fulfilled that position since the 1840 race . Oxford chose to discard their old boat which they had used since the 1878 race in favour of one built by Harry Clasper . The Cambridge crew was subject to several late changes to the stroke seat three times in quick succession the occupant was replaced as a result of illness and tactical decisions . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 2 . 75 lb ( 77 . 3 kg ) , 4 . 75 pounds ( 2 . 2 kg ) more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained six former Blues , including A. R. Paterson , L. R. West and cox E. H. Lyon , all of whom were making their third appearance in the event . Cambridge saw five participants return , including the Cambridge University Boat Club president Charles William Moore and Peter Wilson Atkin who were rowing in their third Boat Race . The race featured two non British participants Cambridge 's Steve Fairbairn ( whose brother Charles had competed in the 1879 race ) was born in Victoria in Australia , while Oxford 's George Quinlan Roberts hailed from Tasmania . Race Cambridge were pre race favourites although former Oxford rower and author George Drinkwater noted that the public had been unaware of the significant improvements from Oxford following their transition to the Clasper vessel . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . The race started at 5 39 p.m. and quickly descended into chaos darkness was falling and it became quickly apparent that the Cambridge crew had not heard the command to go from the starter Searle . By now , according to Oxford 's bow G. C. Bourne , he was old with a feeble voice , and although the Oxford stroke L. R. West saw Searle drop his handkerchief , and set off , the Cambridge boat did not move . West seized the initiative and took the Dark Blue crew off to an immediate lead which , despite a blinding snowstorm , they extended to three lengths by Hammersmith Bridge . They went on to win by three and a half lengths in a time of 21 minutes 18 seconds . It was Oxford 's fourth consecutive victory and took the overall record to 22 17 in their favour .
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821 | Quin is a latin pop song by Guatemalan recording artist Ricardo Arjona , released on 19 June 2007 as the lead single from his compilation album , Quin Dijo Ayer ( 2007 ) . The song 's lyrics were written by Arjona , and its music was composed by Puerto Rican singer songwriter Tommy Torres , who also worked with Arjona on his tenth studio album , Adentro ( 2005 ) . Performed with additional background vocals by Torres , Quien was produced by Arjona with longtime collaborators Dan Warner and Lee Levin under their stage name Los Gringos , and was recorded between several studios in Miami and Mexico City . Described by Arjona as the world out of the window and the prison built by ourselves , Quin became a moderate commercial success , reaching number 21 on the US Billboard Top Latin Songs chart , and number four at the Latin Pop Songs chart . Its accompanying music video , directed by Simon Brand , was filmed in Las Vegas , and features Arjona singing while walking around the city 's nighttime lights . A jewel of elegance , according to Mexican website Terra , the music video has received 1 . 3 million views on YouTube . Background In a press conference held in November 2007 , Arjona stated , in relation to Quin Dijo Ayer 's themes , that yesterday is the cumulus of this that put us here , which raised us and made us what we are , for good or bad . He also said that the album was more than a compilation , and that it 's an album with all the features of the typical greatest hits disc . After spending the majority of his career signed to Sony , and later , Sony BMG , Arjona signed a long term recording deal with Warner Music Latina in September 2008 . This departure made Quien Dijo Ayer the last album the artist directly released on his former label . Composition Quin is a Latin pop song with a duration of four minutes and sixteen seconds . The song 's lyrics were written by Ricardo Arjona and the music was composed by Tommy Torres , who also worked with Arjona on his tenth studio album , Adentro . The song was produced by Lee Levin , Dan Warner and Torres with additional help from Arjona . Warner also played the electric and acoustic guitars and the bass Levin handled the drum and percussion instruments , and Matt Rollings played the piano . Quin is performed by Arjona with additional background vocals from Tommy Torres . The song was recorded between five studios in Miami The Tiki Room , Picks Hammers , Jet Wash Studio , The Hit Factory Criteria and Hit Masters and in Jocoteco Studios in Mexico City . Quin was mixed in Barking Doctor Studios in New York City by Mick Guzauski , and mastered by Vlado Meller at the Sony Music Studios on that city . Arjona commented that ' Quin ' is the world out of the window and the prison built by ourselves . It 's the freedom to choose the path or to prefer loneliness as an argument of nostalgia . ' Quin ' is a story with the hurry of the desperate , is the flashback of those who end up loving alone . Promotion Music video The music video for Quin was filmed in Las Vegas , Nevada . It was directed by Simon Brand , who also directed the music video for Arjona 's past single Mojado , from his album Adentro . In the video , Arjona is seen walking the streets of the city , as well as imagery of the city 's buildings and lights alone , while singing the lyrics of the song . Mexican website Terra categorized the video as a jewel of elegance and simplicity of the Guatemalan singer in all its creative glory . As of 9 December 2012 , the video has reached 1 . 3 million views on YouTube . Trackslisting Digital download Quien 4 16 Charts Personnel Taken from the album booklet . Release history
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822 | Shades of Cool is a song by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey , taken from her third studio album , Ultraviolence ( 2014 ) . It was written by Del Rey and Rick Nowels , and produced by Dan Auerbach . The song was released on May 26 , 2014 by Interscope Records as the second single from Ultraviolence . Lyrically , the single talks about an unfixable man . Shades of Cool received general acclaim from music critics , who praised its musical style . A few of whom opined that the track would be appropriate for a James Bond film . Commercially , the single peaking at number 79 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and entered the top 40 of a few record charts , including Belgium , France , Italy , and Spain . A music video for Shades of Cool was directed by Jake Nava and was described as a film noir visual . Composition Shades of Cool was written by Del Rey and Rick Nowels , and produced by Dan Auerbach . Composed in the key of D minor , the song runs at a moderate slow tempo of 46 beats per minute . It was described as a waltz instrumented by slow burn bassline , guitar , and string instruments the track features a guitar solo delivered by Auerbach . Del Rey 's vocals span from A3 to B5 . Her operatic soprano vocals blending with trademark wailing vibrato create a ghostly atmosphere on Shades of Cool . Chris Coplan from Consequence of Sound described the song as a slow and slightly gloomy ballad . Meanwhile , Shades of Cool was characterized as a seeping , atmospheric ballad that contrasts the more pop savvy swaggering ' West Coast ' by Billboard 's Colin Stutz . On the single , Del Rey sings about an unfixable man But you are unfixable I can t break through your world Cause you live in shades of cool Your heart is unbreakable . Reception Shades of Cool received positive reviews from music critics . Coplan of Consequence of Sound complimented the song for its grace and sophistication . Saran Shetty of Slate called Shades of Cool a beautiful , brooding return to form for Del Rey , and opined that the single would fit perfectly in a James Bond theme track . Likewise , Rolling Stone 's unk Ganz wrote that the track would be perfect for a James Bond film directed by Quentin Tarantino . Lathan Ryan from PopMatters positively compared Del Rey 's vocals on Shades of Cool to those of Cocteau Twins vocalist Elizabeth Fraser , observing that Del Rey has never sounded better . The single peaked at number 79 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It managed to enter the top 40 of a few record charts Belgian Wallonia ( number 40 ) , France ( number 37 ) , Hungary ( number 19 ) , and Spain ( number 31 ) . The single peaked at number three on the Greece Digital Songs , a chart operated by Billboard magazine . Music video The music video for Shades of Cool was directed by Jake Nava and was released on June 17 , 2014 . The video features tattoo artist Mark Mahoney , who also appeared in the music video for West Coast , as Del Rey 's love interest . Filmed in Los Angeles , California , the clip is a romantic film noir visual depicting the streets of Los Angeles at night , a 1970s themed neighborhood , and a pool . In the video , Del Rey dances for her love interest in flowing dresses . An alternative version of the visual for Shades of Cool , which was also directed by Nava , was released in July 2014 . This version , in which Del Rey is seen dead , was described as darker than the original video . Track listing Digital download Shades of Cool 5 42 Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Ultraviolence . Performance credits Lana Del Rey vocals Instruments Technical and production Charts Release history
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823 | Central Area Command was one of several geographically based commands raised by the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) during World War II . It was formed in March 1940 , and covered the central portion of New South Wales . Headquartered at Sydney , Central Area Command was primarily responsible for air defence , aerial reconnaissance and protection of the sea lanes within its boundaries . It was disbanded in August 1941 and control of its units taken over by other RAAF formations . Proposals in 1943 44 to raise a new Central Area Command did not come to fruition . History Prior to World War II , the Royal Australian Air Force was small enough for all its elements to be directly controlled by RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne . After war broke out in September 1939 , the RAAF began to implement a decentralised form of command , commensurate with expected increases in manpower and units . Its initial move in this direction was to create Nos. 1 and 2 Groups to control units in Victoria and New South Wales , respectively . Then , between March 1940 and May 1941 , the RAAF divided Australia and New Guinea into four geographically based command and control zones Central Area , Southern Area , Western Area , and Northern Area . The roles of these area commands were air defence , protection of adjacent sea lanes , and aerial reconnaissance . Each was led by an Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) responsible for the administration and operations of all air bases and units within his boundary . No. 2 Group , which had been established on 20 November 1939 , was re formed as one of the first two area commands , Central Area , on 7 March 1940 . Headquartered in Sydney , Central Area Command was given control of all Air Force units in New South Wales except those in the southern Riverina and the north of the state . Units in Queensland were also temporarily assigned to its control , pending the formation of Northern Area . Central Area 's inaugural AOC was Air Commodore Adrian King Cole , who had also led No. 2 Group . His senior air staff officer was Wing Commander Alan Charlesworth . In May 1940 it was reported that the area 's headquarters building would change from Mont unk in Point Piper to the mansion Kilmory nearby . Cole handed over command of Central Area to Air Commodore Bill Anderson in December 1940 . By August 1941 , the RAAF 's expanding instructional program necessitated the establishment of overarching training organisations on a semi functional , semi geographical basis . Accordingly , No. 2 ( Training ) Group was formed in Sydney , taking responsibility for the training units then under Central Area , which was disbanded . Control of other Central Area units was divided as convenient , according to the official history of the war , between Northern and Southern Area Commands . Aftermath The RAAF 's area command structure was revised in 1942 , following the outbreak of the Pacific War Northern Area was split into North Eastern Area and North Western Area , and a new command covering New South Wales and southern Queensland , Eastern Area , was created , making a total of five commands . In October 1943 , the Air Board proposed carving a new Central Area Command out of Eastern Area , which by then was considered too large to be controlled by one headquarters and therefore ripe for subdivision . This Central Area Command would have been responsible for training and operational units in southern Queensland . The War Cabinet deferred its decision on the proposal . The concept was raised again in August 1944 , and this time the new Central Area Command was to control maintenance units , as well as training and operations , in southern Queensland . Once again , nothing came of the proposal .
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824 | Springbok ( 1870 1897 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the seventh Belmont Stakes in 1873 . unk in 1870 , he was sired by the imported stallion Australian , his dam was a daughter of Lexington . During his racing career he started 25 races , winning 17 of them . Besides the Belmont , Springbok won the Saratoga Cup twice , in 1874 and 1875 and was named Champion Older Male horse in 1874 and 1875 . After retiring from the racetrack , he sired five stakes winners and died in 1897 . Early life Springbok was sired by the imported horse Australian and out of the mare Hester . Hester was by Lexington and out of a mare named Heads I Say by imported stallion Glencoe . Springbok was foaled in 1870 , and was a chestnut stallion , bred by A. J. Alexander of Woodburn , Kentucky . Springbok was one of 26 stakes winning foals sired by Australian . Springbok was Hester 's only stakes winning foal . At two years of age , Springbok was owned and raced by Daniel Swigert , but was sold that year to David McDaniel for 2 , 000 ( approximately 40 , 000 today ) . Racing career Springbok won the seventh running of the Belmont Stakes in 1873 at Jerome Park Racetrack . He carried 110 pounds ( 50 kilograms ) in the race , which had a winning time of 3 minutes 11 4 seconds . He won 5 , 200 ( approximately 103 , 000 today ) for his owner from the race . The race was run on June 7 over a distance of 1 5 8 miles ( i.e. 13 furlongs ( 2 , 600 meters ) ) on a fast track . He won the race by four lengths from the second placed finisher , Count D 'Orsay , and the third place was unk . The winning jockey was James Rowe , Sr. , later to be a noted trainer . This was the third of three consecutive wins of the Belmont Stakes by David McDaniel as both owner and trainer , as he had already won the 1871 race with Harry Bassett and the 1872 race with Joe Daniels . Besides the Belmont , Springbok won the 1874 and 1875 Saratoga Cup and the 1874 Citizens Stakes . During the 1870s , the Saratoga Cup was a 2 1 4 miles ( 3 , 600 m ) race . In 1874 , Springbok won the race while carrying 108 pounds ( 49 kg ) , beating Preakness who came in second , and Katie Pease , who placed third . The winning time was 4 minutes 113 4 seconds , with a value to the winner of 2 , 450 ( approximately 51 , 000 today ) . His 1875 Saratoga Cup win was a dead heat with the horse Preakness . In that race , Springbok carried 114 pounds ( 52 kg ) , and the winning time was 3 minutes 561 4 seconds . Third place was secured by Grinstead . The win paid 2 , 250 ( approximately 48 , 000 today ) to Springbok 's owner . Springbok 's total race career was 25 starts with 17 wins for a total earnings of 20 , 020 ( approximately 431 , 000 today ) . He is considered to be the 1874 American Champion Older Male Horse , and also the Champion Older Male Horse for 1875 , a title he shared with Preakness . Breeding career In his breeding career , Springbok sired the stakes winners Audrain , East Lynne , Ethel , Huntress , and unk . Audrain , an 1881 stallion out of Alme by Planet , won the 1884 unk Derby , 1884 St. Louis Derby and the 1884 Hindoo Stakes . East Lynne was an 1882 mare out of Easter Planet by Planet . East Lynne won the 1885 Dixie Stakes and the 1885 Hunter Handicap . Ethel , an 1888 mare out of La Vena by Planet , won the 1890 unk Stakes and the 1891 Ashland Oaks . Huntress was an 1885 mare out of Edith by the imported stallion Saxon . Huntress won the 1887 unk Stakes , the 1888 St. Louis Oaks , and the 1889 Cincinnati Hotel Handicap . unk , an 1888 stallion out of unk by Pat Malloy , won the 1891 Tennessee Derby , 1891 Travers Stakes , and the 1891 Kenner Stakes . Springbok died on March 19 , 1897 at the unk Edgewater farm in Kentucky .
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825 | Hurricane Ileana was the fourth of six major hurricanes in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season . Forming from a tropical wave on August 21 , Ileana tracked northwestward off the coast of Mexico throughout its duration . With favorable conditions for intensification , Ileana reached peak winds of 120 mph ( 195 km h ) within 48 hours of forming . Near peak intensity it passed near Socorro Island , and subsequently began to weaken due to cooler waters . On August 27 Ileana weakened to a remnant low , which dissipated two days later . The hurricane produced heavy rainfall along the Mexican coastline , causing flooding , and one person was killed due to strong waves . Meteorological history A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 8 , which subsequently tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean with minimal convection . The wave crossed into the eastern Pacific Ocean on August 16 , at which time convection increased along the wave axis . Three days later , a weak low pressure area formed along the wave , and early on August 20 some broad cyclonic turning was evident within the cloud pattern . Gradually , banding features developed around the area of deep convection , and the system was expect to develop further as it moved into an increasingly favorable environment . Convection increased late on August 20 , although it initially remained disorganized however , the thunderstorms consolidated near the low , and it is estimated the system developed into a tropical depression by 1200 UTC on August 21 , about 350 mi ( 560 km ) south southwest of Acapulco , Mexico . A mid level ridge over Mexico caused the cyclone to track steadily northwestward . With warm water temperatures and low vertical wind shear , the depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Ileana . Convection developed and organized into a central dense overcast , and with abundant low level moisture , rapid deepening was expected . An eye formed in the center of the convection , and Ileana attained hurricane status late on August 22 . On August 23 , about 48 hours after forming , Ileana reached major hurricane status and a peak intensity of 120 mph ( 195 km h ) about 60 mi ( 100 km ) southeast of Socorro Island . It also attained an atmospheric pressure of 955 mbar , as well as an eye diameter of 23 mi ( 37 km ) . Initially , Ileana was forecast to intensify further to reach Category 4 status on the Saffir Simpson scale . After passing south of Socorro Island , the hurricane began a slow weakening trend due to cooler waters as the winds decreased , the eye expanded and the thunderstorms waned . The ridge to its north weakened , causing the storm to slow and turn more to the west northwest . Early on August 26 , Ileana weakened to tropical storm status . Later that day , convection decreased markedly , and early on August 27 it deteriorated to tropical depression status . By late on August 27 , Ileana had been without deep convection for about 18 hours , and so degenerated into a broad remnant low . It continued slowly westward , dissipating on August 29 about 830 mi ( 1340 km ) west northwest of Cabo San Lucas . Preparations and impact Hurricane Ileana never significantly impacted land , and no tropical cyclone warnings or watches for the storm . While near peak intensity , it passed 60 mi ( 100 km ) south of the unpopulated Socorro Island a station on the island recorded sustained winds of 59 mph ( 95 km h ) , with gusts to 77 mph ( 125 km h ) . The hurricane dropped heavy rainfall along the Mexican coastline , causing flooding in Nayarit , Jalisco , Colima , Michoacn , and Baja California Sur . High surf from Ileana reached the coast , killing one man near Cabo San Lucas despite warnings not to swim in the ocean .
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826 | Dynamic Science Fiction was a pulp magazine which published six issues from December 1952 to January 1954 . It was a companion to Future Science Fiction , and like that magazine was edited by Robert W. Lowndes and published by Louis Silberkleit . It published stories by some well known authors , including The Duplicated Man by Lowndes and James Blish , and The Possessed by Arthur C. Clarke . It was launched at the end of the pulp era , and when Silberkleit decided to convert Future to a digest format in 1954 , he decided not to do the same with Dynamic , simply cancelling the magazine . Publishing history and contents Although science fiction ( sf ) had been published before the 1920s , it did not begin to coalesce into a separately marketed genre until the appearance in 1926 of Amazing Stories , a pulp magazine published by Hugo Gernsback . By the end of the 1930s the field was booming . Between early 1939 and mid 1940 publisher Louis Silberkleit launched three sf pulp magazines Science Fiction , Future Fiction , and Science Fiction Quarterly . All three had ceased publication by the end of World War II , killed by a combination of falling sales and wartime paper shortages . In 1950 and 1951 Silberkleit revived Future Fiction , and Science Fiction Quarterly , and the following year he launched Dynamic Science Fiction , with the first issue dated November 1952 . All three of the magazines were edited by Robert W. Lowndes , who had also edited most of the earlier issues for Silberkleit . In mid 1953 Silberkleit cut rates and slowed down payment to contributors as a result of falling circulation . By this time Silberkleit was experimenting with the digest format for Science Fiction Stories , and he soon cancelled Dynamic Science Fiction , leaving only Science Fiction Quarterly in pulp format . Silberkleit initially paid reasonably good rates , and Lowndes was able to obtain some good quality material . Some of the better known stories include Arthur C. Clarke 's The Possessed ( March 1953 ) Lester del Rey 's I Am Tomorrow ( December 1952 ) , and James Blish and Lowndes ' novel The Duplicated Man ( August 1953 , with Lowndes ' name concealed by a pseudonym , Michael Sherman ) . Lowndes also published some good quality nonfiction , including two long critical essays by James E. Gunn , The Philosophy of Science Fiction ( serialized in the March and June 1953 issues ) , and The Plot Forms of Science Fiction ( serialized in the October 1953 and January 1954 issues ) . These four articles formed Gunn 's Master of Arts thesis Gunn subsequently became a prominent sf critic . Bibliographic details Robert W. Lowndes was the editor of all six issues of Dynamic Science Fiction , which remained in pulp format throughout its run . It was priced at 25 cents throughout , and was 128 pages for the first four issues , and 96 pages for the last two . Three issues were reprinted in the U.K. by Thorpe Porter , of Leicester . These were dated January , June and November 1954 , and were pulp format . They were priced at 1 and were 96 pages . They correspond to the U.S. issues from June 1953 , December 1952 , and January 1954 respectively . There are no anthologies of stories drawn solely from Dynamic Science Fiction , but in the 1960s Ivan Howard edited several anthologies for Silberkleit 's publishing imprint , Belmont Books , with contents drawn solely from Silberkleit 's magazines . These included Howard , Ivan , ed . ( 1963 ) . Way Out . New York Belmont Books . Six of the seven stories are from Dynamic Science Fiction , mostly from the first issue . Howard , Ivan , ed . ( 1963 ) . Novelets of Science Fiction . New York Belmont Books . Four of the eight stories are from Dynamic Science Fiction .
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827 | New York State Route 488 ( NY 488 ) is a state highway in Ontario County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 9 . 53 miles ( 15 . 34 km ) from an intersection with NY 21 in the town of Hopewell , near the city of Canandaigua , to a junction with NY 96 midway between the villages of Phelps and Clifton Springs . NY 488 also passes through the hamlet of Orleans , located within the town of Phelps . Although NY 488 is signed as a north south highway , most of the route follows an east west alignment . NY 488 was originally designated as part of NY 88 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 88 was truncated to the village of Phelps in August 1972 , at which time its former routing between NY 21 and NY 96 was renumbered to NY 488 , eliminating an overlap with NY 96 . Route description NY 488 begins at an intersection with NY 21 in the hamlet of Chapin , a small community within the Ontario County town of Hopewell . The highway progresses eastward , crossing the Finger Lakes Railway at a grade crossing less than 100 yards ( 91 m ) from NY 21 . Just past the railroad , the route makes a slight turn to the northeast for 0 . 25 miles ( 0 . 40 km ) before curving back to the east and continuing across open farmland . As NY 488 crosses the town of Hopewell , it serves a handful of isolated homes and intersects several north south highways of local importance , including County Road 47 ( CR 47 ) . The route continues eastward into the town of Phelps , where it serves a pair of large farms on its way to the small hamlet of Orleans , located on both the western bank of Flint Creek and the right of way of the now defunct Pennsylvania Railroad ( PRR ) . In the western portion of Orleans , NY 488 intersects with the north south CR 20 , which leads to most of the hamlet 's residences . NY 488 , meanwhile , bypasses most of the community to the northwest as it makes a gradual turn to the north to follow Flint Creek and the old PRR right of way toward the village of Phelps . Outside of Orleans , the route reenters mostly rural surroundings as it approaches a junction with CR 43 . While CR 43 heads north toward Clifton Springs , NY 488 turns to the northeast , following the creek and the old rail bed past the large reservoir serving the village of Newark . At an intersection with Trimble and Griffith Roads , the highway turns back to the north , matching a similar curve in the creek 's routing . NY 488 continues on , crossing the former right of way of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and passing unk High School on an otherwise nondescript stretch before ending at an intersection with NY 96 west of the village of Phelps . History On May 25 , 1915 , the state of New York let a contract to improve an 8 . 63 mile ( 13 . 89 km ) highway connecting the city of Canandaigua to the hamlet of Orleans to state highway standards . The reconstruction of the highway was 70 percent complete by 1920 and finished by 1926 , by which time the highway was added to the state highway system as State Highway 1278 ( SH 1278 ) . The north south highway connecting Orleans to the village of Phelps was rebuilt to state highway standards c . 1930 as SH 1863 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , SH 1278 and SH 1863 became part of the new NY 88 , which began in the village of Sodus and extended southward through Phelps to the intersection of West Avenue and Main Street in Canandaigua . NY 88 was truncated on its southern end to Phelps c . 1973 . Its former routing from NY 21 in the hamlet of Chapin to NY 96 west of Phelps was renumbered to NY 488 as part of a project statewide to eliminate useless overlaps such as NY 88 and NY 96 . Major intersections The entire route is in Ontario County .
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828 | SM U 23 or U XXIII was a U 20 class submarine or U boat built for and operated by the Austro Hungarian Navy ( German Kaiserliche und Knigliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) during the First World War . The design for U 23 was based on submarines of the Royal Danish Navy 's Havmanden class ( three of which had been built in Austria Hungary ) , and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war . U 23 was just over 127 feet ( 39 m ) long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes , a deck gun , and a machine gun . In February 1918 , U 23 was sunk with all hands by the Italian torpedo boat Italian torpedo boat Airone ( 1907 ) Airone while attempting an attack on the Italian transport unk . U 23 had no wartime successes . Design and construction When it became apparent to the Austro Hungarian Navy that the First World War would not be a short one , they moved to bolster their U boat fleet by seizing the plans for the Danish Havmanden class submarines , three of which had been built at Whitehead Co. in Fiume . Although the Austro Hungarian Navy was not happy with the design , which was largely obsolete , it was the only design for which plans were available and which could be begun immediately in domestic shipyards . The Austro Hungarian Navy unenthusiastically placed orders for U 23 and her three sister boats on 27 March 1915 . U 23 was one of two boats of the class to be built at the Hungarian unk yard in Fiume . Due to demands by the Hungarian government , subcontracts for the class were divided between Hungarian and Austrian firms , and this politically expedient solution worsened technical problems with the design , resulting in numerous modifications and delays for the class in general . U 23 was an ocean going submarine that displaced 173 tonnes ( 191 short tons ) surfaced and 210 tonnes ( 231 short tons ) submerged and was designed for a complement of 18 . She was 127 feet 2 inches ( 38 . 76 m ) long with a beam of 13 feet ( 4 . 0 m ) and a draft of 9 feet ( 2 . 7 m ) . For propulsion , she featured a single shaft , a single 450 bhp ( 340 kW ) diesel engine for surface running , and a single 160 shp ( 120 kW ) electric motor for submerged travel . She was capable of 12 knots ( 22 km h ) while surfaced and 9 knots ( 17 km h ) while submerged . Although there is no specific notation of a range for U 23 , the Havmanden class , upon which the U 20 class was based , had a range of 1 , 400 nautical miles ( 2 , 600 km ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h ) , surfaced , and 23 nautical miles ( 43 km ) at 8 knots ( 15 km h ) submerged . U 23 was armed with two 45 cm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes . She was also equipped with a 66 mm 26 ( 2 . 6 in ) deck gun and an 8 mm ( 0 . 31 in ) machine gun . Service career U 23 was launched on 5 January 1917 , but It is not known with certainty when U 23 was commissioned . Author Paul Halpern reports that U 23 and her three sisters all entered service between August and November 1917 . Although there are no specific reports of problems with U 23 , the U 20 class as a whole suffered from unreliable engines which compounded the poor handling characteristics of the boats . On 21 February 1918 , Linienschiffsleutnant Klemens Ritter von Bzard , U 23 's only commanding officer , was guiding the boat in an attack on the Italian transport unk in the Straits of Otranto . U 23 came under attack by the Italian torpedo boat Airone which first tried to ram the U boat , and then deployed an explosive paravane . When the paravane contacted the submerged U 23 , it blew debris into the air , sinking the submarine with all hands . Like all of her sister boats , U 23 had no wartime successes .
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829 | Kepler 40 , formerly known as KOI 428 , is an F type star in the constellation Cygnus . Kepler 40 is known to host at least one planet , Kepler 40b . The star is approximately 1 . 5 times more massive than the Sun , and is over two times its size it was , at upon its discovery , the largest yet discovered with a transiting planet in its orbit . Kepler 40 was first noted as home to a possible transiting object by the Kepler spacecraft the data on the system was released to the public . A team of French and Swiss scientists used follow up data to determine the existence of the Hot Jupiter planet Kepler 40b , and later had their results published in a scientific journal on January 4 , 2011 . Observational history Kepler 40 was first targeted by the Kepler spacecraft , an Earth trailing NASA operation that searches for planets that transit , or cross in front of , their host stars . It was labeled a Kepler Object of Interest ( KOI ) during the satellite 's first 33 . 5 days of operations , which stretched from mid May to mid June 2009 , because of the detection of a potential transit event . The data collected by Kepler 's photometer was publicly released , including data on Kepler 40 and its possible transiting companion . Data on Kepler 40 was analyzed by a team of French and Swiss astronomers , who first tested for false positives . When all obvious false positives were cleared , the science team used the SOPHIE chelle spectrograph at the Haute Provence Observatory in southern France to gather radial velocity measurements on the star . Collected data was then checked to see if it corresponded with that of a closely orbiting binary star or that of a planet it was found to be that of a planet , leading to the confirmation of Kepler 40b . After Kepler 40b was confirmed , the French and Swiss science team worked to clarify the stellar parameters its star by analyzing the star 's spectrum as collected by SOPHIE . Kepler 40 is the sixth known planetary host star with a radius of more than 1 . 8 times that of the Sun . At the time of its discovery , Kepler 40 was the most evolved star known to have a transiting planet . Kepler 40 and its exoplanet were published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics on January 4 , 2011 , after being submitted on September 15 , 2010 . Characteristics Kepler 40 is an F type star that is 1 . 48 times the mass of the Sun and 2 . 13 times its radius . The star has an effective temperature of unk K , making it hotter than the Sun . Its metallicity of Fe H 0 . 10 means that Kepler 40 has 1 . 26 times as much iron as the Sun does . Kepler 40 was , at the time of its discovery , the largest and most evolved star known to host a transiting planet . It is the sixth known host star with a radius over 1 . 8 times that of the Sun and a transiting planet , after stars that include Kepler 5 and Kepler 7 . Kepler 40 lies 2700 parsecs ( 8 , 806 . 4 light years ) away from Earth , further than any star ( with a known distance ) with an exoplanet previously discovered by Kepler . With an apparent magnitude of 14 . 58 , it was also dimmer than any star previously recognized by Kepler . Because of its low apparent magnitude , Kepler 40 cannot be seen with the naked eye . Planetary system Kepler 40b is the first ( and only ) planet discovered so far in the orbit of Kepler 40 . It has a mass that is 2 . 2 times that of Jupiter 's , the rough equivalent of 700 Earths . The planet also has a radius that is 1 . 17 times that of Jupiter and a density of 1 . 68 grams cm3 . Kepler 40b has an equilibrium temperature of 1620 K , over six times hotter than the equilibrium temperature of Earth . It orbits its star every 6 . 87 days at a distance of 0 . 081 AU .
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830 | Balbergbakken or unk was a ski jumping hill complex located at Fberg in Lillehammer , Norway . The centerpiece consisted of a large hill with a construction point of 120 meters ( 390 ft ) ( K 120 ) , in addition to three smaller K 40 , K 25 and K 15 hills . The venue was opened in 1972 , having cost slightly more than one million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) after significant cost overruns . Balbergbakken hosted three Norwegian Championships , in 1973 , 1978 and 1983 , and a FIS Ski Jumping World Cup in 1984 . The hill record of 130 . 5 meters was set by Tom unk in 1981 . It was planned that the venue would be used for the 1994 Winter Olympics , but because of lack of infrastructure , the new Lysgrdsbakken was built instead . Balbergbakken was closed in 1992 . History The old hill at Lysgrd in Lillehammer was closed in 1964 , and Lillehammer SK spent some time deciding where to build a new venue . unk , unk and Kanthaugen were all considered as locations , although unk was eventually chosen . The municipal council passed the plans in May 1969 . The original cost estimate was for NOK 347 , 065 . The hill opened in 1972 , having cost more than NOK 1 million to be built . In addition to the large K 120 hill , it consisted of three smaller training hills , at K 40 , K 25 and K 15 . The hills were owned by Lillehammer SK . The construction was controversial in Lillehammer , both amongst the general public and politicians . The chief of administration had doubted whether he should recommend construction . The original plans had called for both a large and normal hill , but lack of funding meant that the normal hill was never built , meaning that the number of competitions in the hill would be severely limited . The cost overruns were largely created by errors in the plans , which estimated too little earthwork to fill the hillside , and not enough blasting . To cut costs , a floodlighting system was taken out of the plans , so the venue could not be used during the evenings , limiting the amount of time the venue could be used . It was also a concern that very few locals were able to jump on such a large hill . Many politicians stated in 1972 that the money should have been spent instead on an indoor hall for handball . The first trial jump was made by Helge Nordstrand , while Jan unk is credited with the first hill record , at 110 . 5 meters . In Lillehammer 's bids for the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics , Balbergbakken was the proposed site of ski jumping . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Olympics in 1988 , but a year later the plans to use unk were abandoned . The venue was regarded as unsuitable for instance NOK 30 million would have to be spent on building a new access road . In addition , a new water and sewer system , new stands , participant facilities and a normal hill would have to be built . The available space at Balbergbakken was limited , and the organizers saw it as advantageous to have the ski stadium close to the ski jumping hills . Events The hill was used for 31 tournaments , of which six had to be cancelled because of wind or snow conditions . The tournaments included the Norwegian Championships in 1973 , 1978 and 1983 the Norwegian champions in Balbergbakken were Nils Per unk ( 1973 ) and Per unk ( 1978 and 1983 ) . A FIS Ski Jumping World Cup race was held on 9 March 1984 . It saw Pavel Ploc win ahead of Matti Nyknen and Ernst Vettori . The event drew 5 , 000 spectators . The World Cup race incurred a large loss , with the organizers only covering half of the NOK 260 , 000 it cost to host . The hill record was set by Tom unk in 1981 , who reached 130 . 5 meters . The final race was scheduled to be the 1992 Junior Norwegian Championships , but they were canceled because of lack of snow .
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831 | SMS Nymphe was the third member of the ten ship Gazelle class , built by the Imperial German Navy . She was built by the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel , laid down in 1898 , launched in November 1899 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in September 1900 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 . 5 cm ( 4 . 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Nymphe was capable of a top speed of 21 . 5 knots ( 39 . 8 km h 24 . 7 mph ) . The ship had a long , if uneventful , career that spanned over thirty years and saw service in both the Imperial Navy and the Reichsmarine . She served as a coastal defense ship during the first two years of World War I before being reduced to a barracks ship . She returned to active duty with the Reichsmarine in 1924 and served until 1929 . She was stricken in August 1931 and broken up for scrap the following year . Construction Nymphe was ordered under the contract name A and was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in 1898 and launched on 21 November 1899 , after which fitting out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 20 September 1900 . The ship was 105 . 1 meters ( 345 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 12 . 2 m ( 40 ft ) and a draft of 4 . 11 m ( 13 . 5 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 , 017 t ( 2 , 969 long tons 3 , 326 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple expansion engines manufactured by AG Germania . They were designed to give 8 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 6 , 000 kW ) , for a top speed of 21 . 5 knots ( 39 . 8 km h 24 . 7 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal fired Marine type water tube boilers . Nymphe carried 500 tonnes ( 490 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 3 , 570 nautical miles ( 6 , 610 km 4 , 110 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 243 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 . 5 cm SK L 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 , 200 m ( 40 , 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 , 000 rounds of ammunition , for 100 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 20 to 25 mm ( 0 . 79 to 0 . 98 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 . 1 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 . 0 in ) thick shields . Service history After her commissioning in 1900 , Nymphe served with the High Seas Fleet in home waters . She also served as a training ship for naval cadets . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she was reduced to a coastal defense ship , a role she served in up to 1916 . She was then withdrawn from active service and used as a barracks ship and training vessel , based in Kiel . She was among the six cruisers permitted to the newly reorganized Reichsmarine by the Treaty of Versailles . In 1924 , the ship was significantly modernized at the Deutsche Werke in Wilhelmshaven . Her ram bow was rebuilt into a clipper bow , which increased her overall length to 108 . 7 m ( 357 ft ) . Her old 10 . 5 cm SK L 40 guns were replaced with newer SK L 45 guns in U boat mountings and two 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tubes in deck mounted launchers were unk served on active duty with the Reichsmarine from 1925 to 1929 , when she was withdrawn from service a second time . She was formally stricken from the naval register on 31 March 1931 , and she was sold for scrapping on 29 August , for 61 , 500 Reichsmarks . She was broken up the following year in Hamburg .
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832 | Acquacotta ( pronounced unk Italian for cooked water ) is a broth based hot soup in Italian cuisine that was originally a peasant food . Its preparation and consumption dates back to ancient history , and it originated in the coastal area of named Maremma in southern Tuscany and northern Lazio . The dish was invented in part as a means to make hardened , stale bread edible . In contemporary times , ingredients can vary , and additional ingredients are sometimes used . Variations of the dish include unk con funghi and unk con unk . History Acquacotta is a simple traditional dish originating in the coastal region of Italy known as Maremma , which spans the southern half of Tuscany 's coast and runs into northern Lazio . The word acquacotta means cooked water in the Italian language . It was originally a peasant food , and has been described as an ancient dish , the recipe of which was derived in part by people who lived in the Tuscan forest working as colliers ( charcoal burners ) , who were typically very poor and are traditionally among the poorest of people . It was also prepared and consumed by farmers and shepherds in the Maremma area . Historically , the soup was sometimes served as an unk dish , the first course in an Italian meal . It remains a popular dish in Maremma and throughout Italy . Acquacotta was invented in part as a means to make stale , hardened bread edible . People that worked away from home for significant periods of time , such as woodcutters and shepherds , would bring bread and other foods with them ( such as unk and salt cod ) to hold them over . Acquacotta was prepared and used to marinate the stale bread , thus softening it . A legend about acquacotta exists in relation to the concept of stone soup , which is generally based upon a premise of a poor traveler who arrived at a village having only a stone , but convinced the villagers to add ingredients to his stone soup , creating acquacotta variations of the legend exist . Ingredients Historically , acquacotta 's primary ingredients were water , stale bread , onion , tomato and olive oil , along with various vegetables and leftover foods that may have been available . In the earlier 1800s , some preparations used unk , a juice derived from half ripened grapes , in place of tomatoes , which were not a common food in Italy prior to the latter decades of the nineteenth century . In contemporary times Contemporary preparations of acquacotta may use stale , fresh , or toasted bread , and can include additional ingredients such as vegetable broth , eggs , cheeses such as Parmigiano Reggiano and Pecorino Toscano , celery , garlic , basil , beans such as unk beans , cabbage , kale , lemon juice , salt , pepper , potatoes and others . Some versions may use edible mushrooms such as porcini , wild herbs , and leaf vegetables greens such as arugula , unk , mint , chard , chicory , dandelion greens , watercress , valerian and others . As the greens boil down , they contribute to the broth 's flavor . The dish may be topped with a poached egg . Contemporary versions may be prepared in advance from a few hours to a day , stored in a cold place or refrigerated , and then reheated prior to serving . It can also be preserved by freezing . Variations Acquacotta con funghi is an unk soup variation that uses porcini mushrooms as a primary ingredient . Additional ingredients include bread , stock or water , tomato unk , Parmesan cheese , eggs , unk , wild mint , garlic , olive oil , salt and pepper . This variation 's flavor and aroma has been described as based upon the porcini mushrooms that are used parsley may also be used . Acquacotta con unk is an unk soup variation that includes celery , red pepper and garlic .
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833 | Liquorice is a song by American rapper Azealia Banks , taken from her debut extended play ( EP ) titled 1991 ( 2012 ) . The song was released onto Banks ' Tumblr account on December 18 , 2011 , and was later released for digital download on December 4 , 2012 . Built around Lone 's song Pineapple Crush , Liquorice is an acid house track that incorporates synthesizers in its composition . Lyrically , the song contains wordplay from Harlem , Banks ' origin , and is inspired by interracial dating . A music video for the single was directed by Rankin and was released in June 2012 . Liquorice received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who praised the use of Pineapple Crush on the song and deemed it catchy . The single charted at number 73 on the Flemish Ultratip of Belgium in July 2012 . In support of the song and 1991 , Banks included Liquorice on the set list for her Mermaid Ball tour and performed the song at BBC 's Radio 1 's Hackney Weekend in 2012 and the 2013 Glastonbury Festival . Composition Liquorice was described as an acid house track by Dart Chris from Exclaim magazine . The song is built around Pineapple Crush , a house song produced by British electronic musician Lone , who also produced Liquorice . The track features synthesizers in its instrumentation . Michael Cragg from The Guardian described Banks ' vocals on the track as playfully aggressive , unk and brilliantly smutty . According to Banks herself , the song was partly inspired by American producer Diplo . Lyrically , Liquorice contains Harlem street slang derived wordplay , which comes from Banks ' origin , Harlem ( for example unk means money , and ye stands for cocaine ) . The song is also inspired by interracial dating Banks explained I date lots of white guys . It 's still seen as slightly taboo in African American culture , but I thought , ' Let me put this in your face and tell it how it is . ' Release and reception Banks posted Liquorice onto her Tumblr on December 18 , 2011 . It was released as a digital download single on December 4 , 2012 . The single debuted at number 73 on the Flemish Ultratip chart of Belgium on July 7 , 2012 . Dan Weiss from Boston Phoenix named Liquorice a genuinely 1991 sounding song , while Sarah Murphy from Exclaim deemed it undeniably catchy . Larry Fitzmaurice of Pitchfork Media named Liquorice the Best New Track following its release he praised the use of Pineapple Crush on the song , commenting Lone 's bright tones and winding sense of melody meshes well with Banks ' light , airy vocals , while Azealia spits quick over ' Pineapple Crush ' ' s breakbeat rhythmic pattern without losing a handle on the beat , unleashing clever rhymes ... without breaking a sweat . In a mixed review , Alex Macpherson from Fact wrote that Banks feels slightly overwhelmed by its broad synth brushstrokes . Music video The music video for Liquorice was released on June 14 , 2012 . The video was directed by Rankin and styled by Nicola Formichetti . The visual sees Banks as a cowgirl riding through the desert on horseback . Becky Bain from Idolator wrote Azealia sports bull horns , wields a baseball bat , seductively licks a Popsicle and takes a mouthful of a hot dog . Robin Murray from Clash deemed the video for the song as lavish . Live performances In June 2012 , Banks included Liquorice on the set list for her first headlining concert tour , Mermaid Ball , in support of 1991 and Banks ' mixtape unk . On June 24 , 2012 , Banks performed Liquorice at Radio 1 's Hackney Weekend . The song was also included on Banks ' set list at Glastonbury Festival 2013 . Track listing Digital download Liquorice 3 16 Charts
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834 | AT T Plaza ( formerly Ameritech Plaza and SBC Plaza ) is a public space that hosts the Cloud Gate sculpture . It is located in Millennium Park , which is a park built to celebrate the third millennium and which is located within the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois in the United States . The sculpture and the plaza are sometimes jointly referred to as Cloud Gate on the AT T Plaza . It was opened in the summer of 2004 with the initial unveiling of the sculpture during the grand opening weekend of the park . Ameritech Corporation SBC Communications Inc. donated US 3 million for the naming right to the space . The plaza has become a place view the McCormick Tribune Plaza Ice Rink and during the Christmas holiday season , the Plaza hosts Christmas caroling . Details Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west , Grant Park has been Chicago 's front yard since the mid 19th century . Its northwest corner , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute , east of Michigan Avenue , south of Randolph Street , and west of Columbus Drive , had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . Today , Millennium Park trails only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction . The plaza is located above Park Grill , above and behind the McCormick Tribune Plaza Ice Rink , adjacent to the Chase Promenade , and between the North and South Boeing Galleries . The plaza and sculpture sit atop the 300 seat 6 million Park Grill , which opened in November 2003 behind the McCormick Tribune Plaza Ice Rink . The surface of the plaza is concrete . The plaza is composed of 25 , 200 square feet ( 2 , 340 m2 ) of concrete pavers . Each paver is 30 by 30 inches ( 76 by 76 cm ) , and each is 2 . 5 inches ( 6 . 4 cm ) thick . History The plaza was originally named Ameritech Plaza for Ameritech Corporation , the corporate sponsor , who donated 3 million for the sculpture hosting plaza 's naming rights . By the time the park officially opened in 2004 , Ameritech had merged with SBC Communications and the plaza was called SBC Plaza . When SBC acquired AT T and subsequently changed the name from SBC to AT T in 2005 , the name of the plaza changed again . Cloud Gate was originally estimated to weigh 60 short tons ( 54 . 4 t 53 . 6 long tons ) because it was impossible to estimate the thickness of the steel compatible with the desired aesthetics . The final piece , however , weighs 110 short tons ( 99 . 8 t 98 . 2 long tons ) and care had to be taken in supporting it . The roof of the Park Grill , upon which Cloud Gate sits , had to be strong enough to bear the weight . A large retaining wall separating Chicago 's Metra train tracks from the North Grant Park garage travels along the back side of the restaurant and supports much of the sculpture 's weight . This wall , along with the rest of the garage 's foundation , required additional bracing before the piece was erected . In June 2004 , when construction of the shell began , a large tent ( pictured left ) was erected around the piece in order to shield it from public view . Activities In 2006 , annual Christmas caroling began at the plaza . Following Thanksgiving , weekly sing alongs are led by choral groups including Bella Voce , Chicago Mass Choir , and Chicago Children 's Choir . Because of its elevation above the McCormick Tribune Plaza Ice Rink , the plaza has become a prime viewing location for Jazz music concerts held during the summer at the McCormick Tribune Plaza . McCormick Tribune Plaza is located below and to the west of AT T Plaza as well as adjacent to Michigan Avenue 's Historic Michigan Boulevard District , which are slightly further west .
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835 | The Bridgeport Harbor Light , later the Bridgeport Harbor Lighthouse , was a lighthouse in Bridgeport , Connecticut , United States . It is located on the west side of the Bridgeport Harbor entrance and the north side of Long Island Sound . Originally constructed in 1851 and rebuilt in 1871 with a dwelling , it had a red fixed light throughout its service life . The builder and first keeper of the light was Abraham A. McNeil who is also credited as improvising the first light for the Bridgeport Harbor in 1844 . By 1953 , the lighthouse was in poor condition and the United States Coast Guard opted to build a skeleton tower in its place . In the 2014 edition of the Light List Volume 1 , the skeleton tower is marked as Light 13A with a height of 57 feet ( 17 m ) and a visual marker of a square green unk with a green reflective border . The lighthouse was sold and an attempt was made to move it to serve as a monument for Connecticut 's maritime history , but it was later decided to scrap the structure . The lighthouse caught fire and was destroyed during the dismantling in 1953 . 1851 light According to Waldo 's History of Bridgeport and Vicinity , Volume 1 , Abraham A. McNeil first set a light atop a mast to mark the Bridgeport Harbor in 1844 . The next day Captain John Brooks Jr. set up his own improvised light with another boat . Constructed in 1851 , the first Bridgeport Harbor Light was an octagonal tower on a box like structure stood on iron piles . The exact details of its construction are not recorded and there is no complete description , but it is known to have had a fixed red light . Waldo identifies Abraham A. McNeil as the builder of the light . The light had no keeper 's quarters and was only accessible by boat . By 1870 , a new lighthouse was needed , partly because of the increased maritime traffic . 1871 lighthouse Completed in 1871 , the rebuilt light had a dwelling with the attached tower containing a fourth order Fresnel lens . It retained the original fixed red light , but also included a fog bell . In 1900 , the lighthouse was identified in the Light List as having a red screw pile structure , a white tower and dwelling with a slate gray Mansard roof topped with a black lantern . The lighthouse had a fog signal that sounded every 15 seconds and was operated by machinery . Although the focal height of the light is unlisted , the center of the light stood 34 ft ( 10 m ) above the ground . In 1873 , a request for 5 , 500 , equivalent to 109 , 000 in 2015 was submitted to Congress for the additional protection of the screw pile light house . During the first session of the 43rd Congress , the 5 , 500 was appropriated for the lighthouse . In 1898 , during the Spanish American War the lighthouse was equipped with 10 inch guns to ward off enemy attacks , making it one of the few armed American lighthouses in history . These guns never saw action as there was no attack on the coast . In 1920 , unk was estimated to be needed for riprap protection . By 1953 , the lighthouse was in poor condition and the U.S. Coast Guard opted to replace it with a skeleton tower . The lighthouse was sold to the Fairfield Dock Company , which initially planned to move it ashore , but it was later decided to dismantle and scrap it . A plan existed to move the lighthouse ashore to a city park as a monument to Connecticut 's maritime heritage , but the location could not be agreed upon . Skeleton tower The skeleton tower constructed from 1953 continues to serve Bridgeport Harbor . In the 2014 edition of the Light List Volume 1 , the skeleton tower is marked as Light 13A with a height of 57 feet ( 17 m ) and a visual marker of a square green unk with a green reflective border . List of keepers
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836 | Eustathios Daphnomeles ( Greek unk unk , fl. early 11th century ) was a Byzantine strategos and patrician who distinguished himself in the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria . He ranks as one of the most prominent and successful generals in the thirty year war between Emperor Basil II ( r . 976 1025 ) and Samuel of Bulgaria ( r . 997 1014 ) , helping to end the long conflict by blinding and capturing the last Bulgarian leader , Ibatzes , in 1018 . Biography The main source describing Daphnomeles 's life , and indeed the Bulgarian campaigns ( 986 1018 ) of Emperor Basil II , is the late 11th century Synopsis unk of John Skylitzes , whose chronology is often problematic to reconstruct . Daphnomeles came from the landed aristocracy of Asia Minor , which for centuries provided the Byzantine military elite . Traditional historiography places his first appearance in circa 1005 , when the Adriatic port city of Dyrrhachium is said to have been surrendered by John unk , a local magnate , to the Byzantines . Daphnomeles , at the head of a fleet , took possession of the city . Given the chronologically unclear narrative of Skylitzes , however , it is possible that this episode reflects his later appointment ( after 1018 ) as strategos ( military governor ) of the city . Daphnomeles participated in the subsequent conflicts against Tsar Samuel , but his greatest feat was the capture of the Bulgarian leader Ibatzes in 1018 , for which he is given a prominent position in Skylitzes 's work . Following the defeat at the Battle of Kleidion in 1015 , Bulgarian resistance began to collapse . By 1018 , most Bulgarian commanders had surrendered , and only Ibatzes , who had retreated with his followers to the royal estate of unk , a naturally strong and defensible highland position , continued to resist . He rejected both bribes and threats from the Byzantines , and for 55 days , the Byzantine army under Emperor Basil II remained encamped at unk nearby , waiting for his surrender . At that point , and as local crowds gathered to Ibatzes 's palace for the feast of the Dormition , Daphnomeles , now strategos of nearby unk , on his own initiative , resolved to end the impasse . With only two escorts , he climbed the way to the estate , and announced himself to Ibatzes . Ibatzes , believing that Daphnomeles would not have come alone unless he intended to forge an alliance against Basil , retreated with the strategos to a secluded wooded glade in the gardens for a private discussion . There , Daphnomeles and his two hidden associates sprang on the Bulgarian general , blinded him , and carried him to the upper story of the palace , through the assembled crowds who were too stunned to react . When the Bulgarians recovered , they gathered underneath the building crying for revenge . Daphnomeles , however , addressed them and managed to convince them of the futility of further resistance , and to lay down their arms and seek the emperor 's pardon . Ibatzes ' capture brought to an end the long conflict between Byzantium and Bulgaria , and according to the Byzantinist Paul Stephenson , secured for Daphnomeles , along with Nikephoros Ouranos and Nikephoros Xiphias , the reputation of one of the most prominent and successful generals in the Bulgarian wars of Basil II . Following his feat , Daphnomeles was appointed strategos of the thema of Dyrrhachium by a grateful emperor , and given all of Ibatzes 's movable wealth as a reward . In 1029 , however , he was accused of conspiring with other prominent governors of the Balkans to overthrow Emperor Romanos III Argyros ( r . 1028 34 ) in favour of doux Constantine Diogenes . The accused were then recalled to Constantinople , beaten , paraded through the Mese , and banished . Nothing further is known of him .
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837 | The 10th Boat Race took place on the River Thames on 15 December 1849 . Typically held annually , the event is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge . The race was won by Oxford who triumphed over Cambridge after they were disqualified . It is the only time the Boat Race has been held twice in a calendar year , and as of 2015 remains the only time the event has been decided as a result of a disqualification . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Cambridge had beaten Oxford easily in the race earlier that year . It was as a result of the manner of the defeat , and with doubts over the construction of the Oxford boat that they issued a challenge to Cambridge University Boat Club in October to race again in December . The invitation to race was immediately accepted . Cambridge held the overall lead , with seven victories to Oxford 's two . Crews Oxford 's crew contained four rowers who had featured in the previous race in March , with Chitty , Steward , Sykes and Rich returning for the Dark Blues . Cambridge welcomed back five rowers and the cox , George Booth . The difference in weight between the crews was marginal , Oxford 's rowers weighing an average of just under 11 st 6 lb ( 72 . 4 kg ) were 0 . 125 pounds ( 0 . 06 kg ) per man heavier than Cambridge . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , leaving Cambridge with Surrey . Weather conditions were poor rain and a strong wind provided a pitiless pelting to spectators and the crews alike . Although pre race betting indicated no clear favourite , the high winds were thought to provide Cambridge with a slight advantage as their style of rowing was deemed to be more suitable to stormy weather and so the Light Blues went into the race as marginal favourites . Both crews were on the river before 3pm in boats constructed by Searle and Sons , described as masterpieces of art , complete with splashboards to reduce the amount of water taken on board . Cambridge made the better start and were clear by the Searles boathouse . They increased the lead by a further half a length and held it for another 0 . 5 miles ( 0 . 8 km ) , at which point Oxford produced a marked improvement in speed and began to reduce the deficit . As Cambridge had already moved in front of Oxford , they steered back towards the Surrey shore in preparation for shooting Hammersmith Bridge . In doing so , a collision ensued , causing Oxford to come to halt . Although Cambridge made a three to four length headstart , Oxford 's subsequent pace combined with Cambridge 's wayward steering reduced the gap and by the end of the race , the boats were nearly level . Immediately upon the conclusion , the race umpire , Thomas Howard Fellows of Leander Club declared the result in favour of Oxford , disqualifying Cambridge for the foul . Cambridge , although believing the foul was against them , did not object to the decision . The Cambridge University Boat Club secretary Charles Bagot wrote It is much to be regretted that a foul should have taken place , as , besides rendering the race an imperfect test of the merits of the respective crews , it very much disturbed the harmony and good feeling which should exist between members of the rival Universities in such contests . As of 2015 , it remains the only time that the Boat Race has been decided by a disqualification .
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838 | The 47th Boat Race took place in 1890 . Held annually , it is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race , umpired by former Oxford rower Frank Willan ) was won by Oxford . They passed the finishing post one length ahead of Cambridge in a time of 22 minutes 3 seconds , and took their overall lead in the event to 24 22 . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the boat clubs of University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities as of 2014 it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Oxford by seven lengths in the previous year 's race , while Oxford held the overall lead , with 23 victories to Cambridge 's 22 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford 's coaches were F. P. Bully , F. Fenner , William Grenfell ( who rowed for Oxford in the 1877 and 1878 races , and was non rowing boat club president in the 1879 race ) and Frederick Smith , 2nd Viscount Hambleden . There is no record of who coached Cambridge . The Light Blues began their practice on 9 January , nearly two weeks ahead of Oxford , but it was not until 4 March that Cambridge persuaded James Cardwell Gardner to return as stroke . They improved and were considered by author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater to be by no means a bad crew , though deficient in length and unk . Despite William Fletcher being considered one of the greatest sixes , and although no greater worker has ever rowed , he was positioned at stroke . The umpire for the race for the second year in a row was Frank Willan who won the event four consecutive times , rowing for Oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races . Crews Both crews weighed an average of 12 st 1 . 5 lb ( 76 . 7 kg ) . Cambridge saw three former Blues return , including Stanley Muttlebury who was rowing in his fifth consecutive Boat Race . Oxford 's crew contained five rowers with experience of the event , including W. F. C. Holland in his fourth race , along with the cox John Pemberton Heywood Lonsdale who had steered the Dark Blues in 1889 . Race Cambridge were considered slight favourites for the race , and won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . While the weather was fine , a westerly wind made for rough conditions between Hammersmith Bridge and Barnes Bridge . Commencing at unk , Cambridge made the faster start , outrating the Dark Blues by two strokes per minute , and held a quarter of a length lead after two minutes . Despite the bend of the river favouring Oxford , the Light Blues held their lead and at the Crab Tree pub , began to pull further ahead as the course favoured them . By Hammersmith Bridge , the lead was half a length but the wind appeared to affect Oxford and by The Doves pub , Cambridge were nearly clear . Oxford reduced the deficit along Chiswick Reach and by Chiswick Steps were nearly level . In more sheltered water , the Dark Blues pushed ahead and were almost clear by Barnes Bridge but Cambridge kept in touch . Oxford passed the finishing post with a lead of one length in a time of 22 minutes 3 seconds . It was Oxford 's first victory since the 1885 race , their narrowest winning margin for 23 years and the slowest winning time for either university since the 1878 race .
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839 | James Topham Brady ( April 9 , 1815 February 9 , 1869 ) was an American lawyer . Born in New York City , Brady studied law in his father 's practice before being admitted to the New York bar himself . He is most notable for his career as a criminal lawyer , being involved in numerous high profile proceedings . He tried fifty two criminal cases and only lost one . Brady died at his home after having the left side of his body paralyzed for several days , and was interred at Calvary Cemetery in New York . Early life Brady was born on April 9 , 1815 , in New York City , the eldest son of Thomas S. Brady and his wife . Later , Brady would have seven siblings , two boys and five girls . The senior Brady had emigrated from Ireland to the United States while the War of 1812 was ongoing , and started a boys school in New York . When James was seven , he attended his father 's school . In 1831 James 's father had left teaching to become a lawyer , and he helped his father in his practice and in trials . In his father 's office , James studied legal material tirelessly , and soon operated most of the firm 's managerial affairs . Career Brady was admitted to the New York Bar in either 1835 or 1836 , when he was about twenty years old . His first case was an insurance proceeding , where he opposed the prominent lawyer , Charles O 'Connor . The plaintiff staked a claim for insurance money from a property allegedly burned down by a fire . Though Brady lost that case , his proficiency for law and oration was immediately noted . Brady received his first taste of legal notoriety during the Goodyear v. Day patent case , where he worked under Daniel Webster and delivered the opening arguments for the plaintiff . Nevertheless , Brady is best known for his work as a criminal lawyer . In the quarter century preceding his death , he was involved in nearly every notable criminal proceeding in the Eastern United States . Among his most famous legal undertakings was the defense of Daniel Sickles during his trial for the murder of Philip Barton Key , the then Attorney General of the District of Columbia . During this trial , Brady worked with Edwin Stanton , who would go on to become the United States Secretary of War . Brady also defended Lew Baker at the murder trial of the infamous William Bill the Butcher Poole , whom Baker shot to death in 1855 at Stanwix Hall , a bar on Broadway in Manhattan . Over his career , Brady tried 52 criminal cases and lost only one , the case of Confederate privateer John Yates Beall . Though he professed membership in the Democratic Party , Brady was notably disengaged from politics . In 1843 he was made the interim district attorney for New York County . Two years later , Brady was appointed the city 's corporation counsel , a position in which he served two terms , each term lasting for a year . In 1850 Brady ran for , but was not elected to , the position of Attorney General of New York . Brady was on John C. Breckinridge and Joseph Lane 's 1860 Democratic ticket for Governor of New York . When the American Civil War began , Brady switched sides and became an ardent supporter of Abraham Lincoln and his Republican Party . He deeply disdained Southern politics and policy . Personal life and death Brady remained a lifelong bachelor . When a friend asked why , he said , When my father died , he left five daughters who looked to me for support . All the affection I could have had for a wife went out to those sisters and I have never desired to recall it . On Sunday , February 7 , 1869 the left side of Brady 's body was paralyzed . He died at the age of 53 at his home in New York on February 9 at 4 45 pm . Brady 's funeral occurred at St. Patrick 's Cathedral , and he was interred at Calvary Cemetery .
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840 | New York State Route 348 ( NY 348 ) was a state highway located within the town of Chazy in Clinton County , New York , in the United States . It stretched for 6 . 2 miles ( 10 . 0 km ) from NY 22 in the hamlet of West Chazy to U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the hamlet of Chazy and passed under the Adirondack Northway ( Interstate 87 or I 87 ) . NY 348 did not intersect any state routes or pass through any communities other than those at each of its termini . When NY 348 was originally assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , it began in West Chazy and ended in the village of Champlain . The route was extended northeastward to Rouses Point by 1931 , then truncated to the hamlet of Chazy in the early 1960s . NY 348 ceased to exist entirely in 1980 , at which time its former routing became County Route 24 ( CR 24 ) . Route description NY 348 began at an intersection with NY 22 and West Church Street in the hamlet of West Chazy ( within the town of Chazy ) , located 2 miles ( 3 . 2 km ) east of Flat Rock State Forest . NY 348 proceeded east along East Church Street , crossing over tracks once used by the Delaware and Hudson Railroad , reaching a junction with CR 25 ( Stratton Hill Road ) . At this junction , NY 348 turned northeast along Fiske Road , crossing over the Little Chazy River and nearby unk Brook . Bending further northeast through the town of Chazy , the route paralleled the Delaware and Hudson until reaching a crossing with the Adirondack Northway ( I 87 ) . NY 348 and the Northway did not connect , as NY 348 crossed under the four lane expressway , crossing the alignment of a railroad spur and soon reached the hamlet of Chazy . In Chazy , the route crossed over the Little Chazy River once again then intersected with US 9 . This junction with US 9 marked the northern terminus of NY 348 . History The alignment that would become NY 348 between the hamlet of West Chazy and the town of Chazy was taken over by the state of New York and improved to state highway standards in 1907 1908 . The 6 . 34 miles ( 10 . 20 km ) alignment was 14 feet ( 4 . 3 m ) wide and to be constructed with stones approved by the state with sand and limestone filler . The state engineer estimated that the improvement of the road would cost 58 , 250 ( 1907 USD ) , and a contract was let on September 19 , 1907 to Jeremiah T. Finch , who commenced work on the new roadway in October of that year . The work was completed 11 months later ( September 1908 ) at the cost of 54 , 111 . 94 . NY 348 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . At the time , it began at NY 22 in West Chazy and ended at US 11 in the village of Champlain . NY 348 had an overlap with US 9 from Chazy to what is now NY 9B in the town of Champlain . Here , US 9 forked to the east and followed the length of modern NY 9B to Rouses Point . NY 348 was extended east to Rouses Point along US 11 and what is now NY 276 by the following year . In the mid 1940s , US 9 was rerouted to follow its modern alignment through Champlain , creating a lengthy overlap between NY 348 and US 9 from Chazy hamlet to Champlain village . The overlaps with both US 9 and US 11 were eliminated in the early 1960s after NY 348 was truncated on its northern end to its junction with US 9 in Chazy . NY 348 was removed from the state highway system in 1980 . The designation officially ceased to exist on January 7 , 1980 , and ownership and maintenance of the route was transferred from the state of New York to Clinton County on April 1 , 1980 , as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The former routing of NY 348 was redesignated as CR 24 . Major intersections The entire route was in Chazy , Clinton County .
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841 | She 's Done it Again is a 1910 American silent short comedy written by Lloyd Lonergan and produced by the Thanhouser Company in New Rochelle , New York . A thief named Sikes decides to rob a society woman who falsely claimed to have been robbed when she in fact pawned her jewelry . A gentleman thief strikes and robs her , but no one believes her . The thief is caught only by a clever detective . The film was the third release of the Thanhouser company and featured the leading players , Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane . The film was met with positive reviews , but is presumed to be lost . Plot The official synopsis of the film survives in The Moving Picture World . It states Sikes , a gentleman of the Raffles order , reads in the paper that Mrs. Eldridge , a young society woman , who alleged that she had been robbed of her jewels , confessed that she had in reality pawned them admitting that the robbery was a prearranged affair in which she played the leading role and her maid the supporting one . Sikes decides to have it appear that the lady robbed herself a second time . Disguised as a clergyman , he obtains the jewels . Naturally , everybody believes Mrs. Eldridge is lying again ... And then a clever detective turns up and shows that the public opinion is mistaken by fastening the offense on the real offender . It is likely that Anna Rosemond played the role of Mrs. Eldridge and that Frank H. Crane played the role of Sikes . Production The scenario was written by Lloyd F. Lonergan . Lonergan was the writer of both of the previous productions , The Actor 's Children and St. Elmo . This release marked the first comedy release of a scenario written by Lonergan and also the first comedy produced by the Thanhouser company . Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman still employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . He was the most important script writer for Thanhouser , averaging 200 scripts a year from 1910 to 1915 . Film historian Q. David Bowers attributes the director of the production to Lloyd B. Carleton , the stage name of Carleton B. Little . He would direct a number of films for the Thanhouser Company before moving to the Biograph Company by the summer of 1910 . Bowers also credits Blair Smith as the cameraman . The two known credits in the film are for the leading players Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane . Rosemond was one of two leading ladies for the first year of the company and joined in the autumn of 1909 , their first year of productions . Crane was involved in the very beginnings of the Thanhouser Company from 1909 . Crane was the first leading man of the company and acted in numerous productions before becoming a director at Thanhouser . Release and reception The film was released on March 29 , 1910 and was met with some positive reviews . The film was known to have an alternate or working title of The Liar and the Thief , which is credited by Bowers and appears in an index in the Moving Picture World . Another reference for the film instead shortens the name to Done it Again . Two reviews for the film would appear in Moving Picture World , with the first praising the release and using a testimonial by Ray Norton to support that it is a good comedy . The second review was more nuanced and descriptive by highlighting the original plot and stating , The acting is sympathetic one almost wants to say vigorous , and the photographer has performed his part satisfactorily . The combination of these elements has contributed to the success of the picture . The film had advertisements announcing its showing in Pennsylvania and Indiana . The film is presumed lost , but a surviving film still exists from a quarter page advertisement in Billboard .
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842 | The 17th Boat Race took place on 31 March 1860 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . It was the first time in the history of the event that the race had to be restarted as a result of an obstruction . Cambridge won the event by one length , in the slowest time ever . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having defeated Cambridge as they sank in the previous year 's race . Cambridge led overall with nine wins to Oxford 's seven . The challenge to race was sent by the president of the Cambridge University Boat Club to the president of the Oxford University Boat Club in the October term , with subsequent agreement to compete on 30 March 1860 . However , this was soon deemed unacceptable the Cambridge crew were required to take examinations in the days prior and the tide on that day was inconvenient . As such , it was agreed to hold the race the following day , on 31 March . Oxford were initially considered the favourites , but after Cambridge 's practice rows , the odds evened . Cambridge 's boat was built specifically for the race by Edward Searle of Simmons boat yard and was 57 . 5 feet ( 17 . 5 m ) in length . The Oxford vessel was the same as that used in the previous year 's race , a 54 foot ( 16 m ) long boat built by Matthew Taylor of Newcastle . The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in the March and December races ) and the 1852 race . Crews Both crews were unk from pairs of trials eights . The Oxford crew weighed an average of 11 st 12 . 5 lb ( 75 . 3 kg ) , 2 . 75 pounds ( 1 . 2 kg ) per rower more than their Light Blue opposition . Each crew contained four members who had featured in the previous year 's race Chaytor and Morland represented Cambridge again while Fairbairn and Hall competed in their third race . Meanwhile Morrison , Baxter and Robarts represented Oxford for the second time , with Risley making his third appearance in the event . Race The crowd lining the banks of the Thames was immense , while the weather was drizzly and windy . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge . Immediately after the starter , Edward Searle , had commanded the boats to commence , a wherry interrupted proceedings , blocking the boats ' passage and forcing Searle to declare a false start . It was the first time in Boat Race history that the event was required to be restarted . Neither crew made a good start , but Cambridge took an early lead . Oxford had recovered to draw level by the Star and Garter pub and led by half a length by Craven Cottage . The Dark Blues were nearly clear by the Crab Tree pub and their cox Robarts steered across in an attempt to take clear water . Cambridge 's cox Morland called for a push to defend their course causing the crews to clash oars . They passed through the central pier of Hammersmith Bridge , with Cambridge holding a 3 foot ( 0 . 9 m ) lead , which they extended to half a length around Chiswick Reach . By Barnes Bridge the Light Blues held a length and a half lead . They passed the Ship Tavern at Mortlake , winning by a length in a time of 26 minutes 5 seconds . As of 2014 , this remains the slowest winning time in the history of the event .
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843 | The 64th Boat Race took place on 16 March 1907 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Cambridge were reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race , and more than half their crew had already participated in the event . In a race umpired by Frederick I. Pitman , Cambridge won by four and a half lengths in a time of 20 minutes 26 seconds . It was their second consecutive victory and their fifth win in six races , taking the overall record in the event to 34 29 in Oxford 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2015 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1906 race by three and a half lengths , while Oxford led overall with 34 victories to Cambridge 's 28 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by Francis Escombe ( for the fourth consecutive year ) , Stanley Muttlebury , five time Blue between 1886 and 1890 , and David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) . Oxford 's coaches were Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four time Blue ) and H. W. Willis . The umpire for the fifth year was old Etonian and former Cambridge rower Frederick I. Pitman who rowed in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 2 . 875 lb ( 77 . 3 kg ) , 1 . 875 pounds ( 0 . 9 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained three rowers with Boat Race experience , including Henry Bucknall who was rowing in his third consecutive event . Cambridge saw five participants return to their boat , including Banner Johnstone who had rowed in both 1904 and 1906 . All of those taking part in the race were registered as British . Late in the previous summer , and following the Henley Royal Regatta , Cambridge were challenged to a race along the Championship Course by Harvard University Cambridge won by two lengths . The Light Blues made only two changes to personnel for this year 's Boat Race , and as noted by author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater , had a crew almost ready made . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . Although the bend of the river provided the Dark Blues with an early advantage , Cambridge were ahead and clear within a minute and a half . Rating slightly slower than the Dark Blues , they passed the Mile Post two lengths up and held a three length lead as they passed below Hammersmith Bridge . Oxford 's stroke Albert Gladstone spurted in an attempt to draw his boat back into the contest , and stroke by stroke the gap was reduced , eventually to a few feet . Encountering rough water , Oxford had to work hard to remain in contention but at Chiswick , began to fall back rapidly . Even after reducing their stroke rate , Cambridge pulled further away to lead by four lengths at Barnes Bridge . They eased up to win by four and a half lengths in a time of 20 minutes 26 seconds , their second consecutive victory and their fifth win in six races . It was the largest winning margin since the 1904 race and took the overall record in the event to 34 29 in Oxford 's favour .
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844 | Tropical Storm Lester was a weak tropical storm that paralleled the Mexican coastline in October 2004 . The 16th tropical cyclone and 12th named storm of the 2004 Pacific hurricane season , Lester originated from an area of disturbed weather that persisted southwest of the Gulf of Tehuantepec . After organizing , the system was designated as a tropical depression on October 11 . The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm the next day , and moved northwestward , just off the Mexican coastline . Due to the interaction with land among other factors , the storm degenerated on October 13 . The storm dropped locally heavy rainfall , which caused minor flooding and mudslides . No fatalities or significant damage were reported . Meteorological history By October 10 , 2004 , an area of disturbed weather was situated well to the southwest of the Gulf of Tehuantepec . Later that day , a surface low pressure system developed , and convection began to organize into slightly curved bands . The disturbance continued to in this manner , and at 1800 UTC on October 11 , the low level circulation had become sufficiently organized to be designated as a tropical depression . At the time , the depression consisted of a well defined circulation , with some deep thunderstorm activity . Despite weak steering currents , the system started what was initially thought to be a westward drift , though just a few hours later was found to be towards the northwest . A small cyclone , a burst of deep convection formed at around the same time , and was said could have produced tropical storm force winds . Continuing its slow , northwestward track under the weal steering currents of a weak mid level ridge to its north , and a broad cyclonic circulation to its southwest , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lester at 1800 UTC on October 12 . Originally , it was unclear whether the center of circulation would remain slightly offshore , or move inland . Due to the presence of a weak upper level anticyclone that was centered just east of the system , favorable atmospheric conditions for strengthening prevailed , and the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph ( 80 km h ) about 6 12 hours after being upgraded to a tropical storm . Early on October 13 , radar imagery from Acapulco , Mexico indicated that Lester remained a small and well organized cyclone as it passed just offshore . At the same time , light southwesterly wind shear began to develop . The interaction with land , combined with influence from the low to the southwest , started to weaken the storm , and it was downgraded to a tropical depression at 1200 UTC on October 13 . By later that day , reports from an Air Force Reserve Unit Hurricane Hunter Aircraft indicated that the cyclone had degenerated into a trough on the northeastern side of the larger low to the southwest . Preparations and impact On October 12 , in response to Lester , the Mexican government issued a tropical storm watch for the coast between Punta Maldonado to Zihuatanejo . It was upgraded to a warning later that day . It was extended to Lzaro Crdenas on October 13 . Later that day , the warning was lifted when Lester dissipated . Lester brought rains to parts of Oaxaca and Guerrero , reaching 3 to 5 inches ( 76 to 127 mm ) . The highest 24 hour total peaked at 106 . 5 mm ( 4 . 19 in ) , recorded on October 12 . Localized flooding was likely caused by the storm , though no reports of deaths were received by the National Hurricane Center . However , the storm capsized two ships , and washed two more ashore . The heavy rain caused mudslides , which buried one man in his home he was later rescued by his family . In and around the port of Acapulco , about 14 trees were downed , and minor pooling of water was reported .
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845 | Three Sisters Tavern , sometimes abridged as Three Sisters and nicknamed Six Tits , was a gay bar and strip club in Portland , Oregon , United States . The bar was founded in 1964 and began catering to Portland 's gay community in 1997 following the deaths of the original owners . The business evolved into a strip club featuring an all male revue . Also frequented by women , sometimes for bachelorette parties , Three Sisters was considered a hub of Portland 's nightlife before closing in 2004 . Description and history Three Sisters Tavern opened in 1964 as a family business . John P. unk and his wife Georgia owned and operated the business until his death four months later ( 1964 ) and her death in 1997 . The couple were survived by their three daughters , one of whom , unk Sandra unk , along with her husband Athanasios Saki unk , acquired ownership and began catering to Portland 's gay community , eventually turning Three Sisters into a gay bar and strip club . The bar was located at 1125 Southwest Stark Street and featured an all male nude revue , a dance floor , and shows . The Portland Mercury described it as an institution of stiff drinks and stiffer male dancers , where hot men perform theatrical and acrobatic stripteases on stage , then get naked and wag their penises in your face . Dancers often were costumed as angels , businessmen , construction workers , cowboys , police officers , or United Parcel Service ( UPS ) delivery men . After Three Sisters closed in 2004 , some of the featured dancers began performing at other Portland venues , including Jefferson Theatre . Three Sisters catered both to gay men and to women , who sometimes attended as part of bachelorette parties . The Oregonian described the bachelorette bunnies who used to frequent this bar as well as two others Silverado and the Viewpoint . The paper 's Lee Williams wrote unk unk they go these fuzzy , suburban soft little critters jump all over Stark Street and the Viewpoint running wild to celebrate one last night of ' Sex in the City ' unk . They crowd downtown 's male strip club stages holding dollar bills up to get a glimpse of a few last carrots before hopping down that wedding trail home . They are particularly agile small mammals , able to hold a drink and a friend 's hair while she 's throwing up . Rufus Wainwright recalled accompanying Thomas Lauderdale , the musician known for his work with the Portland based band Pink Martini , to the club . Reception In their book Secret Portland , Oregon The Unique Guidebook to Portland 's Hidden Sites , Sounds and Tastes ( 2003 ) , Ann Carroll Burgess and Linda unk called Three Sisters the hub of Portland 's gay bar nightlife , offering a great dance floor and impressive entertainment . The Portland Mercury 's Katie Shimer called the bar one million percent fun and said , Whatever your fetish , the strippers deliver ... Make sure you stuff your pockets with singles , ' cause you 'll be spending at least a good hour at the rack . Similarly , the Seattle alternative weekly The Stranger said the venue was perhaps the funnest place in all the world ... especially when the fellers trot on stage in a vast array of hilarious costumes . The paper 's Wm . Steven Humphrey wrote , These nudie cuties were born to entertain , and prove it by leaping from stage to tabletop , hanging naked upside down ( by the tops of their FEET ) , and if you 're extremely lucky , gingerly lifting a dollar bill off your forehead with their ass cheeks . Now that 's talent Byron Beck of Willamette Week said the dancers at Three Sisters turned a quaint queer tavern into the most mouthwatering of watering holes in P town . The paper also called the club the best place to view wiener wiggling .
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846 | HD 205739 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 350 light years away in the constellation of Piscis Austrinus , orbiting the star HD 205739 . This planet has a minimum mass 37 more than Jupiter and orbits 90 of the distance between the Earth and the Sun . The planet has a very elliptical orbit , which has led its discoverers to postulate that the planet 's surface temperature varies by about 100 K along the entire orbit . This planet was reported on September 5 , 2008 after its discovery at Las Campanas Observatory , where the planet was observed for years by the N2K Consortium while using the Magellan Telescopes . Follow up observations collected the radial velocity measurements necessary to confirm the candidate as a planet . Discovery HD 205739 's designation is from the Henry Draper catalogue . The star was also observed by Hipparcos , which released its catalogue in 1997 . The observations that led to the discovery of the planet HD 205739 b started when the N2K Consortium started an extended search for planets around 300 stars not usually targeted by Doppler spectroscopy surveys . In the case of HD 205739 , the star was observed using the Magellan Telescopes at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile . HD 205739 was selected primarily because it was a metal rich star the N2K collaboration biased their search towards metal rich stars with closely orbiting Jupiter size planets , hoping to find a connection between a star 's metallicity and its planets ' masses . HD 205739 was flagged originally as a candidate hosting a Hot Jupiter , which is a large gas giant that orbits closely to its star , although later observations suggested that the planetary candidate orbited further out over the next 3 . 5 years of observation . The star was studied through the Magellan Inamori Kyocera Echelle spectrograph 's ( MIKE ) ability to use Doppler spectroscopy to measure radial velocity . Twenty four measurements were recorded for HD 205739 . The measurements were analyzed for accuracy . They were then used to derive the planet 's characteristics , which led to the planet 's confirmation . The team of astronomers , which were from the United States , Chile , and the Vatican City , sent the paper to the Astronomical Journal on April 7 , 2008 . The paper was accepted , and was later published on October 7 , 2008 . Host star HD 205739 is an F type star with a mass that is 1 . 22 times the mass of the Sun and a size that is 1 . 33 times the radius of the Sun . In other words , it is slightly more massive and slightly larger than the Sun is . With an effective temperature of unk K , HD 205739 is also hotter than the Sun , although it is younger , at an estimated age of 2 . 84 billion years . The star is rich in iron its measured metallicity is Fe H 0 . 19 , or 1 . 55 times the iron detected in the Sun . After analysis of HD 205739 's spectrum , it can be concluded that HD 205739 's chromosphere ( its outermost layer ) is not active . HD 205739 cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye because the star has an apparent magnitude ( V ) of 8 . 56 . Characteristics HD 205739 b is a Jupiter size planet . The estimated minimum mass is 1 . 37 times the mass of Jupiter . The planet has been found to orbit its host star every 279 . 8 days at a distance of 0 . 896 AU , which is approximately 89 . 6 of the mean distance between the Sun and the Earth . HD 205739 b has a mildly elliptical orbit , given its orbital eccentricity of 0 . 27 . The planet 's elliptical orbit is typical with respect to discovered planets whose orbits are longer than twenty days and have not grown circular because of tidal forces . According to its discoverers , HD 205739 b 's elongated orbit causes its surface temperature to fluctuate by up to 100 K.
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847 | The 60th Boat Race took place on 1 April 1903 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race was umpired for the first time by former Cambridge rower Frederick I. Pitman , whose misfiring starter pistol caused confusion at the start , allowing Cambridge to gain an advantage . They went on to win by six lengths in a time of 19 minutes 33 seconds . The victory took the overall record to 33 26 in Oxford 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1902 race by five lengths , and led overall with 33 victories to Cambridge 's 25 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford 's coaches were G. C. Bourne who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races and C. K. Philips who had represented the Dark Blues four times between 1895 and 1898 . Cambridge were coached by Charles John unk who had represented the Light Blues in the 1886 and 1887 races and Claude Goldie who had rowed in the 1898 and 1899 races . The Light Blues were later coached by William Dudley Ward . The umpire for the first time was old Etonian and former Cambridge rower Frederick I. Pitman who rowed in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . During the build up to the race , Oxford suffered a series of misfortunes , including a bout of influenza which caused several changes in the Dark Blue crew . Centred on the group of Blues returning from the previous year , Cambridge were able to produce a very fast crew . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 3 . 5 lb ( 77 . 6 kg ) , 4 pounds ( 1 . 8 kg ) more per rower than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained four rowers with Boat Race experience , including A. de L. Long who was rowing in his third consecutive event . Cambridge saw six rowers return from the 1902 crew , including W. H. Chapman , H. B. Grylls , C. W. H. Taylor and R. H. Nelson , all of whom were taking part in their third Boat Race . Only Oxford 's Devereux Milburn was registered as a non British rower . An American , he attended The Hill School in Pennsylvania before graduating from Harvard University . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . On a strong tide , umpire Pitman attempted to start the race at 3 35 p.m. After he shouted Are you ready , Cambridge squared their blades and were dragged away from their stakeboat , and rowed on despite Pitman failing to correctly discharge the starter pistol . Worse , he failed to notice the departing Light Blues who were already one third of a length ahead before Oxford got on their way . Somewhat dismayed by the disadvantageous start , author and the number seven for this year 's race George Drinkwater stated they rowed like a beaten crew from the first stroke . With a lead of nearly three lengths by Hammersmith Bridge , Cambridge pushed on to hold a four and a half length lead at Barnes Bridge , and passed the finishing post six lengths ahead , in a time of 19 minutes 33 seconds . It was their second consecutive win and their fourth in five years , and took the overall record in the event to 33 26 in Oxford 's favour .
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848 | Osbert fitzHervey ( died 1206 ) was an Anglo Norman royal judge . Brother of Hubert Walter and Theobald Walter , Osbert served three kings of England and may have contributed to the legal treatise attributed to his uncle , Ranulf de Glanvill . Ralph of Coggeshall , a medieval writer , praised Osbert 's knowledge of law , but condemned his acceptance of gifts from plaintiffs and defendants in legal cases . Osbert was one of a group of men who are considered the first signs of a professional judiciary in England . Background and early life Osbert was from East Anglia , where he held lands . He was a younger brother of Hubert Walter , later Archbishop of Canterbury , and thus the son of Hervey Walter and his wife Maud de Valoignes , one of the daughters ( and co heiresses ) of Theobald de Valoignes , lord of Parham in Suffolk . Osbert was one of six brothers . The older brothers , Theobald Walter and Hubert , were helped in their careers by their uncle , Ranulf de Glanvill . Glanvill was the chief justiciar for Henry II and was married to Maud de Valoignes ' sister , Bertha . The other three brothers Roger , Hamo ( or Hamon ) and Bartholomew only appear as witnesses to charters . Although English biographer Edward Foss , citing earlier works , claimed that Osbert was descended from a younger son of Robert , duke of Orleans , who arrived in England with William the Conqueror , this is not accurate . Osbert 's lands were chiefly in Norfolk and Suffolk , but he also had some lands in Essex and some from the Count of Perche . Other lands were held from two monastic houses in East Anglia St Benet Holme and Bury St Edmunds . Career Osbert served as a royal judge under three English kings Henry II , Richard I , and John . He was often sent as an itinerant justice to East Anglia the historian Barbara Dodwell said of him that of all the justices his knowledge of East Anglian disputes was probably the greatest . It appears that Osbert 's royal service was confined to judicial matters , as no other evidence of any other offices has surfaced . The treatise Tractatus of Glanvill , which is traditionally attributed to Osbert 's uncle Ranulf de Glanvill , and to which Osbert himself may have contributed , names only seven judges , including Osbert . He was one of a group of royal justices that included Simon of unk , Ralph Foliot , Richard Barre , William de Warenne , and Richard unk , used by Hubert Walter , the Justiciar of England during Richard 's reign , and chosen for their ability rather than any familial ties . This group replaced the previous system of using mostly local men , and represent the first signs of a professional judiciary . In 1194 Osbert was one of the collectors of the carucage in eastern England , along with Barre and de unk . Later life and death In 1198 Osbert married Margaret of Rye , with whom he had at least one son . Osbert paid the king 20 pounds for the right to marry Margaret . Osbert died in 1206 , without having made a will . At his death , his yearly income was more than 240 pounds . Ralph of Coggeshall mentions Osbert , without using his name , as a royal judge who would go to Hell in his Vision of unk . This work detailed the punishments that awaited sinners , and Osbert was accused of accepting gifts from both sides of lawsuits . Coggeshall did state that Osbert was most expert in worldly law and was famous for his overflowing eloquence and experience in the law . According to Coggeshall , Osbert 's punishment in Hell would consist of having to swallow hot coins and then being forced to vomit the coins back up . After his death , William of Huntingfield offered King John a fine for the right to the custody of Osbert 's heir and lands , the fine amounting to 200 marks and two palfreys .
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849 | The 110th Boat Race took place on 28 March 1964 . Held annually , the event is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The Oxford crew was the heaviest in Boat Race history . The race was won by Cambridge by six and half lengths . Cambridge won the Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race by five lengths , while Cambridge led overall in the event with 60 victories to Oxford 's 48 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . This year 's women 's race was the first to be held since 1952 . Writing in the Financial Times , Joseph unk noted that the Boat Race was subsidised by The Varsity Match every year . Despite Oxford being firm favourites upon their arrival at the Tideway , Cambridge put in better performances in training , and by the time of the race were considered the favourites themselves . The main race was umpired for the eighth and final time by the former Olympian Kenneth Payne who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races . Crews Although it was the heaviest Cambridge crew ever , they weighed an average of 13 st 4 . 75 lb ( 84 . 5 kg ) , almost 3 pounds ( 1 . 4 kg ) per rower less than Oxford , who were the heaviest crew in Boat Race history . Oxford saw two former Blues return in Miles Morland and Duncan Spencer , while Cambridge 's crew included four Boat Race veterans in Donald Legget , Mike Bevan , John Lecky and Christopher Davey . Lecky was a Canadian international rower who had won a silver medal in the men 's eight at the 1960 Summer Olympics . Six of Oxford 's crew came from Keble College , five of those schooled at Eton College . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . With a calm , following wind , the race commenced at unk , and within a minute , Cambridge had a quarter length lead before Oxford closed the gap at Craven Cottage . The Light Blues reached the Mile Post three seconds ahead and crossed over to the midstream . By Harrods Furniture Depository they had extended their lead out to two lengths and passed below Hammersmith Bridge a further half length ahead . Despite a surge from Oxford , Cambridge were sixteen seconds ahead at Chiswick Steps and increased the gap to twenty seconds by Barnes Bridge . Cambridge won by six and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 18 seconds , 23 seconds ahead of Oxford . The victory was Cambridge 's 61st in the contest , taking the overall score to 61 48 . The Cambridge boat club president and stroke Christopher Davey said Everything went as planned , but Oxford hung on more than I would have liked at the end . I would have liked to have taken it to 10 lengths if possible but Oxford kept going splendidly at the end . In the 20th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge triumphed , their third consecutive victory .
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850 | Mortensrud is a rapid transit station on the stensj Line of the Oslo Metro . It is located in Mortensrud in the Sndre Nordstrand borough of Oslo , Norway . Construction of the station started in 1995 , which was taken into use on 24 November 1997 , when it became the terminal station of the line following a 2 . 4 kilometres ( 1 . 5 mi ) extension from Skullerud . The extension cost NOK 215 million to build , and most of the section is in tunnels . The station is built in concrete , wood and stone , and cost NOK 35 million . It is served by line 3 , in addition to being an important bus terminal for the borough , including a feeder service to unk . Travel time along the 13 . 6 kilometre ( 8 . 5 mi ) section to the city center is 24 minutes . In 2001 02 , the station had 2 , 077 daily boarding passengers . The station serves the surrounding residential area , as well as an adjacent shopping center . South of the station is a turning line for trains . History The stensj Line opened as a light rail on 18 December 1923 . On 29 October 1967 , the upgraded metro standard was first used , and the line was connected to the Oslo Metro . A month later , the extension to Skullerud opened . The work with building the extension between Skullerud and Mortensrud was originally planned to start in 1992 , with completion planned for 1994 . However , construction did not start until 1995 . The 2 . 4 kilometre ( 1 . 5 mi ) extension is built to allow speeds of 100 kilometres per hour ( 62 mph ) , and represents a considerable longer distance between stations than what is normal on the network . Most of the section is in tunnels , though there are also two viaducts . The extension ( without the new station ) cost NOK 215 million . The line runs somewhat south of the station , allowing space to line up trains , and for future further extension of the line . The station was taken into use on 24 November 1997 , but not officially opened until 4 January 1998 . On the day of the official opening , the bus terminal was taken into use . The station costs NOK 35 million . At the time , it was estimated to have about 6000 daily users both boarding and disembarking , including the bus terminal . Facilities The station is located in the residential area of Mortensrud , in Sndre Nordstrand . Mortensrud is an open station without any barriers and free access from the bus stops . The station area is one storey below from the surrounding area . It has step free access , and at the same level as the buses . Only the western portion of the two side platforms is in use , where direct connection can be made with buses . The station is located adjacent to the shopping center at Mortensrud . The station is designed by Arkitektskap . It is built in concrete , covered in red brick , steel , natural rock and wood , that will allow lianas to grow on them . The unk the western platform is curved , and made of wood and glass . There is an underground parking lot in two levels . Service Mortensrud is served by line 3 on the stensj Line , operated by Oslo T banedrift on contract with Ruter . The rapid transit serves the station every 15 minutes , except in the late evening and on weekend mornings , when there is a 30 minute headway . Travel time along the 13 . 6 kilometre ( 8 . 5 mi ) portion to Stortinget in the city center is 24 minutes . In 2001 02 , the station had 2 , 077 daily boarding passengers . The station functions as a major bus terminal for Sndre Nordstrand . Ruter operates feeder bus services to Dal , Brenna , unk ( all no . 72 ) and unk ( no . 71 ) . The station is the end station of route 74 to the city center , and an intermediate stop on route 76 to Helsfyr and unk . Routes unk and 73 to the city center also serve the station during rush hour .
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851 | Guanche mummies are the intentionally desiccated remains of members of the indigenous Guanche people of the Canary Islands . The majority of Guanche mummies were made during the eras prior to Spanish settlement of the area in the 15th century . The methods of embalming are similar to those that were used by the Ancient Egyptians , though fewer mummies remain from the Guanche due to looting and desecration . Archaeological record Mummification on the Canaries remained confined to the islands of Tenerife , Gran Canaria , La Gomera , and El Hierro . The most well preserved , and therefore the most thoroughly studied , mummies were found on Tenerife . In 1933 , the Guanche necropolis of unk was discovered in the municipality of San Miguel de Abona in southern Tenerife . It is estimated that it contained between 60 74 mummies before the cemetery was almost completely looted . Physical examination of the Guanche mummies of Tenerife found that they were quite tall . On average , the males stood 1 . 70 m and the females were 1 . 57 m in height . They were also generally of robust constitution . Historical record Medieval Spanish explorers arriving in the islands during the 14th Century reported the Guanche buried individuals of low social status in sandy graves , while upper class members were mummified and laid to rest in secluded caves . One of these mortuary caves may have held up to 1 , 000 mummies , however , many of these have disappeared with only 20 complete mummies left on the islands . The loss of such a large amount of mummies is generally attributed to the popularity of unk , a pharmaceutical substance created out of pulverized mummies . The Guanche had groups of males and females , working as mummification specialists , who would carry out the process according to the gender of the decedent . The Guanche culture considered these individuals unclean due to the nature of their work . Mummification process While early explorers reported various traditions associated with Guanche mummification , there are three methods identified in modern times through scientific analysis evisceration , preservation , and stuffing . These methods have been used in various different combinations depending on the era in which the mummy was created . In 1876 , Dr. Don Gregorio Chil y Naranjo discovered several incisions in some mummies that he speculated may have been used to remove the internal organs . Don Brothwell 's work in 1969 confirmed that evisceration was a method used by the Guanche . Along with a team of other scientists , Brothwell conducted a pathological examination of a Guanche mummy . The examination revealed that the body had been eviscerated , then the abdominal and thoracic cavities had been packed with a mud like substance that contained the bark of a pine tree . Some sort of packing was also applied subcutaneously , but the exact make up of this particular embalming substance is unknown . An examination conducted by Patrick Horne in 1991 of a mummy held at the Redpath Museum at McGill University in Montreal , Canada revealed moss had been used to stuff the empty abdominal cavity . In addition to the moss , there were several other types of local plant that had been preserved inside the body as packing . Preservation of the outer parts of the body was normally achieved through a combination of resins and animal skin wrappings . The resins were prepared with a mixture of minerals , plants , and fats . These were spread across the body prior to allowing it to dry , either in the sun or through smoking . Finally , the decedent was wrapped in animal skins and laid to rest . The number of animal skins used in wrapping corresponded with the individual s social status , with kings being wrapped with up to 15 skins .
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852 | HMS Daring was a D class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . The ship spent the bulk of her career on the China Station . She was briefly commanded by Louis Mountbatten before World War II . Daring escorted convoys in the Red Sea in October November 1939 and then returned to the UK in January 1940 for the first time in five years . While escorting a convoy from Norway , she was sunk by the German submarine U 23 in February 1940 . Description Daring displaced 1 , 375 long tons ( 1 , 397 t ) at standard load and 1 , 890 long tons ( 1 , 920 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 . 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 . 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 . 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 36 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 , 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km h 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 drum water tube boilers . Daring carried a maximum of 473 long tons ( 481 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 , 870 nautical miles ( 10 , 870 km 6 , 760 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 145 officers and men . The ship mounted four 45 calibre 4 . 7 inch Mk IX guns in single mounts . For anti aircraft ( AA ) defence , Daring had a single 3 inch ( 76 . 2 mm ) QF gun between her funnels and two 40 millimetre ( 1 . 6 in ) QF 2 pounder Mk II guns mounted on the side of her bridge . She was fitted with two above water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 inch torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . Career Daring was ordered on 2 February 1931 under the 1930 Naval Estimates , and was laid down at John I Thornycroft 's yard at Woolston , Southampton on 18 June 1931 . She was launched on 7 April 1932 and completed on 25 November 1932 , at a total cost of 225 , 536 , excluding equipment supplied by the Admiralty , such as weapons , ammunition and wireless equipment . The ship was initially assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean and made a brief deployment to the Persian Gulf and Red Sea in September October 1933 . Lord Louis Mountbatten assumed command on 29 April 1934 , and Daring was given a refit at Sheerness Dockyard from 3 September to 24 October to prepare the ship for service on the China Station . In December 1934 she sailed to join the 8th Destroyer Flotilla in the Far East and served there until the outbreak of war . Upon the ship 's arrival at Singapore , Lord Mountbatten was transferred to command HMS Wishart and Commander Geoffrey Barnard assumed command . The ship and her sisters Duncan , Diana , and Dainty were transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet shortly before World War II began in September 1939 . Daring was kept in the Red Sea for escort and patrol work until November 1939 . She was overhauled in Malta from 25 November to 20 December . The ship escorted the Union Castle Line ocean liner SS Dunnottar Castle to Belfast in early 1940 and was under repair at Portsmouth until 25 January . Daring joined the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla in Scapa Flow on 10 February 1940 for escort duties . While escorting Convoy unk from Norway , she was torpedoed on 18 February in position 58 39 N 01 40 W by U 23 , under the command of Otto Kretschmer . Daring capsized and sank very quickly after having her stern blown off 157 of the ship 's company were lost . The five survivors were rescued by the submarine HMS Thistle , which had witnessed the attack . Acclaimed model A model of HMS Daring by renowned marine model maker Norman A. Ough is held by the National Maritime Museum .
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853 | First Dance is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber , included as a track on his debut release , My World , released on November 17 , 2009 . Featuring his mentor , R B singer Usher , the song was written by the two with Jesse Wilson , Ryan Lovette , Dwight Reynolds , and Alexander Prettyboifresh Parhm , Jr . , with the latter also producing the track . First Dance is a R B and teen pop song , that sees Bieber and Usher trade lines , with lyrics literally about a first dance . Most music critics were skeptical of the lyrical content presented in the song , and according to Jon Caramanica of The New York Times , the song 's melody is similar to that of Michael Jackson 's You Are Not Alone . After the release of My World , due to digital sales , the song charted in the lower regions of charts in the United States , Canada , and the United Kingdom . Background First Dance was written by Bieber , Usher , Jesse Wilson , Ryan Lovette , Dwight Reynolds , Alexander Prettyboifresh Parhm , Jr . With the exception of Usher , all other contributors to the song do not have any other credits on the album . The track was one of three songs on the standard edition of the album that Bieber co wrote . The song was recorded by Jeremy Stevens at Icon Studios in Atlanta , Georgia , and was mixed at Larrabee Studios in North Hollywood , California , by Jaycen Joshua and Dave Pensado , assisted by Giancarlo Lino . Dwight unk Reynolds is responsible for the keyboards in the song . First Dance , described to be in a moderate pace , is a R B song with a length of three minutes and forty two , with inclinations toward teen pop . Bieber described the song as a slow groovy song that people can dance to . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said that the song echoed Michael Jackson 's You Are Not Alone . The song is set in the time signature of common time , and has a tempo of 100 beats per minute . It is written in the key of A minor , and vocals in the piece span from the low note of G3 to the high note of E5 , and features the chord Em7 . Reception Critical reception Ashante Infantry of Toronto Star complimented the song containing the album 's only feature , commenting but good to see the business minds didn 't overwhelm the young ' un 's sic first recording with guests or gimmicks . Allison Stewart of The Washington Post called the song as a yearning ballad . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times was skeptical of the lyrical content presented in the song , commenting , unlike teen pop stars a whole two or three years older than he is , Mr. Bieber isn t shy about planting the seeds of corruption . Marc Hirsh of the Boston Globe said that the song combines the Disney route of songs comparing love to a fairytale , and unintentional comedy in the lines ' Ain t no chaperones . . . Girl , I promise I ll be gentle I know we gotta do it slowly in a song literally about prom . Chart performance On the week ending December 5 , 2009 , due to digital sales after the release of My World , First Dance debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100 , at the positions of ninety nine and eighty eight , respectively . It dropped off both charts the following week . In both territories , it was also the lowest non previously released song from My World to appear on the charts . In the United Kingdom , after the release of My World , First Dance appeared at number 156 . Credits and personnel Songwriting Justin Bieber , Usher Raymond IV , Jesse Wilson , Ryan Lovette , Dwight Reynolds , Alexander Prettyboifresh Parhm , Jr . Production Prettyboifresh Vocal recording Jeremy Stevenson Mixing Jaycen Joshua and Dave Pensado , assisted by Giancarlo Lino . Source Charts
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854 | New York State Route 217 ( NY 217 ) is a 6 . 78 mile ( 10 . 91 km ) long state highway in Columbia County , New York , in the United States . It connects NY 23 in Claverack to the Taconic State Parkway in Ghent by way of the village of Philmont . The majority of NY 217 is a rural highway , excluding portions near the NY 23 junction and in Philmont . NY 217 originally extended from Mellenville to NY 22 in the town of Hillsdale when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It was extended west to its present terminus in Claverack in the early 1930s . NY 217 was truncated westward to Harlemville in the mid 1930s , then to the Taconic Parkway in 1980 . The former routing of NY 217 is now maintained by Columbia County as County Route 21 ( CR 21 ) and County Route 21C . Route description NY 217 begins at an intersection with NY 23 east of the hamlet of Claverack in the town of the same name in central Columbia County . The route heads northeastward from the intersection , passing by the historic Stephen Storm House at the outskirts of Claverack hamlet and into a rural portion of the town . At an intersection with Roxbury Road , NY 217 passes the Columbia Golf and Country Club to the west and begins to parallel Claverack Creek . NY 217 intersects with CR 18 ( Fish and Game Road ) , then enters the populous hamlet of Mellenville . In the center of Mellenville , NY 217 intersects with CR 9 ( Mellenville Road ) , with NY 217 serving as CR 9 's southern terminus . NY 217 then heads southeast , crossing Claverack Creek and passing Mellenville Union Cemetery to the north as well as the adjacent Claverack Town Park . The route turns eastward and meets the northern terminus of Roxbury Road as it enters the village of Philmont . Within Philmont , NY 217 follows Main Street through the center of the densely populated village . At an intersection with Maple Street , the highway comes within view of Summit Lake , a small water body in the center of Philmont . Past the lake , NY 217 turns northeast once more and intersects with CR 11 ( Martindale Road ) as it leaves the village . After Philmont , NY 217 progresses its way northeastward , with the highway winding its way through a mixture of dense woods and open fields . Shortly after crossing into the town of Ghent , the route turns eastward and the woods around the highway begin to cease . Here , NY 217 meets the Taconic State Parkway by way of a parclo interchange . About 800 feet ( 240 m ) after the interchange , maintenance of the highway shifts from the New York State Department of Transportation to Columbia County , and the designation changes accordingly from NY 217 to CR 21C . History The north south roadway connecting the hamlets of Claverack and Mellenville ( both located within the town of Claverack ) was originally designated as the southernmost part of NY 66 in the mid 1920s . A connector between NY 66 in Mellenville and NY 22 in North Hillsdale via Philmont was designated as NY 217 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 66 was rerouted south of the hamlet of Ghent c . 1933 to follow its modern alignment to the city of Hudson . NY 217 was then extended southwestward along NY 66 's former alignment to NY 23 east of Claverack . NY 217 was truncated on its eastern end to Harlemville c . 1935 . On April 1 , 1980 , NY 217 was truncated again , this time to its interchange with the Taconic State Parkway , as a result of a highway maintenance swap between the state of New York and Columbia County . The former routing of NY 217 from Harlemville to North Hillsdale is now CR 21 while the portion from the Taconic Parkway to Harlemville is designated as CR 21C . Major intersections The entire route is in Columbia County .
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855 | Thomas Ramsey Cornelius ( November 16 , 1827 June 24 , 1899 ) was a prominent American politician and soldier in the early history of Oregon . Born in Missouri , he moved to the Oregon Country with his family as a young man where he fought in the Cayuse War and Yakima Indian War against the Native Americans . He settled in Washington County near what later became Cornelius , named in his honor . A Whig and later a Republican , he served in the Oregon Territorial Legislature , and following statehood , he served in the Oregon State Senate . In the Senate he served one term as the president of that chamber . He also built the Cornelius Pass Road that bears his name . He was the father of Benjamin P. Cornelius , who was also prominent in state politics . Early life Cornelius was born in Missouri , on November 16 , 1827 , to Elizabeth and Benjamin Cornelius . In 1845 , Thomas and his family traveled over the Oregon Trail to the Oregon Country and set up a farm on the Tualatin Plains , north of what would become the community of Cornelius . After the Whitman Massacre in late 1847 , Thomas volunteered for the militia of the Oregon Provisional Government in 1848 . The militia prosecuted the Cayuse War in an attempt to punish those responsible for the killings at the Whitman Mission . After gold was discovered in California , Cornelius journeyed there for a brief time , returning to the Oregon Territory in 1849 . The next year he married Florentine Wilkes , and they had six children together before she died in 1864 , including son Benjamin . The family would settle on 640 acres ( 2 . 6 km2 ) of their Donation Land Claim near Cornelius . In 1855 , a second war against the Native Americans started east of the Cascade Mountains against the Yakima tribe . Cornelius volunteered again for the militia . For three months he led a company with the rank of captain before being elected as colonel after James W. Nesmith resigned his commission . Cornelius continued as colonel until the end of the war in 1856 . Political career In 1856 , Cornelius was elected to upper chamber of the Oregon Territorial Legislature , called the Council . Serving as a Whig , he represented Washington , Columbia , and Multnomah counties in District 8 . He won re election to the Council in 1857 and again in 1858 to the final session of the territorial legislature . In 1859 , he continued holding office in the newly formed Oregon State Senate after Oregon entered the Union on February 14 , 1859 as the 33rd state . In the Oregon Senate , Cornelius continued as a Republican representing Washington County and several other counties through the 1874 legislature . His service was interrupted by the American Civil War during 1862 session , when he was authorized by President Abraham Lincoln to raise a regiment of cavalry for federal service . He was chosen as colonel of the troops and they deployed to a military post at Walla Walla , Washington , where he assumed command . He resigned during the summer of 1862 and returned home . During the 1866 legislature Cornelius was selected as President of the Oregon Senate . In 1886 , he won the Republican nomination for Governor of Oregon , but lost the general election to Sylvester Pennoyer . Later life and family After his first wife died in 1864 , Cornelius remarried in 1866 to Missouri A. Smith . In 1872 , he moved to Cornelius , which would be renamed after him , and opened a store . In addition to the store , Cornelius owned a total of 1 , 500 acres ( 6 . 1 km2 ) , including covering three farms , a warehouse , and a sawmill . He built the Cornelius Pass Road that linked the Tualatin Valley to the Columbia River . Cornelius died on June 24 , 1899 , at the age of 71 . He was buried at the Cornelius Methodist Church Cemetery .
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856 | The 61st Boat Race took place on 26 March 1904 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Neither boat club president was able to row through injury . In a race umpired by former rower Frederick I. Pitman , Cambridge won by four and a half lengths in a time of 21 minutes 37 seconds . Their third victory in a row , it took the overall record in the event to 33 27 in Oxford 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2015 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1903 race by six lengths , while Oxford led overall with 33 victories to Cambridge 's 26 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford 's coaches were G. C. Bourne who had rowed for university in the 1882 and 1883 races , William Fletcher , who rowed for them in the 1890 , 1891 , 1892 and 1893 races and C. K. Philips who had represented the Dark Blues four times between 1895 and 1898 . Cambridge were coached by Francis Escombe and Claude Waterhouse Hearn Taylor ( who rowed for Cambridge three times between 1901 and 1903 ) . The umpire for the second year was old Etonian and former Cambridge rower Frederick I. Pitman who rowed in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . Both boat club presidents , Monier Williams and Edwards Moss , were unable to row through injury . According to George Drinkwater , contemporary Oxford rower and subsequent author , the Dark Blues never got together ... and invariably lost form over a long course . He also noted that Cambridge were not up to the standard of their last two crews . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 11 st 9 . 75 lb ( 74 . 1 kg ) , 1 pound ( 0 . 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Two of the Cambridge crew had previous Boat Race experience , the number six P. H. Thomas ( who was rowing for the third consecutive year ) and the cox B. G. A. Scott . Oxford 's crew had a single returning rower , the stroke A. K. Graham . Two of the participants in the race were registered as non British , in Cambridge 's Australian number two Stanley Bruce and their number seven Harold Gillies who was from New Zealand . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Pitman started the race at 7 45 a.m. in cold and foggy conditions , and on a weak tide . Oxford took an early lead , outrating Cambridge from the start , and getting clear of them by the Mile Post . The Light Blues steadied their rhythm and started to catch Oxford , and errant steering from the Dark Blue cox E. C. T. Warner at Harrods Furniture Depository allowed Cambridge to reduce the deficit . By Hammersmith Bridge , Oxford 's lead was down to two thirds of a length and by The Doves pub , the crews were level . The Light Blues pushed ahead and were clear by Chiswick Ferry as Oxford struggled to maintain their technique . Cambridge passed the finishing post with a lead of four and a half lengths , in a winning time of 21 minutes 37 seconds , the slowest winning time since the 1898 race . It was Cambridge 's third consecutive victory and their fifth in six years . Drinkwater remarked that the race was a good one , for the crews were more evenly matched .
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857 | The 23rd Boat Race took place on the River Thames on 24 March 1866 . The Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge . Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 25 minutes and 35 seconds , one of the slowest times in the history of the event . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having defeated Cambridge by four lengths in the previous year 's race . Oxford led overall with twelve wins to Cambridge 's ten . In late 1865 , the Cambridge University Boat Club president Robert Kinglake wrote to Oxford in order to draw up rules on the seniority of participants in the Boat Race , asserting that Cambridge could not agree to send out a challenge unless this agreement was made . The proposal included the suggestion that no pass or unk man may row after one year has elapsed from the date of him having passed his final examination . That no honour man may row after the end of his fourth year from the date of his commencing residence . While both universities were agreed with regard to the unk of those reading ordinary degrees ( also referred to as pass degrees , as opposed to honours degrees ) , Oxford rejected the second clause which would have potentially excluded a small number of rowers given the differences in timetables between the universities . Despite the disagreement , Kinglake sent the traditional challenge to Oxford who accepted . Cambridge went to Putney ten days before the race which was scheduled for 24 March , while Oxford practised there for eight days . The Light Blues rowed against a London Rowing Club eight in the buildup while the Dark Blues took on a watermen eight and a Kingston eight during their preparations . The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in the March and December races ) and the 1852 race , while the starter was Edward Searle . Crews The two crews were nearly identical in weight the average of the Cambridge crew was 11 st 12 . 875 lb ( 75 . 5 kg ) , 0 . 125 pounds ( 0 . 1 kg ) per rower more than Oxford . Each crew saw the return of five former Blues , including the Light Blue number six Robert Kinglake who was rowing in his fourth Boat Race Dark Blues Robert Taunton Raikes , Brown and Charles Tottenham were making their third Boat Race appearance . Race Oxford won the toss for the fifth consecutive year and elected to start on the Middlesex side of the river , handing the Surrey station to Cambridge , despite the advantage being nullified ... for there was a strong wind blowing from the south west . According to The Field , arrangements had been made by the Thames Conservancy Board , which had most effectually put a stopper on disruption from paddle boats to allow an uninterrupted start at unk Oxford led from the start but Cambridge redressed the balance and were half a length ahead by the time the crews shot Hammersmith Bridge . They maintained their lead to Chiswick Eyot and despite rough water , Cambridge continued in front . Avoiding a barge at Corny Reach , the Light Blues allowed their opponents to pass and take a half length lead which Oxford took to Barnes Bridge . Even though Cambridge made a push , even drawing level , Oxford pulled away and won by three lengths in a time of 25 minutes and 35 seconds . It was the third slowest time in the history of the event on the Championship Course .
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858 | The 150th Boat Race took place on 28 March 2004 . Cambridge won by six lengths after a race with several clashes of oars . Oxford 's appeal for a re row upon the conclusion of the race was rejected by umpire James Behrens . The event was sponsored for the final time by Aberdeen Asset Management and broadcast in the United Kingdom by the BBC . In the reserve race Isis beat Goldie Oxford also won the Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge . First held in 1829 , the competition is a 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) race along the Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 2003 race by 1 foot ( 0 . 30 m ) , with Cambridge leading overall with 77 victories to Oxford 's 71 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The race was sponsored by Aberdeen Asset Management for the fifth and final time . It was also the BBC 's 50th anniversary of live broadcast of the event . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Crews The Cambridge crew ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) weighed an average of 1 pound ( 0 . 45 kg ) per rower more than their opponents , and had an average age of 24 while Oxford 's crew ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) averaged 23 . The Oxford crew featured seven Britons and two Americans , while the Cambridge crew consisted of three Britons , a British American , a German French , a German , an American and an Australian . Race description Oxford were considered to be pre race favourites by many . Cambridge won the coin toss and elected to start from the northern bank ( the Middlesex side ) of the Thames . Conditions were described as fairly calm . Oxford made the better start , pulling away to a lead of half a length , but following a number of oar clashes , the Oxford bowman lost his seating , causing his boat to slow . Cambridge took the lead and with clear water behind them , pulled away to win . Cambridge finished with a time of 18 minutes , 47 seconds , Oxford finishing six lengths behind . It was Cambridge 's first victory since 2001 and brought the overall result to 78 71 in Cambridge 's favour . Oxford 's cox Nethercott made an appeal to the umpire but the result stood . At the finish , following tradition , the Cambridge crew threw their cox , Kenelm Richardson , into the water in celebration . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie . Earlier at Henley , Oxford won the 59th Women 's Boat Race by four lengths . Reaction Oxford cox Acer Nethercott said Our bowman came off his seat and could not continue properly it was race over after that . Regarding the rejected appeal , he claimed that the umpire had laid down to both coxes before the race that there was a way he wanted to conduct the race . And then he did something completely different in the race . Kennelly , the bowman , claimed he was 100 per cent confident that if what happened didn 't happen we would have won while Cambridge cox Kenelm Richardson stated The umpire was very good and told me to hold my line , so I knew I was exactly where I needed to be .
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859 | Sunsets is a song released as the third single from Australian rock band Powderfinger 's fifth studio album , Vulture Street . The single was released on 4 January 2004 in Australia and New Zealand . Sunsets earned a mixed response from reviewers . Some reviewers praised its appeal and aggression , whilst others appreciated the power ballad elements within it . Others , however , described the song negatively as lumbering . Sunsets charted moderately , reaching No. 11 on the Australian singles chart . Recording and production Vulture Street was recorded and developed over a seven week period in Sydney , Australia . It was during this time that Sunsets was written and produced . Nick DiDia produced the album , as he had done on previous Powderfinger albums including Odyssey Number Five . Sunsets was mixed in Atlanta , Georgia , by Brendan unk , who had previously worked with DiDia . Fanning described the album during production stages as a much more dry , direct rock , but also noted that just because I rock , doesn 't mean I 'm made of stone . In that sense , Sunsets ( and numerous other songs on Vulture Street ) were seen as emotive , combined with the rock elements Fanning described . In an interview with Undercover magazine , Powderfinger guitarist Darren Middleton described Sunsets as one of ( songwriter and lead vocalist ) Bernard Fanning 's older songs . He said it was similar to the acoustic songs on Odyssey Number Five , the band 's previous album . Middleton also said the band worked hard to make Sunsets heavy , so that it shared the feel of other songs on the album . In an interview with Rove host Rove McManus , Fanning described Vulture Street as the band wanting to make a change and go back to why they started playing . He cited rock and roll from the 1970s as a major influence on the album , especially the work of Led Zeppelin and AC DC . Music video The music video for Sunsets was created by the animation studio Liquid Animation . It begins with the following dialogue in yellow The visual theme for the video is the Chinese legend of unk . The video goes on to introduce King Di Jun , his ten sons ( who are also the Celestial Suns ) , Queen Xi and Warrior Yi . The video shows one of the King 's ten sons being strapped to the back of the jade dragon , but breaks free and the sons made life on Earth unbearable , so the King send the warrior who was introduced earlier to kill them . He succeeds in finding them , and kills all but one . An acoustic video for Sunsets is also featured on bonus DVDs for Vulture Street , and Dream Days at the Hotel Existence , as well as the Sunsets DVD single and These Days Live in Concert low key DVD . The video features Bernard Fanning and Darren Middleton playing the song in a rehearsal room . Response Sunsets was received with varying levels of enthusiasm from reviewers . MusicOMH reviewer Simon Evans described Sunsets and Stumblin ' as some of the more lumbering moments on Vulture Street , but still said they contained a certain earthy appeal . In his review of Vulture Street , Sputnikmusic contributor James Bishop agreed , calling Sunsets the most successful single from the album , and praising its emotional impact . Meanwhile , Allmusic 's Vulture Street reviewer , Jason MacNeil , described Sunsets as adorable , and drew comparisons to The Verve 's Lucky Man . Sydney Morning Herald 's Bernard Zuel agreed , praising Sunsets as the new definition of power ballad , and saying the song contained open hearted feeling and well constructed progression . Charts Awards Track listing Sunsets Sunsets ( acoustic ) Rita ( Audio Airlock Demos ) Not the Only One ( Studio outtake ) Personnel
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860 | Wonder Story Annual was a science fiction pulp magazine which was launched in 1950 by Standard Magazines . It was created as a vehicle to reprint stories from early issues of Wonder Stories , Startling Stories , and Wonder Stories Quarterly , which were owned by the same publisher . It lasted for four issues , succumbing in 1953 to competition from the growing market for paperback science fiction . Reprinted stories included Twice in Time , by Manly Wade Wellman , and The Brain Stealers of Mars , by John W. Campbell . Publication history and contents The first science fiction ( sf ) magazine , Amazing Stories , was launched in 1926 by Hugo Gernsback at the height of the pulp magazine era . It helped to form science fiction as a separately marketed genre , and by the mid 1930s several more sf magazines had appeared , including Wonder Stories , also published by Gernsback . In 1936 , Ned Pines of Beacon Publications bought Wonder Stories from Gernsback , changed the title to Thrilling Wonder Stories , and in 1939 and 1940 added two more sf titles Startling Stories and Captain Future . Pines had acquired reprint rights to the fiction published in Wonder Stories as part of the transaction , and some of this material ran in Startling Stories and Captain Future , but neither magazine had room for some of the longer stories in the backfile . At the end of the 1940s a boom in science fiction magazines encouraged Pines to issue a new magazine , titled Fantastic Story Quarterly , as a vehicle for reprinting this older material , with the first issue dated Spring 1950 . It was successful enough for Pines to add another reprint magazine , Wonder Story Annual , later that year . Pines ' plan was to use the new magazine to reprint novels , with only a few short stories included to fill out the magazine . The first issue was dated 1950 and appeared in the summer of that year . The reprinted novels were Twice in Time , by Manly Wade Wellman Gateway to Paradise , by Jack Williamson and The Onslaught from Rigel , by Fletcher Pratt ( titled Invaders from Rigel when it eventually saw publication in book form in 1960 ) , and The Death of Iron , by S.S. Held , a French writer ( the novel was translated into English by Pratt for the original serialization in Wonder Stories , which began in 1932 ) . The magazine also reprinted some shorter material , including The Brain Stealers of Mars by John W. Campbell , Nothing Sirius by Fredric Brown , The Irritated People by Ray Bradbury , and The Eternal Man , by D.D. Sharp , which combined Sharp 's earlier The Eternal Man , from the August 1929 Science Wonder with The Eternal Man unk from the Summer 1930 Wonder Stories Quarterly . Although Wonder Story Annual was well received and initially successful , it faced strong competition for sf readers from paperbacks , including reprint anthologies . In response it labelled itself America 's Best Science Fiction Anthology , but by 1953 the battle was lost , and that year 's issue was the last . Bibliographic details The magazine was issued annually for four years , from 1950 to 1953 . The editor was Sam Merwin for the first two issues , and Samuel Mines for the second two . There was a single volumes of three issues , and a final volume of one issue . The magazine was in pulp format and was priced at 25 cents the first issue was 196 pages and the remaining three all had 160 pages . The publisher was Better Publications of Chicago and New York for the first issue , and Best Books , of Kokomo , Indiana , for the next three Better Publications was an imprint of Standard Magazines of New York , and Best Books was owned by Standard . A Canadian edition of the first issue appeared from Better Publications in Toronto with the same contents as the U.S. edition .
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861 | 47 Ursae Majoris b ( abbreviated 47 UMa b ) , also named Taphao Thong ( Thai unk , rtgs Taphaothong , pronounced unk unk ) , is an extrasolar planet approximately 46 light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major . The planet was discovered located in a long period orbit around the star 47 Ursae Majoris in January 1996 and as of 2011 it is the innermost of three known planets in its planetary system . It has a mass at least 2 . 53 times that of Jupiter . In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning name was Taphao Thong for this planet . The winning name was submitted by the Thai Astronomical Society of Thailand . Taphaothong was one of two sisters associated with a Thai folk tale . Discovery Like the majority of known extrasolar planets , Taphao Thong was discovered by detecting the changes in its star 's radial velocity as the planet 's gravity pulls the star around . This was achieved by observing the Doppler shift of the spectrum of Chalawan . After the discovery of the first extrasolar planet around a Sun like star , unk , astronomers Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler searched through their observational data for signs of extrasolar planets and soon discovered two Taphao Thong and 70 Virginis b . The discovery of Taphao Thong was announced in 1996 . Orbit and mass 47 Ursae Majoris b orbits at a distance of 2 . 10 AU from its star , taking 1 , 078 days or 2 . 95 years to complete a revolution . It was the first long period planet around a main sequence star to be discovered . Unlike the majority of known long period extrasolar planets , the eccentricity of the orbit of 47 Ursae Majoris b is low . A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect 47 Ursae Majoris b is that only a lower limit on the planet 's mass can be obtained . Preliminary astrometric measurements made by the Hipparcos satellite suggest the planet 's orbit is inclined at an angle of 63 . 1 to the plane of the sky , which would imply a true mass 12 greater than the lower limit determined by radial velocity measurements . However , subsequent investigation of the data reduction techniques used suggests that the Hipparcos measurements are not precise enough to adequately characterise the orbits of substellar companions , and the true inclination of the orbit ( and hence the true mass ) are regarded as unknown . Physical characteristics Given the planet 's high mass , it is likely that 47 Ursae Majoris b is a gas giant with no solid surface . Because the planet has only been detected indirectly , properties such as its radius , composition , and temperature are unknown . Due to its mass it is likely to have a surface gravity 6 8 times that of Earth . Assuming a composition similar to that of Jupiter and an environment close to chemical equilibrium , the upper atmosphere of the planet is expected to contain water clouds , as opposed to the ammonia clouds typical of Jupiter . Although 47 Ursae Majoris b is outside its star 's habitable zone , its gravitational influence would disrupt the orbit of planets in the outer part of the habitable zone . In addition , it may have disrupted the formation of terrestrial planets and reduced the delivery of water to any inner planets in the system . Therefore , planets located in the habitable zone of 47 Ursae Majoris are likely to be small and dry . It has been theorized that light reflections and infrared emissions from 47 UMa b , along with tidal influence , could warm any moons in orbit around it to be habitable , despite the planet being outside the normally accepted habitable zone .
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862 | Quiero ( English I Want ) is a latin pop song by Guatemalan recording artist Ricardo Arjona . It was released as the second single from his compilation album Quin Dijo Ayer ( 2007 ) . Written by Arjona , the song was produced by Dan Warner , Lee Levin and Puerto Rican singer songwriter Tommy Torres , who also worked with Arjona on Adentro . Quiero was recorded between several studios in Miami and Mexico City , and mixed and mastered in New York City . The song was called bohemian and hippie by website ADN Mundo , stating that it was a love story that doesn 't speak about love . Quiero became a moderate commercial success , reaching number 12 on the US Billboard Top Latin Songs chart , and number eight at the Latin Pop Songs chart . It also managed to appear at number 11 on the Latin Tropical Airplay chart , and received an American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers for Pop Ballad Song of the year in 2009 . Its accompanying music video , directed by Ricardo Caldern and featuring Dominican model and former Miss Dominican Republic Massiel Taveras , was filmed in the Dominican Republic and premiered in November 2007 . Background In a press conference , Arjona stated that yesterday is the cumulus of this that put us here , which raised us and made us what we are , for good or bad . He also said that Quin Dijo Ayer was more than a compilation , and that it 's an album with all the features of the typical greatest hits disc . He further stated that , at first , it was an album that began as an experiment , with a dose of informality but later became very complicated thanks to the work done by the producers . After spending the majority of his career signed to Sony , and later , Sony BMG , Arjona signed a long term recording deal with Warner Music Latina in September 2008 . This departure made Quien Dijo Ayer the last album the artist directly released on his former label , although Sony later released another album named Simplemente Lo Mejor . Composition Quiero is a latin pop song written and performed by Arjona . It was produced by Tommy Torres , Dan Warner and Lee Levin . The song was recorded between five studios in Miami The Tiki Room , Picks Hammers , Jet Wash Studio , The Hit Factory Criteria and Hit Masters and on Jocoteco Studios in Mexico City . Quin was mixed in Barking Doctor Studios in New York City by Mick Guzauski , and mastered by Vlado Meller at the Sony Music Studios on that city . Website ADN Mundo called the song bohemian and hippie , saying it was a love story that doesn 't speak about love , but instead about the recent events on the world we live and finally comes to the search of an unk who challenges nostalgia finding entertainment on the impossible . In 2009 , Quiero was awarded , along with other selected songs , the Pop Ballad Songs of the year award by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Music video The music video for Quiero was filmed in the Dominican Republic . It premiered in November 2007 . Directed by Mexican filmmaker Ricardo Caldern , it was protagonized by Dominican model and former Miss Dominican Republic titleholder Massiel Taveras . During the shooting of the video , Arjona commented that the Dominican Republic was an incredible country , filled with very helpful and wonderful people . He also stated that he felt compromise of promoting the island . The clip , filmed in black and white , shows Arjona singing and playing the piano close to the beach edge . Arjona 's scenes are interpolated with unk takes of the beach , as well as scenes of Taveras before several people start submerging into the water . Then , Arjona submerges himself , and the video ends . Charts Personnel Taken from the album 's booklet .
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863 | Kepler 9d , formerly known as KOI 377 . 03 , is a planet in orbit around the sunlike star Kepler 9 . Initially discovered by Kepler spacecraft , a terrestrial planet searching satellite built and operated by NASA , Kepler 9d is most likely a Super Earth , with an estimated radius approximately 60 larger than that of Earth 's , although its exact mass cannot be determined . Kepler 9d orbits Kepler 9 every 1 . 56 days at a distance of unk AU from its star , an extremely close distance . Although Kepler 9d is the closest planet to its star in its system , it is named Kepler 9d instead of Kepler 9b because two gas giants , Kepler 9b and Kepler 9c , were confirmed first . The original studies into the system first suggested that Kepler 9d might be a planet , but a follow up investigation made by the Kepler team later confirmed that it was the confirmation of Kepler 9d as a planet was made public with the team 's paper , which was published in the Astrophysical Journal on January 1 , 2011 . The team used telescopes at the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii to follow up on the Kepler space telescope 's initial discovery . Discovery and name Kepler 9d 's name comes from it being the third planet discovered in the orbit of Kepler 9 . Kepler 9 was named for the Kepler spacecraft , a NASA satellite that aims to discover terrestrial planets in transit around , or crossing in front of , their host stars as seen from Earth . This transit causes a regular interval in which the star briefly and slightly dims as the planet crosses it . unk initially as a transit event by the satellite , Kepler 9d was given the designation KOI 377 . 03 . It was recognized as a potential planet after a study into the system confirmed Kepler 9b and Kepler 9c , but follow up studies had to be completed to verify that it was indeed a planet , and that the apparent transit event was not due to a background eclipsing binary star in the aperture of Kepler 's photometer . Kepler 's team exhaustively disproved that the small transit event could have been anything but a planet , and their results were published in the Astrophysical Journal on January 1 , 2011 . Follow up observations were conducted by the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer at the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii , as well as the WIYN Observatory in Arizona and the Palomar Observatory in California . Host star Kepler 9 is a sunlike star in the constellation Lyra that lies some 650 parsecs away from Earth . With a mass of 1 . 07 M and a radius of 1 . 02 R , Kepler 9 is almost exactly the same size and width of the Sun , being only 7 more massive and 2 wider . Kepler 9 has an effective temperature of 5777 ( 61 ) K , as compared to the Sun 's at 5778 K , and is approximately 32 more metal rich ( in terms of iron ) than the Sun . Kepler 9 is younger than the Sun , and is estimated to be one billion years old . Kepler 9 has two planets other than Kepler 9d the gas giants Kepler 9b and Kepler 9c . Characteristics Based on the size of its light curve , Kepler 9d is assumed to be a Super Earth , although its exact mass is not known . It is presumed to be at least 1 . 5 Earth masses . The planet 's radius is inferred to be 1 . 64 RE , or approximately 64 larger than Earth 's radius . With an equilibrium temperature of 2026 K , it is hotter than all the previous planets discovered by Kepler ( not counting the three previously discovered ones located in its field of view ) . Its density is not known . With an average distance of unk AU ( 2 , 537 , 695 . 73 miles ) from its star , which it orbits every 1 . unk days , Kepler 9d is the closest planet to its star in the Kepler 9 system . To compare , the planet Mercury is .3871 AU away from the Sun , which it orbits every 87 . 97 days .
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864 | On the Internet , nobody knows you 're a dog is an adage which began as a cartoon caption by Peter Steiner and published by The New Yorker on July 5 , 1993 . The cartoon features two dogs one sitting on a chair in front of a computer , speaking the caption to a second dog sitting on the floor listening to the first . As of 2011 , the panel was the most reproduced cartoon from The New Yorker , and Steiner has earned over US 50 , 000 from its reprinting . History Peter Steiner , a cartoonist and contributor to The New Yorker since 1979 , said the cartoon initially did not get a lot of attention , but later took on a life of its own , and that he felt similar to the person who created the smiley face . In fact , Steiner was not that interested in the Internet when he drew the cartoon , and although he did have an online account , he recalled attaching no profound meaning to the cartoon it was just something he drew in the manner of a make up a caption cartoon . In response to the comic 's popularity , he stated , I can 't quite fathom that it 's that widely known and recognized . Context The cartoon marks a notable moment in the history of the Internet . Once the exclusive domain of government engineers and academics , the Internet had by then become a subject of discussion in general interest magazines like The New Yorker . Lotus Software founder and early Internet activist Mitch unk commented in a Time magazine article in 1993 that the true sign that popular interest has reached critical mass came this summer when the New Yorker printed a cartoon showing two computer savvy canines . The cartoon symbolizes an understanding of Internet privacy that stresses the ability of users to send and receive messages in general anonymity . Lawrence Lessig suggests no one knows because Internet protocols do not force users to identify themselves although local access points such as a user 's university may , this information is privately held by the local access point and is not an intrinsic part of the Internet transaction . A study by Morahan Martin and Schumacher ( 2000 ) on compulsive or problematic Internet use discusses this phenomenon , suggesting the ability to self represent from behind the computer screen may be part of the compulsion to go online . The phrase can be taken to mean that cyberspace will be liberatory because gender , race , age , looks , or even ' unk ' are potentially absent or alternatively fabricated or exaggerated with unchecked creative license for a multitude of purposes both legal and illegal , an understanding that echoed statements made in 1996 by John Gilmore , a key figure in the history of Usenet . The phrase also suggests the ability to computer cross dress and represent oneself as a different gender , age , race , etc . On another level , the freedom which the dog chooses to avail itself of , is the freedom to ' pass ' as part of a privileged group i.e. human computer users with access to the Internet . According to Bob unk , The New Yorker 's cartoon editor , The cartoon resonated with our wariness about the facile faade that could be thrown up by anyone with a rudimentary knowledge of unk . In popular culture The cartoon has inspired the play Nobody Knows I 'm a Dog by Alan David Perkins . The play revolves around six different individuals unable to communicate effectively with people in their lives who find the courage to socialize on the Internet , protected by their anonymity . The Apple Internet suite unk was named after this cartoon . A cartoon by unk Hafeez published in The New Yorker on February 23 , 2015 features a similar pair of dogs watching their owner sitting at a computer , with one asking the other , Remember when , on the Internet , nobody knew who you were
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865 | Aesthetics of Hate is a song by heavy metal band Machine Head from their sixth studio album The Blackening . Written by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robert Flynn , the song is a retaliation to an article written by William Grim . Grim wrote that late guitarist Dimebag Darrell was an ignorant , barbaric , untalented possessor of a guitar , among other comments which angered Flynn deeply enough to write the song . It was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards . Background Aesthetics of Hate was written by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn . It was written as a retaliation to an article by William Grim for the web site Iconoclast . Titled Aesthetics of Hate R.I.P. Dimebag Abbott , Good Riddance , Grim wrote the article stating Darrell was part of a generation that has confused sputum with art and involuntary reflex actions with emotion , an ignorant , barbaric , untalented possessor of a guitar who looks more simian than human . After reading the article , Flynn was furious and wrote Aesthetics of Hate as a condemnation of Grim 's article , and Dimebag detractors . He wrote a message on the band 's forum expressing his friendship with Darrell and spoke about Grim What would YOU know about love or values What would YOU know about giving to the world All that you know is teaching prejudice , and your heart is as black as the ' ignorant , filthy , and hideously ugly , heavy metal fans ' you try and paint in your twisted , fictitious ramblings . It 's because of people like YOU , that there are Nathan Gales in this world , NOT the unk and metal musicians who work to unite people through music . Recording In February 2005 , Machine Head had penned a rough version of Aesthetics of Hate . A 13 track November 2005 demo featured the song , although it contained what Flynn described as a totally fucking lame ' Angel of Death ' rip off . I hated it every time we played it so I was glad to see that part go The band entered Sharkbite Studios , in Oakland , California on August 21 , 2006 to begin recording . Production duties were handled by Flynn with assistance from Mark Keaton , and mixing by Colin Richardson . Critical reception Aesthetics of Hate received positive reviews from music critics . Blabbermouth.net 's Don Kaye described the track as literally breathtaking and said that the song channels its title emotion into a blazing volcano of pure speed and furious unk from Flynn and Phil Demmel . Reviewing for France 's Hard ' N Heavy magazine , Anthrax 's Scott Ian felt that the song is a riff o rama showing off Robb Flynn and Phil Demmel 's killer guitar work . Thom Jurek of Allmusic felt the intense dual arpeggios between both guitarists Flynn and Phil Demmel on ' Aesthetics of Hate ' ( as just one example ) are among the tightest ever . However , J.D. Considine of Blender commented that the song cuts from screaming guitars to an ominously whispered , ' May the hands of God strike them down ' . Without oversize hooks , calls for biblical vengeance just sound silly . Aesthetics of Hate received a nomination for Best Metal Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards . The ceremony took place on February 12 , 2008 , with Machine Head being beaten out by Slayer 's Final Six . Flynn commented on the nomination , We are completely blown away , and honored by this . It 's incredible that the anger of this song has connected with so many people . It proves to Dimebag 's detractors the positive impact he had on his fans and fellow bands alike . On August 8 2008 , the song was confirmed to be as part of the Roadrunner Records pack in Rock Band . Personnel Robb Flynn lead vocals , guitar Dave McClain drums Adam Duce bass , backing vocals Phil Demmel guitar
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866 | Route 83 is a state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey . It is completely within Dennis Township , New Jersey , running 3 . 81 mi ( 6 . 13 km ) from an intersection with Route 47 to an intersection with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) . The route , which passes through woodland and some residential development , is also known as the Trooper Bertram T. Zimmerman III Memorial Highway in honor of a New Jersey State Police officer who was killed along Route 83 in 2004 while responding to an armed robbery . Between 1927 and 1953 , Route 83 was a part of Route 49 , which originally ran south of Millville along Route 47 between Millville and South Dennis and along the entire length of Route 83 . In 1953 , the route became Route 83 when Route 49 was realigned to follow what was then Route 47 between Millville and Tuckahoe and Route 47 was aligned to follow Route S49 between South Dennis and Wildwood . In 2007 , the state completed reconstruction of the intersection with Route 47 to include a traffic signal . A school bus accident has prompted the New Jersey Department of Transportation ( NJDOT ) to install a traffic signal at the Y intersection of Route 83 and US 9 . Route description Route 83 begins at a traffic light with Route 47 in South Dennis , heading to the east on a four lane divided highway . The route crosses over the Cape May Seashore Lines railroad line and narrows to a two lane undivided highway . After this bridge , it intersects West Avenue and then crosses over County Route 628 ( Dennisville Road School House Road ) . Route 83 then intersects County Road , which heads west to parallel the route to the south . It later crosses Gravel Hole Road , which provides access to County Route 657 ( Court House Dennisville Road ) . Past that intersection , Route 83 continues to the east through a mix of residential development and woodland . It passes under a set of power lines and comes to an intersection with County Route 608 ( Kings Highway ) . The route continues east to its eastern terminus at a signalized intersection with US 9 in Clermont . Route 83 is a major route that provides access to the Jersey Shore resorts of Sea Isle City and Avalon from Route 47 . It also serves as part of an evacuation route for Cape May County that feeds into Route 47 to provide access to inland areas in the event of a hurricane . History Route 83 was originally legislated by the Laws of 1927 , Chapter 319 as a part of Route 49 , which was to run from Route 4 ( now US 9 ) in Ocean View to Route 44 in Salem . In 1940 , a bridge was built over the Pennsylvania Reading Seashore Lines railroad tracks in South Dennis . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 49 was realigned to head along Route 47 from Millville to Tuckahoe , Route 47 was realigned to head along Route 49 between Millville and South Dennis and Route S49 from South Dennis and Wildwood , and Route 83 was created along the former alignment of Route 49 between South Dennis and Clermont . On December 12 , 2004 , Route 83 was dedicated as the Trooper Bertram T. Zimmerman III Memorial Highway in honor of a New Jersey State Police trooper who was killed on the route earlier in the year while responding to an armed robbery . In the 2000s , plans were made to improve the intersections at both termini of Route 83 . The intersection with Route 47 saw realignment and the installation of a traffic light , along with improvements to Route 47 , that cost 6 . 7 million and was completed in July 2007 . In 2006 , reconstruction of the Y intersection of US 9 and Route 83 to a T intersection and a new traffic light was planned following a school bus accident . The reconfigured intersection was completed on June 10 , 2008 . Major intersections The entire route is in Dennis Township , Cape May County .
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867 | The Siege of Mantua ( 1799 ) was a four month effort by the Austrian army to regain a presence in northern Italy after being excluded from that region by Napoleon Bonaparte through the successful French Siege of Mantua in 1797 . In April 1799 , the Austrians placed a military blockade around Mantua as part of the War of the Second Coalition with the intent of withering the French by attrition . While the diminishing food supplies and losses weakened the French army , the Austrians received reinforcements and attacked on 4 July 1799 . By the end of the month , the French agreed to surrender . Prelude By 1799 , the fortress of Mantua on the river Mincio in northern Italy was in poor shape . It was commanded by viscount lieutenant general Franois Philippe de Foissac Latour ( 1750 1804 ) and garrisoned by a diverse force of 10 , 000 , including French , Polish ( Polish Legionnaires under general Jzef Wielhorski ) , Italian ( Republic of Alba and Cisalpine Republic ) , Swiss and German units . From the beginning of his assignment , Foissac Latour , an engineer , was convinced that the fortress would be indefensible in any serious siege . Siege In April , Austrian forces approached Mantua and started their siege . At first , the Austrians were content to simply blockade the fortress , but with the artillery duels and occasional skirmishes , attrition began taking its toll on the defenders . The defenders were also weakened by diminishing food supplies , and their morale was undermined by lack of payment . On 18 June , the French suffered a defeat at the Battle of Trebbia , and consequently the Austrians were able to move more decisively against Mantua . On 4 July the siege entered a new stage , with Austrian reinforcements arriving , and the besieging force growing from 8 , 000 to 40 , 000 . The Austrians were commanded by Hungarian general Baron Pal von Kray , an artillery expert . Artillery bombardment was constant . On 24 25 July the assault begun and the Austrians slowly advanced over the next few days . On 27 July Foissac Latour began negotiating surrender terms . Capitulation The Austrians agreed to release most of the French garrison , keeping the officers for three months , and with soldiers pledging not to take arms until the prisoners were exchanged by the fighting sides . In a secret protocol , however , the Austrians demanded full sovereignty over deserters from the Austrian army . After protests from the Polish officers who were afraid that due to recent partitions of Poland in which Austria gained control over parts of Poland that the Austrians may want to take custody of the Polish legionnaires the Austrian negotiator clarified officially that they meant any deserters from the current Austrian army or former Austrian soldiers serving in the Cisalpine Republic Army . On 30 July the French and allied troops left the fortress . The garrison troops were split into French and non French units ( of whom Poles still constituted 1 , 800 ) the Austrian soldiers observing the marching non French garrison troops were given permission to physically assault those recognized as deserters and most of them were eventually arrested . Polish officers particularly those from the Austrian partition were forced to enlist in the Austrian army or deported to partitioned Poland , and a similar fate befell Polish NCOs and regular soldiers , many of whom were also forced to suffer physical punishment by being beaten with rods . This marked the end of the Second Legion of the Polish Legions . Foissac Latour was later criticized by the Poles for what they considered betrayal , but also by the French for his surrender , Napoleon himself ordered Foissac Latour stricken from the list of generals and forbade him to wear a military uniform .
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868 | The Pan American Games sports comprise all the sports contested in the Summer Olympic Games . In addition , traditional and popular sports throughout the Americas which are not contested at the Olympic Games are also contested such as bowling and baseball . As of 2015 , the Pan American Games included 36 sports with 51 disciplines and 364 events . The number and kinds of events may change slightly from one Pan American Games to another . Sports , disciplines , events For purposes of Pan American Games competition , the Pan American Sports Organization ( PASO ) makes a distinction between sports and disciplines . A sport , in Pan American Games terms , is a single or group of disciplines as represented by an international governing body , namely an International Federation . For example , aquatics , represented at the Olympic level by the International Swimming Federation , is a sport at the Pan American Games that includes the swimming , diving , synchronized swimming and water polo disciplines . Canoe slalom is the only Olympic discipline not on the Pan American Games program . It was , in fact , scheduled to be held at both the 2007 and 2011 Pan American Games , but due to the small number of countries competing in the discipline , the event was dropped . However , the discipline is scheduled to make its debut at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto , Canada . Medals are awarded on a per event basis there can be one or more events per sport or discipline . In fact , besides baseball , rugby sevens , and softball , every current Pan American Games discipline has at least two events . Changes A sport or discipline appears on the Pan American Games program if it is included on the Olympic program . For the traditional Pan American Games sports , PASO determines if they are widely practised around the Americas that is , the number of countries that compete in a given sport is the indicator of the sport 's prevalence . PASO 's requirements reflect participation in the Pan American Games as well , especially more stringent toward men ( as they are represented in higher numbers ) . Previous Pan American Games have included sports which are no longer present on the current program , like futsal and polo . The International Olympic Committee voted on October 9 , 2009 , during the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , to elevate both rugby sevens and golf as official Olympic sports and to include them in the Olympics , beginning with the 2016 Olympic Games . With this development , rugby sevens made its debut at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara , and golf was played at the 2015 Pan American Games . During a PASO general assembly in 2015 , surfing was included into the 2019 Pan American Games programme . Current Pan American Games program The following sports ( or disciplines of a sport ) make up the current Pan American Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by PASO . The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport contested at the respective Games a bullet ( ) denotes that the sport discipline was scheduled to be competed , but was dropped do to a lack of entries . Eight of the 36 sports ( Aquatics , Canoeing , Cycling , Football , Gymnastics , Volleyball , Equestrian ) consist of multiple disciplines . Disciplines from the same sport are grouped under the same heading For equestrian and wrestling , the figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport , and not for each discipline separately . The following sports have been contested at the Pan American Games Discontinued sports The following sports were previously part of the Pan American Games program as official sports , but are no longer on the current program . Winter sports
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869 | The Potter Collyer House is a historic house at 67 Cedar Street in Pawtucket , Rhode Island . The house , first constructed in 1863 , is representative of vernacular architecture of the Pawtucket due to the great modifications to the home which has obscured the original structure of the home . Believed to have begun as a one and a half story cottage with a gable roof , subsequent additions and expansions have added a two story hip roof addition and greatly altered the floor plan due to enlargement and remodeling . The Potter Collyer House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . History The Potter Collyer house was originally constructed in 1863 for Elisha O. Potter , but it was sold to Samuel S. Collyer four years later . Little is known of Potter 's life , but Collyer was a partner in the N. S. Collyer Company . Collyer would later become the Chief of the Pawtucket Fire Department in 1874 and died in 1884 from injuries sustained in the line of duty . Collyer would be memorialized by the town with the Collyer Monument , which is also on the National Register of Historic Places . The house was moved 400 feet ( 120 m ) from its original location in 1962 due to the construction of Interstate 95 in Rhode Island . Design The Potter Collyer house is a timber frame house that was originally constructed on the west side of Pine Street , but its original form is not known for sure due the extent of its expansion and remodeling . The NRHP nomination states that it could have been a one and a half story gabled roof cottage with a cross gable in the center , a style popular during the mid century in Pawtucket . This original structure retains little of its form except for the Gothic hood moulds on the second floor end windows and the Gothic bargeboards . A two story hipped roof addition was constructed in two phases , one completed before 1877 and the other between 1895 and 1902 . Though the NRHP also states that the original house was enlarged in the late 1860s or 1870s without specification to the work done at the time . The additions include a bay window on the facade and openwork on the porch sides . The later alterations to the building worked to compliment the distinctive bargeboards of the cottage with the work on the eaves and window heads of the addition . The house has an unconventional floor plan which has two doorways on opposite ends of the original cottage with the main entrance formerly on the east side . The NRHP nomination again notes that the doorways may have replaced an earlier vestibule on the original house . The eastern entrance leads to a library office , that may have originally been a stairhall , and is connected to the eastern of the two front rooms . The western doorway , opposite , leads to a hallway with a three run staircase with unk and balusters . The western room has a Renaissance Revival style built in bookcase and a slate fireplace mantel . The rear addition holds the dining room which has a pseudo exposed beam ceiling dated to around 1909 . Though not detailed in the NRHP listing , the survey notes that the upstairs is simple in detail and appears intact , but that the chamber floor plan in the front of the house appears to have been altered during the 1880s remodeling . Significance The Potter Collyer House is architecturally significant as a unique example of vernacular architecture of Pawtucket in the 19th century . The NRHP nomination states that the alterations and remodeling of the home have produced a most unusually composed and picturesquely detailed building . Despite having been moved and altered , the house is unique and significant example of vernacular architecture . The Potter Collyer House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .
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870 | Bossy is a song by American actress and singer songwriter Lindsay Lohan . The song was written and produced by Shaffer Smith , known by his stage name Ne Yo , while additional writing and production was done by Stargate members Mikkel Storleer Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen . After leaking online in the beginning of May 2008 , Universal Motown officially released the song to media outlets , while its digital single was released on May 27 , 2008 . The song is influenced by electropop and dance pop . Lyrically , it is about a woman being strong enough to get what she wants when she wants it . Critically , Bossy attained generally mixed reception upon release , many music critics generally praised the attitude of the song , but considered the song less catchy than Lohan 's previous efforts . Commercially , Bossy managed to peak at number 77 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and became Lohan 's first song from her entire music career , so far , to reach number one on the United States ' Billboard Hot Dance Club Play . Background Bossy was written by Shaffer Smith , known by his stage name Ne Yo , while additional writing and song production was done by Stargate members Mikkel Storleer Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen . In the beginning of May 2008 , a clip of the song leaked on YouTube . As a result , Universal Motown released the full song to media outlets on May 7 , 2008 . In an interview with Billboard , Ne Yo revealed that he was approached by the label to write a song for Lohan I gotta admit , we were like ... Lindsay Lohan ' I mean , I 've written for Beyonc , Mary J. Blige , Rihanna , Celine Dion and ... Lindsay Lohan But I will say this we gave her a quality record and she did a ridiculously fabulous job . I was so shocked I had to call her and apologize for what I was thinking because she did so good . I think the world is gonna be surprised . In an interview with People Magazine , he revealed the song it 's basically about a woman being strong enough to get what she wants when she wants it . In this case , ' Bossy ' is a term that describes confidence and power . Bossy was digitally released on May 27 , 2008 , and it was set to appear on Lohan 's third studio album . Critical reception Bossy received mixed reviews from music critics . A Billboard review said the track spotlights the raspy voiced singer 's dominating side as she rhymes about liking things her way over simple drums , while Nick Levine of Digital Spy considered Bossy as an electro dance pop song with attitude , but commented that it isn 't pop gold the chorus lacks a bit of oomph and Lohan 's vocals still aren 't convincing but it 's the first Lohan tune we 'd be prepared to listen to more than once . That , we suppose , is enough to constitute a small step forward . Kate unk of Blogcritics said Bossy is not nearly as good or as catchy as Miss Lohan 's previous musical attempts , while commenting that its lyrical content is an obvious reflection on Miss Lohan 's relationship with the paparazzi . As Miss Lohan sings in the lyrics , she does what she wants , she controls them , and not vice versa . Unfortunately , Miss Lohan 's logic is not entirely correct neither party has the authority to boss the other around . That is , sadly , the price of fame these days once people want in , they want total access and exposure . With some individual 's antics , like Miss Lohan and Britney Spears , it is difficult to garner sympathy for them . Bossy reached number 77 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and became Lohan 's first song from her entire career to reach number one on the United States ' Billboard Hot Dance Club Play . The song also managed to peak on the Global Dance Tracks component chart . Track listing Digital download Bossy 4 10 Charts
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871 | The Trylon Microcinema is a 50 seat movie theater in the Longfellow neighborhood of Minneapolis , Minnesota . The unk was founded and is currently run by Take Up Productions , a group of volunteers who got their start at the Oak Street Cinema before establishing the Trylon in a former storefront . Since opening in 2009 , the theater has featured a variety of regular programming ranging from career retrospectives of famous directors to B movies and cult films . The Trylon has been well received by critics who have praised its film lineup , intimacy , and atmosphere . History Minneapolis 's Oak Street Cinema , a volunteer run repertory cinema , ran films seven days per week until cutbacks in programming had to be made for financial reasons . A collective of the Oak Street volunteers formed Take Up Productions , which was established to promote showing films not typically screened in larger movie houses . The organization began with outdoor screenings , starting with Watermelon Man , which was projected against a white brick wall behind a coffee shop , and then began to rent out theaters throughout the Minneapolis Saint Paul area , including the Riverview , Heights , and Parkway . Some screenings , such as that of Lawrence of Arabia and a series of Alfred Hitchcock films , drew hundreds of viewers . Barry Kryshka of Take Up Productions owns and manages the Trylon . The Microcinema sits in an old storefront in the Longfellow neighborhood along Minnehaha Avenue that was rented , in 2009 , at a rate of 800 a month . Kryshka contracted Bright Star Systems , Inc. to retrofit the space with 50 old rocking seats purchased from a nearby cinema chain , a 20 foot ( 6 . 1 m ) projection screen , two 35 mm movie projectors , and a minute concessions stand . Trylon acquired its name from an eponymous theater in Kryshka 's native Queens , New York , itself named for the Trylon sculpture at the 1939 New York World 's Fair . The Trylon opened on the weekend of July 17 18 , 2009 , with a showing of Sherlock Jr. featuring live musical accompaniment from Dreamland Faces , a local accordion musical saw duo . Each of the venue 's first 12 showings sold out . Programming and reception Every three months , the Trylon Microcinema publishes a full schedule of screenings , approximately 10 percent of which are of first run films . The venue features a variety of regular exhibitions , ranging from the Trash Film unk series of B movies , to the Defenders in which local cinephiles curate and defend screenings of personal favorite cult films , to Sound Unseen , a documentary project covering behind the scenes aspects of musicians ' creative processes . The Trylon also hosts showcases of the films throughout various directors ' careers . Take Up Productions continues to use other venues such as the Heights and the Riverview for screenings necessitating larger houses . The Microcinema is staffed entirely with volunteers . Critical reception for the Trylon has been positive . It was voted the best movie theater in the Minneapolis Saint Paul area in 2011 and 2012 by City Pages , who wrote in 2011 that no theater in the Twin Cities can match the Trylon 's passion and energy for the movies . In an unranked list of Minneapolis Saint Paul 's best cinemas written for WCCO , Eric Henderson called the Trylon the unk upstart in the Twin Cities and described the experience of walking into the theater as unk ing onto the set of a Michel Gondry fantasy noir about a scrappy theater thriving in the midst of a Prohibition style ban on the moviegoing experience . J. L. Sosa lauded the Trylon on Film School Rejects , praising the concessions selection , the physical intimacy of the space , and the cinema 's programmers for their impeccable taste in both high and lowbrow culture .
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872 | Caesium fluoride or cesium fluoride is an inorganic compound usually encountered as a hygroscopic white solid . It is used in organic synthesis as a source of the fluoride anion . Caesium has the highest electropositivity of all non radioactive elements and fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all elements . Synthesis and properties Caesium fluoride can be prepared by the reaction of caesium hydroxide ( CsOH ) with hydrofluoric acid ( HF ) . The resulting salt can then be purified by recrystallization . The reaction is shown below CsOH ( aq ) HF ( aq ) CsF ( aq ) H2O ( l ) Another way to make caesium fluoride is to react caesium carbonate ( unk ) with hydrofluoric acid . The resulting salt can then be purified by recrystallization . The reaction is shown below unk ( aq ) 2 HF ( aq ) 2 CsF ( aq ) H2O ( l ) CO2 ( g ) In addition , elemental fluorine and caesium can be used to form caesium fluoride as well , but doing so is very impractical because of the expense . While this is not a normal route of preparation , caesium metal reacts vigorously with all the halogens to form caesium halides . Thus , it burns with fluorine gas , F2 , to form caesium fluoride , CsF according to the following reaction 2 Cs ( s ) F2 ( g ) 2 CsF ( s ) CsF is more soluble than sodium fluoride or potassium fluoride . It is available in anhydrous form , and if water has been absorbed it is easy to dry by heating at 100 C for two hours in vacuo . CsF reaches a vapor pressure of 1 unk at 825 C , 10 kPa at 999 C , and 100 kPa at 1249 C. CsF chains with a thickness as small as one or two atoms can be grown inside carbon nanotubes . Structure Caesium fluoride has the halite structure , which means that the Cs and F pack in a cubic closest packed array as do Na and Cl in sodium chloride . Applications in organic synthesis Being highly dissociated it is a more reactive source of fluoride than related salts . CsF is less hygroscopic alternative to tetra n unk fluoride ( unk ) and TAS fluoride ( unk ) when anhydrous naked fluoride ion is needed . As a base As with other soluble fluorides , CsF is moderately basic , because HF is a weak acid . The low nucleophilicity of fluoride means it can be a useful base in organic chemistry . CsF gives higher yields in Knoevenagel condensation reactions than KF or NaF . Formation of C F bonds Caesium fluoride is also a popular source of fluoride in organofluorine chemistry . For example , CsF reacts with unk to form a caesium unk salt , which is stable up to 60 C , unlike the corresponding sodium or potassium salt . It will convert electron deficient aryl chlorides to aryl fluorides ( unk reaction ) . unk agent Due to the strength of the Si F bond , fluoride ion is useful for unk reactions ( removal of Si groups ) in organic chemistry caesium fluoride is an excellent source of anhydrous fluoride for such reactions . Removal of silicon groups ( unk ) is a major application for CsF in the laboratory , as its anhydrous nature allows clean formation of water sensitive intermediates . Solutions of caesium fluoride in THF or unk attack a wide variety of organosilicon compounds to produce an organosilicon fluoride and a carbanion , which can then react with electrophiles , for example unk is also useful for the removal of silyl protecting groups . Other uses Single crystals of the salt are transparent into the deep infrared . For this reason it is sometimes used as the windows of cells used for infrared spectroscopy . Precautions Like other soluble fluorides , CsF is moderately toxic . Contact with acid should be avoided , as this forms highly toxic corrosive hydrofluoric acid . The caesium ion ( Cs ) and caesium chloride are generally not considered toxic .
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873 | Daniel F. Dan Cocoziello ( born August 8 , 1985 ) is a lacrosse defenseman who plays professional field lacrosse in the Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 2005 through 2008 where he started every game . He is the only defenseman to have earned the Men 's Ivy League Rookie of the Year . He was a three time United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All American ( once first team and twice second team ) and three time All Ivy League selection ( twice first team and once second team ) . During his college career , Princeton earned an Ivy League championship and two NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship invitations . In high school , he won three state lacrosse championships . Background Born in unk , New Jersey , Cocoziello was a baseball and soccer player in his youth . He attended elementary school at Gil St. Bernards in New Jersey . He met his middle school , high school and college teammate Alex Hewit taking an entrance exam for New Jersey 's Delbarton School in sixth grade . Even in seventh grade at Delbarton , Cocoziello was still a baseball player who was introduced to lacrosse during lunch and free periods with his classmates . He eventually got a lacrosse stick and started practicing as much as he could . In eighth grade , he joined the school team and made a New Jersey state eighth grade all star team along with Hewit that competed against all stars from other states . He eventually joined the varsity team and helped lead the team to a cumulative 63 4 record and three high school lacrosse state championships . He was regarded as the best high school lacrosse recruit in the nation in the 2003 , according to Inside Lacrosse . He played linebacker in high school football and was offered a scholarship to play for Hofstra University , but opted to play lacrosse at Princeton . College career He started every game of his career at Princeton , where he earned the 2005 Men 's Ivy League Rookie of the Year , the only defensemen to every to garner the award . That year he was an honorable mention All Ivy League selection . He was also the first defenseman to win the Ivy League Rookie of the Year award . He was a first team All Ivy League choice in 2006 2008 and second team choice in 2007 He was a first team USILA All American Team selection in 2008 and second team selection in 2006 and 2007 . He served as co captain of the 2008 team along with longtime teammate Alex Hewit and Bob Schneider . The 2006 team was Ivy League co champion with Cornell . Princeton qualified for the NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship in 2006 2007 . During Cocoziello 's junior year , while playing in a scrimmage against Towson University , broke his vehicular bone in his left foot . Originally diagnosed as a sprain , Cocoziello played his entire junior and senior season on the broken foot . Upon graduation in 2008 , he was correctly diagnosed and underwent reconstructive surgery following his 2008 MLL Season with the Denver Outlaws . The surgery was unsuccessful causing Cocoziello to discontinue playing lacrosse . Professional career Cocoziello began his MLL career with the Denver Outlaws during the 2008 MLL season . On February 20 , 2009 , he was reassigned to the Toronto Nationals . In 2010 , he was a member of the Boston Cannons . He has appeared in no National Lacrosse League games . However , his National Lacrosse League rights were acquired by the Philadelphia Wings in the 2010 Orlando Titans dispersal draft . MLL statistics The following are his MLL career stats Life after the MLL Cocoziello currently lives in New York City where he works in real estate for New York based unk , Inc . He is also pursuing a Master 's in Real Estate from New York University .
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874 | In Norse mythology , Fensalir ( Old Norse Fen Halls ) is a location where the goddess Frigg dwells . Fensalir is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . Scholars have proposed theories about the implications of the location , including that the location may have some connection to religious practices involving springs , bogs , or swamps in Norse paganism , and that it may be connected to the goddess Sga 's watery location Skkvabekkr . Attestations In the Poetic Edda poem Vlusp , Frigg is described as weeping over her son Baldr 's death in Fensalir . This stanza is absent in the Hauksbk manuscript of the poem . The portion of the stanza mentioning Fensalir foretells that vengeance will come for the death of Baldr and that while Frigg wept in Fen Halls for Valhll 's woe . In chapter 35 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , High tells Gangleri ( described as king Gylfi in disguise ) that Frigg is the highest among the synjur , and that she has a dwelling called Fensalir and it is very splendid . In chapter 49 , High says that when Loki witnessed that Baldr had gained invincibility due to the oath all things took not to harm him , Loki went to a Fensalir appearing as a woman . In his disguise , Loki there asked Frigg why Baldr was not harmed by the objects . Frigg revealed that it is due to the oath they have taken . The disguised Loki asks if nothing can hurt Baldr , and Frigg reveals that only mistletoe can , for it seemed to her too young to demand an oath from . After this , Loki immediately disappears , and subsequently engineers the death of Baldr with a mistletoe projectile . In the Prose Edda book Skldskaparml , Fensalir receives a third and final mention . In chapter 19 , ways to refer to Frigg are provided , including that Frigg may be referred to as queen of sir and Asyniur , of Fulla and falcon form and Fensalir . Theories In 1882 , the German scholar Anton Edzardi proposed that Fensalir may point to religious practices involving springs . John Lindow comments that I have no idea why Frigg should live in a boggy place , despite the old argument that there is an association with a cult situated at a spring . Rudolf Simek comments that Edzardi 's theory must remain unanswered . In addition , Edzardi theorized a connection between Fensalir and a belief in folklore that particular swamps act as an entrance to the realm of Holda , whom he connects with Frigg . In a 19th century work , Paul Henri Mallet and Walter Scott write that the fen element of Fensalir may also be made to sig unk the watery deep , or the sea . This etymology has resulted in theories that the name Fensalir may mean Sea Halls rather than Fen Halls . In his 19th century translation of the Poetic Edda , Henry Adams Bellows comments that some scholars have regarded Frigg as a solar myth , calling her the sun goddess , and pointing out that her home in Fensalir ( the sea halls ) symbolizes the daily setting of the sun beneath the ocean horizon . John Lindow says that due to similarity between the goddess Sga 's Skkvabekkr and Fensalir , the open drinking between Sga and Odin , and the potential etymological basis for Sga being a seeress have led most scholars to understand Sga as another name for Frigg . Stephan Grundy states that Sga and Skkvabekkr may be by forms of Frigg and Fensalir used for the purpose of composing alliterative verse . Britt Mari Nsstrm theorizes that Frigg 's role as a fertility goddess is revealed in the name of her abode , Fensalir ... , that Frigg is the same as Sga , and that both the names Fensalir and Skkvabekkr imply a unk sic living in the water and recall the fertility goddess Nerthus .
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875 | The 22nd Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 8 April 1865 . Oxford won by four lengths in a time of 21 minutes 24 seconds . The race , described as one of the most sensational races in this history thus far , was umpired by Joseph William Chitty . It was the first time that a crew had won the Boat Race having been behind at Hammersmith Bridge . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1864 race by nine lengths , with Oxford leading overall with eleven victories to Cambridge 's ten . Cambridge were coached by their non rowing president J. G. Chambers ( who had rowed in the 1862 and 1863 races ) , while Oxford 's coach was G. Morrison ( who had rowed for Oxford three times as well as being a non rowing president in 1862 ) . Both university boats were constructed by J. S. Salter of Oxford using cedar wood . The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in the March and December races ) and the 1852 race , while the starter was Edward Searle . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 11 st 11 . 25 lb ( 74 . 8 kg ) , 1 . 25 pounds ( 0 . 6 kg ) per rower more than their Light Blue opposition . Cambridge saw the return of five former Blues , including the cox Francis Archer and number four Robert Kinglake , both of whom had represented the university twice before . Three of Oxford 's crew had rowed in the previous year 's race . Race Both crews had initially returned to the boathouses upon the instruction of their boat club president 's who had demanded the steamers stay behind the start . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge . Following an indifferent start from both crews , Cambridge took the lead , and were a length ahead by Bishop 's Creek . To avoid the steamers pressing from behind , the Light Blue cox Archer steered his boat to the middle to the river , while his counterpart , Charles Tottenham , manoeuvred too close to the bank , resulting in a two length lead for Cambridge by Craven Cottage . By the Crab Tree pub , the lead was three lengths . Despite dominating the race , by the time the crews passed below Hammersmith Bridge , Oxford had reduced the lead to three quarters of a length , and at The Doves pub , the lead was down to half a length . Soon after the Oxford boat overlapped their opponents yet Cambridge pushed away again before Chiswick Eyot where the Dark Blues once began to overlap the Light Blues ' stern . Cambridge 's stroke Lawes reacted and pushed to keep the lead , but by Chiswick Church the crews were level . Oxford 's better line in the river saw them draw away rapidly from Cambridge , whereupon the Light Blues were regarded as falling to pieces . Oxford 's lead at Barnes Bridge was around three lengths , and by the time they passed the finishing line they had won by four lengths in a time of 21 minutes 24 seconds , securing the Dark Blue 's fifth consecutive win and taking the overall record to 12 10 in their favour . Drinkwater suggested that , of the 22 races conducted thus far , it was one of the most sensational races in this history , while Burnell described it as a splendid race .
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876 | Nidan ( sometimes known as Midan or Idan ) was a Welsh priest and , according to some sources , a bishop , in the 6th and 7th centuries . He is now commemorated as a saint . He was the confessor for the monastery headed by St Seiriol at Penmon , and established a church at what is now known as Llanidan , which are both places on the Welsh island of Anglesey . He is the patron saint of two churches in Anglesey St Nidan 's Church , Llanidan , built in the 19th century , and its medieval predecessor , the Old Church of St Nidan , Llanidan . Midmar Old Kirk in Aberdeenshire , Scotland , is also dedicated to him Nidan is said to have helped to establish Christianity in that area as a companion of St Kentigern . St Nidan 's , Llanidan , has a reliquary dating from the 14th or 16th century , which is said to house his relics . Life Little is known in detail about Nidan 's life , and his year and place of birth are unknown . He is sometimes referred to as Midan or Idan . According to manuscript sources , such as unk MS 45 ( which has been dated to the 14th century ) in the National Library of Wales , he was the son of unk ab unk ab Urien Rheged . He was a descendant of Urien Rheged , as was Saint unk of Llanrwst , a town on the north Wales mainland in present day Conwy County Borough . Urien was a celebrated warrior from the late 5th century , whose deeds were commemorated by the Welsh poet Taliesin . Nidan was associated with St Seiriol 's monastery at Penmon , on the eastern tip of Anglesey in north Wales , and was the monastery 's confessor . He is also referred to as a bishop in one source . He founded a church in what is now known as Llanidan , also on Anglesey , near to the Menai Straits . According to tradition , this was established in 616 . He is reported to have lived at Cadair Idan , near the church , and a well about 200 yards ( 180 m ) away from the church is reputed to be his holy well . Nidan is said to have been one of the 665 monks who travelled with St Kentigern , also known as St Mungo , and reputed to be a cousin of his , from unk , north Wales , to Scotland . Together with another of Kentigern 's companions , Finan or Ffinan , they are said to have established Christianity in Midmar , in what is now Aberdeenshire , in the 7th century . A church in Midmar was dedicated to Nidan . However , the existence of a link between Nidan and Kentigern has been doubted , with one author saying that the whole idea that these people i.e. Nidan and Ffinan had any connection with Kentigern is without any real foundation . According to some sources , he died in about 610 , which would be inconsistent with the reported foundation date for the church at Llanidan of 616 . Commemoration The Old Church of St Nidan , Llanidan , was in use until the middle of the 19th century when it was replaced by St Nidan 's Church , Llanidan , nearer to the village of Brynsiencyn . This was for two reasons the old church needed repair , and also because the population of Brynsiencyn needed a church . The old church was then partially demolished . The new church contains a sandstone reliquary , about 26 inches ( 66 cm ) long , which is said to contain Nidan 's relics . The reliquary 's date is uncertain it has been described as being probably from the 14th century , but also , in a more recent description , as probably 16th century . It was found buried under the altar of the old church in 1700 . His feast day in the Welsh calendar of saints is 30 September in the Scottish calendar of saints , it is 3 November . Nidan was venerated as a saint , although he was never canonized by a pope as the historian Jane Cartwright notes , In Wales sanctity was locally conferred and none of the medieval Welsh saints appears to have been canonized by the Roman Catholic Church .
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877 | The Old Curiosity Shop is a 1911 American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is an adaptation of The Old Curiosity Shop by Charles Dickens that was limited to the time constrictions of the single reel format . The film focuses on the grandfather who gambles into poverty and the consequences which eventually claim the life of Little Nell . The surviving status of this film likely means that a more in depth and modern look at the film is possible . Its survival status and attribution as a Thanhouser film was noted by Kamilla Elliott in her 2003 book Rethinking the Novel Film Debate under the title Little Nell . In 2012 , the work was confirmed to be a Thanhouser production at the Pordenone Silent Film Festival . The identification of the film as Little Nell arose due to head of the film having been lost . Plot Adapted from The Old Curiosity Shop by Charles Dickens , the film has been shortened and streamlined for the single reel format . The film focuses on a grandfather who gambles himself into poverty . He dotes on his granddaughter , Little Nell , and desires to give her every luxury . The grandfather turns to gambling to try and earn money , firmly believing that luck would favor him . His gambling results in losing everything and Nell fears that he will be taken away to an asylum . At night , Nell flees with him and they find refuge and shelter with Mrs. unk . The grandfather , seeking to win money , robs Nell of her money and proceeds to gamble it away . The grandfather is coerced by men to steal to pay the debts , but Nell intervenes and flees with her grandfather again . Exhausted and feeble in health , Nell meets a kind schoolmaster and appeals to him for aid before falling unconscious at his feet . The schoolmaster takes the two in , but it is too late to save Nell and she dies . Her grandfather is brokenhearted and is found dead on her grave several days later . Cast Frank H. Crane as the grandfather Marie Eline as Little Nell Harry Benham Marguerite Snow Alphonse Ethier William Bowman Production The film is a condensed adaptation of Dickens ' work , reviewers specifically highlighted the attention to detail and the limitations of the format when condensing the work to a single reel format . The atmosphere of the film and the portrayal was deemed to be natural except for the scenes in open . The director of the film was Barry O 'Neil , but the scenario writer and cameraman are uncredited . The surviving status of the film yields to the possibility of further information being gained on the production and details of the work . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on January 20 , 1911 . The film was promoted by the Thanhouser Company as a film that every Dickens ' lover would enjoy . Critic reviewed the film favorably . Walton of the The Moving Picture News wrote , To a lover of Dickens a pure delight . The salient points of the story have been taken and thus the film moves along so as to forge an intelligent conception of the original . ... The condensation has been thoughtfully done , by one who evidently knows the possibilities and limitations of the reel . A worthy production that must needs win its reward . According to Thanhouser Company Film Preservation , the film was confirmed as a Thanhouser production after its screening at Pordenone Silent Film Festival in 2012 . The film was listed under the title of Little Nell from the first intertitle because the head of the film is missing . However , the 2003 book Rethinking the Novel Film Debate by Kamilla Elliott correctly attributes Little Nell as a Thanhouser production . The film is not the first known adaptation of the work , Essanay Studios released an identically titled work in 1909 .
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878 | Happy Now is a song recorded by American rock band No Doubt . It was released as the fifth single from their third studio album Tragic Kingdom ( 1995 ) . The single was issued on January 20 , 1997 as a CD single . It was written by Gwen Stefani , Tom Dumont , and Tony Kanal , with its production handled by Matthew Wilder . Its lyrics allude to Stefani 's relationship status with Kanal , who broke up their seven year relationship when creating Tragic Kingdom . Musically , Happy Now is an alternative rock and ska punk song , like the majority of its parent album . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , with one of them calling it an improvement over No Doubt 's previous releases . Commercially , the single was unsuccessful and the only from Tragic Kingdom not to peak on any record chart . Background and release Happy Now was recorded during sessions for No Doubt 's third studio album Tragic Kingdom ( 1995 ) . Band members Eric Stefani , Gwen Stefani , Tony Kanal , Tom Dumont , Adrian Young , and producer Gary Angle collaborated for the effort . However , after their record label Interscope brought in outside producer Matthew Wilder to improve the album 's sessions , Eric became distraught and decided to leave the group . The single was recorded at eleven different studios in California in 1995 . A CD single featuring the song was released in both Australia and Sweden however , the single was the only one released from Tragic Kingdom that did not peak on any significant record chart . The Australian CD included three tracks the album version of Happy Now , plus bonus tracks Let 's Get Back and a cover of Sublime 's song D.J. ' s . The Swedish CD featured the single and a cover of the ska holiday song Oi to the World . The CD 's cover art would be later used for Tragic Kingdom 's seventh and final single , Hey You . Composition and lyrics Happy Now was written by Gwen Stefani , Tom Dumont , and Tony Kanal , while Matthew Wilder solely produced it . A critic from Sputnikmusic stated the track had a great melody , while calling the guitar driven lead melancholic . Similarly , Thomas Bleach from his music blog stated it brought back the ska rock sound that they created on their earlier releases . A critic from Classic Rock Review called it a more vocal and lyric driven track with strong guitar riffing and chords , while Maggie Lange of GQ labeled it a real classic breakup song . Lyrically , the song details Stefani 's former relationship with Kanal . The same critic from Classic Rock Review agreed that it deal s with Gwen Stefani 's recent breakup with Kanal . Kenneth Partridge 's Billboard review stated that the song 's lyrics involved Stefani 's feelings towards Kanal , adding that it was written about the guy that got away and who was standing a few feet away with a bass around his neck . Similarly , David Browne of Entertainment Weekly approved of the taunt ing and savor y lyrics that describe a man who ended a relationship but wants back in , such as All by yourself You have no one else . Critical reception Happy Now received generally favorable reviews upon its release . Mike Boehm of the Los Angeles Times favored the single and cited it as an example of the band 's improved craft . Kenneth Partridge , writing for the The A.V. Club , enjoyed the song , mentioning that although it didn 't chart as high ... the damage was done . A reviewer from Sputnikmusic listed it under his recommended tracks from Tragic Kingdom , while Thomas Bleach from his self titled blog similarly called it one of his favorites . Track listings and formats Credits and personnel Credits and personnel adapted from the Tragic Kingdom liner notes . Personnel Release history
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879 | Urania was a torpedo cruiser of the Partenope class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . She was built by the Cantieri navali Odero shipyard her keel was laid in February 1889 , she was launched in June 1891 , and was commissioned in July 1893 . Her main armament were her six torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of ten small caliber guns . Urania spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . She was still in service at the outbreak of the Italo Turkish War in September 1911 , but she did not take part in any operations . Instead , she remained in Italian waters and was broken up for scrap in January 1912 . Design Urania was 73 . 1 meters ( 239 ft 10 in ) long overall and had a beam of 8 . 22 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) and an average draft of 3 . 48 m ( 11 ft 5 in ) . She displaced 931 metric tons ( 916 long tons 1 , 026 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple expansion steam engines , each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal fired locomotive boilers . Specific figures for Urania 's engine performance have not survived , but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18 . 1 to 20 . 8 knots ( 33 . 5 to 38 . 5 km h 20 . 8 to 23 . 9 mph ) at 3 , 884 to 4 , 422 indicated horsepower ( 2 , 896 to 3 , 297 kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 , 800 nautical miles ( 3 , 300 km 2 , 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 121 . Urania was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 . 7 in ) 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 . 2 in ) 43 guns mounted singly. She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her six 450 mm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 . 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate . Service history Urania was laid down on 16 February 1889 at the Cantieri navali Odero ( Odero Shipyard ) in Genoa , and was launched on 18 June 1891 . After fitting out work was completed , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 21 July 1893 . During the 1893 fleet maneuvers , Urania served with the 2nd Division of the Reserve Squadron , along with the ironclad Castelfidardo , the protected cruiser Stromboli , and four torpedo boats . During the maneuvers , which lasted from 6 August to 5 September , the ships of the Reserve Squadron defended against a simulated attack by the Active Squadron , which gamed a French attack on the Italian fleet . In 1895 , Urania was stationed in the 2nd Maritime Department , split between Taranto and Naples , along with most of the torpedo cruisers in the Italian fleet . These included her sister ships Partenope , Aretusa , Euridice , Iride , Minerva , and Caprera , the four Goito class cruisers , and Tripoli . The ship was assigned to the 2nd Division of the main fleet in 1897 , along with the three Ruggiero di Lauria class ironclads and the protected cruisers Etna and Stromboli . In 1899 , Urania was assigned to the 2nd Division of the main fleet , which consisted of the ironclads Affondatore , Castelfidardo , and Sicilia and her sister ship Partenope . The 2nd Division was usually kept in reserve , which amounted to three months of active service per year , with the rest of the time spent in harbor with reduced crews . At the start of the Italo Turkish War in September 1911 , Urania was stationed in Italy , alternating between the ports of La Spezia and Naples , along with her sister ships Iride and Caprera . She did not see action during the war . In January 1912 , with the war still on going , the ship was sold for scrap and thereafter broken up .
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880 | Homeless is a song by British singer songwriter Leona Lewis from her debut studio album , Spirit ( 2007 ) . The song was written by Swedish songwriter Jrgen Elofsson and produced by Steve Mac . Musically , it is an R B Power ballad , with instrumentation consisting of a piano and a guitar . The song 's lyrics revolve around Lewis singing about waiting for her boyfriend to come home to where she is waiting for him , but feels homeless without him . The song garnered mixed reviews from music critics , some of whom praised Lewis 's vocal performance but criticized its composition . Upon the release of Spirit , the song debuted at number 173 on the UK Singles Chart on the strength of digital download sales . Lewis performed Homeless at the annual WXKS FM Boston KISS Concert in 2008 , along with Bleeding Love and Better in Time . It was also included on the set list of The Labyrinth tour in 2010 . Composition Homeless was written by Swedish songwriter Jrgen Elofsson , and produced by Steve Mac . It is an R B power ballad , which lasts for a duration of three minutes and 50 seconds . The song was composed on common time in the key of B minor at 68 beats per minute . Instrumentation is provided by a piano and a guitar . Lewis 's vocal range spans nearly two octaves from low note of A3 to the high note of B5 . The song 's lyrics revolve around Lewis singing about waiting for her boyfriend to come home to where she is waiting for him , but feels homeless without his presence . The opening lyrics are Wait here for you to call me For you to tell me that ev unk 's a big mistake . Nick Levine for Digital Spy described Lewis 's vocals in the lyric In this cold I 'm walking aimless , feeling helpless as a tour de force of despair and misery . Critical reception The song garnered mixed reviews from music critics . Matt O 'Leary for Virgin Media complimented Homeless as well as I Will Be , and wrote that when the emphasis is laid purely on the singer 's vocals without too much glossy production trappings , her uniqueness is allowed to shine . Levine was critical of Homeless in general , but praised some of its compositional elements . Although he thought that the song was almost unbearably bleak , Levine praised the long note which Lewis sustains during the bridge , and wrote that the 12 second ' unk ' that jump starts the crescendo of ' Homeless ' is one of the most dazzling pop moments of the year . Kitty Empire for The Guardian wrote , Lewis ' voice is impressively elastic throughout but lacks any grit or style . It is too perfect , jumping up ladders of notes on ' Homeless ' , never catching , never breaking . A reviewer for The Sun described Homeless a string drenched , tear jerker . Live performances Lewis performed Homeless for the first time at the annual WXKS FM Boston KISS Concert in 2008 , along with Bleeding Love and Better in Time . It was also included on the set list of her The Labyrinth tour in 2010 , and performed as the fifteenth song . The song was later included on the The Labyrinth Tour Live from The O2 DVD . The set was decorated in the style of a forest acrobats performed as they were hanging from the ceiling on large pieces of fabric while Lewis wore a light pink sequined dress and barefoot . Track listing Standard version ( 2007 ) Homeless 3 50 Deluxe edition ( 2008 ) Homeless ( 2008 version ) 3 50 The Labyrinth Tour Live from the O2 Homeless ( Live from the 02 ) 4 09 Credits Songwriting Jrgen Elofsson Production Steve Mac Credits adapted from the liner notes of Spirit , Sony BMG , J Records , Syco . Charts Upon the release of Spirit , Homeless debuted at number 173 on the strength of digital download sales in the chart issue released on 24 November 2007 .
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881 | New York State Route 346 ( NY 346 ) and Vermont Route 346 ( VT 346 ) are short , adjoining state highways in the northeastern United States . Together , they extend for a combined 7 . 25 miles ( 11 . 67 km ) through the towns of Petersburgh in Rensselaer County , New York , and Pownal in Bennington County , Vermont . The bi state highway begins at an intersection with NY 22 in the hamlet of North Petersburgh and heads generally southeastward across the New York Vermont state line to a junction with U.S. Route 7 ( US 7 ) in the village of Pownal . Both NY 346 and VT 346 parallel the Hoosick River . The Vermont portion of the highway was originally designated as Vermont Route 112 by 1926 . The New York continuation was assigned NY 346 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , and VT 112 was renumbered to VT 346 in the late 1930s to match the designation on the New York side . VT 346 , the longer of the two routes at 4 . 628 miles ( 7 . 448 km ) in length , is currently the highest numbered state highway in Vermont . Route description NY 346 NY 346 begins at an intersection with NY 22 southeast of the Rensselaer County State Forest in North Petersburgh , a hamlet within the town of Petersburgh . The route heads eastward out of the hamlet , crossing over the Little Hoosick River just east of North Petersburgh before following the Hoosick River eastward along the base of a valley surrounding the river . About 0 . 5 miles ( 0 . 8 km ) east of the hamlet , NY 346 meets County Route 95 ( CR 95 ) , the only through road that NY 346 intersects between NY 22 and the Vermont state line . Past CR 95 , NY 346 turns southeastward , paralleling both the Hoosick River and CR 96 on the other side of the river to the Vermont state line , where the highway becomes VT 346 . Unlike NY 346 , which is posted with east west cardinal directions , VT 346 is signed as north south . VT 346 While NY 346 follows the southern bank of the Hoosick River , VT 346 largely runs along the northern bank . The switch in positioning is made just east of the state line , where VT 346 crosses over the waterway . The route continues eastward , intersecting Indian Massacre Road , the continuation of CR 96 , and crossing a Pan Am Railways owned railroad line on its way to a junction with Lime Kiln Road , a local highway leading to the village of Pownal Center . At this point , VT 346 turns southward into the village of North Pownal . The route heads generally north south through the community , running alongside both the Hoosick River and the Pan Am Railways line . South of North Pownal , VT 346 heads through a more rural area of the town of Pownal , passing by farmland and open fields as it follows the river and the railroad toward the village of Pownal . Roughly 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) north of the community , VT 346 also begins to follow US 7 ( the Ethan Allen Highway ) , which runs parallel to VT 346 farther up the side of the river valley . US 7 descends the valley into Pownal , where both US 7 and VT 346 follow north south routings through the small village . The two routes meet at a junction southeast of the village center , at which point VT 346 comes to an end . The average annual daily traffic of VT 346 is highest in Pownal , where the route handles around 2 , 800 cars per day as of 2012 , and lowest between Church Street and Dean Road , where it dips to about 1 , 600 vehicles per day . History The portion of the North Petersburgh Pownal highway within the state of Vermont was originally designated as VT 112 by 1926 . Its continuation into the state of New York was designated as NY 346 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . VT 112 was renumbered to VT 346 in the late 1930s to match the New York designation . Major intersections
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882 | Hurricane Beth was a short lived tropical cyclone which traveled from Florida to Nova Scotia in the middle of August 1971 . The second named storm of the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season , Beth 's genesis was impeded by a cold environment surrounding the storm . However , as it continued on its northeastward course , it achieved fully tropical characteristics and peaked as a modest Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . The cyclone struck Nova Scotia on August 16 before dissipating shortly after . Beth produced substantial precipitation , and the resultant flooding inflicted severe damage to infrastructure and crops . Meteorological history On August 9 , a low pressure system in the upper levels of the atmosphere formed off the east coast of Florida . It became a surface low by the next day and acquired the characteristics of a tropical cyclone it is officially stated to have become a tropical depression at 1200 UTC on August 10 . The depression slowly advanced northeastward within a relatively cold environment , and as such , it did not intensify for several days . The system turned more toward the east as it approached the coast of North Carolina , at which time its structure became conducive to further development . On August 14 , the depression was declared a tropical storm and assigned the name Beth following recent data from a reconnaissance aircraft . Several hundred miles off the U.S. East Coast , Beth accelerated somewhat reaching forward speeds of up to 19 mph ( 31 km h ) as it resumed a northeastward course . Its minimum central pressure deepened to 990 millibars ( 29 inHg ) , and correspondingly , maximum sustained winds increased . In response , the cyclone was recognized as a Category 1 hurricane . It continued to mature as it passed east of Cape Cod , achieving peak winds of 85 mph ( 137 km h ) and a pressure of 977 mb ( 28 . 9 inHg ) . Subsequently , the hurricane weakened slightly while nearing Nova Scotia . On August 16 , it made landfall near Copper Lake before crossing Cape Breton Island . Shortly thereafter , Beth was swept up by a nearby cold front and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . Preparations and impact In advance of Hurricane Beth , hurricane warnings were issued for coastal and marine areas of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland . In Halifax , bus service was disrupted by the storm , and in Antigonish , business owners closed their stores and filled sandbags to prepare . The hurricane left extensive damage in its wake , especially to crops and infrastructure . Halifax International Airport reported 10 . 49 in ( 266 mm ) of rainfall over 30 hours . The heavy precipitation throughout the country triggered severe flooding , stranding hundreds of travelers . The mayor of Dartmouth reported that the area was a disaster , as 500 homes were reportedly inundated . Antigonish also experienced significant flooding waters there approached the top of parking meters . unk crops in the region included cereal grain , corn , and tobacco , whose inundated fields resembled vast lakes . Transport suffered severely several main roads , including part of the Trans Canada Highway and Nova Scotia Highway 102 , in northeastern Nova Scotia received flood damage and were temporarily blocked off . Additionally , the rising waters washed out several bridges in the region and swept away automobiles . Railways were covered by water , forcing trains to suspend their operation . Drinking water in Dartmouth was contaminated due to excessive runoff into Lake Antigonish , and a trailer park in Antigonish flooded , prompting 600 residents to evacuate . Overall monetary damage from Beth is estimated at between 3 . 5 million and 5 . 1 million USD . One person was indirectly killed by the hurricane in a traffic accident induced by heavy rain .
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883 | Playlist The Very Best of Destiny 's Child is the third compilation album by American R B girl group Destiny 's Child . It was released on October 9 , 2012 through Columbia Records matching with the fifteenth anniversary of Destiny 's Child 's formation . The compilation contained fourteen songs from the group 's repertoire consisting of four studio albums . Upon its release , the received positive reviews from critics who praised its track list featuring the band 's most popular songs however some of them noted the lack of new material as a downside . It peaked at numbers 77 and 17 on the Billboard 200 and the magazine 's Top R B Hip Hop Albums chart respectively , becoming the highest ranking release of the playlist album series through Legacy Recordings . Background and release On July 7 , 2012 , Mathew Knowles , the music manager of the group , revealed that Destiny 's Child would reunite after a seven year long hiatus saying , We still have our joint venture with Sony , and in November , we 're putting out two Destiny 's Child catalog records with new material . During the interview , he also mentioned plans for a possible tour . Later it was confirmed through a press release by Music World Entertainment , Columbia Records and Legacy Recordings on September 19 , 2012 that the album would be a greatest hits compilation album titled Playlist The Very Best of Destiny 's Child and it would be released on October 9 , 2012 to mark the group 's fifteenth anniversary since its formation . The album contains fourteen songs from Destiny 's Child 's four studio albums Destiny 's Child ( 1998 ) , The Writing 's on the Wall ( 1999 ) , Survivor ( 2001 ) and Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) . Group members Beyonc , Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams served as the producers for Playlist The Very Best of Destiny 's Child along with Mathew Knowles . Critical reception Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the website AllMusic praised Playlist The Very Best of Destiny 's Child along with their other greatest hits compilation 1 's for being excellent overviews of the biggest and best female R B group of their time . He further noted similarities in their content as they shared twelve same songs on their respective track listings . James Robertson of Daily Mirror magazine described the album as amazing and added that unlike other albums that recycle good songs to ship some of their rubbish new material it 's actually awesome . Consequence of Sound writer Jeremy D. Larson described the compilation as hit heavy . Chris Martins of Spin felt that the album sans any big surprises due to lack of newly recorded material by the group . Gerrick D. Kennedy writing for the Los Angeles Times felt that sadly , the album won 't feature any goodies that a fan of the sassy pop R B group didn 't already own further noting that it covered largely the same ground as 1 's . Commercial performance On the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States , Playlist The Very Best of Destiny 's Child debuted and peaked at number 77 on the chart issue dated December 8 , 2012 . The album also spent an additional week on the chart . The album performed better on the Top R B Hip Hop Albums where it peaked at number 17 and charted for a total of nine weeks . In November 2012 , Billboard magazine revealed that Playlist The Very Best of Destiny 's Child was the highest ranking album in Legacy Recording 's Playlist series . Following Destiny 's Child reunion performance at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show on February 3 , 2013 , the compilation climbed to number 66 on the iTunes Albums chart . Track listing Credits and personnel Credits for Playlist The Very Best of Destiny 's Child are adapted from the album 's liner notes and the website AllMusic . Release history
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884 | Keggy the Keg is the unofficial mascot of Dartmouth College , an Ivy League university in Hanover , New Hampshire , United States . Keggy is an anthropomorphic beer keg , created in 2003 by members of the college humor magazine the Dartmouth Jack O Lantern , to fill the mascot void that followed the abolition of the Indian mascot in 1971 . Due to its nature , the mascot was controversial on Dartmouth 's campus , and it was reported on in a variety of national media . With time , however , it has become an ingrained part of Dartmouth culture . Context and creation After dropping the mascot of the Indian , Dartmouth had no official mascot . Dartmouth continued to be known by its nickname of The Big Green , but , citing the ambiguity , lack of dynamism , and intangibility of having no mascot , the Dartmouth Student Assembly proposed a student poll in spring 2003 to decide upon a new mascot . While the Moose came in first in this poll , many students remained dissatisfied with the choice , and the moose lost a final poll to no mascot . Chris unk and Nic Duquette , students at the Jack O Lantern humor magazine , expressed interest in creating a mascot that wasn 't racist , biased or sexist , yet was entirely unacceptable . In an effort to force the administration to adopt a more interesting mascot , they created Keggy , an anthropomorphic keg that represents the most obvious Dartmouth stereotype the beer swilling Animal House fraternity culture . Reactions Reaction to Keggy 's introduction was mixed the student body president personally endorsed Keggy in the mascot search , while the College newspaper The Dartmouth reported a mixed student reaction and published opposing opinions . The paper also reported on flak over the mascot from College administrators , though the Dean of the College lauded the students ' capacity to come up with imaginative and creative ideas . Keggy subsequently received media attention beyond the College at other Ivy League newspapers and on several national media outlets . Michael Wilbon of ESPN 's Pardon the Interruption called Keggy some stupid beer thing , and Playboy magazine published a feature on Keggy as part of a Mascots Talk Back series . A posting of a photo of Keggy on CollegeHumor was popular enough to receive status as a National Pick . In August , 2012 Yahoo Sports ranked Keggy the Keg as the 1 Most Unique Mascot . History Shortly after Keggy 's introduction in 2003 , a group of students stole the Keggy costume from its home in the Sigma Nu fraternity library and sent threatening notes to Keggy 's creators , including photographs of the mascot bound and gagged with one black eye . Some thought this to be a publicity stunt by the creators , but the mascot had truly been stolen . Keggy was eventually returned with minor damage to the costume . Keggy continued to make occasional appearances at Dartmouth sporting events , and became an ingrained part of Dartmouth culture at Dartmouth 's 2005 Winter Carnival celebration , students named the snow sculpture of a large ship Captain Keggy 's Carnival Cruiser . In early 2006 , College officials denied Keggy entrance to a sold out hockey game ( officials cited fire code concerns with the capacity crowd ) , prompting a Jack O Lantern penned editorial in The Dartmouth condemning the incident the Jack O Lantern website alleged anti keg racism . A similar incident occurred in October 2006 when Keggy was not permitted on the field at halftime of the Homecoming football game , again resulting in further complaints in The Dartmouth and on the Jack O Lantern website . The costume disappeared before the fall term of 2008 and has not been seen or returned since . The Jack O Lantern built a replacement costume and unveiled it at the 2009 Winter Carnival .
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885 | Transfusion is the second EP by the Australian rock group Powderfinger . It was released on 27 September 1993 by Polydor . The album was the group 's first recording with Polydor , as the group had signed with the label due to the success of the previous EP by the band , Powderfinger . The song Reap What You Sow is the first song by Powderfinger to have a music video . The EP received minor chart success , though not achieving a mainstream ARIA Singles Chart position . It reached the 1 position on the ARIA Alternative Chart , taking the place of Nirvana 's single Heart Shaped Box . History Transfusion was recorded and produced by Powderfinger in 1993 under the Polydor label , at Red unk studios in Brisbane . Despite working with Polydor , the group did not sign any contract prior to work on the EP . Says lead singer Bernard Fanning , We haven t signed anything ... we certainly haven t signed with them ( Polydor ) . This statement also refuted rumours that the band had signed with various labels including Red Eye , Emily , Polydor , and Imago , according to Fanning . In producing Transfusion , the band aimed to move away from the sixties tag that had been placed on them by the musical community . According to Fanning , it is human nature that you really can t help but categorise , and this instinct was something the EP attempted to move away from . He went on to say that it d be nice , in a perfect world , just to be judged on your own merits , whilst hitting back at those who gave Powderfinger the sixties tag by saying that people that say that aren t really listening , I think . Release Publicity In order to publicise the release , Powderfinger decided to film a music video its first track , Reap What You Sow . The music video was directed by the advertisement director David Barker of Film Headquarters . This work with Barker proved amicable , and lead to the band 's following seven music videos also being directed by him . The Reap What You Sow video used black and white footage of Fanning lying in a creek floating and leaning on rocks . These scenes are intercut with more black and white scenes of the band performing the song , in one setting on the side of a mountain overlooking their home city of Brisbane . In another setting , the band is unk full colour playing live to an audience . Later in the video , the whole band are recreating in the creek seen earlier in the video . The video uses a range of filters and effects , including reversed scenes and visual filters . Response Transfusion replaced Heart Shaped Box by Nirvana at the top of the ARIA alternative music chart in 1993 . Despite appearing a notable achievement , Fanning overlooked its significance , telling Rolling Stone magazine , All it did was make us aware of how few people buy records . He estimated that it had taken 1 , 000 sales for the EP to top the alternative music chart . However , Fanning said he hoped that the EP s chart success would open doors for Powderfinger to play at renowned concerts such as the Big Day Out . Reap What You Sow , the opening track on Transfusion , received some air time on Triple M in Brisbane , and on Triple J nationwide in Australia , but its airplay was incomparable to future singles by the band . The song did , however , win the band much local popularity , topping local community radio station and indie record store charts . It was recognisable and appreciated for ( establishing ) the band 's tone and moral stance from the outset . Charts Track listing All music and lyrics written by Bernard Fanning , John Collins , Ian Haug , Darren Middleton , Jon Coghill . Reap What You Sow 5 29 Change the Tide 4 40 Blind to Reason 6 11 Mama Harry 3 11 Rise Up 5 00 Personnel
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886 | The imbrex and tegula ( plurals imbrices and tegulae ) were overlapping roof tiles used in ancient Greek and Roman architecture as a waterproof and durable roof covering . They were made predominantly of fired clay , but also sometimes of marble , bronze or gilt . In Rome , they replaced wooden shingles , and were used on almost every type of structure , from humble outbuildings to grand temples and public facilities . The tegula ( Greek unk ) was a plain flat tile , or a flat tile with raised edges , which was laid flat upon the roof , while the imbrex ( Greek unk ) was a semi cylindrical roofing tile , like a half pipe , laid over the joints between the tegulae . When well made and properly imbricated ( overlapped ) , there was little need for further waterproofing or sealant . The roofing area was generally surrounded by antefixae which were often decorated , and had several decorative unk to cover each end row imbrex . The concept of imbrex and tegula roofing in pitched roof construction is still in use today as an international feature of style and design , and is the origin of the term unk for the condition of things arranged in overlapping layers . History and development unk and tegulae were first made by the Greeks . Like bricks , they were formed of wet clay in a four sided mould , often shaped with a piece of wire , and then baked in an oven or kiln . More sophisticated moulds were developed over time . unk were originally made perfectly flat , or with nothing more than a ridge underneath the upper border , which allowed the tile to be hung upon a sloping roof so that it would not slide to the ground . Later , tegulae were formed with a raised border on the two vertical sides , which would channel rainwater to the bottom of the tile , rather than allowing it to seep between tiles to dampen the roofing materials . Another improvement occurred when these two raised borders were made to converge , forming a broad v shaped trapezoid with the narrowest edge downwards , nestling into the widest part of the tile below it to form a continuous channel . The imbrices completed the waterproofing of the roof by arching over the joints between the vertical edges of the tegulae , dividing the roof into channels . Rain water flowed off the curved imbrices into the channels and down over the surfaces of the tegulae , and descended into the gutter ( canalis ) . In formal architecture the canalis had a plain or ornamented frontal piece set atop the entablature , immediately above the cornice . The semicircular opening at the front of the lowermost imbrex was often capped with an ornamental fronton , and the spouts which drained the gutters were frequently decorated with lions ' heads ( capita unk ) or other fantastic or grotesque faces . By Roman times many tiles were being made under the auspices of various Roman legions , and were imprinted with a stamp of the legion 's insignia . unk and tegulae are common finds in archaeological sites , and their design and markings can be of use in dating the sites and identifying the inhabitants . For instance , a 1993 archaeological dig in Merseyside in England uncovered over 300 kg ( 660 lb ) of tile and kiln remains . Some of the tegulae were stamped with the unk unk of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix . Romans also often recycled broken tiles by incorporating them into mortar . Tiles of marble were first used around the year 620 BC . Besides the superior beauty and durability of the material , these tiles could be made of a much larger size than those of clay . Consequently , they were used in the construction of the greatest temples , such as the Temple of Zeus at Olympia , the Parthenon at Athens , and the Serapeum at Puteoli ( modern Pozzuoli ) . Still more expensive and magnificent tiles were made of bronze and gilt . Gallery
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887 | Tropical Storm Dottie was the ninth tropical cyclone and fourth named storm of the 1976 Atlantic hurricane season . The precursor to Dottie formed in the Gulf of Mexico on August 17 and organized into a tropical depression on August 18 . The storm drifted towards the east , and , after peaking as a moderate tropical storm , it accelerated northeastward and made landfall on Florida . Upon re emerging in the Atlantic , Dottie turned northward and moved ashore near Charleston , South Carolina . Damage from the storm was primarily insignificant and limited to gusty winds , heavy rainfall , and high tides however , a fishing boat capsized in the Bahamas , resulting in the deaths of four people . Meteorological history Dottie originated in an area of low pressure that formed on August 17 , about 150 mi ( 240 km ) northwest of Key West , Florida . The center of the disturbance soon began to consolidate while barometric pressure fell 8 mbar in 24 hours it was declared a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on August 18 . The depression drifted east and northeastward over the next day , though it began to accelerate on August 19 . The cyclone further intensified to tropical storm status by 1200 UTC . Operationally , however , it was not named until later that day . Having made landfall in southwestern Florida , Dottie quickly proceeded northeastward before re emerging into the Atlantic Ocean . High pressure building to the north of the storm indicated it would turn more towards the west , but it moved nearly due northward . The cyclone attained its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km h ) at 0600 UTC on August 20 and subsequently began to weaken by the time Dottie made landfall in Charleston , South Carolina later that evening , it was barely of tropical storm intensity . It deteriorated into a tropical depression on August 21 and dissipated shortly thereafter . The remnant low pressure system turned southward and once again entered the Atlantic before turning westward and crossing the Florida peninsula . Preparations and impact In response to the storm , gale warnings were issued on August 19 from Jacksonville , Florida to Virginia Beach , Virginia . A hurricane watch was also posted between Savannah , Georgia and Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . The hurricane watch was later extended to Jacksonville when conditions appeared more favorable for the storm 's intensification , but was soon discontinued . Flooding rains were anticipated in the Carolinas , though , in contrast , Dottie was compared to a mere thunderstorm by some local officials . Prior to being upgraded to a tropical storm , the depression spawned heavy precipitation and high winds throughout southern Florida and portions of the Bahamas . In Fort Lauderdale , the storm dropped 10 . 68 in ( 271 mm ) of rainfall , and in the Miami area , 24 hour rainfall totals reached 8 in ( 200 mm ) . The heavy rainfall caused street flooding across the region . The highest recorded wind gusts were 62 mph ( 100 km h ) in Islamorada , and in the city the winds damaged a roof . The winds downed trees , and left roughly 20 neighborhoods in southern Florida without power during the passage of Dottie . Wind gusts of 40 to 50 mph ( 64 to 80 km h ) were recorded across the northern Florida Keys and Grand Bahama . Near the latter location , a fishing boat capsized during the storm four of its occupants drowned . Along the Southeastern U.S. coast , tides generally ran 1 to 2 ft ( 0 . 30 to 0 . 61 m ) above normal , peaking at 3 . 5 ft ( 1 . 1 m ) in North Carolina . Moderate to heavy rainfall was reported in the Carolinas , causing flooding of 5 ft ( 1 . 5 m ) deep in New Hanover County , North Carolina . Overall damage was light and primarily limited to coastal beach erosion . In some areas , Dottie helped relieve drought conditions .
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888 | Tropical Storm Fabian was a short lived tropical storm during the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season . The sixth named storm of the year , it formed in the northwest Caribbean southwest of Cuba . The storm reached a peak intensity of 45 mph ( 75 km h ) , shortly before crossing over Cuba as it moved northeast past Florida . Fabian became extratropical north of the Bahamas the next day , and dissipated on October 17 . Fabian caused only light rainfall along its path and there were no reported fatalities or damage . Meteorological history The origins of Fabian were from a tropical wave and a cold front that entered the northwestern Caribbean Sea on October 12 . The two systems interacted in the Gulf of Honduras , producing convection and low atmospheric pressures . An anticyclone developed over the system , which aided in the organization of the thunderstorms . At 1300 UTC on October 15 , a Hurricane Hunters flight observed sustained winds of 40 mph ( 65 km h ) to the southwest of the Isle of Youth . Based on the report , the system was classified as Tropical Storm Fabian . Its development was typical for an October storm in the western Caribbean . With a high pressure area to the north , there was already a large pressure gradient that had produced tropical storm force winds over the area . By the time Fabian developed a circulation , it was able to be classified as a tropical storm . However , it is possible it was a tropical depression for about 12 hours before the Hurricane Hunters report . Upon becoming a tropical storm , Fabian was disorganized and had restricted outflow . An eastward moving upper level trough imparted a northeast motion as well as unfavorable wind shear . Despite the atmospheric conditions , Fabian intensified slightly to peak winds of 45 mph ( 75 km h ) , although the strongest winds were located primarily east of the center . Late on October 15 , the storm moved over the Isle of Youth before crossing over western Cuba . By early on October 16 , the center was becoming difficult to locate on satellite imagery . The storm moved through the Florida Straits , passing just southeast of the Florida mainland and into the Bahamas . There was initial uncertainty whether Fabian would be absorbed by the approaching trough or maintain its separate identity . By late on October 16 , Fabian transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it was absorbed into the trough . Preparations and impact When Fabian first formed , the government of Cuba issued a tropical storm warning from Havana to Ciego de vila Province , as well as the Isle of Youth . Before the storm hit the Cuban mainland , it produced wind gusts to 40 mph ( 65 km h ) in Cayo Largo del Sur . Its primary form of impact was from heavy rainfall in a 24 hour period , peaking at 6 . 2 inches ( 157 . 5 mm ) in unk on the south coast of Cuba . In a six hour period , Punta del Este recorded 5 in ( 130 mm ) . Concurrent with Fabian 's first advisory , a tropical storm watch was issued for all of the Florida Keys as well as for the Bahamas . The watch in the Bahamas was later upgraded to a warning . Prior to the storm 's passage , two state parks were closed in the Florida Keys . In Dade County , Florida , a few storm shelters were opened , in anticipation that Fabian might bring flooding rains . As it passed east of the state , it dropped rainfall near the coast that peaked at 4 . 19 in ( 106 mm ) in Conch Key . In the Florida Keys , the National Weather Service Office in Key West recorded sustained winds of 28 mph ( 44 km h ) with gusts to 32 mph ( 52 km h ) . Only isolated flooding happened from the precursor system to Fabian . In South Florida , Homestead Air Force Base reported rainfall of 3 . 68 inches ( 93 . 5 mm ) , but this too was attributed to the precursor frontal system , rather than Fabian itself .
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889 | Europa and the Pirate Twins is a song by English artist Thomas Dolby , featured on his 1982 album The Golden Age of Wireless . Written by Dolby , who produced it alongside Tim Friese Greene , the song was released as a single on 3 October 1981 . The song , described as a synth pop classic , was inspired by the atmosphere of World War II , and features a guest appearance by XTC 's Andy Partridge . The single reached a peak position of 48 in the United Kingdom , Dolby 's home country , as well as charting in the United States and Canada . Composition Taken from the album The Golden Age of Wireless , Europa and the Pirate Twins was written by Thomas Dolby , who produced it in collaboration with Tim Friese Greene . The song opens with a bluesy harmonica solo , performed by Andy Partridge of the band XTC . The song makes use of electronic drums , and features a high register synthesiser line throughout . The song 's main musical hook is a Bo Diddley beat , a repetitive rhythm common in several musical genres . Drowned in Sound 's Joseph Stannard has noted that Europa and the Pirate Twins is written with World War II as a strong influence , and that the song emphasises the short distance between Dolby 's generation and the one which endured the last global conflict . Dolby has described the song , along with the tone of the album , as reflecting a sense of a relationship that 's going on as being overwhelmed by something on a grander level , adding that there 's a very strong wartime atmosphere to it . The song was described as a semi autobiographical romp in the liner notes for Dolby 's 2009 greatest hits album The Singular Thomas Dolby , the release of which was overseen by the singer . Europa and the Pirate Twins received a sequel on Dolby 's 1992 album Astronauts Heretics , in the song Eastern Bloc which has been described by Audio magazine as appealingly faithful to the original . Release Europa and the Pirate Twins was released as a single in the United Kingdom on 3 October , 1981 . It was Dolby 's first major label release , taken from his EMI released dbut album The Golden Age of Wireless . The song spent three weeks in the UK Singles Chart , reaching a peak position of 48 . The song first appeared in RPM magazine 's Canadian singles chart on 18 June , 1983 , debuting at number 50 . It eventually reached a peak position of 45 in that chart . The song debuted in the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on 2 July 1983 , spending five weeks there and peaking at number 67 . It also reached a peak position of 37 in the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks charts in 1982 . The song 's release was accompanied by a music video , blending together several elements of footage . These included footage of the Ziegfeld Follies , Dolby interacting with a futuristic unk , and black and white shots of a Dolby and a shrouded female figure by the coast . The video was written and directed by Dolby . Reception Europa and the Pirate Twins has been described by Peter Buckley , in his book The Rough Guide to Rock , as unk ing Dolby 's trademark combination of the charming and the gimmicky . Writing for Allrovi , Stewart Mason described the song as a hyperactive synth pop classic , whose every nook and cranny is stuffed with some sort of ear grabbing hook . Mason added that the song pack s a remarkable amount of detail into two short verses and a bridge and resolves with a soaring , bittersweet chorus . Writing about the song 's music video , Dennis Shin of PopMatters described Dolby as being on the leading edge in the medium , highlighting the videos for She Blinded Me with Science and unk in addition to describing that for Europa and the Pirate Twins as being one of his lesser known and unsung videos .
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890 | Davison House ( officially the Eliza Davison House ) is a five story dormitory on the campus of Vassar College in the town of Poughkeepsie , New York . Designed by Boston architecture firm Allen Vance and built 1902 , it was the fourth dorm built on Vassar 's residential quadrangle . It houses 191 students of any grade or gender and it became Vassar 's first disabled accessible dorm following a 2008 2009 renovation . History Davison House was the fourth residential quadrangle ( quad ) dormitory to be built on the campus Vassar College in the town of Poughkeepsie , New York . Construction of Davison came during a period of rapid dorm building spanning 1893 1902 during which the older seminary style model of housing a single large hall in which all a college 's residents lived , in Vassar 's case Main Building was quickly waning in popularity in favor of smaller individual houses . The project began with the opening of Strong House in 1893 and continued with Raymond House in 1897 , Lathrop House in 1901 , and finally Davison in 1902 . Davison House was built with funds provided by magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller , then a trustee at the college . Named in honor of his mother as the Eliza Davison House , it was the third structure at Vassar that Rockefeller paid for , after Strong House and Rockefeller Hall . unk replaced Davison 's roof in 1960 and new windows were installed in 1980 . A new staircase on the side of the dorm facing away from the quad was built in 2005 . The dorm underwent a major renovation during the 2008 2009 school year , reopening at the beginning of the 2009 2010 academic year . The renovation included plans for upgraded accessibility , including an elevator and disabled accessible bathrooms and doors , making it Vassar 's first dorm to offer those features . Architecture and features Davison was designed by the Boston architectural firm of Francis Richmond Allen and J. McArthur Vance who were also responsible for the design of its neighbor , Lathrop House , in 1901 . unk a design for these two buildings was not difficult as a template had already been set by way of the preexisting Strong and Raymond Houses . Frederick Law Olmsted , a consultant of design for the college , recommended that any new dorms in the area be built in an echelon formation in order to provide for a greater sense of openness . Allen disregarded this advice , instead opting to place the dorm , along with Lathrop , in two long unbroken rows of buildings on the bias . Davison was ultimately placed north of Raymond , across the quad to the west of Lathrop , and diagonally across from Strong . Standing a total of five stories tall with an additional basement level , Davison is an Elizabethan brick building . It is capped with a pitched Pennsylvania slate roof and five chimneys , each multiple wythes thick . Several cupolas also jut from the roof , each fitted with louvers . The dorm features elements of brownstone trim and brownstone capped brick parapets . Inside the building , dorm room floors are made of wood paneling . Walls are painted cream and fifth floor rooms feature sloped ceilings and inlaid skylights . Bathrooms have tile floors and marble sinks , while communal spaces utilize motion sensing lighting technology . The house is co ed and currently has a capacity of 191 students . Residents of Davison , which houses students of all grades , may live in either single rooms , one room doubles , or three room triples with bathrooms being shared by all members of a hall . The dorm has a kitchen , a parlor abutting the quad , and , as of 2011 , its basement was a frequent practice space for student bands . In a 2005 guide to the school published by College Prowler , Davison was named one of the three best dorms at Vassar , along with Main and Jewett .
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891 | Tyan Little Girl Taylor ( born 23 March 1990 ) is an Australian goalball winger and is classified as a B3 competitor . In 2009 , after only a month playing the sport , Taylor was named to the New South Wales team . She made the national team in 2011 and has played in the 2010 World Championships , 2011 IBSA Goalball World Cup and 2011 IBSA Africa Oceania Goalball Regional Champions . She was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in goalball . Personal life Nicknamed Little Girl because of her size , Taylor was born on 23 March 1990 in Mount Kuring gai , New South Wales . She has ocular albinism and nystagmus , conditions she was born with , and is 156 centimetres ( 61 in ) tall . Taylor has participated in two extreme sports skydiving and bungee jumping . In 2011 and 2012 , she lived in Normanhurst , New South Wales . In 2012 , she worked as a teacher 's aide . Goalball Taylor is a goalball player , and is a winger and centre . She is classified as a B3 competitor , and has a goalball scholarship with the New South Wales Institute of Sport . When Taylor was ten years old , several years before started the sport , her grandmother made a comment to her after having seen the game that Taylor could play and one day make the Paralympics . Only when she got to high school , in August 2009 , did she start playing the sport . After only a month playing the sport , Taylor was selected for the New South Wales team that competed at the 2009 National Championships , where she was the second leading scorer in what was her first major competition . Playing again for New South Wales , she competed in the 2011 National Championships , and was named the tournament 's MVP . At the 2012 Australian National Championships , her New South Wales team finished second , and she was awarded the Ladies ' MVP and the Kenaghan Medal , which was awarded at the end of the tournament . Taylor made her national team debut in 2010 at the World Championships in Britain . It was the first time the national team had played in three years . The team finished sixth at the 2011 IBSA Goalball World Cup , where she scored her first international goal in a game against the Spain women 's national goalball team . She competed in the 2011 IBSA Africa Oceania Goalball Regional Champions that were hosted in Turkey , which served as the Paralympic qualifying tournament . In her first game against New Zealand , her team won 11 4 after leading 7 1 at the half time break . She scored one goal in the team 's victory . Australia won the final game against New Zealand by a score of 6 2 . She played in the game against New Zealand women 's national goalball team with Taylor scoring a pair of goals in the game . Taylor was named to the Aussie Belles that was going to the 2012 Summer Paralympics . That the team qualified for the Games came as a surprise , as the Australian Paralympic Committee had been working on player development with an idea of the team qualifying for the 2016 Summer Paralympics , and an Australian team had not participated since the 2000 Summer Paralympics , when they earned an automatic selection as hosts , and the team finished last in the competition . Going into the Paralympics , her team was ranked eighth in the world . The Australian Paralympic Committee had chosen to work on her development as a goalball player with the idea that she might be able to qualify for and win a medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics . Taylor debuted the national team 's Paralympic uniform on 1 May 2012 at the Sydney Overseas Passenger Terminal on day two of the Mercedes Benz Fashion Week Australia Spring Summer 2012 13 . In the 2012 Summer Paralympics tournament , the Belles played games against Japan , Canada , the United States and Sweden . They lost every game , and did not advance to the finals .
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892 | 55 Cancri d ( abbreviated 55 Cnc d ) , also named Lipperhey , is an extrasolar planet in a long period orbit around the Sun like star 55 Cancri A. Located at a similar distance from its star as Jupiter is from our Sun , it is the fifth and outermost known planet in its planetary system . 55 Cancri d was discovered on June 13 , 2002 . In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning name was Lippershey for this planet . The winning name was submitted by the Royal Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy of the Netherlands . It honors the spectacle maker and telescope pioneer Hans Lippershey . In January 2016 , in recognition that his actual name was Lipperhey ( with Lippershey an error introduced in the 19th century ) , the exoplanet name was corrected to Lipperhey by the IAU and that name was submitted to the official sites that keep track of astronomical information . Discovery Like the majority of known extrasolar planets , 55 Cancri d was detected by observing changes in its star 's radial velocity . This was achieved by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the star 's spectrum . At the time of discovery , 55 Cancri A was already known to possess one planet ( 55 Cancri b ) , however there was still a drift in the radial velocity measurements which was unaccounted for . In 2002 , further measurements revealed the presence of a long period planet in an orbit at around 5 AU from the star . The same measurements also indicated the presence of another inner planet , designated 55 Cancri c . Orbit and mass When 55 Cancri d was discovered , it was thought to be on a fairly low eccentricity orbit similar to Jupiter in the Solar System , though the orbital elements were not well determined . As more data were collected , the best fit solution for this planet turned out to be highly eccentric , more so than any of the planets in the Solar System . In 2008 , after a complete orbit of this planet had been observed , the true orbit was revealed , indicating that as had been originally suspected , the planet 's 14 year orbit was in fact near circular , located about 5 . 77 AU from the star . A limitation of the radial velocity method used to discover 55 Cancri d is that only a lower limit on the planet 's mass can be obtained . In the case of 55 Cancri d , this lower limit was around 3 . 835 times the mass of Jupiter . In 2004 , astrometric measurements with the Fine Guidance Sensors on the Hubble Space Telescope suggest that the planet 's orbit is inclined by around 53 with respect to the plane of the sky . If this measurement is confirmed , it implies that the planet 's true mass is 25 greater than the lower limit , at around 4 . 8 Jupiter masses and it will not be coplanar with the innermost planets e and b ( both 85 ) . Characteristics Given the planet 's high mass , the planet is a gas giant with no solid surface . Since the planet has only been detected indirectly , parameters such as its radius , composition , and temperature are unknown . Assuming a composition similar to that of Jupiter and that the planet 's atmosphere is close to chemical equilibrium , it is predicted that 55 Cancri d is covered in a layer of water clouds the planet 's internal heat probably keeps it too warm to form the ammonia based clouds that are typical of Jupiter . Its surface gravity is likely to be about 4 to 5 times stronger than Jupiter , or about 10 to 15 times that of Earth which is because the radius of the planet is unlikely to be much more than Jupiter 's and is probably slightly smaller than Jupiter due to the high metal content in the parent star .
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893 | Big Boy aka I 'm A Big Boy Now was the first single ever recorded by the Jackson 5 , which was released by Steeltown Records in January 1968 . The group played instruments on many of their Steeltown compositions , including Big Boy . The song was neither a critical nor commercial success , but the Jackson family were delighted with the outcome nonetheless . The Jackson 5 would release a second single with Steeltown Records before moving to Motown Records . The group 's recordings at Steeltown Records were thought to be lost , but they were rediscovered more than 25 years later . They were remastered and released in 1995 , with Big Boy as the promotional lead single . First record deal and lead single The Jackson 5 began their career performing at talent contests , which they would often win . During a performance at Beckman Junior High in Gary , Indiana , the group were brought to the attention of Gordon Keith a singer , record producer , and a founder owner of Steeltown Records , a company also located in Gary . Keith , Steeltown Records President in 1967 , signed The Jackson Five to a limited record deal with him only in November of that year , producing and and releasing Big Boy on January 30 , 1968 . The band recorded with their instruments and a backing group on the weekends . Michael Jackson sang lead vocals on the majority of the tracks beginning with Big Boy in 1967 which took a few hours to record . Big Boy was written by Eddie Silvers of Chicago and was recorded there . The group were paid three cents for each record sold , which was split equally amongst the five brothers and their drummer . The group 's first single Big Boy was backed with the B side You 've Changed . The Jackson 5 and Johnny ( Johnny Jackson on drums , no relation ) would go on to perform Big Boy and other songs locally throughout the Gary and South Chicago area before moving to California in 1969 . Reception and Jackson family The Jackson family gathered around a radio to hear the song broadcast for the first time . Michael Jackson who was 9 years old at the time said of the experience , the family all laughed and hugged one another . We felt we had arrived . The single Big Boy did not appear on any of Billboard 's music charts but sold in excess of 10 , 000 copies . Leaving Steeltown The Jackson Five would release a second and final single through Steeltown Records We Don 't Have To Be Over 21 ( to Fall in Love ) . The two singles were to be supported by an eleven track studio album but it was never released . On July 26 , 1968 , the group signed a contract with Motown Records . However , as the group 's Steeltown contract had not yet expired , the new contract could not be fully executed until March 11 , 1969 . Motown Records tried to get the group out of their Steeltown contract , and ultimately succeeded with a financial settlement . Rediscovery The master tapes to Big Boy were thought to be lost , but in 1994 , Jackson family friend Ben Brown found the tapes in his parents ' kitchen pantry . Brown reissued the record in 1995 , on the Inverted Records label a week before Michael Jackson 's HIStory album was issued . He also remastered the song , selling it by mail order , along with an instrumental version , in a limited edition package consisting of a compact disc and cassette tape the package could be purchased at a cost of approximately 30 . The reissue of Big Boy was promoted with a music video . In 2009 , Gordon Keith put items from the Steeltown era up for auction , including a sizable number of mint condition copies of ' Big Boy ' in 45 rpm format and 100 copies of We Don 't Have To Be Over 21 ( to Fall in Love ) . Keith stated , I could use the money ... I got these guys off the ground ... I didn 't truly get real money for it .
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894 | M 94 is a state trunkline in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . It runs for 86 . 983 miles ( 139 . 986 km ) from K. I. Sawyer to Manistique . The highway is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour during a concurrency with M 28 . M 94 crosses the Siphon Bridge in Manistique , unique for the fact that the bridge roadway is below water level . M 94 has been realigned several times . It has had its own roadway between the M 28 junctions in Munising and Shingleton . Other changes have flip flopped M 94 with M 28 between Harvey and Munising and extended it across the former K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base . Route description M 94 begins at an intersection with M 553 and crosses the former K. I. Sawyer AFB . Then it overlaps US 41 for a little over a mile near Skandia . East of Skandia , M 94 runs through forest lands and serves the communities of Sundell and unk before entering Eben Junction . There M 94 intersects the southern section of H 01 . Further east is Chatham where there are junctions with the northern section of H 01 and M 67 . M 94 turns southerly briefly before returning to an east west direction to head to the community of Forest Lake and ultimately Munising . There M 94 joins a concurrency with M 28 and the Lake Superior Circle Tour from Munising to Shingleton . Until the turn at Shingleton , the route is more decidedly east west than north south . Between Shingleton and Manistique , M 94 is more north south . South of Shingleton , M 94 runs through forest lands as a part of the Great Manistique Swamp . Along the way are national forest campgrounds located near Steuben . South of Crooked Lake , M 94 curves to the east before turning almost due south to the Manistique area . In Manistique , M 94 enters town on North 5th St before turning to follow Deer Street and River Street . On River Street , the trunkline uses the Siphon Bridge to cross the Manistique River and then uses Elk and Maple streets before terminating at US 2 at Lakeshore Drive . Siphon Bridge In Manistique , M 94 crosses the Manistique River on the Siphon Bridge . Built as a part of a raceway flume on the river , the water level actually used to be higher than the road surface . This produced a siphon effect , giving the bridge its nickname . The Manistique Pulp and Paper Company was organized in 1916 and needed a dam on the Manistique River to supply their mill . This dam would have needed to flood a large section of the city . The shallow river banks meant difficulties in any bridge construction . Instead of expensive dikes , a concrete tank was built lengthwise in the river bed . The sides of this tank provided man made banks higher than the natural banks . The Michigan Works Progress Administration described the bridge as having , concrete bulkheads , formed by the side spans of the bridge , that allow the mill to maintain the water level several feet above the roadbed . The bridge acted as a siphon because the water level was above the roadway , and the structure has been featured in Ripley 's Believe It or Not History The December 1927 Michigan State Highway Department Official Highway Service Map shows M 94 routed from Au Train west to Munising and further along its current routing to Manistique . In 1928 or 1929 , M 94 was rerouted to run along Munising Van Meer Shingleton Road ( now H 58 and H 15 ) and southerly to Shingleton . This routing was abandoned on November 7 , 1963 . It was later extended westward to Harvey in 1939 . In 1941 , the portion of M 94 west from Munising to Harvey was made a part of M 28 , and M 94 was extended along its current routing from Munising to US 41 . M 94 was extended for the last time in 1998 over US 41 and through the old K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base to end at a newly designated M 553 . Major intersections
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895 | Go Missin ' is a song recorded by American singer songwriter Usher . It was produced by Diplo and was released on Valentine 's Day 2013 through SoundCloud as a free download . The year before , Usher released Climax on Valentine 's Day , the lead single from his seventh studio album , Looking 4 Myself ( 2012 ) . Prior to its release , the singer tweeted that he had a special delivery from the cloud for his fans , who responded positively to the release of Climax on Valentine 's Day the preceding year . Go Missin ' contains similar characteristics to Climax it is a quiet storm mid tempo R B track , and incorporates heavy bass and synthesizers . Usher utilizes his falsetto range throughout , with Billboard writing that the song 's lyrics follow Usher attempting to convince a stranded woman at a club to come home with him . The song received positive reviews from music critics , who praised Diplo 's production and Usher 's vocals . Background and release On February 14 , 2013 , Valentine 's Day , Usher announced through his Twitter and Facebook the release of a new single . He wrote through Twitter You loved what I gave you last Valentine 's Climax So here is ' Special delivery from the cloud unk sic Valentine 's Day . Go Missin ' was released on the day of its announcement through SoundCloud as a free download . The song was produced by Diplo , who previously collaborated with Usher on the track Climax , which was released as the lead single from the latter 's seventh studio album , Looking 4 Myself ( 2012 ) . Go Missin ' was later released to Italian radio on February 22 , 2013 . Composition and lyrics Go Missin ' has a running duration of three minutes and two seconds . It contains similar characteristics to Climax , in that it is a quiet storm R B track , complimented by drum machine . It is built upon synthesizers , while incorporating bass . Usher utilizes his falsetto range throughout the song , shifting in arrangements . Billboard wrote that the song 's lyrics follow Usher attempting to convince a stranded woman at a club to come home with him . The Huffington Post 's Kia Makarechi described Go Missin ' as a standard track , and wrote that its lyrics contain serial killer esque undertones in the line Conscience telling you you shouldn 't go , don 't listen I 'mma take care of you for sure Follow me right out that back door Go unk . Critical response August Brown of Los Angeles Times commended the song 's production and Usher 's vocals . Brown described the track as to be full of roiling snares and unk bass kicks while saying that Usher 's vocals are so pristine that they walk a line between digital witch magic and the hair raising choral work of Ligeti . About.com 's Mark Edward Nero described the collaboration as innovative , and thought that the track contained a cinematic quality with delicate vocals laid over a moody , semi futuristic electronic beat . Billboard 's David Greenwald compared Go Missin ' to the work of Canadian singer The Weeknd , while describing Usher 's vocals as seductive . Marc Hogan of Spin wrote that despite the song not being as immediately jaw dropping compared to Climax , it still contains the same Radiohead quiet storm style as the latter song , with Usher utilizing his hair raising falsetto . Forrest Wickman of Slate magazine interpreted the song as different in terms of music and lyrics to the latter song . Wickman praised Usher 's vocals , describing them as calculated to make you feel uneasy , swirling around in minor harmonies . Rolling Stones 's Jon Dolan gave the song three out of five stars , writing that Go Missin ' is not as subtle as Climax , though he praised its implementation of synthesizers , saying that it gives the song a nervous , predatory throb .
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896 | Knitta Please , also known as simply Knitta , is the group of artists who began the knit graffiti movement in Houston , Texas in 2005 . They are known for wrapping public architecture e.g. lampposts , parking meters , telephone poles , and signage with knitted or crocheted material . It has been called knit graffiti , yarn storming and unk . The mission is to make street art a little more warm and fuzzy . Knitta grew to eleven members by the end of 2007 , but eventually dwindled down to its founder , who continues to travel and knit graffiti . Internationally , as many as a dozen groups have followed Knitta 's lead . unk and the group have shown their art across the United States and around the world . History The group began with a self taught unk known as unk . She founded the group with anonymous member unk in October 2005 as a way to deal with frustration over their own unfinished knitting projects . It started with a doorknob cosy for the front door of unk 's Houston boutique . She loved it and , unexpectedly , so did the passersby . That inspired them to make more . The name of the group and the nicknames of the members were inspired by a desire to resemble graffiti , but with knitted items . The group mixed crafting terminology with a hip hop style , then changed the spelling to represent traditional street art monikers . unk and unk came up with their own names , then invented names for other members . Some former member names include unk unk , unk and P unk . By 2007 , Knitta 's membership had grown twelve members and there were an estimated five to twelve copycat groups internationally . By 2009 , there was a groundswell , according to Sydney , Australia author and academic Emily Howes , who identified groups in Scandinavia , Japan , South Africa , and the United States . However , membership in Knitta eventually dwindled , leaving only the founder . Art Usually tagging on Friday nights and Sunday mornings , Knitta taggers would leave a paper tag on each work , bearing the slogan unk please or unk unk . They tagged trees , lamp posts , railings , fire hydrants , monuments and other urban targets , Another popular piece involved hanging knitted bagged sneakers over aerial telephone cable . The crew would mark holidays by doing themed work , using , for example , pink yarn for Valentine 's Day pieces and sparkly yarn for New Years . When Knitta was not working with a theme , they would work on projects , tagging specific targets or specific areas . The group and their followers consider their graffiti a method of beautifying public space . However , such work is considered vandalism in some U.S. States . In 2006 the group decided to visit New York City , where they did their first large scale piece . Using more than 50 feet ( 15 m ) of knitted material donated by volunteers of the crew 's mailing list , they wrapped the top half of a monorail column . Knitta also called on others across the U.S. to get tagging and send in their images . For another large project , the group tagged all 25 trees in the median of Allen Parkway in Houston for the annual Art Car parade in May 2006 , wrapping them in blankets measuring two feet tall by two and a half feet long . A year later , they were invited to the Standard Hotel in Los Angeles , which caters to an edgy clientele , to tag a glass box featuring unk ' designs and concepts . To celebrate the 60th anniversary of Bergre de France , the first manufacturer of French yarn , the company invited Knitta to Paris to revitalize urban landscapes with knitted pieces . While there , they also tagged the Notre Dame de Paris . Knitta 's work has also been seen in London , Sydney , Rome , Milan , Prague , Sweden , Montreal , Mexico City , El Salvador , Netherlands , Germany , Luxembourg and atop the Great Wall of China .
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897 | The Actor and the Rube is a 1915 American silent short film produced by the Thanhouser Company under the Falstaff brand . Written by Philip Lonergan and directed by Arthur Ellery , this was the first Falstaff release . The production was supervised by Edwin Thanhouser and produced at the New Rochelle studios . The plot of the film is about a cranky farmer , who , disliked by his entire town , decides to head to New York . An actor disguises himself as the farmer and returns to the farmer 's village and makes him popular . After his work is done , the actor tells the farmer to return home and the farmer finds he is well liked and marries his love interest . The one reel comedy production saw a wide United States release and was also released in the United Kingdom under an alternate title , The Actor and the unk . Reviews were positive and focused on good acting and originality in the execution of a plot , with the New York Clipper finding it a welcome relief from the pie smashing antics of other comedies . Plot Hi Jenkins is a cranky farmer who is dislike by the whole village , including the spinster whom Jenkins wants to marry . Jenkins takes big losses while playing poker and heads to New York to forget his problems . In New York , an actor takes an interest in impersonating Jenkins and an accidental meeting is arranged . The actor studies Jenkins and goes back to the cranky farmer 's hometown and becomes popular with the people . The actor also wins at poker and regains the spinster 's interest . The actor returns and informs Jenkins to be silent and all will be well when he returns home . Jenkins returns and finds himself to be well liked , marries his spinster love interest and is no longer cranky . Cast Riley Chamberlin as the actor Boyd Marshall as the actor 's friend Edward N. Hoyt as Hi Jenkins , also known as the rube Leo Post John Reinhard Morgan Jones Kenneth Clarendon Production The Actor and the Rube was the first production of the new Falstaff brand of the Thanhouser Company . The production was personally supervised by Edwin Thanhouser at the New Rochelle studio . The new Falstaff productions would take the place of the Princess brand films which were doing poorly with the audiences . The scenario was written by Philip Lonergan and the production was directed by Arthur Ellery . The single reel film was approximately 1 , 015 feet in length . The production included Thanhouser actors , like Riley Chamberlin , and Princess brand actors like Boyd Marshall . An advertisement for the film stated that Boyd Marshall and Riley Chamberlain were the lead actors in the production . Reception and reception The film was released on April 16 , 1915 with a later British release under the title , The Actor and the unk on September 30 , 1915 . The film had a widespread release within the United States with advertised showings in Oregon , Illinois , Pennsylvania South Carolina , Kansas , Atlanta , Georgia , Indiana , New York , and California . A Motography review said , ... it is a good , wholesome comedy . Not uproariously funny , but it tells a story , and leaves one in good humor . The New York Dramatic Mirror praised the film as having been well produced and having consistently good acting . Another review in The Moving Picture World was favorable and found the production to be original and pleasing . The New York Clipper found the comedy to be a relief from the pie smashing , dough throwing , acrobatic affairs that a long suffering public has come to regard at the only sort of film comedy to be seen . The Motion Picture News called it an amusing farce that was clever . A more detailed review was written by Peter Milne said the story was not original in concept , but the role of the actor was well executed by Riley Chamberlain . The film is presumed lost .
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898 | The 55th Boat Race took place on 25 March 1899 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Cambridge won , their first success in a decade , by three and a quarter lengths in a time of 21 minutes 4 seconds . The victory took the overall record in the event to 32 23 in Oxford 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1898 race easily , with Cambridge leading overall with 32 victories to Cambridge 's 22 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford 's coaches were G. C. Bourne who had rowed for Oxford in the 1882 and 1883 races , Douglas McLean ( an Oxford Blue five times between 1883 and 1887 ) and R. P. Rowe ( who rowed for Oxford four times between 1889 and 1892 ) . Cambridge were coached by William Fletcher , Oxford Blue and R. C. Lehmann , the former president of the Cambridge Union Society and captain of the 1st Trinity Boat Club ( although he had rowed in the trials eights for Cambridge , he was never selected for the Blue boat ) . The umpire for the race for the tenth year in a row was Frank Willan who won the event four consecutive times , rowing for Oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 5 lb ( 78 . 3 kg ) , 0 . 5 pounds ( 0 . 23 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw three rowers with Boat Race experience return , in Claude Goldie , former Boat Club president William Dudley Ward and Raymond Broadly Etherington Smith . Oxford 's crew contained four former Blues , including Harcourt Gilbey Gold who was rowing at stroke for the fourth consecutive year . All but one of the Oxford crew were educated at Eton College Cambridge 's crew contained five Old Etonians . Australian rower Noel Leonard Coward was the only participant in the race registered as non British . C. E. Johnston of Oxford was the father of Brian Johnston , the cricket broadcaster , who , eighty two years later , would become the BBC 's principal boat race commentator . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . The weather on the day of the race was good , but the tide was poor . Willan got the race underway at 12 58 p.m. and the crews remained reasonably level until the Mile Post , where Oxford held a quarter of a length lead . Cambridge began to reduce the deficit , so Oxford stroke Gold increased the rate in an attempt to make the most of the favourable bend in the river . The spurt had little effect , and the Light Blue stroke John Houghton Gibbon responded in kind with a burst of his own . The Cambridge boat drew away quickly and were well ahead by The Doves pub , allowing them to take matters fairly easily over the latter part of the course . Cambridge won by three and a quarter lengths in a time of 21 minutes and 4 seconds . It was their first victory in ten years and took the overall record to 32 23 in Oxford 's favour . Author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater remarked that Cambridge were definitely the better crew and noted that their effort was all the more impressive as number four John Ernest Payne had been struck down by influenza just a day before the race .
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899 | Girl in Mirror ( sometimes Girl in the Mirror ) is a 1964 porcelain enamel on steel pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein that is considered to exist in between eight and ten editions . One edition was part of a 14 million 2012 lawsuit regarding a 2009 sale , while another sold in 2010 for 4 . 9 million . Although it uses Ben Day dots like many other Lichtenstein works , it was inspired by the New York City Subway rather than directly from a panel of a romance comics work . Analysis Girl in Mirror uses Ben Day dots like many of his other works , but it was inspired by the hard reflective finish of signs in the New York City Subway system and , in turn , they inspired his subsequent ceramic head works . Enamel facilitated a more mechanical appearance than even his paintings while remaining in two dimensions . After 1963 , Lichtenstein 's comics based women ... look hard , crisp , brittle , and uniformly modish in appearance , as if they all came out of the same pot of makeup . This particular example is one of several that is cropped so closely that the hair flows beyond the edges of the canvas . Editions One edition of this painting was the subject of a legal dispute involving 2009 sale without consent . Another edition of this work sold at auction at Christie 's ( New York , Rockefeller Plaza ) Post War and Contemporary Evening Sale for 4 , 898 , 500 ( premium ) on November 10 , 2010 although it was only expected to sell in the 3 4 million range . Girl in Mirror exists in eight editions according to most , however , Clare Bell of the Roy Lichtenstein Foundation said that inventory records for the Leo Castelli Gallery , where Lichtenstein showed in the 1960s , say that there may be 10 versions of the work , some of them original proofs . One edition exhibited at the Gagosian Gallery in New York in 2008 . There had been three previous auction sales of this work May 5 , 1986 at Sotheby 's New York for 100 , 000 USD ( hammer ) , May 4 , 1987 at Sotheby 's New York for 150 , 000 USD ( hammer ) , and May 15 , 2007 Sotheby 's New York for 3 , 600 , 000 ( hammer ) 4 , 072 , 000 ( premium ) . 2012 lawsuit On January 18 , 2012 , a suit was filed in Manhattan in New York State Court in a case related to two earlier federal cases . The suit alleges both lack of consent and fraudulent misrepresentation of the painting 's condition . The suit was for 14 million , including 10 million in punitive damages . 93 year old Jan Cowles claims that in 2008 her son , New York art dealer Charles Cowles , transferred a version of Girl in Mirror to Larry Gagosian for sale without her consent . The suit claims that Gagosian fraudulently claimed the painting was damaged and sold it between August and December 2009 for 2 million , while charging a 1 million commission , rather than sell at or above the 3 million low estimate for a negotiated commission of 500 , 000 . As a result of the edition shown during the summer 2008 Roy Lichtenstein Girls exhibition at the Gagosian Gallery , at one point the gallery was in possession of two editions of Girl in Mirror , one of which was damaged . The intake notes for the Cowles version indicate no damage and Gagosian 's international marketing of the work was consistent with the undamaged condition . Reception The New York Times notes that this was an example of Lichtenstein 's ability to glorify the American woman by giving innocuous images of her generic concocted self and her roiling emotions such blazing formal power . Framing a small fragment of the image in the mirror serves an artistic purpose . Extraordinary sections like ... linking the falling hair to the semi reflected face of the girl in the mirror ( Girl in the mirror , 1964 ) ... which cut up , analyse , and unite , all have the one aim of intensifying the signifying fragment .
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