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2,300 | No. 75 Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) wing that operated during World War II . It was formed in October 1943 at Townsville , Queensland , under North Eastern Area Command . The wing soon deployed to Horn Island to take control of RAAF units based there and at Thursday Island and Cape York Peninsula . Responsible for air defence and maritime patrol in the Torres Strait , No. 75 Wing 's flying units operated P 40 Kittyhawk fighters , Bristol Beaufort reconnaissance bombers , and A 31 Vengeance dive bombers . The wing was disbanded in August 1944 . History No. 75 Wing was raised on 13 October 1943 at Garbutt in Townsville , Queensland , under the command of Wing Commander ( later Group Captain ) Edgar Bruce Courtney . On formation it had a staff of ten , including three officers . The wing was responsible for RAAF units at Horn Island , Thursday Island , and Higgins Field on Cape York Peninsula . An advance party departed Garbutt for Horn Island on 21 October , and the wing headquarters was fully established there six days later . The same month , No. 84 Squadron , based at Horn Island and recently converted from CAC Boomerangs to P 40 Kittyhawks , was transferred from the control of No. 72 Wing ( headquartered at Merauke , New Guinea ) to No. 75 Wing . Other units at Horn Island included No. 28 Operational Base Unit , which had been located there since being formed in May 1942 No. 112 Mobile Fighter Sector Headquarters ( formerly No. 12 Mobile Fighter Sector Headquarters ) and a detachment of No. 7 Squadron ( headquartered at Townsville ) , operating Bristol Beaufort reconnaissance bombers . No. 33 Operational Base Unit , formed at Townsville in April 1943 , established itself at Higgins Field on 23 October . No. 1 Repair and Salvage Unit was also headquartered at Higgins , but maintained a detachment on Thursday Island . No. 23 Air Stores Park , based on Thursday Island , was responsible for logistical support of No. 75 Wing units . No. 84 Squadron had been responsible for air defence in the Torres Strait since arriving at Horn Island in April 1943 , and No. 7 Squadron for anti shipping duties . A Beaufort of No. 7 Squadron was credited with shooting down a Japanese Jake seaplane during a patrol west of Horn Island on 11 November . The Beauforts undertook their first bombing and strafing mission from Horn Island against targets in Dutch New Guinea on 27 November . By the end of the year , No. 75 Wing headquarters had a strength of 144 staff , including twenty three officers , and one de Havilland unk According to George Odgers , Although the Merauke and Horn Island squadrons had relatively slight contact with the enemy in 1943 they fulfilled a very useful purpose in conjunction with the North Western Area squadrons in securing the flank of MacArthur 's forces . In February 1944 , No. 75 Wing headquarters moved from Horn Island to Higgins Field , where it was soon joined by No. 7 Squadron and another unit now under the wing 's control , No. 23 Squadron . The advance party from No. 75 Wing headquarters left Horn Island on 7 February , and the main party departed for Higgins by air and sea eleven days later . No. 7 Squadron moved to Higgins between 3 and 26 March , and No. 23 Squadron between 13 and 31 March . On 19 March , No. 112 Fighter Control Unit was re formed at Horn Island as No. 32 Zone Filter Centre under No. 75 Wing . By the end of the month , wing headquarters staff numbered 121 , including twenty officers , and the DH.84 had been augmented by a Supermarine Walrus . On 11 March 1944 , No. 84 Squadron was hurriedly redeployed to North Western Area to replace the Supermarine Spitfires of No. 1 Wing , which had been despatched to Perth in response to a feared Japanese naval attack . No attack took place , and No. 84 Squadron returned to Horn Island less than two weeks later . On 17 May , the squadron departed Horn Island for Townsville , and was subsequently reduced to cadre . No. 7 Squadron continued operations in the Dutch East Indies from Higgins , generally in conjunction with other forces such as B 25 Mitchells from North Western Area , before its tasking was reduced in August pending transfer to No. 71 Wing in New Guinea . No. 23 Squadron was equipped with A 31 Vengeance dive bombers and undertook army cooperation duties out of Higgins until being declared non operational in June . That month , a squadron leader from North Eastern Area Command arrived at No. 75 Wing headquarters to investigate Vengeance accidents and unk on departure his Vengeance crash landed on the beach at Princess Charlotte Bay and the crew had to be rescued by an aircraft of No. 9 Squadron . No. 23 Squadron was subsequently re equipped with B 24 Liberator heavy bombers and transferred to North Western Area . By the end of July 1944 , No. 75 Wing headquarters strength was sixty three staff , including eighteen officers , and a unk The wing ceased operations on 21 August , still under Courtney 's command , and was disbanded four days later . Its remaining units then became the direct responsibility of North Eastern Area headquarters .
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2,301 | Bob Muglia ( born 1959 ) is an American business executive and research and development specialist . He is currently the Chief Executive Officer of Snowflake Computing , a data warehousing startup . Muglia is known for managing divisions at Microsoft that supported the Microsoft Office Suite , Windows Server and MSN Network product families . He was one of four presidents that reported directly to Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer . Muglia held several executive positions at Microsoft before resigning from the company in 2011 . He worked briefly for Juniper Networks , then accepted his current position as CEO of Snowflake Computing in June 2014 . Early life Bob Muglia was born in 1959 in Connecticut . His father was an automotive parts salesman . Muglia started working at his first job when he was 15 years old . He moved to Michigan and earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan in 1981 . After graduating , he started working for unk Corporation . Career Microsoft Windows and business software Bob Muglia started his Microsoft career in 1988 . He was the first product manager for SQL Server . Muglia also served as the director of Windows NT Program Management and User Education . He was promoted to vice president of the Windows NT division in October 1995 . Muglia later held the position of vice president of the Server Application group , until he was promoted to senior vice president of the Applications and Tools group in February 1998 . Bob Muglia was influential in a corporate restructuring at Microsoft in 1999 , which assigned business divisions to customer types , rather than technologies . As part of the re structuring , Muglia became head of the business productivity group , which oversaw Microsoft Office , Exchange and other business software . According to Computer unk News , Muglia pushed developers to visit customers , created customer advisory boards and led other efforts to incorporate customer input into product development at Microsoft . Muglia testified in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. anti trust lawsuit , and in a case between Microsoft and Sun Microsystems regarding Microsoft 's use of Java . According to New York Times reporters Steve Lohr and Koel Brinkley , the judge embarrassed Muglia by rebuking him for his persistent characterization of an email from Bill Gates . Muglia also negotiated aggressively with RealNetworks , regarding an anti trust dispute between the two companies . In August 2000 , Muglia was appointed to vice president of a new .NET Services Group . The following year he was reassigned to focus on database technologies as senior vice president of the Enterprise Storage Services Group . He helped develop Microsoft 's plan for autonomic computing , which was announced in March 2003 . By early 2004 , Muglia held the position of senior vice president of the Windows Server Division . Servers and tools division Another re organization at Microsoft in 2005 resulted in Muglia taking the position of Senior Vice President of Servers and Tools before being promoted to president of the division in 2009 . This made Muglia one of four presidents at Microsoft . During his tenure , the business group grew its revenues more than ten percent each year for six years . The division accounted for more than 20 percent of Microsoft 's revenues by January 2009 . In this position , Muglia led Microsoft 's ten year plan for data center and desktop automation products , its Dynamic Systems Initiative and its Dynamic IT strategy . In October 2010 , developers criticized Muglia for suggesting Microsoft would put less emphasis on unk a statement he later retracted . Muglia announced his resignation from Microsoft in January 2011 he was replaced by Satya unk , now Microsoft 's CEO . He was the fourth executive reporting directly to Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer to resign between early 2010 and 2011 . According to Financial Times , Ballmer credited Muglia for growing the servers and tools division , but implied the departure was related to disagreements between the two executives about the company 's cloud computing strategy . Juniper In July 2011 , a few months prior to Muglia 's last day at Microsoft , Juniper Networks announced it would hire Muglia as the executive vice president of its software division . He reported to then Juniper CEO Kevin Johnson , who ( along with other Juniper staff ) is also a former Microsoft executive . Muglia was hired to consolidate Juniper 's software groups under a new division called Software Solutions . He also helped develop Juniper 's software defined networking ( SDN ) strategy . In December 2013 Muglia quit Juniper , a month after Shaygan Kheradpir was appointed as the company 's new CEO . Several other Juniper executives also left around this time . Snowflake computing Bob Muglia is currently the Chief Executive Officer of Snowflake Computing , a cloud based data warehousing startup . He joined the company in June 2014 , a couple years after it was founded in 2012 . Snowflake Computing came out of stealth mode that October .
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2,302 | Mork Goes Erk is the seventeenth episode of the first season of Mork Mindy . The episode first premiered on ABC on February 8 , 1979 . Mork Goes Erk was later released on VHS on January 1 , 1998 as part of a two episode special which also included Mork 's First Christmas , and on DVD on September 7 , 2004 as part of the Mork Mindy The Complete First Season DVD boxed set . In the episode , David Letterman portrayed a self help group leader by the name of Ellsworth offering ERK or Ellsworth Revitalization Konditioning . Mork ( Robin Williams ) and Mindy ( Pam unk ) attend one of Ellsworth 's trainings at the suggestion of their friend Susan ( Morgan Fairchild ) , where they endure Ellsworth 's authoritarian brand of group therapy . Mork points out hypocrisy in Ellsworth 's teachings , and exposes him as a fraud . The episode has been called a parody of the Erhard Seminars Training or est course . The episode received mostly positive reviews , and was highlighted as one of the season 's best episodes , along with Mork 's First Christmas and Mork 's Mixed Emotions . David Letterman 's performance as Ellsworth also received good reviews . Plot At the beginning of the episode , Mork , Mindy and Bickley ( Tom Poston ) are all sitting around feeling depressed . Mindy has just learned that Mork 's supervisor Orson has arranged for Mork to be transferred to another planet , and Bickley is suffering from writer 's block . Their friend Susan comes by to visit , and suggests that they all go and attend a seminar on Ellsworth 's Revitalization Konditioning . As the guests arrive at the seminar , Ellsworth nervously asks Susan if all of the attendants ' checks are in order . He then lays out the rules for the duration of the training , which includes no leaving and no consumption of alcohol . When Bickley hears this , he promptly gets up to leave the seminar . The attendants of the seminar are then given Ellsworth 's harsh version of reality , which has been compared to the tenets of Erhard Seminars Training . Ellsworth preaches a belief in self adoration , which he says will get rid of emotional highs and lows . Ellsworth centers this goal around the notion of finding our own space . He utilizes an authoritarian style of control within the group , as a therapeutic method to solve problems . The other attendees at the seminar are shown to be passive consumers looking for any way to fix their personal issues . However , Mork , with his trademark causing of difficulty , begins to question the foundation of the rules of the course , as well as the nature of the philosophical material that Ellsworth has put forth , by pointing out hypocrisy among Ellsworth 's own contradictory statements . In the end , Mork wins out over the Ellsworth philosophy by instead calling to mind universal humanistic moral values . Ellsworth dismisses Mork 's victory over his methodology , exclaiming I 've got my Rolls Royce Mork wins a moral victory and unk , it turns out , has had his Rolls Royce stolen . Cultural references In a 1982 article in the journal Theory Society , Lewis Clark College sociology professor Robert Goldman compared and contrasted Letterman 's Ellsworth character and his training program to that of Werner Erhard 's course Erhard Seminars Training . Goldman noted that the episode spent time lampooning Werner Erhard and est like commercial pop psychologies . However , Goldman went on to note that the inherent problem with Ellsworth Revitalization Konditioning was not the training but Ellsworth himself . Ellsworth is seen as a parody of consumerism As the self help entrepreneur , Ellsworth is portrayed as a walking collection of lifestyle status points and sign values ... Conspicuous consumption and commodity fetishism define his personality . Goldman explained that the Mork and Mindy episode succeeded in distinguishing between criticism of the Ellsworth training , and criticism of Ellsworth , citing Ellsworth 's character traits of tyranny , selfishness , open greed , and flaunting of the accoutrements of his vulgar money making . Reception TV Guide 's 2005 book TV Guide The Ultimate Resource to Television Programs on DVD highlighted Mork Goes Erk as one of three Classic Episodes of the first season , including Mork 's First Christmas , and Mork 's Mixed Emotions . Matthew Tobey of Allmovie wrote that the episode was most notable because of David Letterman 's appearance before he became more well known . Donald Liebenson of Amazon.com also cited David Letterman 's performance as an abusive EST like guru as one of the more memorable parts of the Season One DVD boxed set , but thought that the highlight of the season was the episode Mork 's Mixed Emotions . The Dallas Morning News also praised Letterman 's performance as a shady motivational speaker , commenting that the episode was a way for Letterman to hone his smarminess before his later work on Late Show with David Letterman . Jonathan Boudreaux of unk described Letterman as a unk EST like guru , and called the episode itself disjointed .
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2,303 | Cleveland Lakefront Station is an Amtrak train station at North Coast Harbor in Cleveland , Ohio . The station was built in 1977 to provide service to the Lake Shore Limited route , which was reinstated by Amtrak via Cleveland and Toledo in 1975 . It replaced service to Cleveland Union Terminal . Lakefront Station is a modern station located in downtown Cleveland near the Lake Erie waterfront , adjacent to the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway and in the immediate vicinity of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , the Great Lakes Science Center , the Steamship William G. Mather Museum , and FirstEnergy Stadium . The station has had little to no renovation since its opening . As of January 2014 , the only trains that stop at Lakefront Station are Amtrak 's Lake Shore Limited and Capitol Limited trains , both of which arrive and depart between 1 00 a.m. and 6 00 a.m. The RTA Waterfront Line will stop at Lakefront Station , but only upon request . The Pennsylvanian served Cleveland from 1998 to 2003 , when it reverted to its original Pittsburgh New York route . Services Cleveland has four daily trains the Capitol Limited ( trains 29 and 30 ) between Washington , D.C. and Chicago , and the Lake Shore Limited ( trains 48 448 and 49 449 ) between Chicago and New York City Boston . As of January 2014 , these trains were scheduled to arrive depart from Cleveland at various times between 1 00 a.m. and 5 50 a.m. The timing of the departures and arrivals has drawn criticism , with Amtrak also trying to tinker with train schedules through suggestions , reminding people that the schedules are not set in stone . The Cleveland RTA Rapid Waterfront Line tracks separate the station building and Amtrak platform . There is no platform for the Waterfront Line trains , but they will stop at the station upon request , with passengers discharging at the at grade pedestrian connection to the building . As such , the stop is not wheelchair accessible . Disabled passengers must instead board or disembark at the North Coast station , which is within walking distance to the Amtrak station . However , the Waterfront Line currently does not run during most of the time of day that includes Amtrak arrivals or departures . The Lake Shore Limited has served Lakefront Station from its opening in 1977 . The Capitol Limited began stopping at Lakefront on November 12 , 1990 , after Conrail 's abandonment of portions of the ex Pittsburgh , Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway in northwestern Indiana forced the re routing of that train along with the Broadway Limited . Previously it had passed to the south , serving Canton . Between 1998 and 2003 , the Pennsylvanian served Cleveland , providing daylight service to Chicago and Philadelphia . Weak ridership prompted Amtrak to return the train to a Pittsburgh New York schedule . Station layout The two Amtrak tracks share an island platform the RTA tracks do not have any platforms . The structure has a porte cochre , which protects passengers from inclement weather . The interior was built with a similar design to that of the exterior , and features a central skylight . Shadows from its exposed trusses create different patterns on the brown brick floor , built in a basket weaved pattern . Exposed ductwork is visible throughout the trusses , as are the light fixtures . All of the ceiling elements are painted white , which tend to recede and produce a sense of unk which is further enhanced by the floor to ceiling windows . Banks of seats are located close to public telephones and a vending area . History Amtrak used to run its trains through Cleveland Union Terminal ( now Tower City Center ) , which was built in 1928 and served as the main terminal for the Shaker Heights Rapid Transit , and in 1955 , the crosstown Red Line . By 1976 , because of Cleveland Union Terminal 's high rent , the massive size of the facility , and the need to switch to electric locomotives to access its enclosed platforms , Amtrak decided to construct a smaller station . Lakefront Station was built in 1976 1977 and opened for service in 1977 to provide service for the Lake Shore Limited , which had resumed service via Toledo in 1975 . The station officially opened on June 29 , 1977 , with the formal dedication occurring on July 12 . According to Amtrak 's employee magazine , a crowd of more than 300 gathered for the dedication of the 552 , 000 depot . Speakers included Mary J. Head , vice chairman of the Amtrak Board of Directors , and Cleveland Mayor Ralph J. Perk . Following the dedication ceremony , attendees were invited to tour the facility and enjoy cake and coffee . Lakefront Station 's lack of modernization since its opening has become more noticeable , especially its appearance and lack of adequate signage . In August 2012 , when the Cleveland Convention Center was under construction , a Cuyahoga County official expressed a desire to keep Lakefront Station out of view . One proposed solution was to build a new station underground , but due to a lack of funding , the county settled on hiding the station behind trees and shrubs as a short term solution .
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2,304 | Lunar Jetman is a shooter video game developed and published by Ultimate Play The Game . It was released for the ZX Spectrum in 1983 and the BBC Micro in 1984 . The game is the second instalment of the Jetman series and one of the few games released to support the Currah unk peripheral . In the game , Jetman has to destroy alien bases whilst simultaneously defending himself , along with Earth , from a hostile alien race . Lunar Jetman was Ultimate Play The Game 's first game to require 48K of RAM all previous games had run on unexpanded 16K models . The game was written by Chris Stamper with graphics designed by Tim Stamper . The game was followed by a third instalment , Solar Jetman Hunt for the Golden Warpship , released for the NES in 1990 . The game was met with critical acclaim upon release , with praise mostly directed at its addictive gameplay and wide range of colours . It was later included in Rare 's 2015 Xbox One retrospective compilation , Rare Replay . Gameplay Once again taking on the role of Jetman , players find themselves on the surface of a small purple moon . Similarly to its predecessor , the player can move around slowly on foot , or use a jetpack to leave the ground and navigate the moon faster . However , unlike Jetpac , Jetman 's jetpack has limited fuel and must be topped up regularly . In addition to the jetpack , the player has a moon rover for ground travel , inside of which they are invulnerable to damage . However , the moon rover can only negotiate smooth terrain , and Jetman may need to use bridging kits obtained from the rover to fill in craters on the moon 's surface . The moon rover doubles as a refuelling point for Jetman 's jetpack . Aside from the rover and its bridging kits , Jetman has access to three other pieces of equipment , all of which can be carried on the bonnet of the rover , albeit one at a time . Bombs must be used to destroy alien bases when they are encountered , which can only be accomplished when Jetman is flying above them . Another piece of equipment is a cannon that may be mounted onto the rear side of the moon rover . The final piece of equipment is a pair of teleporters which can be used to instantaneously transport the player to the teleporter 's twin , thus allowing rapid transport around the moon . Gameplay itself requires Jetman to locate and destroy a series of alien bases on the surface of the moon . Each new base appears with the destruction of the previous one . To accomplish this task , Jetman must take the bomb to the alien base either in his space suit or using the rover and then fly over the base and drop the bomb . After several bases have been destroyed in succession , new and increasingly hazardous varieties of flying aliens assault the player . Each base must be destroyed within a strict time limit . If this limit expires before the base is destroyed , two missiles are launched from the base one for Earth , the other for Jetman 's rover . The player will be given a limited time to intercept and destroy the missiles whilst still in flight , thus preventing a game over . Background Ashby Computers and Graphics was founded by brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , along with Tim 's wife , Carol , from their headquarters in Ashby de la Zouch in 1982 . Under the trading name of Ultimate Play The Game , they began producing video games for the ZX Spectrum throughout the early 1980s . The company were known for their reluctance to reveal details about their operations and upcoming projects . Little was known about their development process except that they used to work in separate teams one team would work on development whilst the other would concentrate on other aspects such as sound or graphics . Release and reception Similar to its predecessor , the game was critically acclaimed upon release . Crash praised the graphics and wide spectrum of colours , noting that whilst the presentation did not differ much from its predecessor , the graphics were every bit as good as superior arcade machines . Home Computing Weekly also praised the presentation , stating that the colour and animation were superb , whilst expressing the gameplay as disgustingly addictive . When Crash revisited the game in their unk section of a 1984 issue , the game was still praised , with one reviewer stating that he would not change any of the original scores . Brian Buckley of ZX Computing praised the game 's advanced graphics and effects , stating that extraordinary attention had been paid to detail and that every usage of sound and colour was excellent . Buckley also asserted that Lunar Jetman was the best computer game of all time . The game replaced its predecessor at the top of the UK ZX Spectrum sales chart . The game was also voted number 31 in the Your Sinclair Official Top 100 Games of All Time . Home Computing Weekly placed Lunar Jetman third in their Top 10 programs for the ZX Spectrum in a later 1983 issue . Lunar Jetman was re released in August 2015 as part of the Xbox One compilation of 30 Rare titles , Rare Replay . ( Ultimate acquired the trading name Rare in 1988 . )
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2,305 | The Limitation Act 1963 ( 1963 unk ) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that amended the statute of limitations to allow actions in some cases where the injured party had not discovered the injury until after the standard date of expiration . The Act was based on the report of the Davies Committee on Limitation of Actions in Cases of Personal Injury , created after the Court of Appeal decision in the case of Cartledge v Jopling , and the Committee notably produced their final report before Cartledge had been heard in the House of Lords . The draft bill was presented to Parliament on 6 May 1963 it was given the Royal Assent on 31 July and came into force on the same day . The act allowed an injured party to bring a claim outside the normal statute of limitations period if he could show that he was not aware of the injuries himself until after the limitation period had expired and if he gained the permission of the court . After a series of problems emerged , including vagueness on a point even the House of Lords was unable to clarify and poor draftsmanship , the Act was repealed bit by bit during the 1970s , with the Limitation Act 1980 scrapping the last remaining sections . Background Before the passing of the 1963 Act , the only exceptions to the normal statute of limitations ( three years after the events that caused the injury , as established by the Law Reform ( Limitation of Actions , etc . ) Act 1954 ) were if the claim was being brought for a case of mistake or fraud , in which case the statute of limitations was twelve months from when the claimant could reasonably have been expected to discover the fraud or mistake . In Cartledge v E. Jopling Sons Ltd the claimant sued Jopling after he developed pneumoconiosis from working in the company 's poorly ventilated steel mills . The injuries were sustained in October 1950 but they were not discovered until 1956 , and as a result the injured party had no cause of action . Because the injuries had not been discovered until six years after they were caused , and the statute of limitations was three years after the injury itself , Cartledge was not legally allowed to bring a case . Cartledge pursued the claim anyway in an attempt to have the law changed , and decisions were made against him in both the High Court and the Court of Appeal . After the Court of Appeal decision a Committee on Limitation of Actions in Cases of Personal Injury was created under Mr Justice Davies , which produced its report before the Cartledge case had even got to the House of Lords . The report , published in September 1962 , made several recommendations which found their way into a Limitation Bill placed before Parliament on 6 May 1963 . While it was passing through the House of Lords , Lord Reid suggested it would be simpler to amend the Limitation Act 1937 , but this was never acted on . The act received the Royal Assent on 31 July 1963 and came into force immediately . Act The Act created exceptions to the normal statute of limitations in addition to the previous ones of fraud and mistake . It introduced an exception if 1 ) the permission of the court had been gained to bring a case and 2 ) the material facts of the case included facts of a decisive character which the claimant was not aware of until after the expiry of the statute of limitations . Where these two requirements were fulfilled , a case could be brought as long as it was within twelve months of the claimant finding out the facts of a decisive character . The same principles applied if the injured party were dead and the claim was being brought on behalf of his estate or dependants . If leave was refused to open a case , the decision could be appealed up to the Court of Appeal of England and Wales , but no further . These provisions covered both Cartledge like situations and cases where the injured party , while aware of his injuries , does not connect them to the true cause until more than three years after the injuries were sustained . The act had a limited retrospective effect it covered injuries that had happened before the Act came into force if an action had not been brought . If a judgment had already been made in a case , the Act could not apply to it , meaning the Act actually had no effect on the Cartledge case itself . Problem and repeal The main problem with the Act was whether or not the claimant had to know he had a method of action or not for the standard limitation period to apply . The House of Lords had an opportunity to resolve this in Central Asbestos Co Ltd v Dodd but failed spectacularly , making a decision so confused that the Court of Appeal in Harper and others v National Coal Board said they could not actually find a ratio decidendi anywhere in the House of Lords ' opinion . The Act also suffered from drafting problems in Central Asbestos Lord Reid described it as having a strong claim to the distinction of being the worst drafted Act on the statute book . The Act was repealed piecemeal by a series of Acts during the 1970s , and the Limitation Act 1980 finally repealed the last remaining sections .
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2,306 | Si Tjonat ( Perfected Spelling Si unk ) is a likely lost 1929 bandit film from the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) directed by Nelson Wong and produced by Wong and Jo Eng Sek . Based on the novel by unk unk , the silent film followed an indigenous man who , having killed his fellow villager , flees to Batavia ( today Jakarta ) and becomes a bandit . After kidnapping an ethnic Chinese woman , he is defeated and brought to justice . A commercially oriented work aimed at ethnic Chinese audiences , Si Tjonat received mixed reviews box office proceeds are unclear . Although intended as a serial , no sequel was ever made the production house , Batavia Motion Picture , closed soon afterwards . However , several works in the same genre as this one were released soon afterwards , including Si Pitoeng , which used the same director and star . Plot Tjonat , a Sundanese youth , kills his friend and escapes to Batavia ( now Jakarta ) , the capital of the Dutch East Indies , where he finds work with a Dutch man . Tjonat soon robs the man of his wealth and seduces his mistress ( njai ) , then leaves the household to live the life of a bandit . When he asks Lie Gouw Nio ( Ku Fung May ) , the daughter of a peranakan Chinese farmer named Lie A unk , to be his lover , she refuses . Enraged , Tjonat kidnaps her , but Lie is rescued by her fianc , Thio Sing Sang ( Herman Sim ) , who is well trained in martial arts . Production Si Tjonat was directed by Nelson Wong , who produced the film in conjunction with his business partner Jo Eng Sek . The two had established Batavia Motion Picture in 1929 . Wong had previously directed a single fiction film , the commercial flop Lily van Java ( 1928 ) , with funding from a high ranking General Motors employee in Batavia named David Wong . Jo Eng Sek , a shop owner , had never produced a film . The story for Si Tjonat was based on the novel Tjerita Si Tjonat , written by reporter unk unk and first published in 1900 . The story had proved popular with ethnic Chinese readers . It was often adapted to the stage by Betawi stage troupes as a lenong stage performance . The story was selected by Jo Eng Sek . Several changes were introduced to the story . For instance , in the novel Lie A unk was a poor farmer , whereas in the film he was wealthy . Lie Gouw Nio , meanwhile , was not depicted as a poor Chinese woman , but the a modern girl , dressed in a skirt , shoes , socks , and bobbed hair . The silent film was shot in black and white and starred Ku Fung May and Herman Sim . Sim , of peranakan Chinese descent , had previously acted in Shanghai , while Ku Fung May had no film experience . The martial arts sequences used in the film were inspired by Hollywood Westerns , then popular in the Indies . Release and reception Si Tjonat was released in 1929 . Although a work of fiction , it was advertised as based on a true story this had been common in works of Malay literature at the turn of the 20th century , including Tjerita Si Tjonat . The film was one in a line of domestic production targeted primarily at ethnic Chinese audiences , following Lily van Java and unk unk Darah ( both 1928 ) film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that this was evident from the predominantly Chinese production team and cast . Native audiences also enjoyed the film , particularly its action sequences . Indonesian film critic Salim Said writes that it was of distinctly commercial orientation , meant only to turn a profit . Sales figures are unclear . Said writes that it was a commercial success , while Biran noting that Batavia Motion Picture was dissolved not long after Si Tjonat 's release suggests that returns were poor . Reviews were mixed . In general the press criticised the emphasis on murder and crime , while in Panorama magazine , Kwee Tek Hoay wrote that the film had been fairly well produced , emphasising Sim 's acting particularly his martial arts skills . Kwee concluded that what few mistakes were found in the film were , ultimately , insignificant . Although Si Tjonat was initially intended to be a serial , production of the second instalment halted after the closure of Batavia Motion Picture . Jo Eng Sek left the industry completely , only returning in 1935 to produce Poei Sie Giok Pa Loei Tay . Wong , meanwhile , remained active in the cinema together with his brothers Joshua and Othniel . Using the banner Halimoen Film they later cast Sim in their 1931 film Si Pitoeng . Ku Fung May did not act in another film . Several films centred on bandits , including Lie Tek Swie 's Si Ronda ( 1930 ) and the Wongs ' unk Preanger ( 1929 ) and Si Pitoeng ( 1931 ) , followed soon after Si Tjonat . Si Tjonat is likely a lost film . The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost . However , J.B. Kristanto 's Katalog Film Indonesia ( Indonesian Film Catalogue ) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia 's archives , and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service . Explanatory notes
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2,307 | The Eriskay Pony is a breed of pony from Scotland . It is generally grey in colour , and has a dense , waterproof coat that protects it in harsh weather . The breed developed in ancient times in the Hebrides islands in Scotland , and a small population remained pure and protected from crossbreeding by the remoteness of the islands . It is used for light draught work , as a mount for children , in many equestrian disciplines , and for driving . The breed is rare today , with the Rare Breeds Survival Trust considering their status critical . There are two breed registries for the Eriskay , the first formed in 1971 and the second in 1986 . Characteristics The Eriskay Pony generally stands between 12 and 13 . 2 hands ( 48 and 54 inches , 122 and 137 cm ) . It is usually grey in colour , although a few are bay or black . Dark coloured animals generally have the pangar characteristics of a light coloured muzzle and ring around their eye . However , according to breed standards , they should not have an eel stripe . Chestnut , piebald , skewbald and excess white markings are discouraged by breed registries . The winter coat is dense and waterproof to protect from the harsh climate , with a thick mane and tail . The head is large , with a wide forehead . The neck and shoulders are well muscled , and the chest deep but generally not broad . The rib cage is long and the loins short , which increases the strength of the back . The croup is slightly sloping . It is quite similar to the Exmoor pony in body type . The Eriskay has an easy going temperament and is suitable as a mount for children . It is used for light draught work , as well as dressage , show jumping , three day eventing , western riding and driving . unk have successfully competed in combined driving at highly competitive international level competitions sanctioned by the Fdration unk Internationale . They have also been used in therapeutic horse riding . History The Eriskay Pony developed in the Hebrides , a group of western isles in Scotland . The origins of the breed are ancient , with roots in Celtic and Norse breeding . It is physically similar to drawings of ponies on ancient Pictish stones found in north and west Scotland . It is related to other northern breeds , including the Icelandic horse and the Faroe pony . The Eriskay takes its name from the island of Eriskay in the Outer Hebrides . Originally , the breed had a fairly large population , and until the mid 19th century the Eriskay and similar ponies were found throughout the western islands of Scotland . They were used as crofters ' ponies , as pack animals , for light draught and as mounts for children . During the 19th century numbers were much reduced through increased crossbreeding . The crossbreeding was used to produce larger ponies for draught work , and unk and other island ponies were crossed with horse breeds from mainland Europe , including Arabs and Clydesdales . Other horses , including the Norwegian Fjord , were crossed with island ponies , including the Eriskay , to produce the Highland pony . A few specimens of the Eriskay were preserved on the remotest islands of Scotland , mainly due to the difficulties of accessing the islands . This stock of ponies remained pure , but through the advent of mechanisation , declined in population to around 20 animals in the early 1970s . In 1941 the SS Politician foundered off the Eriskay coast , and the islanders , using the Eriskay ponies , carried away the cargo of 250 , 000 bottles of whisky . Today the Eriskay is rare . Its population is considered to be at critical status by the UK based Rare Breeds Survival Trust , meaning that there are 300 or fewer breeding females registered in the world today . In 2006 , there were believed to have been around 300 mares and 4 purebred stallions , and by 2009 this number had risen to around 420 ponies worldwide . It is possible that the Eriskay is the last surviving Hebrides pony breed . There are two breed registries that represent the breed . The first ( the Eriskay Pony ( Purebred ) Studbook Society or Comann Each nan Eilean , formed in 1971 has the goal of maintaining the purity of the Eriskay breed , and disallows all crossbreeding . The second ( the Eriskay Pony Society , formed in 1986 aims to produce ponies with desirable traits , which the registry feels will help promote their survival this registry has considered the possibility of cross breeding . The Eriskay Pony Society achieved legal recognition as a breed society and passport issuing organisation for the UK in 1995 Comann Each nan Eilean did not receive legal recognition until 2002 . In addition to the domesticated ponies there is a small herd of Eriskay ponies living in a feral state on the Holy Isle . These ponies are descended from a group of five ponies brought to the Holy Isle to when it was owned by the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare in the 1970s to form a nature reserve . Today the island is owned by the unk Buddhist Centre for World Peace and Health . They operate a policy of non intervention , allowing the ponies to live without human interference .
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2,308 | Enter the Dominatrix is a downloadable content pack for the 2013 video game Saints Row IV . It tells an alternate story of the alien Zin invasion , different than the main game . The dialogue often breaks the fourth wall and its style is self referential in nature . Enter the Dominatrix draws on its history as originally produced as downloadable content for the game 's predecessor , Saints Row The Third . It was first announced on April Fool 's Day in 2012 , later confirmed , and then cancelled to be incorporated into Saints Row IV , which drew on some aspects of the original idea and left the rest for this downloadable content . It was released on October 22 , 2013 to mixed or average reviews . Critics appreciated the pack 's treatment of its own history , what Eurogamer 's Chris Schilling called a very postmodern conceit . Gameplay Enter the Dominatrix tells an alternative story on the Zin invasion of Saints Row IV where the simulation of Steelport is hijacked by a rogue artificial intelligence called the Dominatrix . The pack draws on its origins as Saints Row The Third downloadable content that was later delayed and repackaged . It also frequently breaks the fourth wall its story 's incongruence with the larger Saints Row story is a recurring theme , where the characters self referentially acknowledge the plot holes . The story advances through cutscene clips presented as unseen footage found by television journalist Jane unk , as what could have been . Some scenes end in concept art or videos of Volition employees acting out the drama so as to give the game an unfinished feel . The pack also casts characters from Saints Row The Third who did not return in the sequel . The player fights the Dominatrix who appears as a cross between Maleficent and a sex worker several times . Other missions include using telekinesis to cage furries at a sex club and a BDSM chariot race . There are five missions in total . The pack introduces new weapons such as a heavy minigun , a flamethrower , a grenade launcher , new vehicles , and new computer controlled support characters ( homies ) . Up to two players can play cooperatively . Development THQ announced an Enter the Dominatrix standalone expansion for Saints Row The Third as an April Fool 's joke in 2012 . It was confirmed as in development the next month , with the basic plot where the alien commander Zinyak imprisons the Saints ' leader in The Dominatrix simulation of Steelport so as to prevent interference when he takes over the planet . The expansion also was to add superpowers for the player character . In June , THQ said the expansion would be wrapped into a full sequel , tentatively titled The Next Great Sequel in the Saints Row Franchise and scheduled for release in 2013 . The parts of that expansion that weren 't incorporated into the sequel ( Saints Row IV ) were later released as this downloadable content for the new title . It was developed by Volition , published by Deep Silver , and released October 22 , 2013 . Enter the Dominatrix was followed by the How the Saints Saved Christmas downloadable content pack . High Voltage Software ported the full game and all of its downloadable content to PlayStation 4 and Xbox One as Saints Row 4 Re Elected , which was released in North America on January 20 , 2015 , and worldwide three days later . A Linux port is planned for release in 2015 . Reception Enter the Dominatrix received mixed or average reviews , according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic . Chris Schilling of Eurogamer , citing the game 's development history , called Enter the Dominatrix a fascinating case study in how games evolve . Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Eric Patterson also commented on how downloadable content in the industry is seen as content pulled from the retail release to be sold as an addition , which Enter the Dominatrix 's development history flips on its head . He added that in all of his industry experience , he had never otherwise seen a developer purposefully let its fans play shelved content , and thus found the experience fascinating . Official Xbox Magazine 's Mikel Reparaz said it was fun to see what could have been . Eurogamer 's Schilling called the self referential nature of the release a very postmodern conceit , which he thought worked well despite the dual faux pas of parodying The Matrix and overtly satirizing game mechanics . He felt that the satire was not good , though the writing was genuinely funny , and that the repeated Dominatrix fight scenes should not have felt as low budget . He recommended the pack for those who love wry gags about creaky gaming tropes with the occasional belly laugh , and said he had a better time finding his own fun than playing through the missions . Patterson of Electronic Gaming Monthly noted that those who are looking for cost benefit would be disappointed by lack of content , especially those who had already finished the main game , but he was interested in Enter the Dominatrix for its behind the scenes aspects , which he encouraged other developers to use more often .
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2,309 | Salesforce Marketing Cloud ( formerly known as ExactTarget ) is a provider of digital marketing automation and analytics software and services . It was founded in 2000 under the name ExactTarget . The company filed for an IPO in 2007 , but then withdrew its filing two years later and raised 145 million in funding . It acquired CoTweet , Pardot , iGoDigital and unk Marketing . In 2012 , it raised 161 . 5 million in an initial public offering , before being acquired by Salesforce for 2 . 5 billion in 2013 . ExactTarget was renamed to Salesforce Marketing Cloud in 2014 after the acquisition by Salesforce . Corporate history Salesforce Marketing Cloud was founded under the name ExactTarget in late 2000 by Scott Dorsey , Chris Baggott , and Peter McCormick with 200 , 000 in unk Milliken , joined ExactTarget as the first employee in 2001 . It raised 10 . 5 million in funding from Insight Venture Partners in 2004 . The firm grew from 11 . 5 million in its second year of operations to 41 . 1 million in 2006 , which was its first profitable year . In December 2007 , ExactTarget filed an intent for an initial public offering with the Securities Exchange Commission , but withdrew its filing in May 2009 . Instead , it announced 70 million in venture funding had been raised for international expansion , which was followed by another 75 million round later that year . An office was established in London with the acquisition of a UK based ExactTarget reseller , unk Marketing , in September 2009 . The company also hired 200 additional employees . In 2010 , ExactTarget acquired CoTweet , a company founded in 2008 that develops and markets software for managing multiple Twitter accounts . ExactTarget went public in March 2012 and raised 161 . 5 million in funding on the New York Stock Exchange . In late 2012 , it acquired a marketing automation vendor , Pardot , for 96 million , and the developers of a product recommendation engine , iGoDigital , for 21 million . In 2012 , its revenues grew 40 percent over the preceding year . The following June , ExactTarget was acquired by salesforce.com for 2 . 5 billion . A few months later , salesforce.com said it was laying off 200 staff due to overlaps after the ExactTarget acquisition . That September at the ExactTarget Connections conference , salesforce.com said it was integrating ExactTarget into a new division called Salesforce ExactTarget Marketing Cloud . In May 2014 , Scott Dorsey stepped down as CEO of ExactTarget and was replaced by Scott McCorkle . The company was renamed in October 2014 to Salesforce Marketing Cloud , removing ExactTarget from its name , as part of its integration with Salesforce . Software and services Salesforce Marketing Cloud develops marketing automation and analytics software for email , mobile , social and online marketing . It also offers consulting and implementation services . The software is sold primarily on a multi year subscription basis . The price of the subscription is based on what features are enabled , number of users and level of customer service . The software 's Interactive Marketing Hub was released in 2010 , when the software 's user interface was re done . It serves as the software 's primary user interface for managing communications and content through different mediums . The Salesforce Marketing Cloud software is offered in a hosted , online subscription model . The company owns the CoTweet , Pardot , and iGoDigital tools . Its mobile features , as well as many of its workflow and collaboration tools , were released in July 2013 . Salesforce Marketing Cloud was originally founded as an email marketing vendor . Its email management software maintains mailing lists and schedules and modifies email messages based on what recipients read , click on or forward . In September 2014 the company introduced the Journey Builder for Apps , which is intended to create customer lifecycle maps of mobile app users . That month , at the September 2014 ExactTarget Connections conference , they announced numerous updates to their software . This included integration with software products owned by Salesforce.com , such as Buddy Media and Social Studio , as well as improvements to workflow and content management tools . In November 2014 the company released a new version of Social Studio . This release expanded Social Studio beyond Salesforce s Marketing Cloud , where it started , integrating it with the Service Cloud and the Sales Cloud . This enabled sending leads over to the Sales Cloud the salesperson can see the full context of the company s social media interactions with the lead . Operations As of December 2012 , about two thirds of ExactTarget 's 1 , 500 employees were located in Indianapolis . The company hosts an annual user conference called the ExactTarget Connections Event the first Connections event in 2007 attracted 500 attendees , and it has since grown into one of the largest conferences on digital marketing . The event was located in Indianapolis from 2007 until 2014 , New York City in 2015 , Atlanta in 2016 and is planned for Chicago in 2017 .
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2,310 | The statue of James II is an outdoor bronze sculpture located in the front garden of the National Gallery at Trafalgar Square in London , United Kingdom . Probably inspired by French statues of the same period , it depicts James II of England as a Roman emperor , wearing Roman armour and a laurel wreath ( traditionally awarded to a victorious Roman commander ) . It originally also depicted him holding a baton . It was produced by the workshop of Grinling Gibbons , though probably not by Gibbons himself . The statue has been relocated several times since it was first erected in the grounds of the old Palace of Whitehall in 1686 , only two years before James II was deposed . Description The statue is executed in bronze and depicts James II as a Roman emperor . He is shown standing in a unk pose and pointing downwards in great ease of attitude and a certain serenity of air , as Allan Cunningham described it . It formerly held a baton in its right hand , though this is now missing . The face is said to be an excellent depiction of the king . Unusually for the time , Gibbons sought a degree of fidelity to original classical styles James is depicted wearing a laurel wreath on top of short hair , whereas other imperial style statues of both Charles II and James II depicted the two kings with an anachronistic combination of Roman armour and a 17th century unk . The statue was probably inspired by similar imperial portrayals of Louis XIV of France . One in particular , a colossal statue by Martin Desjardins of Louis XIV wearing Roman armour with a laurel wreath and baton , is so similar in type to the figures of Charles II and James II that it may have been their direct inspiration . The plinth is inscribed with the legend unk unk DEI unk unk unk unk ET unk REX unk unk ANNO unk , which translates to James II , by the grace of God , King of England , Scotland , France and Ireland . Defender of the Faith . 1686 . History The statue of James II is one of three of the Stuart monarchs commissioned by the royal servant Tobias unk from Grinling Gibbons 's workshop in the 1670s and ' 80s , the others being of James 's brother and predecessor Charles II an equestrian statue in Windsor Castle and a standing figure at the Royal Hospital in Chelsea . The statue of James II was commissioned for the Palace of Whitehall , apparently at the same time as the standing Charles II , and the two works might have been intended as pendent pieces . It was produced in the workshop of Grinling Gibbons at a reported cost of 300 ( equivalent to about 42 , 000 at 2014 prices ) . Although long attributed to Gibbons himself , large scale sculptures were not his unk and it is probable that the statue 's principal originator was the Dutch sculptor unk unk III ( also known as Arnold unk ) , who was working at Gibbons ' workshop at the time . The James II was erected at the Palace of Whitehall on 24 March 1686 , as recorded by a contemporary , Sir John Bramston the Younger . George Vertue , who found an agreement and a receipt of payment for the work , wrote that it was modelled made by Lawrence unk ( of Brussels ) ... unk i.e. Peter Van unk ( of Mechlin ) who was unk by ... Gibbons , and that Thomas unk was involved in the casting . A series of five drawings in the British Museum , which might be for either the standing Charles II or the James II , is attributed variously to Gibbons or to Peter Van unk . Its artistic qualities were praised by J.P. Malcolm in his 1803 history , London unk , in which he wrote There is but one fault in the figure , and that is the attitude . The King seems to point with a baton at the earth , to which his eyes are directed but why Surely this is an egregious error . However , perhaps the artist may have been commanded to model the statue thus and if not , his mistake is more than counter balanced by the beautiful turns of the muscles , the excellence of the features , and the true folds of the drapery . James II 's statue has stood in several locations since it was first erected . It originally stood in the Palace of Whitehall 's Pebble Court , where it was installed on New Year 's Day , 1686 . It was situated behind the Banqueting House and faced the river , a position which attracted much satirical comment after James ' flight from London during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 it was said that the statue 's location indicated his method of escape . It was taken down after the Glorious Revolution but was replaced by order of William III . In 1898 it was moved to a location in the garden of unk House but was taken down four years later to make room for the stands for the coronation of Edward VII . It lay on its back amid grass and weeds in a state of total neglect until it was re erected in 1903 outside the New Admiralty building , but was displaced again when the Admiralty Citadel was built in 1940 . During the Second World War it was put into storage at Aldwych tube station . It was relocated to its present site in 1947 . The statue is listed by Historic England as a Grade I listed building , a status which it was granted in 1970 .
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2,311 | Aseroe coccinea is a species of stinkhorn fungus in the genus Aseroe . First reported in Japan in 1989 , it was not formally validated as a species until 2007 , the delay related to a publication error . The receptacle , or fruit body , begins as a partially buried whitish egg shaped structure , which bursts open as a hollow white stipe with reddish arms , then erupts and grows to a height of up to 15 mm ( 0 . 6 in ) . It matures into a star shaped structure with seven to nine thin reddish tubular arms up to 10 mm ( 0 . 4 in ) long radiating from the central area . The top of the receptacle is covered with dark olive brown spore slime , or gleba . A. coccinea can be distinguished from the more common species A. rubra by differences in the color of the receptacle , and in the structure of the arms . The edibility of the fungus has not been reported . Taxonomy The fungus was first described provisionally ( denoted by ad interim ) as Aseroe coccinea by the Japanese mycologists Yoshimi and Tsuguo Hongo in a 1989 publication with a Japanese description , based on a specimen collected on September 29 , 1985 in Utsunomiya , Tochigi Prefecture , Japan . The name , however , was not published validly ( nomen unk ) , according to Article 36 . 1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature , which requires that in order to be validly published , a name of a new taxon ( algal and all fossil taxa excepted ) must ... be accompanied by a Latin description or diagnosis or by a reference to a previously and effectively published Latin description or diagnosis . Taiga unk reexamined the type specimen and validated the species in a 2007 Mycoscience publication . The holotype specimen is kept at the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo . The specific epithet coccinea is derived from the Latin word coccineus , and means bright red . The mushroom 's Japanese name is Aka unk take ( unk ) . Description Like all Phallaceae species , A. coccinea begins its development in the form of a roughly spherical whitish egg that is 10 15 mm ( 0 . 39 0 . 59 in ) in diameter , lying on or partially submerged in the substrate . On the base of the egg is a white strand of mycelium . The exoperidium ( the outer tissue layer ) is white to cream colored with a fibrous surface . The inner layer is membranous , with a hyaline ( translucent ) endoperidium ( inner tissue layer ) . The slimy spore bearing mass , the gleba , is olive brown to greenish black , with a slightly fetid odor . When the mushroom is mature , it covers the upper surface of a disc on the top of the receptacle . The receptacle has a cylindrical stipe , 10 15 mm ( 0 . 39 0 . 59 in ) tall , 7 15 mm ( 0 . 28 0 . 59 in ) in diameter at the top , somewhat fusiform ( tapered at both ends ) or sometimes just tapered towards the base . The stipe is pale pink near the top , white to cream at the base , spongy in texture , and hollow . The top of the receptacle is flattened to form a disc that bears 7 9 , narrow , tapering arms . The arms consist of a single bright red tube like chamber , that is 4 10 mm ( 0 . 16 0 . 39 in ) long and 0 . 7 2 mm ( 0 . 0 0 . 1 in ) thick . The thick walled spores are ellipsoid to cylindrical , and measure 4 5 by 2 2 . 5 m . They are hyaline ( translucent ) , have a smooth surface , and are sometimes truncated at the base . The peridium of the egg is divided into two distinct layers of tissue . The outer is up to 250 400 m thick , and made of filamentous , interwoven hyphae measuring 2 . 5 5 m in diameter . These hyphae are thick walled , septate , and hyaline . Also present in this outer layer are thick walled pseudoparenchymatous cells ( angular , randomly arranged , and tightly packed ) that are 7 50 m thick , spherical or nearly so , and yellowish brown to pale brown . The inner tissue layer of the peridium is 100 250 m thick and made of elongated filamentous hyphae that are 2 5 m in diameter . These thick walled hyphae are arranged in a roughly parallel fashion , septate , and hyaline . The receptacle consists of thick walled , roughly spherical pseudoparenchymatous cells 5 15 . 5 m thick , that contain intracellular pigment . Similar species A. coccinea closely resembles A. arachnoidea , but may be distinguished from the latter by its bright red arms , and its larger spores ( 4 5 by 2 . 5 3 m in A. coccinea compared with 2 . 5 3 . 5 by 1 . 5 m in A. arachnoidea ) . A. arachnoidea is known from Asia and West Africa . A. rubra is a relatively common pantropical species , and differs from A. coccinea in its reddish receptacle ( compared with pink to cream colored in A. coccinea ) and bifurcating arms that are typically unk . Habitat and distribution Although unk did not explicitly define the mode of nutrition for A. coccinea , most Phallaceae species are suspected to be saprobic decomposers of wood and plant organic matter . The fruit bodies of A. coccinea , known only from temperate regions of Japan ( Tochigi Prefecture ) , grow solitarily or in groups on rice husks , straw , or dung . They are found from summer to autumn .
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2,312 | County Route 41 ( CR 41 ) in Onondaga County , New York is a 6 . 20 mile ( 9 . 98 km ) highway in the Finger Lakes towns of Skaneateles and Marcellus . The route is unsigned , like most of Onondaga County 's routes , serving as a connector between the villages . The route begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) in Skaneateles and heads northeast for most of its length . Route 41 does not intersect with another state maintained highway , but does follow the former alignment of two . The highway ends at an intersection with CR 83 ( South Street ) and CR 150 ( Platt Road ) . Route 41 was once part of a realignment of a 19th century turnpike , the Seneca Turnpike . Being a newer alignment , the signs along the highway read New Seneca Turnpike . The route , when the 1930 New York State Route renumbering occurred , was designated as part of New York State Route 175 ( NY 175 ) from US 20 to NY 174 , which is now part of CR 41 . The highway then followed an older alignment of Route 174 southward , out of Marcellus . Route 175 was decommissioned and realigned several times along that alignment , and the Route 174 alignment came in the 1970s . By 1989 , Route 41 was assigned along its entire alignment . Route description CR 41 begins at an intersection with US 20 ( East Genesee Street ) in the village of Skaneateles . Route 41 heads to the northeast through the densely populated community , passing homes and trees . The highway then intersects with the northern terminus of East Lake Street , the continuation of NY 41 . The county route , however , continues to the northeast , leaving the village portion of Skaneateles at an intersection with Highland Avenue , losing its Onondaga Street moniker . The highway , now known as the New Seneca Turnpike , parallels US 20 in a less dense area of Skaneateles . The highway continues , leaving Skaneateles for the town of Marcellus . After a while , the dense housing becomes farmland and fields , with the highway continuing towards downtown Marcellus . However , as the route progresses farther , this reverts itself , and houses follow along the highway once again . Route 41 then intersects with Gully Road and the Old Seneca Turnpike , a realignment of itself . The real Old Seneca Turnpike is intersected farther north . After passing a large farm , Route 41 intersects with the northern terminus of CR unk ( Richard Road ) . Route 41 passes to the south of a pond , making a swing to the north . The route then makes a swing to the east , and soon after a straight path to the northeast . The highway intersects with CR 211A ( Lawrence Road ) , which heads eastward towards NY 174 . After the county route , the population around Route 41 quickly dips , and fields surround the highway . A local road , CR 202 ( Murphy Road ) , starts to the west after a short distance . The northeast curving begins to straighten into a northward track , until intersecting with the southern terminus of CR 236 ( Gypsy Road ) . A short distance after , Route 41 intersects with CR 133 , the old alignment of the Seneca Turnpike , and the two highways merge . The county highway then follows the Old Seneca Turnpike along East Main Street , entering the village of Marcellus . Route 41 then makes a turn to the south along an old alignment of NY 174 . The population becomes dense once again , as Route 41 follows South Street towards its eastern terminus . Paralleling Marcellus County Park , the highway continues southward . Route 41 finally terminates at an intersection with CR 83 ( South Street ) and CR 150 ( Platt Road ) . South Street continues towards an intersection with NY 174 and NY 175 . History Old roads Route 41 from US 20 to South Street , is a realignment of the Seneca Turnpike , which was assigned in 1800 . Originally chartered as Genesee Road , the Seneca Turnpike consisted of a highway from Canandaigua to Utica . The turnpike had a long track in Onondaga County , running along CR 133 , NY 174 , NY 175 , NY 173 , and NY 92 . The turnpike was realigned in 1806 onto CR 41 instead of CR 133 . After CR 41 , it continued along the same track . The Seneca Turnpike Corporation , which maintained the turnpike , closed its doors in 1852 . As of 2008 , County Routes 41 and 133 still retain the Seneca Turnpike moniker . Designation In 1930 , during a massive State Route renumbering , the Skaneateles South Street alignment of CR 41 was assigned as NY 175 . The rest was portioned as an alignment of NY 174 . The NY 174 alignment remained intact for many years , while NY 175 went through several different alignments . NY 175 was truncated off the CR 41 alignment by 1936 , until being realigned back onto the highway in the 1960s . However , this time , the highway was maintained by the Onondaga County Department of Transportation . NY 175 was realigned by 1989 onto CR 73 ( the Lee Mulroy Highway ) south of CR 41 . The alignment of CR 41 in Marcellus was established as a county highway in the 1970s and 1980s , when NY 174 was realigned onto a different highway . Major intersections The entire route is in Onondaga County .
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2,313 | The Stripped Mixes ( released on CD for a limited time as The Motown 50 Mixes ) , is a collection of American recording artist and former Jackson 5 member Michael Jackson 's classic songs . The songs featured on the album are mainly from Jackson 's career as a member of the Jackson 5 from the 1960s to the 1980s songs credited to Jackson as a solo artist are from his albums during his Motown era . Other songs included on the album are stripped mixes of Jackson material , meaning the songs are of a quieter tone and most of the drums have been removed . Following a surge in Jackson 's popularity after his death in June 2009 , it was confirmed on July 7 , that The Stripped Mixes would be released . The album was made available as a digital download on July 7 , 2009 , and as a CD on July 28 . A remixed song , entitled I 'll Be There ( Minus Mix ) , was released on iTunes to promote the album on June 9 , 2009 , prior to Jackson 's death . The Stripped Mixes was the second Jackson compilation album to be posthumously released , the first being The Collection which was released over two weeks prior . The Stripped Mixes received mixed reviews from music critics . The album was a moderate commercial success worldwide and had a better chart performance internationally than in the United States . Concept Due to the high popularity of a State Farm Insurance commercial featuring an acoustic version of the hit I 'll Be There , Motown released I 'll Be There ( Minus Mix ) via iTunes on June 9 , 2009 , as a prelude to The Stripped Mixes . I 'll Be There ( Minus Mix ) did not chart on any music charts . Shortly after Jackson 's death in June 2009 , his music experienced a surge in popularity , leading to re issues of his music . Less than an hour after the memorial service for Jackson at the Staples Center on July 7 , 2009 , Universal Music Group announced The Stripped Mixes , a collection of Jackson 's classic songs , would be released . The album features stripped mixes of Jackson 's classic Motown era songs as well as songs recorded while he was a member of The Jackson 5 from the 1960s to the 1980s . The songs that are stripped on the album have backing instruments and some studio engineering removed to make the songs have a more acoustic sound . The Stripped Mixes was made available as a digital download on July 7 , and as a compact disc on July 28 , 2009 . Reception Commercial performance The Stripped Mixes charted at a peak position of 95 on the Billboard 200 in its debut week with sales of less than five thousand units . It charted at 43 on the R B Albums Chart in 2009 , and moved up to 21 in 2010 . Internationally , The Stripped Mixes was more successful commercially . The album charted within the top fifty in Belgium Flanders and Belgium Wallonia , peaking at 43 and 47 for five and seven weeks , respectively . The Stripped Mixes also charted at 75 in Mexico for one week before dropping out of the top 100 . Critical analysis The Stripped Mixes received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . Writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave The Stripped Mixes two out of five stars , stating that he felt that the logic of what is left behind doesn 't quite make sense , pointing out that I Want You Back and ABC have no drums and feel a little tipsy and top heavy Ben and With a Child 's Heart have echoes of strings in the background , making it hard to identify the songs as being stripped . He added that since the genius lies in the arrangements , having so much of the arrangement absent means that the music just sounds awkward and incomplete , as if it was waiting for the final round of mixing and overdubs . Erlewine 's overall opinion on the album was if the purpose of this disc is to draw attention to Michael 's vocals , The Stripped Mixes does its job , but just because his voice is pushed front and center does not mean that this is the best place to appreciate his genius . A writer for PR Newswire praised the album , describing it as showcasing Jackson 's vocal talent and viewed The Stripped Mixes as shining a bright , fresh light on Jackson 's early career as both a solo artist and with his brothers in The Jackson 5 . Natalie Salvo of unk commented that the mix of Ain 't No Sunshine made the album personally worth buying . She added that the music does what it 's supposed to do , which was evoking the right mood but not being overly showy . Despite the praise , she did state that the album could be clinically looked at as an element of bad taste from a greedy record company and noted that it was difficult to stop yourself being overcome with cynicism towards this album . Jeff unk of Tone Publications described all of the album 's tracks as being quite strong and added that regardless of your interest in Michael Jackson the The Stripped Mixes is a disc you should have in your collection because it offers a rare look at classic material by Jackson when he was just beginning his career . Track listing Charts Personnel Credits adapted from AllMusic .
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2,314 | No. 391 ( Base ) Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) squadron that operated during the Korean War and its immediate aftermath . It was established in October 1950 as part of No. 91 ( Composite ) Wing , which administered RAAF units deployed in the conflict . Apart from No. 391 Squadron , these included No. 77 ( Fighter ) Squadron , No. 30 Communications Unit ( redesignated No. 30 Transport Unit in 1951 and No. 36 ( Transport ) Squadron in 1953 ) , and No. 491 ( Maintenance ) Squadron . No. 391 Squadron was headquartered at Iwakuni , Japan , as were No. 91 Wing 's other components with the exception of No. 77 Squadron , which was located on the Korean peninsula . The base squadron was responsible for administrative , logistical , medical , communications and security functions at Iwakuni , and also maintained detachments in South Korea . It included a marine section for harbour patrols and search and rescue in the waters off southern Japan . No. 391 Squadron was disbanded at the same time as No. 91 Wing headquarters , in April 1955 . History When the Korean War broke out on 25 June 1950 , No. 77 ( Fighter ) Squadron of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) was based at Iwakuni , Japan . For the previous four years the squadron , equipped with North American P 51 Mustangs , had served with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) . Personnel were preparing to return to Australia when they were placed on standby for action over Korea the squadron began flying missions as part of United Nations ( UN ) forces a week later . Following the landing at Inchon and the consequent advance northward of UN troops , No. 77 Squadron relocated to Pohang , South Korea , on 12 October 1950 . It left behind its main support elements at Iwakuni . No. 91 ( Composite ) Wing was established at the base on 20 October and given administrative responsibility for all RAAF units operating during the conflict . This included No. 77 Squadron and three newly formed components No. 30 Communications Flight ( renamed No. 30 Communications Unit the following month , No. 30 Transport Unit in November 1951 and No. 36 ( Transport ) Squadron in March 1953 ) , No. 491 ( Maintenance ) Squadron , and No. 391 ( Base ) Squadron . Apart from No. 77 Squadron , the wing 's units were all headquartered at Iwakuni . At the onset of war in Korea , No. 77 Squadron was self supporting , the largest flying unit in the RAAF . It comprised 299 officers and men , 40 Mustangs , 3 CAC Wirraways , 2 Douglas C 47 Dakotas and 2 Austers . The added burden of combat operations made this situation untenable after the squadron went into action in Korea , leading to the formation of No. 391 ( Base ) Squadron at Iwakuni , at the same time as No. 91 Wing headquarters . RAAF base squadrons were responsible for administrative , logistical , medical , communications and security functions . Staffed mainly by former No. 77 Squadron members , in the first year of its existence No. 391 Squadron had to try to overcome severe shortages of winter clothing and equipment . Further problems arose when No. 77 Squadron converted to Gloster Meteors between April and July 1951 , as spares for the British made jet were harder to obtain than for the American Mustang . No longer could No. 391 Squadron source parts from the US Fifth Air Force as it had up till this point . Disposal of the Mustangs and their spares also caused headaches the process took two years , causing storage issues . The base squadron faced another challenge in January 1952 , following a controversial change in role for the Meteors , from air to air combat to ground attack , which necessitated obtaining supplies of rockets and modification of the aircraft to carry them . Along with its RAAF responsibilities , No. 391 Squadron supported Australian Army and other UN personnel travelling through Iwakuni . It ran No. 91 Wing 's Transit Hotel , which accommodated business people and entertainers , as well as military personnel . The squadron maintained two detachments in South Korea , one at Kimpo Air Base to handle Meteor spares , and another at the RAAF ward of the British Commonwealth Zone Medical Unit in Seoul . Base support staff regularly rotated from Iwakuni to these detachments . No. 391 Squadron 's medical contingent was heavily engaged in the preparation and escort of injured personnel from Korea to Iwakuni and then to other destinations . The unit included a marine craft section equipped with small boats that patrolled harbours in southern Japan used by British and American flying boats , and conducted search and rescue operations for UN pilots who ditched at sea . No. 391 Squadron used Japanese technicians as well as Australian , which was unusual at the time since the occupation of Japan following its surrender in World War II , Japanese workers had only been employed for menial tasks . Following the departure for Australia of Nos. 77 and 36 Squadrons between November 1954 and March 1955 , and the disbandment of No. 491 Squadron in December 1954 , No. 391 Squadron disbanded on 30 April 1955 , the same day as No. 91 Wing headquarters .
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2,315 | Camak House , at 279 Meigs Street , Athens , Georgia , was built in about 1834 by James Camak and featured in Georgia 's early railroad history . An example of Federal architecture , it has a number of features unusual for its period , including a kitchen within the raised basement and closets . Both main floors have four rooms the stairwell has a mahogany railing , and moldings and trim were made using a Greek key pattern . After long service as a family home , it was used as a Masonic Lodge before being bought by Coca Cola Enterprises . In 1975 Camak House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places , but the building had by then fallen into disrepair . It was restored and used as the offices of a law firm . As of December 2011 , it is for sale . Architecture and early history Built atop a hill , Camak House was the first dwelling constructed on Prince Avenue Meigs Street was added later , cutting off a portion of the original property . The architecture is Federal style , relatively unusual in Athens , with locally produced ironwork in the front . The fanlight of the central doorway and the white washed brick construction are typical elements of the style . The house has two stories , with a four over four room , central hall plan a style based on the standard Greek Revival floor plan with a raised basement , a low hipped roof , and two story pilasters . The basement originally housed slave quarters and the kitchen the hazard of fire made it unusual for houses of the period to include a kitchen , but because of Camak House 's brick construction the risk was thought to be low . The floors were constructed using knot free heart pine , and solid mahogany was used for the railing of the stairwell . Details include silver plated doorknobs , hand forged locks and latches , and a simple but visually striking Greek key pattern for moldings and trim . Camak House was built with closets a very unusual feature for the time . Camak House was the location for a meeting to organize what became the first successful railroad company in Georgia and only the third such company in the United States . James Camak was named president of the company , and later served as the first president of Georgia Railroad Bank . Five generations of unk lived in the house until 1947 . In her book Historic Houses of Athens , Charlotte Thomas Marshall notes that It was not until 1904 , eleven years after Dr. Camak 's son of the James Camak who built the house death , that the first deed relating to the Camak house lot was recorded . At that time his sons , Louis and James Wellborn Camak , executed a quitclaim deed to their mother , Mary Wellborn Camak , acknowledging that the lot has been given to her by their father without a deed being made . In 1949 , the house was purchased to serve as the Mount Vernon Lodge No. 22 , F. A. M ( Masonic lodge ) then in 1979 by the Athens Coca Cola Bottling Company . Restoration and current use Albert Sams was president of the Athens Coca Cola Bottling Company when it acquired Camak House . He was an active member of the Athens Clarke Heritage Foundation and a generous philanthropist , particularly with regard to historic houses , and he planned to renovate Camak House for administrative offices corporate mergers ( ultimately with Coca Cola Enterprises ) in the 1980s ended those plans . However , it was the Sams family that sought Camak House 's listing on the National Register of Historic Places . The house and grounds had fallen into decay by 1993 , when the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation and the law firm of Winburn , Lewis and Barrow formed a partnership to purchase Camak House from Coca Cola Enterprises . The trust added protective covenants before selling the property on to the law firm , one of whose partners was John Barrow , who served as the prime mover in these negotiations . A local company , S W Development Corp , whose owner , Smith Wilson had been working in historic preservation for 18 years , was contracted to carry out the restoration work . The original floor plans , which had been altered during the Masons ' tenure , were reinstated Wilson was able to use drawings made of Camak House during the 1930s as part of the Works Progress Administration 's documentation of historic buildings . The house 's restoration for use as law offices has been described by Elizabeth Dalton of the Athens Clarke Heritage Foundation as an excellent example of adaptive use . As of 2011 , Camak House is owned by the law firm of Lewis , Frierson and Grayson , LLP . Historic status Camak House was listed as a point of interest in the WPA Guide to Georgia ( which characterized the architecture as Georgian Colonial ) . The Athens Historical Society dedicated a historical marker on the grounds in 1963 . The Historic American Buildings Survey documented Camak House ( GA 14 67 ) on July 7 , 1975 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 6 , 1990 , it was locally designated a Historic Landmark and recognized by the Georgia Historical Marker Program ( 029 10 ) .
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2,316 | The 1873 FA Cup final was a football match between Wanderers and Oxford University on 29 March 1873 at Lillie Bridge in London . It was the second final of the world 's oldest football competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup ( known in the modern era as the FA Cup ) . Unusually , the final was held in the morning , so as to avoid a clash with the annual Oxford Cambridge Boat Race which was held on the same day . Wanderers reached the final without playing a match , as the original rules of the competition stated that the holders would receive a bye straight to the final and other teams would compete to gain the other place in the final and challenge the holders for the trophy . Oxford reached the final when their semi final opponents , Queen 's Park , dropped out of the competition Both teams had key players absent for the final , including several who had represented Wanderers in the previous year 's final . The best player on the day was Arthur Kinnaird , who scored the first goal for Wanderers . Charles Wollaston added a second goal towards the end of the match to give Wanderers a 2 0 victory and a second consecutive FA Cup win . It was the only Cup final prior to 1893 not played at The Oval . Route to the final As the previous year 's FA Cup winners , Wanderers received a bye straight to the final in the 1872 73 . This was in keeping with the original concept of the competition being a challenge cup , in which the holders would qualify directly for the following season 's final and teams would compete for the other place in the final and the right to challenge them for the trophy . This was the only time this rule was used . In the first round Oxford University played Crystal Palace ( a different club to the modern club of the same name ) and won 3 2 at home . In the second round , they played an away match against Clapham Rovers , winning 3 0 . In the third round Oxford University were paired with the previous season 's runners up , the Royal Engineers . Oxford won 1 0 and went on to play Maidenhead in the quarter finals . Due to other teams receiving byes , this was the only match at the quarter final stage , and for the third consecutive round Oxford emerged victorious without conceding a goal , winning 4 0 . In the semi finals , Oxford 's opponents were set to be the leading Scottish club , Queen 's Park , who had received a bye straight to the semi finals to reduce the amount of travelling required to compete in a competition in which all the other entrants were from the south of England . Queen 's , however , decided to withdraw from the competition , giving Oxford a bye into the final . One modern source states that the Scottish club actually beat Oxford but then could not afford to travel to London for the final so withdrew at that point . Match Summary As the match was scheduled for the same day as the annual Oxford Cambridge boat race , the decision was made to stage it in the morning , thereby allowing the spectators to witness both sporting events . Both teams were missing key players . Oxford 's first choice goalkeeper , Charles Nepean , was unavailable , as were four of Wanderers ' regular players , including Thomas Hooman , William Crake and Albert Thompson , all of whom had been in the cup winning team the year before . As cup holders , Wanderers were permitted to choose the stadium at which the match would be played . As the club had no official stadium of its own , its officials chose the Lillie Bridge ground in West Brompton . Oxford dominated the early stages of the game due largely to the strong running of Arnold Kirke Smith . Newspaper The Sportsman commented that the whole eleven work ed well together and with great energy . Nonetheless , Wanderers came closer to scoring when William Kenyon Slaney got the ball into the goal , only for the umpires to disallow the goal due to an infringement of the offside rule . After 27 minutes , Wanderers captain Arthur Kinnaird , whom the press rated as the best player of the match due to his dribbling skills , gave his team the lead when he outpaced Oxford 's backs and kicked the ball between the goalposts . In a desperate attempt to secure an equalising goal , Oxford took the unusual step of dispensing with the use of a goalkeeper and moved Andrew Leach , who had been playing in that position , upfield to play as a forward . This plan back fired at around the 80 minute mark , however , when Charles Wollaston broke through and scored a second goal for the Wanderers , who thereby retained the trophy which they had won in its inaugural year . The correspondent from The Field stated that the shot would easily have been saved had there been a player in goal . Details Post match As was the norm until 1882 , the winning team did not receive the trophy at the stadium on the day of the match , but later in the year at their annual dinner . Oxford 's sporting disappointment continued in the afternoon , as the university 's crew was defeated by three lengths by Cambridge in the Boat Race , Cambridge 's fourth successive victory in the contest .
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2,317 | Great Britain competed at the 2010 Winter Paralympics held in Vancouver , Canada . The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom athletes from Northern Ireland , who may elect to hold Irish citizenship under the pre 1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution , are able to be selected to represent either Great Britain or Ireland at the Paralympics . Kelly Gallagher became the first Northern Irish athlete to compete in the Winter Paralympics by taking part in the alpine skiing discipline . Additionally some British overseas territories compete separately from Britain in Paralympic competition . In order to be eligible to take part in the Games athletes had to have a disability that fell into one of the five Paralympics disability categories . Great Britain fielded twelve athletes in total a team of five in wheelchair curling , and seven athletes in alpine skiing . The team failed to win a medal for the first time since the 2002 Games , when just two British athletes competed , and although several of the squad finished with top ten results , the overall outcome was described as disappointing . Kelly Gallagher came closest to a medal , finishing fourth in the giant slalom for visually impaired athletes . Britain will be hosting the next Games when London hosts the 2012 Summer Paralympics . Disability classification Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories amputation , the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness cerebral palsy wheelchair athletes , there is often overlap between this and other categories visual impairment , including blindness Les autres , any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories , for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis . Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications , dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition . Events are given a code , made of numbers and letters , describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing . Events with B in the code are for athletes with visual impairment , codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down . For the 2010 Paralympics alpine skiing events grouped athletes in to sitting , standing and visually impaired . In biathlon events , which contain a target shooting component , blind and visually impaired athletes are able to compete through the use of acoustic signals , whose signal intensity varies dependent upon whether or not the athlete is on target . Wheelchair curling , first added to the Games in 2006 in Turin , is open to athletes with a physical disability in the lower part of the body that requires the everyday use of a wheelchair . Stones may be played by hand while leaning over the side of the wheelchair , or pushed by a delivery stick . Alpine skiing Britain s alpine skiing team consisted of four men , Russell Docker , Timothy Farr , Sean Rose and unk Skeels unk , and three women Jane Sowerby , Anna Turney and Kelly Gallagher , as well as Gallagher s guide , Claire Robb . Docker was competing in his third Winter Paralympics , having previously taken part in Salt Lake City and Turin . The only other British skier with previous Games experience was Rose who had also raced in Turin . Kelly Gallagher , who became the first Northern Irish athlete to compete in the Winter Paralympics , also achieved the team 's highest finish , missing out on a medal by a single place and 3 . 36 seconds in the women 's visually impaired giant slalom . Sean Rose and Anna Turney also achieved top ten finishes . Jane Sowerby 's preparations were disrupted by a broken collarbone suffered in November 2009 . She failed to finish in the slalom and was disqualified from the giant slalom due to a rolling start . Men Women Wheelchair curling Britain s wheelchair curling team consisted of Michael McCreadie , Angela Malone , Tom Killin , Aileen Neilson and James Sellar . These five athletes , representing Scotland , had finished fifth at the 2009 World Championships . Three of the team , McCreadie , Malone and Killin , were also in the GB team which won the silver medal in the event at the 2006 Turin Games . McCreadie , who was competing in his seventh Paralympics , won two bronze medals for Lawn Bowls in the 1976 Summer Paralympics and Killin was a previous silver medalist in wheelchair fencing at the 1980 Summer Games . Paralympic wheelchair curling is played according to the rules of the World Curling Federation , the only modification is that there is no sweeping . The sport was open to both male and female athletes who competed in mixed teams , with a requirement that each team had at least one member of each sex . The format was a round robin tournament each nation played all others in a group stage with the top four qualifying for medal playoffs . Great Britain won three of their nine group games , beating teams from Switzerland , Germany , and Japan . They finished in sixth position , which meant that they did not advance to the medal matches .
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2,318 | I Thought I Lost You is a pop song , a country song , as well as a rock song performed by both American singer songwriter and actress Miley Cyrus and actor and singer John Travolta . The song was co written by Cyrus with producer Jeffrey Steele . It was released to Radio Disney as promotion for the 2008 Disney animated film Bolt , in which Cyrus and Travolta provide the voices of Penny and Bolt . I Thought I Lost You was made after filmmakers requested Cyrus to write a song for the film . The song is a teen pop number whose lyrics speak of getting lost and getting found . I Thought I Lost You was nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , but lost both to Bruce Springsteen 's The Wrestler from The Wrestler ( 2008 ) . The song 's accompanying music video has Cyrus and Travolta performing the song in a recording studio and features clips from Bolt . I Thought I Lost You was promoted by few live performances by Cyrus . Background Cyrus became involved with Bolt once she was cast as Penny , Bolt 's owner . Filmmakers asked Cyrus to write a song for herself and John Travolta , who stars as Bolt . She co wrote the song with the aid of Jeffrey Steele , who also produced the track , in a short period of time as they had a due date . The film 's settings vary in cities throughout the United States , which Cyrus thought she could capture in the song . Not just make it something that sounds from Hollywood and really produced , but we could add a little country twang to it , she said . Cyrus said the writing process was easy . Before the song 's completion , Travolta agreed to sing it , believing Well , it will be a cute song , whatever it is . After listening to the song , he was surprised at Cyrus ' songwriting abilities . She 's really gifted at writing , and she really wanted to write something good for me as the character Bolt , so she went out of her way with her writing partner to come up with something good , and I really think they pulled it off , Travolta told MTV News . John Lasseter , executive producer of Bolt , decided to make I Thought I Lost You the theme for Bolt , since it lyrically summarized the film 's plot . He said , The song so sums up the theme of this film . You know , a dog and its owner and they both were separated , but they love each other so much there 's such an emotional payoff when these characters get reunited , and I think that 's what this song 's about . Lasseter thought that solely the song worked , but it worked better for the film . I Thought I Lost You is one of two songs on the Bolt soundtrack and was released to Radio Disney to promote Bolt and its accompanying soundtrack . Composition I Thought I Lost You is a pop song that incorporates rock elements and lasts three minutes and thirty six seconds . Its instrumentation includes electric guitar and piano . The song is set in common time at a moderate rock tempo of 103 beats per minute . The song is sung in the key of E major and Cyrus ' vocals span two octaves , from G3 to A 5 . I Thought I Lost You follows the chord progression of E A sus2 . The song 's lyrics speak of getting lost and getting found , with an overarching theme of loyalty . Critical reception The song received mixed reception from contemporary critics . William Ruhlmann of Allmusic wrote , The album begins with a pop rock song , ' I Thought I Lost You , ' which oddly sounds like a love duet between John Travolta , a man in his mid fifties , and the teenage TV and pop star Miley Cyrus , until it is remembered that Travolta voices the movie 's title character , a dog . I Thought I Lost You was nominated for the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song at the 14th Broadcast Film Critics Association Award , but lost to Bruce Springsteen 's The Wrestler from The Wrestler ( 2008 ) . The song was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 66th Golden Globe Awards , but also lost to The Wrestler . An uncredited reviewer from The Los Angeles Times thought the song could have been nominated for and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at 81st Academy Awards . However , the reviewer stated that the probability of the event was shattered by a serious obstacle solely being used in Bolt 's ending credits and lots of Disney competition . Music video and live performances The music video for I Thought I Lost You premiered on November 3 , 2008 on Disney Channel . The video commences with a clip from Bolt in which one of the film 's characters , Rhino , shouts Let it begin Then several clips from the film play rapidly until Cyrus and Travolta are shown performing in a recording studio . Throughout the rest of the video , scenes alternate between Cyrus and Travolta performing to clips from Bolt . It ends with Rhino performing a brief dance move . Cyrus first performed I Thought I Lost You live on November 12 , 2008 at an outdoor concert televised by Good Morning America . She also performed the track at the 2008 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade .
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2,319 | USAHS Blanche F. Sigman was a United States Army hospital ship during World War II . The ship was completed in April 1943 as Liberty ship SS Stanford White . When selected for conversion to a hospital ship , she was originally assigned the name USAHS Poppy , but never operated under that name . After being decommissioned as a hospital ship , she became U.S. Army transport USAT Blanche F. Sigman . SS Stanford White , named in honor of American architect Stanford White , was built by California Shipbuilding Corporation of Los Angeles for the United States Maritime Commission in early 1943 . Laid down in March 1943 and launched the following month , the ship was assigned to United States Lines , Inc. for merchant operation by the War Shipping Administration ( WSA ) . Stanford White made her way from California to New York and from that port made one transatlantic round trip to Liverpool . In November 1943 , the WSA allocated the ship to the U.S. Army , which converted her to a hospital ship . Though initially assigned the name Poppy , she was instead named in honor of First Lieutenant Blanche F. Sigman , a U.S. Army nurse killed in action in Italy . The hospital ship was initially based in Charleston , South Carolina , and made multiple voyages to ports in England , the Mediterranean , and France . After her homeport was changed to New York in December 1945 , she made several more runs to Europe as a hospital ship , then converted to USAT Blanche F. Sigman in April 1946 . As a transport , the ship made numerous trips bringing home nurses and military personnel prior to entering the National Defense Reserve Fleet in 1948 . The ship was declared surplus by the Army in 1949 , and sold for scrapping in 1974 . Liberty ship Stanford White ( MC Hull No. 738 ) was laid down on 9 March 1943 on ship way 7 at California Shipbuilding Corp. ( unk ) of Los Angeles as a standard Liberty ship . The ship was launched on Monday , 5 April 1943 ( the same day as another unk built Liberty , Benjamin Cardozo ) , and delivered 17 April 1943 , taking 39 days from start to delivery . The ship was initially to be launched on Saturday , 3 April , but had suffered minor damage from a fire the day before . Though it is not known where Stanford White spent the first five months of her merchant career , she spent the last two in the Atlantic . She sailed from Galveston , Texas on 12 September 1943 and arrived in Key West on 16 September . The ship departed the same day for New York and arrived there on 22 September . On 28 September the ship , carrying a general cargo , joined a convoy headed to Liverpool , where it arrived on 13 October . Five days later , the Stanford White set out for New York , arriving back there on 4 November . Hospital ship In late November 1943 the ship was transferred by the WSA to the War Department for operation as a Hague Convention hospital ship by the U.S. Army . The ship put into the Todd Hoboken Shipyard at the Port of New York for conversion , remaining there until completion on 30 June 1944 . The ship was initially assigned the name Poppy , under the then current policy of naming Army hospital ships after flowers , but never operated under that name . The ship was instead named after First Lieutenant Blanche F. Sigman , a U.S. Army nurse killed in action on 7 February 1944 on the beachhead during Operation Shingle , the Allied landings at Anzio . After sailing for the Clyde and back to New York in July on its first mercy mission , Blanche F. Sigman moved to its new homeport of Charleston in August 1944 . Sailing later that month , the Sigman headed to the Mersey and Liverpool . In October the ship sailed for Gibraltar , Oran , and Leghorn . In December , it repeated its previous voyage but also stopped at Naples as well , eventually making its way back to Charleston in January 1945 . Throughout 1945 , the hospital ship made six transatlantic treks , visiting Marseille three times , Naples , Oran , Gibraltar , Milford Haven , Wales , Avonmouth , Cherbourg , and Horta . The Sigman 's sixth mission of the year was a return trip to Cherbourg that ended with a return to its new homeport of New York . From New York , Blanche F. Sigman made three sojourns , calling at Cherbourg for a third time , Bremerhaven three times , The Downs , and Le Havre . While in Europe during the third trip , the ship was decommissioned as a hospital ship in April 1946 and returned to New York with a load of Army and Red Cross nurses , and members of the Women 's Army Corps . Throughout 1947 and into 1948 , the Sigman made numerous trips for the Army , primarily between Bremerhaven and New York . On 22 November 1948 , Blanche F. Sigman entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet ( unk ) at the James River in Virginia . Loaded with permanent ballast of 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of pig iron and 490 long tons ( 500 t ) of concrete blocks , the former hospital ship sat in mothballs for 25 years before being offered for disposal in late 1973 . The ship was awarded to Max Wender for scrapping on 23 January 1974 for 145 , 115 , and was withdrawn from the unk and delivered to Wender on 17 May 1974 .
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2,320 | Runaway Daydreamer is a song by the English recording artist Sophie Ellis Bextor for her fifth studio album Wanderlust ( 2014 ) . The song was released on 31 March 2014 as the second single of the album . Composed by Ed Harcourt with additional writing by Ellis Bextor , it is a chamber pop track which features percussion and string instruments . Its lyrics , written in a way resemblant of nursery rhymes , expound on escapism and self discovery . Runaway Daydreamer received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who praised Ellis Bextor 's vocals and its sound some denoted it as a highlight of Wanderlust . The song was promoted with a music video directed by Sophie Muller , which largely shows Ellis Bextor in a lounge room and walking through an abandoned pier . It was also performed on programmes including ITV 's Loose Women , and peaked at number 29 on the UK Indie chart . The song was featured on the regular and OW Version of the Theme Park Playlist . Composition and reception Runaway Daydreamer , as with the rest of Wanderlust , was co written by its producer Ed Harcourt along with Ellis Bextor . It was recorded at the State of the Ark studios , mixed and engineered by Richard unk , and mastered by Miles Showell . It is a chamber pop track which includes string arrangements and shuffled percussion . Clare Considine of Time Out compared its sonority to that of a Humphrey Bogart movie soundtrack . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the track as a girl group homage . unk Farrell of PopMatters opined that the song and Until the Stars Collide set a soaring , dreamy atmosphere for Wanderlust . According to the sheet music published by Music Sales Group , the song contains 116 beats per minute in unk . Its introduction follows a chord progression of C F C C F C C F C C F , and transitions into the verse section in which the notes C F C are followed . The track is composed in the traditional verse chorus form . Ellis Bextor 's vocals during the song incorporate the melisma technique and span from G3 to E5 . The song 's lyrics , which discuss escapism , are constructed in a way resemblant of nursery rhymes . During the chorus , Ellis Bextor sings It 's just my imagination Running away Girl 's gotta have a little daydream It 's a secret escape It 's just my imagination Running away Don 't worry baby , I 'm here to stay . Considine highlighted I could tie up the bed sheets and slide down the house Be gone before the morning comes as lyrics unk of Ellis Bextor 's artistic freedom in Wanderlust . Reviewing the song for Loud and Quiet , Stuart Stubbs wrote that it sees our protagonist pull herself out of squalor and onto a road of self discovery . The song concludes with a short outro where Ellis Bextor repeats the line Don 't worry baby , I 'm here to stay twice . On behalf of Virgin Media , Matthew Horton opined that Runaway Daydreamer was the standout of Wanderlust , describing Ellis Bextor 's vocals in it as prim and gorgeous . James Fyfe of The 405 echoed his view , praising Ellis Bextor 's vocal performance , as well as highlighting its sonority , despite observing it was not musically adventurous . Writing for Digital Spy , Robert Copsey billed the song as beautiful and shimmering . Thomas Erlewine highlighted the song as a standout , commenting that the album was at its best when it 's slightly dexterous , citing the song as an example . The Irish Times ' Louise Bruton wrote that the song explores twee danger zones and called it a blunder . Release and promotion A promotional CD single including Runaway Daydreamer ' s radio edit , with a length of 3 minutes and 27 seconds , was sent to radio stations in March 2014 . The song was released in the United Kingdom on 23 March 2014 . The music video for Runaway Daydreamer was directed by Sophie Muller , and released on 8 March 2014 it was mostly filmed during the taping of the video for Young Blood Wanderlust 's previous single . Ellis Bextor lip synchs the song 's lyrics inside a lounge room , wearing a white lace dress , with her hair gathered into a ponytail she is also seen walking through an abandoned pier , dining at a restaurant and posing in front of a small white house . The visual 's aspect ratio is changed throughout , ranging from unk to letterbox . Ellis Bextor performed the song in an acoustic setting , on the morning programme ZDF unk , aired on 23 January 2014 on German channel ZDF . On 17 March of that year , she sang it on ITV 's Loose Women . The song charted on the UK Indie Singles at number 29 . Track listing Promotional CD single Details adapted from the credits of the CD single of Runaway unk . Runaway Daydreamer ( Radio edit ) 3 27 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Wanderlust . Sophie Ellis Bextor lead vocals , songwriting Ed Harcourt songwriting , production , background vocals , samples , synth , keyboards , piano Gita Langley violin Richard Woodcraft engineering , mixing Miles Showell mastering Weekly charts Release history
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2,321 | Torpedo ... Los ( sometimes Torpedo ... LOS ) is a 1963 pop art oil on canvas painting by Roy Lichtenstein . When it was last sold in 1989 , The New York Times described the work as a comic strip image of sea warfare . It formerly held the record for the highest auction price for a Lichtenstein work . Its 1989 sale helped finance the construction of the current home of the Museum of Contemporary Art , Chicago in 1991 . Like many of Lichtenstein 's works its title comes from the speech balloon in the painting . The work was included in Lichtenstein 's second solo exhibition . The source of the image is a comic book from DC Comics . Lichtenstein has made significant alterations to the original image to change the focus and perspective in addition to significant alteration of the narrative element of the work . The work plays on the background foreground relationship and the theme of vision that appears in many of Lichtenstein 's works . Background The source of the image is Battle of the Ghost Ships in DC Comics ' Our Fighting Forces ( October 1962 ) , although the content of the speech balloon is different ( this is edition number 72 according to some sources and 71 ( a ) according to others ) . According to the Lichtenstein Foundation website , Torpedo ... Los was part of Lichtenstein 's second solo exhibition at Leo Castelli Gallery of September 28 October 24 , 1963 , that included Drowning Girl , Baseball Manager , In the Car , Conversation , and Whaam . Marketing materials for the show included the lithograph artwork , Crak . On November 7 , 1989 , Torpedo ... Los sold at Christie 's for 5 . 5 million ( US 10 . 5 million in 2016 dollars ) to Zurich dealer Thomas Ammann , which was a record for a work of art by Lichtenstein . The sale was described as the highpoint of a night in which Christie 's achieved more than double the total sales prices of any other contemporary art auction up to that date . The seller of the work was Beatrice C. Mayer , the widow of Museum of Contemporary Art , Chicago founder and board member Robert B. Mayer as well as daughter of Sara Lee Corporation founder Nathan Cummings . Prior to the sale the work was part of the Robert B. Mayer Memorial Loan Program and was exhibited at colleges and museums . Torpedo ... Los was expected to sell for 3 to 4 million at the time . In 1991 , Mayer became one of the key benefactors of the new Museum of Contemporary Art Building . Description Measuring 68 by 80 inches ( 172 . 7 cm 203 . 2 cm ) , Torpedo ... Los is an oil on canvas painting . By enlarging the face of the captain relative to the entire field , Lichtenstein makes him more prominent than in the source . He retained the source 's clumsiness in how the secondary figure is presented and replaced the dialogue with a much shorter cryptic command . The original source had dialog related to the repeated torpedoing of the same ship , but Lichtenstein cut the entire speech balloon down to two words . He moved the captain 's scar from his nose to his cheek and he made the captain appear more aggressive by depicting him with his mouth wide open , also opting to leave the eye which was not looking through the periscope open . He also made the ship appear to be more technologically sophisticated with a variety of changes . The scar was actually most readily apparent in panels other than the source from the same story . This work exemplifies Lichtenstein 's theme relating to vision . Lichtenstein uses a mechanical viewing device to present his depiction of technically aided vision . The depicted mechanical device , a periscope in this case , forces the vision into a monocular format . In some of his works such as this , monocularity is a strong theme that is directly embodied although only by allusion . Michael Lobel notes that ... his work proposes a dialectical tension between monocular and binocular modes of vision , a tension that operates on the level of gender as well . The work is regarded as one in which Lichtenstein exaggerated comic book sound effects in common pop art style . Reception This painting exemplifies Lichtenstein 's use of the background foreground shift and ironic colloquialisms in critical commands . Although most of Lichtenstein 's war imagery depicts American war themes , this depicts a scarred German submarine captain at a battle station . The manner of depiction with the commander 's face pressed against the periscope reflects fusions of industrial art of the 1920s and 1930s . The ironic aspect of this in 1963 is in part due to its temporal displacement referring back to World War II during the much later period of the Cold War . The styling of the balloon content , especially that of the large font characters , is complemented by or complementary to the other traditional visual content of the painting . Lichtenstein 's alterations heightened the sense of urgency in the image , however , they also offset that menace by forming a detached work . A November 1963 Art Magazine review stated that this was one of the broad and powerful paintings of the 1963 exhibition at Castelli 's Gallery .
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2,322 | Thunder Run is a wooden roller coaster at the Kentucky Kingdom amusement park in Louisville , Kentucky . The ride originally operated from August 1990 through to October 2009 , when then operators Six Flags abandoned the park . After remaining standing but not operating since 2009 , Thunder Run reopened in May 2014 when Kentucky Kingdom reopened under new operators . The ride was manufactured by Dinn Corporation and designed by Curtis D. Summers and John Fetterman . With 2 , 850 feet ( 870 m ) of track , Thunder Run stands 90 feet ( 27 m ) tall and features a top speed of 53 miles per hour ( 85 km h ) . History Kentucky Kingdom opened on May 23 , 1987 , leasing 10 acres ( 4 . 0 ha ) at the Kentucky Exposition Center property . The Texas investors who operated the park filed it for bankruptcy after only one season of operation . The Ed Hart led unk LLC firm purchased the rights to operate the park in 1989 , reopening the park the following year . As part of the reopening the new operators added a collection of new rides including Thunder Run , which opened in August 1990 . Early in Thunder Run 's operating life , its train had derailed from the lift hill and the ride 's lap bars were found to be unsafe . No injuries were reported from either incident . The original ride was unk by Martin Vleminckx prior to its closure in 2009 . Thunder Run operated until the end of the 2009 season on November 1 . Amid a corporate bankruptcy , on February 4 , 2010 , Six Flags announced the park would cease operations immediately due to the rejection of an amended lease by the Kentucky State Fair Board . Many attempts were made to reopen the park under new operators . Eventually , on June 27 , 2013 , a group of investors led by Ed Hart negotiated an agreement to reopen the park . The group would spend 36 million to reopen the park in May 2014 . Thunder Run would be part of the opening day lineup of attractions . Rocky Mountain Construction was hired to refurbish the ride , resulting in the existing wooden track to be replaced . On October 10 , 2013 , Kentucky Kingdom invited members of the media and amusement industry to ride the refurbished Thunder Run . The ride reopened to the public on May 24 , 2014 . Characteristics The 2 , 850 foot long ( 870 m ) Thunder Run stands 90 feet ( 27 m ) tall . With a top speed of 53 miles per hour ( 85 km h ) , the ride featured a ride duration of approximately 2 minutes . The ride would operate with a single train featuring six cars . Each would seat riders in two rows of two , totalling 24 riders per train . Thunder Run features 70 degree banked turns . Thunder Run 's design was originally intended for Americana Amusement Park in the late 1980s Dinn Corporation was contracted to manufacturer a wooden roller coaster designed by Curtis D. Summers and John Fetterman , before the plans fell through . The design was later used as the foundation for International Coasters ' only two roller coasters which are located at Carowinds and Kings Dominion , both named the unk . Ride experience Thunder Run features a double out and back layout . It begins with a left turn out of the station . This leads to the 90 foot tall ( 27 m ) chain lift hill . Once at the top , riders go down a small dip and along a 180 degree turn to the left . The first drop of 74 feet ( 23 m ) leads into a near ground level 70 degree banked turn to the left . A series of small camelback hills are followed by a turnaround . The train proceeds back towards the station with another hill . This process repeats a second time leading back into the brake run and station . Reception In 1993 and 1994 , Thunder Run was cited by Amusement Business as the Most Terrifying Roller Coaster on a top 10 list . The American Coaster Enthusiasts ' Inside Track magazine ranked Thunder Run as the fourth best of its kind in the nation . In 2007 , the Lexington Herald Leader described the ride as having a few nice drops and that jerky , clicking wooden coaster feel that some people love , but it never gets too wild . Tim O 'Brien , formerly of Amusement Business , rode the inaugural run of the ride in 1990 , as well as the first cycle of the refurbished ride in 2013 . O 'Brien describes the updated ride as a better ride today than it was back then , commending the ride 's ability to give a classic wooden roller coaster feel , yet run smoothly . He states Thunder Run is one of the top wooden roller coasters in the world . In Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards , Thunder Run has appeared four times from 2001 through to 2004 . It debuted at position 34 in 2001 before dropping to 49 in 2004 . Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll is an annual survey of roller coasters from around the world . It is widely regarded as the best and most accurate of any roller coaster poll available due to its ranking algorithm which prevents the poll from becoming a popularity contest . In the poll , Thunder Run entered at position 30 in 1994 , maintaining an average of 54 for the 17 years that followed . The ride 's ranking in subsequent polls is shown in the table below .
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2,323 | The Saegusa Ito oxidation is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry . It was discovered in 1978 by Takeo Saegusa and Yoshihiko Ito as a method to introduce unsaturation in carbonyl compounds . The reaction as originally reported involved formation of a silyl enol ether followed by treatment with palladium ( II ) acetate and benzoquinone to yield the corresponding enone . The original publication noted its utility for regeneration of unsaturation following 1 , 4 addition with nucleophiles such as unk . For acyclic substrates the reaction yields the thermodynamic E olefin product exclusively . This discovery was preceded nearly eight years earlier by a report that treatment of unactivated ketones with palladium acetate yielded the same products in low yields . The major improvement provided by Saegusa and Ito was the recognition that the enol form was the reactive species , developing a method based on silyl enol ethers . unk is actually not a necessary component for this reaction its role is to regenerate palladium ( II ) from its reduced form palladium ( 0 ) , so that a smaller amount of expensive palladium ( II ) acetate is required at the beginning . The reaction conditions and purifications could be easily simplified by just using excess of palladium ( II ) acetate without benzoquinone , while at a much higher cost . Since the reaction typically employs near stoichiometric amounts of palladium and is therefore often considered too expensive for industrial usage , some progress has been made in the development of catalytic variants . Despite this shortcoming , the Saegusa oxidation has been used in a number of syntheses as a mild , late stage method for introduction of functionality in complex molecules . Mechanism The mechanism of the Saegusa Ito oxidation involves coordination of palladium to the enol olefin followed by loss of the silyl group and formation of an unk palladium unk hydride elimination yields the palladium hydride enone complex which upon reductive elimination yields the product along with acetic acid and unk . The reversibility of the elimination step allows equilibration , leading to the thermodynamic E selectivity in acyclic substrates . It has been shown that the product can form a stable unk olefin complex , which may be responsible for the difficulty with re oxidation seen in catalytic variants of the reaction . Scope The wide applicability of the Saegusa Ito oxidation is exemplified by its use in several classic syntheses of complex molecules . The synthesis of morphine by Tohru Fukuyama in 2006 is one such example , in which the transformation tolerates the presence of carbamate and ether substituents . Samuel J. Danishefsky 's synthesis of both ( ) and ( ) unk began with a Saegusa Ito oxidation of the Diels Alder adduct of unk and 3 unk 1 , 3 butadiene to yield the enone below . In this case the oxidation tolerated the presence of alkene and carbonyl moieties . Yong Qiang Tu 's synthesis of the Alzheimer 's disease medication unk likewise used this reaction in the presence of an acid sensitive unk group . Larry E. Overman 's synthesis of unk utilizes a one pot oxidation with unk unk followed by a Saegusa oxidation , tolerating the presence of a halogen and a sulfonate . The synthesis of unk reported by David Williams uses a novel Saegusa Ito oxidation involving an unprotected enol moiety . The enone product unk in situ to regenerate the enol and form the unk ring . Subsequent deprotection of the unk group furnished the natural product . Variations The vast majority of improvements to this reaction have focused on rendering the transformation catalytic with respect to the palladium salt , primarily due to its high cost . The original conditions , though technically catalytic , still require 50 mol of palladium ( II ) unk , raising the cost to prohibitively high levels for large scale syntheses . The major advances in catalytic versions of this reaction have steered towards co oxidants that regenerate the palladium ( II ) species effectively . Specifically , conditions using atmospheric oxygen as well as stoichiometric unk have been developed . With respect to the former , the method developed by unk in 1995 represents an environmentally and cost attractive method as a catalytic substitute for the Saegusa Ito oxidation . This method suffers from long reaction times and often produces significantly lower yields than the stoichiometric equivalent as showcased in the synthesis of unk by Nishida . The contrast of the two methods highlights the catalytic method 's shortcomings . Catalytic variants employing stoichiometric unk and other unk carbonates have also been developed , primarily by Jiro Tsuji . For these the choice of solvent is essential nitrile solvents produce the desired enones while ethereal solvents produce allyl ketones instead . This latter method has enjoyed greater success as a synthetic tool , most notably in the Shibasaki total synthesis of the famous poison unk . Despite these methods , much work remains to be done with regard to catalytic installation of unsaturation .
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2,324 | Diabolus in Musica is the eighth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer . Released on June 9 , 1998 , it is the second studio album to feature drummer Paul Bostaph . Although receiving mixed critical reviews , the album sold 46 , 000 copies in its first week to peak at number 31 on the Billboard 200 . Guitarist Jeff Hanneman wrote most of the album 's content which has been described as Slayer 's most experimental album . It is the band 's first studio album to be played mostly in C tuning . The album 's title is a Latin term for The Devil in Music , a musical interval known for its dissonance . Lyrical themes explored on the album include religion , cultural deviance , death , insanity , war , and homicide . Writing and recording Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman described the writing process as , When we were writing this album I was looking for something to beat I wanted something to beat , but nothing impresses me right now . Nothing sounded really aggressive or heavy enough to inspire me to beat it , so I just had to come up with my own shit . The album was produced by Rick Rubin and was recorded at Oceanway Studios . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters felt Slayer introduced characteristics to its music including tuned down guitars , murky chord structures , and churning beats . He believed these characteristics were adopted in response to the then burgeoning nu metal scene . Drummer Paul Bostaph claims the album is his favorite as he thought the album was as experimental as Slayer got . This included incorporating groove metal elements and strange vocal effects as said by an interview for High Times . Bostaph returned to Slayer after his short lived side project The Truth About Seafood , and the band entered the recording studio four months later . Album title and lyrical themes Diabolus in Musica is a Latin term for The Devil in Music or tritone . Medieval musical rules did not allow this particular dissonance . According to one mythology , the interval was considered sexual and would bring out the devil Slayer vocalist and bassist Tom Araya jokingly said that people were executed for writing and using the interval . Araya held concern about the lyrics that King penned to In the Name of God , voicing his opinion to guitarist Hanneman . King 's viewpoint was It 's like , ' C 'mon , man , you 're in Slayer . You 're the antichrist you said it yourself on the first album ' You can 't draw the line like that . Whether he agrees with it or not , he didn 't write it I wrote it . So you have to say , ' Well , it 's just a part of being in this band . ' Now Jeff and I , we don 't give a fuck . If Jeff wrote something I had a problem with , I would never even raise a fucking finger . I 'd be like , ' Fuck yeah , let 's do it Gonna piss someone off Alright ' Touring and promotion Following the release of the album the band commenced the Diabolus in Musica tour . From 1998 to 1999 Slayer toured with Sepultura , System of a Down , Fear Factory , Kilgore , Clutch , Meshuggah and Sick of It All . Slayer released a promotional 3 track album called Diabolus in Musica Tour Sampler . The album features 3 tracks , one from Diabolus in Musica ( Stain of Mind ) , Ship of Gold off unk Clutch 's The Elephant Riders and Suite Pee ( Clean Version ) from the debut album by System of a Down . It was released on CD and Cassette . Reception Diabolus in Musica was released on June 9 , 1998 by American Recordings . In its first week of release , the album sold 46 , 000 copies in the United States and debuted at number 31 on the Billboard 200 Chart . As of August 16 , 2006 the album has sold 290 , 000 copies in the United States . Reviewing 2003 Slayer box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse , Adrien Begrand of PopMatters dubbed the album a unique record ... It 's as if they 're stepping in to show the young bands how to do it right , as songs like ' Bitter Peace ' , ' Death 's Head ' , and the terrific ' Stain of Mind ' blow away anything that young pretenders have put out . However , not all reviewers were so positive . Reviewing Slayer 's 2001 album God Hates Us All , Blabbermouth.net reviewer Borivoj Krgin described Diabolus in Musica as a feeble attempt at incorporating updated elements into the group 's sound , the presence of which elevated the band 's efforts somewhat and offered hope that Slayer could refrain from endlessly rehashing their previous material for their future output . In a 1998 review , The New York Times ' Ben Ratliff complained Eight of the 11 songs on Diabolus in Musica , a few of which were played at the show , are in the same gray key , and the band 's rhythmic ideas have a wearying sameness too . Songs from the album are rarely played live following the return of drummer Dave Lombardo in 2002 , with Stain of Mind being the only constant . Band members ' views In the Nu Metal episode of the 2011 VH1 documentary series Metal Evolution , Kerry King said the following in retrospect about the album Track listing Japanese edition Australian Edition does not contain track 8 Personnel
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2,325 | Glamorgan sausage ( Welsh unk Morgannwg ) is a traditional Welsh vegetarian sausage for which the main ingredients are cheese ( usually Caerphilly ) , leeks and breadcrumbs . The earliest published mention of the dish is from the 1850s in the book Wild Wales by George Borrow , although earlier records in the Glamorgan Archives show a version which contains pork . The modern vegetarian version became popular during the Second World War when meat was harder to come by , and is now mass produced by at least two companies . Variations include swapping the leeks for onions , as well as different herbs and spices , and various types of cheese . History The origins of Glamorgan sausages are unknown . Research conducted at the Glamorgan Archives in Leckwith discovered that there is at least one traditional recipe which used meat . In a notebook dated between 1795 and 1813 , John Perkins , of Ty draw , unk , included 1 pound ( 0 . 45 kg ) each of lean pork and fat in his recipe for Glamorgan sausage . The spicing was also different from modern versions , calling for the use of cloves , sage and ginger . The first published mention of them was by George Borrow in his book Wild Wales , written in the 1850s and published in the next decade . He described them as not a whit inferior to those of Epping Epping sausages were skinless meat based sausages . Borrow visited Y unk Fawr ( now known as unk ) the unk Arms has been suggested as the location at which Borrow ate his sausages . Advertisements promoting the sale of Glamorgan sausages in the British Newspaper Archive begin to appear from 1869 onwards , with the first advert placed by pork butcher Henry S. Morgan of 288 Bute Street , Cardiff , placed in the Western Mail on 15 December . Morgan continued to advertise over the next several years , and by 1874 was claiming that the demand necessitated making the sausages on an hourly basis , and referenced other makers of the sausages making theirs days in advance prior to sale . The advert makes it clear that the sausages were made from choice dairy fed pork . Glamorgan sausages are thought to have been originally made with Glamorgan cheese which is no longer made due to the near extinction of the Glamorgan cattle from which it was produced . They rose in popularity during the Second World War due to rationing limiting the volume of meat . The Welsh Gas Board promoted the sausage in a cookbook published in the 1950s , in which it did not specify the type of cheese to be used . In 2005 , a campaign began to register the Glamorgan sausage under the European Union geographical indications and traditional specialities scheme . This would have resulted in only Glamorgan sausages that were made in Glamorgan being labelled as such . The move was led by Greta Watts Jones , who runs the Cwrt Newydd company in Cowbridge , which was the only major manufacturer in the area . Her main competitor , Cauldron Foods , is based in Bristol , England . This protection had previously been extended to Welsh lamb and beef . The vote to gain this status , alongside Caerphilly cheese , was held in March 2006 at the European Parliament , but was not passed into law . Recipe Traditionally vegetarian , in modern versions , Caerphilly cheese is used , which is a descendant of the old traditional Glamorgan cheese recipe and lends the same general texture and flavour . The basic recipe calls for a mixture of cheese , leeks and breadcrumbs , although some recipes swap the leeks for onions or spring onions and may add herbs such as parsley or further flavourings such as mustard . The mixture is then rolled into sausage shapes , and then fried . There is no sausage casing used , although egg is used to bind the mixture so that it does not fall apart during the cooking process . Variations In various recipes , other substitutions and additions are suggested . The Hairy Bikers ( Dave Myers and Si King ) suggest Welsh cheddar as an alternative to Caerphilly and propose that it should be served with a red onion and chilli pepper relish . An Australian recipe suggests Lancashire cheese as an alternative ingredient . Regarding the breadcrumbs , chef Bobby Freeman suggests using half brown and half white breadcrumbs , while the cookbook for the London based restaurant Canteen proposes using a combination of boiled potatoes and breadcrumbs for the coating of the sausage . Cooking techniques for the leeks vary , as some recipes call for them to be mixed in raw , while others suggest browning them first in a frying pan . If left raw , they can lend a crunchier texture to the sausage . Both the Hairy Bikers and Canteen opt for cooking the leeks first . A variety of herbs are used , with Canteen using sage as seen in the Perkins recipe , in addition to nutmeg . The Welsh gas board recipe simply called for mixed herbs , while Felicity Cloake in The Guardian suggested the addition of thyme . For the frying , the gas board and chef Sophie Grigson suggested the use of lard , while the Bikers used vegetable oil . Both Cloake and The Daily Telegraph writer Nigel Godwin proposed frying Glamorgan sausages in butter .
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2,326 | Paratheria is an obsolete term for a taxonomic group including the unk mammals ( sloths , anteaters , and armadillos ) and various groups thought to be related to them . It was proposed by Oldfield Thomas in 1887 to set apart the sloths , anteaters , armadillos , and pangolins , usually classified as placentals , from both marsupial and placental mammals , an arrangement that received little support from other workers . When teeth of the extinct gondwanathere mammals were first discovered in Argentina in the 1980s , they were thought to be related to xenarthrans , leading to renewed attention for the hypothesis that xenarthrans are not placentals . However , by the early 1990s , gondwanatheres were shown to be unrelated to xenarthrans , and xenarthrans are still considered to be placentals . History The term Paratheria was coined by British mammalogist Oldfield Thomas in 1887 in a review of tooth development in mammals . He found that the Edentata were especially distinctive . In this group , he included the sloths , anteaters , and armadillos , which are still placed together as Xenarthra , as well as the pangolins and the aardvark . According to Thomas , edentate teeth would be derived from the very earliest stage of mammalian dental evolution . Consequently , he suggested that they should be given a grouping separate from the other major groupings of mammals , for which terms had been introduced by Thomas Huxley Eutheria ( placentals ) and unk ( marsupials ) . For this new grouping , he suggested the name Paratheria to indicate their position by the side of , but separate from , the other Mammals ( the Greek unk para means beside ) . Thomas had included one other mammal among the edentates , the aardvark however , he was unable to provide a satisfactory scenario for the origin of its wholly unique dentition , which he could only compare with that of some fish . Thomas 's arrangement was foreshadowed by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville 's 1839 classification he placed edentates ( except the sloth Bradypus , which he considered to be a primate ) as a major division , the unk ( poorly toothed ) . This group was considered to be distinct from the other unk ( placentals ) , the Bien unk ( well toothed ) . Similarly , Paul Gervais proposed in 1855 that edentates should be placed in a separate subclass of mammals . Thomas 's hypothesis received little support , or even attention , in subsequent years . In 1893 , Henry Fairfield Osborn remarked that new studies of edentate teeth indicated that they were not as distinct as Thomas thought . William Berryman Scott did , however , place Paratheria as a separate subclass in 1904 , although he apparently did not follow Thomas 's theories about the origins of edentate teeth . In 1910 , William King Gregory reviewed the interrelationships of mammals and placed edentates among other placentals , though he gave Paratheria as an alternative name for his superorder Edentata , which included Xenarthra and tentatively unk ( pangolins ) , unk ( aardvarks ) , and the fossil unk . In 1976 , Eli Minkoff also used Paratheria for a placental superorder that included Edentata ( for the sloths , armadillos , and anteaters ) and unk . The Paratheria hypothesis enjoyed a brief renaissance when unusual , high crowned teeth began turning up in the Cretaceous and Paleocene fossil record of Argentina . In 1984 , Sudamerica ameghinoi , from the Paleocene of Argentina , was assigned to Xenarthra within Paratheria , ranked as a cohort ( a taxonomic rank between infraclass and superorder ) . Two years later , Jos Bonaparte named Gondwanatherium unk from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina , which he thought to be related to Sudamerica , and tentatively assigned it to Paratheria , now ranked as an infraclass . Bonaparte described an additional related animal , Vucetichia gracilis , from the Argentinean Late Cretaceous in 1990 by then he classified it in the order Gondwanatheria , which was tentatively assigned to the infraclass Paratheria . Bonaparte argued against George Gaylord Simpson 's 1931 view that xenarthrans derive from the Tertiary unk of North America , and instead suggested that xenarthrans , and perhaps pangolins , split from eutherians ( placentals and their extinct relatives ) as early as the Early Cretaceous and derived from some early unk ( a now abandoned grouping of early mammals , including dryolestoids among others ) . However , Bonaparte himself had abandoned the proposed relationship between xenarthrans and gondwanatherians by 1993 . Instead , gondwanatherians were shown to be related to another Late Cretaceous Argentinean animal , Ferugliotherium ( which turned out to be unk from Vucetichia ) , and through it to multituberculates . The relation between multituberculates and gondwanatheres later became controversial , but they are no longer thought to be related to xenarthrans . By 1996 , few if any systematists would ... doubt the eutherian affinities of xenarthrans and molecular data have also supported the placement of Xenarthra within placentals as one of four major clades . The name Paratheria is no longer in use .
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2,327 | Soyuz TM 30 ( Russian unk 30 , Union TM 30 ) , also known as Mir EO 28 , was a Soyuz mission , the 39th and final human spaceflight to the Mir space station . The crew of the mission was sent by MirCorp , a privately funded company , to reactivate and repair the station . The crew also resupplied the station and boosted the station to an orbit with a low point ( perigee ) of 360 and a high point ( apogee ) of 378 kilometers ( 223 and 235 miles , respectively ) . The boost in the station 's orbit , which was done by utilizing the engines of the Progress M1 1 and M1 2 spacecraft , made transit between Mir and the International Space Station impossible , as desired by NASA . The mission was the first privately funded mission to a space station . The mission was part of an effort by MirCorp to refurbish and privatize the aging Mir space station , which was nearing the end of its operational life . Further commercially funded missions beyond Soyuz TM 30 were originally planned to continue the restoration efforts of the then 14 year old space station , but insufficient funding and investment ultimately led to the de orbit of the station in early 2001 . Crew Soyuz TM 30 was the first spaceflight for flight commander Zalyotin , who became a cosmonaut in 1990 and completed his general training two years later in 1992 . TM 30 was the third visit to space made by flight engineer Kaleri , who became a cosmonaut in 1984 and completed general training in 1986 . He served as flight engineer aboard the Soyuz TM 14 and TM 24 missions to Mir in 1992 and 1996 7 , respectively . Backup crew While Soyuz TM 30 was in orbit , a second privately funded mission was being planned to continue the restoration efforts aboard Mir . The crew assigned to this mission , although never flown , was reported to have been the backup crew for TM 30 , cosmonauts Salizhan Sharipov and Pavel Vinogradov . Background Soyuz TM 30 was intended by MirCorp to be the first in a series of missions to refurbish the 14 year old Mir space station for commercial use . Although the mission was scheduled to last approximately two months , commander Sergei Zalyotin said before the flight that if additional funds became available the mission could be extended until August , when another crew would replace them . The other possible scenario , which occurred in reality , was again to leave the station uninhabited , as had been done several months before the mission . Towards the end of Soyuz TM 30 plans were formed to send another privately funded mission to continue with MirCorp 's maintenance efforts cosmonauts Salizhan Sharipov and Pavel Vinogradov were tentatively assigned as the crew . Mission highlights Soyuz TM 30 launched at 05 01 29 UT on April 4 , 2000 . Docking occurred on April 6 at 06 31 24 UT . Although the Soyuz docking system is automated under normal conditions , the final few meters of the approach to the station were executed in manual mode . The decision to switch to manual mode came after the cosmonauts noticed a small deviation in the spacecraft 's approach to the targeted docking port . At about 09 32 UT on the day of docking , the crew prepared to open the hatches between the Soyuz spacecraft and the station . After entering the station the crew stabilized the atmosphere inside Mir and undertook routine maintenance work . On April 25 , an unmanned Progress resupply mission , Progress M1 2 , launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome to the station to deliver supplies to the crew . Progress M1 2 docked with Mir on April 27 . On April 26 , the Progress M1 1 spacecraft , which had been docked since February and was used by the Russian Federal Space Agency to boost the station to a higher orbit , undocked and de orbited over the Pacific Ocean east of New Zealand . The mission 's only Extra Vehicular Activity , or spacewalk , took place on May 12 , between 10 44 and 15 36 UTC . The primary objectives of the spacewalk were to repair damage to Mir 's exterior components and record panoramas of the station 's hull in order for experts on Earth to analyze the effects of space on the station itself . The cosmonauts inspected a malfunctioning solar array on the Kvant 1 module of the station . They discovered that a burnt through wire connecting the array with its steering system was preventing its proper rotation . The array was subsequently deemed a loss . On June 15 , 2000 , the TM 30 spacecraft undocked from the station at about 21 24 UT . The de orbit burn occurred at about 23 52 UT and landing followed at about 00 44 UT on June 16 , about 45 kilometers ( 28 mi ) southeast of unk in Kazakhstan . Milestones Soyuz TM 30 was the first privately funded manned space expedition but several other firsts were also achieved , including the first privately funded extra vehicular activity , and the first privately funded unmanned resupply mission to a space station , utilizing the Progress M1 spacecraft . Soyuz TM 30 also managed to delay the de orbit of Mir , which was originally scheduled to occur some time in 2000 , but ultimately occurred in March 2001 .
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2,328 | Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) is the debut song recorded by Romanian recording artist Alexandra Stan for her debut studio album , Saxobeats ( 2011 ) . The track was written by Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi , and produced by Prodan . It was first released in Romania in 2009 . Following the international success of Stan 's 2010 single Mr. Saxobeat , Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) was re released in Canada , Germany , and the United States in 2011 . The music video for Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) features Stan and other female dancers dancing to the song in front of a purple backdrop interspersed scenes portray Stan licking a lollipop . She herself described the song as club friendly and as featuring funny lyrics , while music critics praised it for being a catchy pop song and a club sensation . Commercially , the single peaked at number 18 on her native Romanian Top 100 . Background , composition and reception Before being signed to a record label , Stan participated in various music related contests , including the Mamaia Music Festival . In 2009 , she was discovered by Romanian producers and songwriters Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi at a karaoke bar . They offered her a record deal with their own label , Maan Records , through which she also released a promotional single called Show Me The Way . During one of Stan 's televised performances on Romanian TV show unk Direct , she explained that Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) was produced just for fun after she arrived from a club one night . When interviewed by Urban.ro while premiering Saxobeats , Stan confessed that she expected positive and negative reception for the song , also saying that it emphasised more her image than her vocal abilities . While Stan said that the track was club friendly and features funny lyrics , German magazine unk Tratsch named it a catchy pop song . Celeste Rhoads , writing for AllMusic , praised Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) during his review for Saxobeats , calling it a club sensation along with 2011 singles Mr. Saxobeat and Get Back ( ASAP ) . Mike Schiller from PopMatters described the production of the track generic and its lyrics crude , while wishing that it had been conveniently forgotten about on the album . Impact and promotion The song reached number 18 on Stan 's native Romanian Top 100 , being extensively broadcast by domestic radio stations there . It also impacted mainstream radio stations from the United States in early 2010 . Meanwhile , the music video for Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) garnered 25 million views on YouTube a short time . Following this , various labels from the United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , Czech Republic , Russia , Italy , France , Israel and the United States asked for license to release the song through their means . In order to promote the single , Stan was invited to perform the recording on various native TV shows , with her as well embarking on a tour in her native Romania . She also provided a live performance of the single during the 2012 Aprs Ski Hits event in Germany , and sang the song during the concert tours that promoted Saxobeats . A low budget accompanying music video for Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) was posted onto Maan Studio 's YouTube channel on 22 December 2009 and filmed by Andrei Nemirschi in a restaurant . The whole clip portrays Stan and two fellow female dancers performing in front of a purple backdrop . It commences with Stan asking herself which sweets she likes the most , with the words candy , chocolate and ice cream appearing on the screen . Following this , the other females are presented wearing white underwear until one of them is shown with a saxophone . Next , Stan is shown blowing a bubble with bubble gum and , after she further dances to the song , the clip ends with the screen displaying the phrase unk pam pam and finally becoming dark . Scenes interspersed through the main video portrayed Stan seductively licking a lollipop . The clip was not received well by the audience . Spanish language music station Los 40 Principales named the video for Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) as one of Stan 's best clips ever . Track listing Digital download Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) Radio Edit 3 55 Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) Club Edit 4 12 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Saxobeats and The Collection . Maan Studio recording studio Marcel Prodan songwriter , producer Andrei Nemirschi songwriter , photography , director Alexandra Stan lead vocals Charts Release Process Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) was released as Stan 's debut recording in her native Romania in late 2009 , charting early in the following year . After the international success of her breakthrough single Mr. Saxobeat ( 2011 ) , it was also made available for digital download on iTunes Store through Ultra Records on 31 May 2011 in Canada and the United States . In Germany , the single was launched digitally on 9 September 2011 through Prime Music , within the period of the release of its parent record , Saxobeats ( 2011 ) . History
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2,329 | I Need a Girl is a song by American recording artist Trey Songz . The track was written by Johnt Austin , along with the song 's production team , Stargate , who also produced his breakthrough hit , Can 't Help But Wait . The song served as the lead single for Songz 's third studio album Ready . I Need a Girl received positive to mixed reviews from critics , some of which noted it as generic , and other naming it as a top track from the album . It reached fifty nine on the Billboard Hot 100 and six on the Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart . The accompanying music video shot in Malibu features Songz and love interests on the beach , as they turn out to be unk . Background The official remix features Teyana Taylor and rapper Fabolous , and was released by Songz via Twitter during his Music Monday series preceding the album . The second features Mase who jumped on dual remixes for the song and Drake 's Best I Ever Had . In an interview with New York 's Power 105 . 1 , he said that the death of Michael Jackson inspired his latest comeback , stating , Mike passed away and it just lit the fire in me it made me go in the studio and do something . I m excited . I Need A Girl was also featured in a 2009 episode of Lincoln Heights in which Trey Songz appears as a guest star . Composition I Need A Girl is a mid tempo R B ballad , featuring guitar riffs . According to Mark Edward Nero of About.com , the song contains familiar qualities of Songz 's breakout hit Can 't Help But Wait , also produced by Stargate . The song is lyrically about finding and pleasing the right woman , through lines such as , I don 't even know your name , but I know that I 'm your man and you are my girl , if I ever meet you I 'm gonna give you the world , Baby please believe me when I tell you that I need a girl . The song has been described to be a mix of Usher and Justin Timberlake , and has been compared to Chris Brown 's With You . Critical reception Mark Edward Nero of About.com said that the song was sappy and cliche , trying to replicate the success of Can 't Help But Wait , but doesn 't come close . Nero also commented that the song sounded insincere compared with the unk sexual songs on the album . Ajitpaul Mangat of Tiny Mix Tapes noted the song as some of the album 's generic work , stating , with its run of the mill lyrics about longing hearts , it sounds like the work of any middling R B singer . Tyler Lewis of PopMatters said I Need A Girl was among the album 's best songs , that it and Neighbors Know My Name , thump as they should . David Jeffries of Allmusic noted the song as a standout track from Ready . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday said that on the track , Songz displays a more flexible delivery than usual . DJBooth said , Traditional R B depends on three things vocals , writing , and production . In a nutshell , I Need A Girl has the whole trifecta , and should be just what Trey needs to get Ready a solid release date . Reviewing the remix of the song featuring Teyana Taylor and Fabolous , DJBooth said , Expect the combo of Taylor s cooed vocals and Trey and Loso s time tested musical chemistry to leave listeners more amped than ever before for the release of Songz sic latest LP after waiting this long , I think it s safe to say they re more than Ready . Chart performance On the week labeled May 30 , 2009 , I Need a Girl debuted at 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Several weeks later on the week of September 19 , 2009 , it peaked at fifty nine on the chart , where it stayed for one week , spending a total of sixteen weeks on the chart . After a total of eight weeks on the Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart , on the week labeled July 4 , 2009 , I Need A Girl peaked at six on it . Music video The music video was directed by Benny Boom , and filmed in Malibu , California during the weekend of April 4 , 2009 . Stills from the video shoot were released on April 8 , 2009 . The music video was released on May 1 , 2009 . In the video , Songz sees several women along the beach , and plays volleyball with them , walks along the coastline , relaxes on a parked motorcycle , and other things , however in each instance they disappear and turn out to be illusions . In a review AOL Boombox recommended the video as one to watch , commenting , The crooner admits that it gets ' lonely in this business , ' which is why he needs a companion aka a ' homey ' and he won 't rest ' til he finds the one for him . Live performances Songz performed the song on September 2 , 2009 and on 106 Park as a part of a medley with Successful and LOL Smiley Face , and on September 9 , 2009 on The Wendy Williams Show . Credits and personnel Songwriting Johnt Austin , Tor Erik Hermansen , Mikkel Eriksen , Espen Lind , Amund Bjorklund Production Tor Erik Hermansen , Mikkel Eriksen , Espen Lind , Amund Bjorklund Recording Mikkel Eriksen Vocal recording Troy Taylor Guitar Espen Lind All other instruments Tor Erik Hermansen , Mikkel Eriksen Mixing Phil Tan , assisted by Josh Houghkirk Source Charts Release history
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2,330 | The 89th Boat Race took place on 24 March 1937 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . In a race umpired by the former Cambridge rower and coach Harold Rickett , Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 22 minutes 39 seconds . It was their first success since the 1923 race and ended Cambridge 's record streak of 13 wins . The victory took the overall record in the event to 47 41 in Cambridge 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1936 race by five lengths , and led overall with 47 victories to Oxford 's 40 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The Light Blues had won thirteen consecutive races coming into this year 's event . Cambridge were coached by J. Beresford Jr , J. R. F. Best , F. E. Hellyer ( who had rowed for the Light Blues in the 1910 and 1911 races ) and Kenneth Payne ( who rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races , and had coached Oxford in the 1935 and 1936 races ) . Oxford 's coaches were P. C. Mallam ( a four time Dark Blue who had rowed in the 1921 , 1922 , 1923 and 1924 races ) , Guy Oliver Nickalls ( who had rowed three times between 1921 and 1923 ) and William Rathbone ( who rowed for Oxford in the 1926 and 1927 races ) . The umpire for the race was the former Cambridge rower Harold Rickett who had rowed for the Light Blues three times , in the 1930 , 1931 and 1932 races . He had also coached them for the 1933 race . The special correspondent for The Observer suggested that the race would be the finest for some years , concluding that a win for Oxford would do much good to English rowing . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 13 . 5 lb ( 82 . 1 kg ) , 7 . 75 pounds ( 3 . 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw three rowers return to the crew with Boat Race experience , including McAllister unk who was taking part in his third consecutive event . Oxford 's boat contained four former Blues , including David Michael De Rueda Winser who was also making his third appearance in the Boat Race . Oxford 's number six Jan Sturrock won a silver medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics in the Men 's coxless fours . His crew mate John Cherry , and Cambridge 's Thomas Cree , Hugh Mason and unk all rowed in the Men 's eight for Great Britain in the 1936 Games , finishing fourth . Cambridge 's Cree and cox T. H. Hunter were the only non British participants registered , both of whom hailed from Australia . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . In calm weather , umpire Rickett started the race at 11 35 a.m. A false start ensued , with Rickett failing to hear Oxford state that they were not ready to start . Rickett restarted the race and , out rating their opponents , Cambridge were half a length ahead after the first minute . They held the same advantage by Craven Steps , but a spurt from Oxford 's stroke A. B. Hodgson saw the Dark Blues draw level . Following some errant steering from Cambridge 's cox Hunter , Oxford pulled away to lead by a canvas length by the time the crews passed the Mile Post . As they passed the Crab Tree pub , the Cambridge stroke R. J. L. unk put in a spurt which made little difference as Oxford continued to lead by Harrods Furniture Depository . Steering away from the Light Blues to avoid a collision , Oxford lost their lead as the crews passed under Hammersmith Bridge level . Another spurt from unk saw the Light Blues a third of a length up by the Doves pub as the crews headed into Chiswick Reach . This time it was Oxford 's turn to steer clear of a collision , losing most of their lead by Chiswick Steps , but heading over towards the Middlesex shore , they caught the best of the tide . The Dark Blues passed below Barnes Bridge three quarters of a length ahead , and although Cambridge burst to out rate Oxford by three strokes per minute , they failed to make any impression and Oxford pulled further ahead . Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 22 minutes 39 seconds , securing their first victory since the 1923 race . It was both the slowest winning time and the narrowest margin of victory since 1877 . It was declared by former Oxford rower E. P. Evans as being one of the most exciting races ever seen on the tideway and a truly magnificent victory for the Oxford crew . The rowing correspondent in The Times stated that not since 1921 has there been such a great race . He went on to suggest it was one of the greatest races .
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2,331 | Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) is the debut song recorded by Romanian recording artist Alexandra Stan for her debut studio album , Saxobeats ( 2011 ) . The track was written by Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi , and produced by Prodan . It was first released in Romania in 2009 . Following the international success of Stan 's 2010 single Mr. Saxobeat , Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) was re released in Canada , Germany , and the United States in 2011 . The music video for Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) features Stan and other female dancers dancing to the song in front of a purple backdrop interspersed scenes portray Stan licking a lollipop . She herself described the song as club friendly and as featuring funny lyrics , while music critics praised it for being a catchy pop song and a club sensation . Commercially , the single peaked at number 18 on her native Romanian Top 100 . Background , composition and reception Before being signed to a record label , Stan participated in various music related contests , including the Mamaia Music Festival . In 2009 , she was discovered by Romanian producers and songwriters Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi at a karaoke bar . They offered her a record deal with their own label , Maan Records , through which she also released a promotional single called Show Me The Way . During one of Stan 's televised performances on Romanian TV show unk Direct , she explained that Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) was produced just for fun after she arrived from a club one night . When interviewed by Urban.ro while premiering Saxobeats , Stan confessed that she expected positive and negative reception for the song , also saying that it emphasised more her image than her vocal abilities . While Stan said that the track was club friendly and features funny lyrics , German magazine unk Tratsch named it a catchy pop song . Celeste Rhoads , writing for AllMusic , praised Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) during his review for Saxobeats , calling it a club sensation along with 2011 singles Mr. Saxobeat and Get Back ( ASAP ) . Mike Schiller from PopMatters described the production of the track generic and its lyrics crude , while wishing that it had been conveniently forgotten about on the album . Impact and promotion The song reached number 18 on Stan 's native Romanian Top 100 , being extensively broadcast by domestic radio stations there . It also impacted mainstream radio stations from the United States in early 2010 . Meanwhile , the music video for Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) garnered 25 million views on YouTube a short time . Following this , various labels from the United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , Czech Republic , Russia , Italy , France , Israel and the United States asked for license to release the song through their means . In order to promote the single , Stan was invited to perform the recording on various native TV shows , with her as well embarking on a tour in her native Romania . She also provided a live performance of the single during the 2012 Aprs Ski Hits event in Germany , and sang the song during the concert tours that promoted Saxobeats . A low budget accompanying music video for Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) was posted onto Maan Studio 's YouTube channel on 22 December 2009 and filmed by Andrei Nemirschi in a restaurant . The whole clip portrays Stan and two fellow female dancers performing in front of a purple backdrop . It commences with Stan asking herself which sweets she likes the most , with the words candy , chocolate and ice cream appearing on the screen . Following this , the other females are presented wearing white underwear until one of them is shown with a saxophone . Next , Stan is shown blowing a bubble with bubble gum and , after she further dances to the song , the clip ends with the screen displaying the phrase unk pam pam and finally becoming dark . Scenes interspersed through the main video portrayed Stan seductively licking a lollipop . The clip was not received well by the audience . Spanish language music station Los 40 Principales named the video for Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) as one of Stan 's best clips ever . Track listing Digital download Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) Radio Edit 3 55 Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) Club Edit 4 12 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Saxobeats and The Collection . Maan Studio recording studio Marcel Prodan songwriter , producer Andrei Nemirschi songwriter , photography , director Alexandra Stan lead vocals Charts Release Process Lollipop ( Param Pam Pam ) was released as Stan 's debut recording in her native Romania in late 2009 , charting early in the following year . After the international success of her breakthrough single Mr. Saxobeat ( 2011 ) , it was also made available for digital download on iTunes Store through Ultra Records on 31 May 2011 in Canada and the United States . In Germany , the single was launched digitally on 9 September 2011 through Prime Music , within the period of the release of its parent record , Saxobeats ( 2011 ) . History
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2,332 | Vanilla Chocolat is a song recorded by Romanian singer Alexandra Stan for her second studio album , Unlocked ( 2014 ) . It features guest vocals provided by Romanian rapper Connect R. The track was made available for digital download on 24 December 2014 as the album 's fourth single . Vanilla Chocolat was written by Stan , Connect R , Sava Constantin , Alexandru Cotoi and Mika Moupondo , while production was handled by Cotoi . A selfie music video for the song was directed by Stan and The Architect , and debuted on Stan 's YouTube channel on 18 December 2014 . After its release , musical critics praised Vanilla Chocolat for Connect R 's catchy rap and French bits , while others pointed out the easy to sing , but at the same time nonsense lyrics of the track . The song was performed during Stan 's Unlocked Tour ( 2014 ) , and together with Cherry Pop at the Romanian show , Vocea Romniei . Background and recording Vanilla Chocolat was written by Stan , Sava Constantin , Alexandru Cotoi , Stefan unk and Mika Moupondo , while production was handled by Cotoi . The track was recorded at Fonogram Studios in Bucharest , Romania . The song features lyrics written in both English and French . Vanilla Chocolat was composed during the unk songwriting camp in Azuga , Romania , where she worked on new songs along with fellow Romanian and international artists . Particularly , Stan felt that she was very pleased with the collaboration , because she really wanted to work with Romanian artists , not just with Romanian producers like on her second studio album . She talked about the choosing of Connect R as the guest vocalist for Vanilla Chocolat I chose Connect R because it seems that he can deal with every music genre , because he is flexible and he can continue even with every unexpected change or sound combination . Connect R can also sing in every language without any problems , because he believes in his own work . We met at the Fonogram Studios , and we started ' half seriously and jokingly ' to work on the song , along with Alex Cotoi . The result is ' sweet and fragrant ' . Critical reception The recording received generally positive reviews upon release . Pop Shock reviewed Stan 's second studio album , Unlocked , in late 2014 , where they commended that Vanilla Chocolat was one of the best songs of the album . They felt that everything about this track is pure pop perfection from the playful French bits , to the Bollywood inspired chorus . It also sounds completely different to everything else in the charts right now . Pop Shock were initially disappointed by the video being Selfie cam , but they went on to say that it holds up to multiple viewings and suits the joyous nature of the song . German website Hitfire reported the video premiere of Vanilla Chocolat on 1 January 2015 , where they praised the catchy dance pop beat incorporated in the refrain of the song and the easy to sing , but at the same time nonsense lyrics . It 's very unlikely to become a worldwide hit , because it is too mediocre . Music video A selfie video , which also served as the official video for Vanilla Chocolat , premiered on 18 December 2014 on Alexandra Stan 's official YouTube channel . It was directed by Stan during one single week . She filmed herself on different TV shows , where she was invited to perform the track , including unk cu unk si Dani and La unk . Stan additionally directed at the Fonogram Studios , Roton Studios , the rehearsal room of Emil Rengle and her own house , describing the video as being full of energy for featuring many public figures such as Mihai Morar , Rzvan i Dani or Adelina unk . Few scenes of the video were not filmed by Stan alone , for which The Architect is credited as being the cameraman . Particularly , Dinu and unk unk compared the selfie video for Vanilla Chocolat with their clip for Selfie en Paris . Live performances Stan 's first live performance of Vanilla Chocolat was on 1 December 2014 on unk cu unk si Dani , which was followed by her lip synced performance of the song on unk , in order to film some scenes for the single 's accompanying selfie video . Following the release of the clip , Stan performed a stripped down version of Vanilla Chocolat on the Romanian radio station Pro FM on 2 December 2014 , where she also sang Romania 's national anthem backed with instruments played by Andrei Gheorghe , unk and Alexandru Cotoi . Alexandra Stan was invited to perform on the Romanian version of The Voice on 12 December 2014 . There , she lip synced both Cherry Pop and Vanilla Chocolat . Shortly after the act , juror Tudor unk expressed how he was very unk of Stan 's act , as Stan didn 't provide live vocals . In an interview with Cancan , Stan confessed that her conditions of appearance on Vocea Romniei were already discussed with the show 's producers , so no one should have been surprised about her playback performance . Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unlocked and The Collection Track listings Release history
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2,333 | Kepler 11f is an exoplanet ( extrasolar planet ) discovered in the orbit of the sun like star Kepler 11 by NASA 's Kepler spacecraft , which searches for planets that transit ( cross in front of ) their host stars . Kepler 11f is the fifth planet from its star , orbiting one quarter of the distance ( .25 AU ) of the Earth from the Sun every 47 days . It is the furthest of the first five planets in the system . Kepler 11f is the least massive of Kepler 11 's six planets , at nearly twice the mass of Earth it is about 2 . 6 times the radius of Earth . Along with planets d and e and unlike the two inner planets in the system , Kepler 11f has a density lower than that of water and comparable to that of Saturn . This suggests that Kepler 11f has a significant hydrogen helium atmosphere . The Kepler 11 planets constitute the first system discovered with more than three transiting planets . Kepler 11f was announced to the public on February 2 , 2011 after follow up investigations at several observatories . Analysis of the planets and study results were published the next day in the journal Nature . Name and discovery Kepler 11 , known as KOI 157 when it was first flagged for a transit event , is the planet 's host star , and it is included in the planet 's name to denote that . Because Kepler 11f was discovered with five other planets , the planets of Kepler 11 were sorted by distance from the host star thus , since Kepler 11f is the fifth planet from its star , it was given the letter f . The name Kepler is derived from the Kepler satellite , a NASA Earth trailing spacecraft that constantly observes a small patch of sky between the constellations Cygnus and Lyra for stars that are transited by , in particular , terrestrial planets . As these planets cross in front of their host stars with respect to Earth , a small and periodic dip in the star 's brightness occurs this dip is noted by the spacecraft and tagged for future study . Scientists then analyze the transit event more carefully to verify if the planet actually exists and to gather information on the planet 's orbit and composition ( if possible ) . Follow up observations were conducted at observatories at the W.M. Keck Observatory 's Keck 1 telescope in Hawaii the Shane and Hale telescopes in California the Harlan J. Smith and Hobby Eberly telescopes in Texas telescopes at the WIYN ( including MMT ) and Whipple observatories in Arizona and the Nordic Optical Telescope in the Canary Islands . The Spitzer Space Telescope was also used . According to NASA , Kepler 11 's system is the most compact and the flattest system yet discovered , surpassing even the Solar System . Host star Kepler 11 is a G type star , much like the Sun is , and is located 613 parsecs away in the Cygnus constellation . It has 95 the mass and 110 the radius of the Sun . Its mass and radius , combined with an approximate iron content ( metallicity ) of 0 and effective temperature of 5680 K , makes the star very similar to the Sun , though slightly more diffuse and slightly cooler . However , the star is approximately 1 . 74 times the age of the Sun , and is estimated to have existed for eight billion years . Kepler 11 has six known planets in orbit Kepler 11b , Kepler 11c , Kepler 11d , Kepler 11e , Kepler 11f , and Kepler 11g . Kepler 11 's five inner planets orbit closely to their host star , and their orbits would fit within that of Mercury 's . With an apparent magnitude of 14 . 2 , Kepler 11 cannot be seen with the naked eye . Characteristics Kepler 11f is , at 2 . 3 times the mass of Earth , the least massive of the six planets discovered in the orbit of Kepler 11 , although the planet 's mass may range from 1 . 1 to 4 . 5 , or from approximately that of Earth 's mass to that of Kepler 10b , a rather large confidence interval . Its radius is the second smallest of the six planets discovered in the system at 2 . 61 times the radius of Earth . Kepler 11f has a density of about 0 . 7 g cm3 , comparable to that of the Solar System 's least dense planet , Saturn . Kepler 11f is the fifth planet from Kepler 11 , orbiting its host star every 46 . unk days at a distance of 0 . 25 AU . Its orbital eccentricity is unknown . In comparison , Mercury orbits the Sun every 87 . 97 days at a distance of 0 . 387 AU . Kepler 11f has an orbital inclination of 89 . 4 it can be seen almost edge on with respect to Earth . Its surface equilibrium temperature is 544 K , over twice the surface equilibrium temperature of Earth and about two thirds the surface temperature of Venus . Kepler 11f 's low density , characteristic of the outer planets of the system , suggests that a large hydrogen helium atmosphere is present on these planets , classifying it as gas dwarf due to its small size and mass . This low density is not shared by the planets Kepler 11b and Kepler 11c because the solar wind has reduced their atmospheres to a thin layer . The planets accreted such large atmospheres because they formed within the first few million years of the system 's existence , when a protoplanetary disk was still present .
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2,334 | The Kii class battleship was a planned class of four fast battleships to be built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during the 1920s . Only two of the ships received names . They were intended to reinforce Japan 's eight eight fleet of eight battleships and eight battlecruisers after the United States announced a major naval construction program in 1919 . However , after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922 , work on the ships was suspended one pair was cancelled in November 1923 and the other in April 1924 . Design and background By 1918 , the Navy had gained approval for an eight six fleet of eight battleships and six battlecruisers , all ships under eight years old . However , having four large battleships ( two each of the Nagato and Tosa classes ) and four Amagi class battlecruisers on order put an enormous financial strain on Japan , which was spending about a third of its national budget on the Navy . Despite this , the IJN gained approval of the eight eight eight plan in 1920 after American President Woodrow Wilson announced plans in 1919 to re initiate the 1916 plan for ten additional battleships and six battlecruisers . The Japanese response was to plan the construction of eight additional fast battleships in the Kii and the Number 13 classes . Designed by Captain Yuzuru Hiraga , the Kii class was based largely on the preceding Amagi class battlecruisers , which were in turn based on a less armored Tosa class design . The only major difference between the Kiis and unk was their speed and armor the unk were .25 knots ( 0 . 46 km h 0 . 29 mph ) faster , and the Kiis had a thicker belt . Despite this lineage , the Kiis were classified as fast battleships by the Japanese , as they had decided to end the distinction between battleship and battlecruiser . Description The ships had a length of 234 . 9 meters ( 770 ft 8 in ) between perpendiculars and 250 . 1 meters ( 820 ft 6 in ) overall . They had a beam of 30 . 8 meters ( 101 ft 1 in ) and a draft of 9 . 7 meters ( 31 ft 10 in ) . The normal displacement of the battleships was 42 , 600 metric tons ( 41 , 900 long tons ) . The class was intended to be equipped with four unk Hombu geared steam turbines , each of which drove one propeller shaft . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 131 , 200 shaft horsepower ( 97 , 800 kW ) , using steam provided by 19 Kampon oil fired water tube boilers , to reach a maximum speed of 29 . 75 knots ( 55 . 10 km h 34 . 24 mph ) . The primary armament of the Kii class was ten 45 caliber 41 centimeter guns in five twin gun turrets , two fore and three aft of the superstructure . This gun fired a 1 , 000 kilogram ( 2 , 200 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 790 meters per second ( 2 , 600 ft s ) . The secondary battery consisted of 16 single 50 caliber 14 centimeter guns was mounted in casemates in the superstructure . The manually operated guns had a maximum range of 19 , 750 meters ( 21 , 600 yd ) at an elevation of 35 and fired at a rate up to 10 rounds per minute . The ships ' anti aircraft defenses consisted of four single 45 caliber 12 centimeter 10th Year Type anti aircraft guns mounted around the single funnel . Each of these guns had a maximum elevation of 75 and a maximum rate of fire of 10 11 rounds per minute . They could fire a 20 . 41 kilogram ( 45 . 0 lb ) projectile with a muzzle velocity of 825 830 m s ( 2 , 710 2 , 720 ft s ) to a maximum height of 10 , 000 meters ( 32 , 808 ft ) . The Kii class was also fitted with eight 61 centimeter ( 24 in ) above water torpedo tubes , four on each broadside . The ships would have been protected by a waterline belt of armor 293 millimeters ( 12 in ) thick , sloped 15 outwards at the top to increase its ability to resist penetration at short range . The belt armor was designed to be able to defeat 16 inch ( 410 mm ) shells from a distance of 12 , 000 20 , 000 meters ( 13 , 000 22 , 000 yd ) . The main battery turrets and barbettes would have had between 280 229 millimeters ( 11 9 in ) of armor plating , and the conning tower would have had been protected by armor 356 millimeters ( 14 in ) thick . The decks would have been 120 millimeters ( 5 in ) thick . The Kii class battleships would have had a torpedo bulkhead 75 millimeters ( 3 in ) thick , which connected at the top to a 38 millimeter ( 1 . 5 in ) splinter deck beneath the main deck . Construction Two ships were ordered on 12 October 1921 , and two more were ordered later that year . Kii was allocated to Kure Naval Arsenal , Kure , with a projected completion date of November 1923 , and Owari was allocated to the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal , Yokosuka , with completion in September . Two more unnamed ships , Numbers 11 and 12 , were assigned to Kawasaki in Kobe and Mitsubishi in Nagasaki , respectively . The ships ' keel laying was stopped on 5 February because the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty that forbade the construction of all battleships over 35 , 000 long tons ( 36 , 000 t ) . Numbers 11 and 12 were formally canceled on 19 November 1923 Kii and Owari followed on 14 April 1924 .
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2,335 | Elisenberg Station ( Norwegian Elisenberg stasjon ) is an unfinished railway station within the Oslo Tunnel on the Drammen Line in Oslo , Norway . The ghost station was partially built during the construction of the tunnel between 1971 and 1980 , but has never been put into use . It is located between Nationaltheatret Station and Skyen Station , at Elisenberg in Frogner . A 220 meter ( 720 ft ) long center platform and part of the access way has been built , but never completed . While the station initially was not put into use because of lack of funds to complete it , it is now unlikely that it will ever be completed , as the need for a station has disappeared and an opening would need a large investment of funds . Facilities Elisenberg is located approximately halfway between Nationaltheatret Station and Skyen Station in the Oslo Tunnel of the Drammen Line . It is located under unk gate , near the tram stop with the same name . All that has been built at Elisenberg Station is the centre platform , which is 220 meters ( 720 ft ) long and 11 meters ( 36 ft ) wide , and a passageway across the south track . The tracks lay 30 meters ( 98 ft ) below the surface . The plans called for a two track station which would be connected to the surface via elevators . At ground level , there would have been a vestibule with traveller facilities and ticket sales . The main entrance was to be from unk , with a secondary entrance from the street junction unk unk . History Planning of the Oslo Tunnel was officially initiated in 1938 , as a way to connect the Drammen Line to Oslo East Station ( Oslo , now Oslo Central Station , Oslo S ) . The Station Committee of 1938 , led by Axel Grenholm , recommended a route that would branch off from the existing line close to the then terminal station of Oslo West Station ( Oslo V ) . Another committee , led by Oddvar Halvorsen , was established in 1960 to look at the matter again . It stated that the tunnel should be longer and intersect with the Drammen Line at a point between Skarpsno and Skyen , and with a second station built at Frogner . The proposal was presented to Parliament on 4 November 1961 , along with several other matters related to rail transport investments . Construction of the Oslo Tunnel and Elisenberg Station was passed unanimously . A planning office was established in 1962 , initially led by Erik Himle . The final plans for the route were passed by parliament in 1968 , and construction started in 1971 . The rationale for the building of the station was that Frogner was to be developed as a dense , commercial district . However , to cut costs with the Oslo Tunnel , it was decided that parts of Nationaltheatret would not be built yet , and that Elisenberg Station would not open until after the tunnel was completed . By 1978 , the platform area had been built , but the access way had not . The investments cost 30 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , 75 unk of 1998 standard . The Oslo Tunnel opened , without Elisenberg Station , on 1 June 1980 . During the mid 1980s , the plans for Elisenberg were again considered , after an initiative by Prime Minister Kre Willoch who had been stuck in traffic congestion at Frogner . At the time , the cost estimate to open the station was NOK 105 million . The rail administration planned instead to build an additional , western entrance to Nationaltheatret Station , located near the roundabout between unk and Henrik Ibsens gate ( then unk ) , which would only cost 40 million NOK . This entrance was expected to replace the need for Elisenberg Station , and was located in the middle of the Oslo Tunnel , between Nationaltheatret and Skyen . Oslo Byes Vel and the Conservative , Red and Centre parties opposed the construction of the entrance , arguing that it would ruin the south western corner of the Palace Park . The Conservative Party proposed building it further south , across Henrik Ibsens gate , either in unk gate or in unk near Oslo Commerce School , while the others wanted to open Elisenberg Station for traffic . However , by then it had become clear that Frogner west of unk plass would remain dominantly a residential area . The estimates showed that the station would capture few new riders and instead simply give a shorter walk for a small minority of those who used Nationaltheatret Station and Skyen Station . With the upgraded Nationaltheatret Station , which opened in 1999 , the capacity of the Oslo Tunnel increased from 16 to 24 trains per hour in each direction , because the station from then had four , rather than two , tracks . A similar upgrade would need to be done for Elisenberg Station , should it be taken into use , or the capacity of the tunnel would again be reduced . It is therefore highly unlikely that the station will ever be opened . In 1998 , the readers of the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten proposed making Elisenberg an emergency exit . In 2008 , one hundred million NOK were given from the state budget of Norway to make improvements to the Oslo Tunnel following a cable fire at Skyen Station . The replacement of the overhead wires would be started close to Elisenberg Station .
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2,336 | Hurricane Bonnie was a long lived storm in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season . It was the third tropical storm ( including the April subtropical storm ) and second hurricane of the 1992 season . Bonnie formed at high latitudes in the central Atlantic on September 17 . Devoid of any real steering currents for much of its lifespan , it was nearly stationary for over a week in the central Atlantic Ocean . On September 27 , it began to slowly track east and northeast towards the Azores . Just before becoming extratropical , it affected the Azores on September 30 , although no damage was reported . Meteorological history The origins of the system was a cold front that moved off the U.S. East Coast on September 11 . The front moved gradually off the coast and into the subtropical Atlantic Ocean before becoming stationary just east of Bermuda on September 15 . Over the next two days , the cloud cover slowly detached itself from the front and form into a tropical low in its own right . On the afternoon of September 17 , the system was organized enough to be declared Tropical Depression Four . The depression organized steadily that evening and into the morning of September 18 . Later that day , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bonnie and it began to move slowly to the northeast . Like most storms that develop in higher latitudes , Bonnie was embedded in a larger scale cyclonic circulation at first , which minimized shear ( allowing it to develop ) and provided weak steering currents . The low shear allowed Bonnie to rapidly develop and a small but well defined eye formed late that morning . The storm was upgraded to a hurricane later that day while meandering in the open ocean . The intensification rate slowed down after becoming a hurricane . In addition , Bonnie began to slowly move more to the northeast on September 19 as steering currents slowly developed . Bonnie strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson hurricane scale that morning as well , peaking at 105 mph ( 165 km h ) with a 970 mbar central pressure . The general track and intensity maintained itself throughout the day and into September 20 , when the eye became less distinct and Bonnie weakened slightly , although remaining a Category 2 hurricane . Early on September 21 , the eye became better defined once again and Bonnie restrengthened slightly while continuing its slow northeast motion . That afternoon , the storm gradually strengthened some more and reached its peak intensity of 110 mph ( 175 km h ) and a central pressure of 965 mbar , just under Category 3 intensity . Bonnie maintained its strength through the evening and into the early morning of September 22 , when it began to weaken very gradually and level off . Bonnie also began to turn more eastward at that point before it became held up by a blocking mid latitude ridge of high pressure , which stalled the motion . Bonnie remained virtually stationary until the morning of September 23 when it drifted very slowly to the west southwest in response to the ridge . It also began to gradually weaken as the low level center became exposed and the storm became poorly organized . Convection also diminished , and on the afternoon of September 24 , Bonnie was downgraded to a tropical storm as it drifted over cooler waters . Bonnie continued to lose most of its deep convection during the day on September 25 as it began to make a turn back around to the south . That evening , Bonnie was downgraded to a tropical depression . The weakening trend ended early on September 26 and Bonnie regained tropical storm status that afternoon as deep convection re established itself . Bonnie continued its change in direction , turning to the southeast at this point as it slowly redeveloped despite being in a high shear environment . It had also briefly showed signs of becoming extratropical on September 27 as it made the turn to the northeast as a weak tropical storm , and was operationally declared extratropical at that point until the afternoon of September 28 . During that period , Bonnie actually strengthened back into a high end tropical storm . Bonnie roughly followed Hurricane Charley 's path towards the Azores thereafter . The storm became entrenched in an environment with greater wind shear , although it only weakened slightly on September 29 as it accelerated towards the northeast . The storm crossed over the Azores on September 30 as a strong tropical storm with 65 mph ( 100 km h ) winds . After that , Bonnie quickly lost its tropical characteristics and was declared extratropical late that afternoon , just east of the Azores . The extratropical low drifted back to the southwest in a clockwise loop , actually approaching the Azores once again while dissipating . It dissipated on October 2 . Impact When Bonnie passed over the Azores only four days after Charley , it resulted in tropical storm force winds across much of the island chain . Lajes Air Base reported sustained winds of 40 mph ( 64 km h ) with gusts to 59 mph ( 94 km h ) . In addition , one man was killed by a rock fall on the island of So Miguel . No damage was reported in the Azores .
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2,337 | New Kid on the Block is the eighth episode of The Simpsons ' fourth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 12 , 1992 . After meeting his new neighbor , Laura , Bart develops a crush on her , only to later discover that she has a boyfriend , Jimbo Jones , whom he attempts to scare off so that he can have a relationship with Laura . Meanwhile , Homer sues the Sea Captain Horatio McCallister after being kicked out of his all you can eat restaurant while still hungry . It was written by Conan O 'Brien and directed by Wes Archer . Plot The Simpsons ' neighbors , the Winfields , decide to relocate because of Homer 's regular inappropriate behavior . Bart and Lisa explore the Winfield 's house while it is empty and up for sale , but Bart scares Lisa away from the basement with stories . Bart turns around to see his new neighbor , Laura Powers . Surprised , he falls down in shock and is helped back up by her and the pair become acquainted . Bart instantly develops a crush on her . After Marge visits Ruth Powers to welcome her to the area , she tells Marge that she is divorced , and the two become friends . Meanwhile , after seeing a television advertisement about The Frying Dutchman 's all you can eat offer , Homer insists that Marge come dine with him , so he arranges for Laura to babysit Bart and Lisa . Homer quickly earns himself the ire of the Sea Captain , devouring nearly every morsel of food in the buffet , and is eventually forced to leave despite not being sated . Much to Marge 's embarrassment , Homer sues the restaurant for deceptive advertisement . Lionel Hutz is employed by him to represent him in court and the case is successful after Hutz convinces the mostly overweight jury that a similar buffet mishap could befall them . To avoid further legal trouble , the Sea Captain and Homer eventually agree that Homer shall be displayed in the restaurant as Bottomless Pete Nature 's Cruelest Mistake to draw in more customers to the restaurant and offset the cost of his eating . Meanwhile , Bart is delighted at having Laura babysitting him and attempts to impress her . She later asks him to come to his treehouse , as she has important news . She tells him she is dating Jimbo Jones , which upsets Bart. When Laura invites him over to the household , Bart , in an attempt to break the pair up , prank calls Moe 's Tavern , giving his name as Jimbo Jones , and telling Moe where he lives . Mistakenly believing Jimbo was the one who had been pranking Moe throughout the entire series , he races into the Simpson house with a kitchen knife looking for Jimbo , causing Jimbo to cry and plead for his life . Afterwards , Laura breaks up with him for not being the tough outlaw she thought he was . Laura tells Bart that she would date him if he were old enough to grow a mustache and the episode ends with the pair laughing after prank calling Moe again . Production The episode was written by Conan O 'Brien and directed by Wes Archer . The episode 's original subplot was intended to include American actor and comedian Don Rickles as a guest star presenting a comedy show and Homer laughing excessively at his jokes , until Rickles ridicules him . The pair were intended to start fighting and end up having to go to court . Despite O 'Brien and other production staff being sure that Rickles would appear in the episode , he was reportedly upset by the concept of the storyline , as he did not wish to be portrayed as a mean guy . When attending a Fox Broadcasting Company publicity event in New York with Rupert Murdoch , show producer Matt Groening was introduced by Murdoch to Rickles . Rickles began shouting at Groening , accusing him of spying on his Las Vegas act and using material from that for the episode . The cast actually had been receiving recordings from Rickles from the 1950s to use as ideas on how to get the style for his animatic portrayal . Another side story the writers produced was for Homer to become an outstanding barber and hair dresser , but this was never used . New Kid on the Block features first time appearances from Laura Powers , Ruth Powers , and The Sea Captain . Hank Azaria based the Sea Captain 's voice on that of actor Robert Newton . Cultural references The courtroom scene in which numerous sacks of letters to Santa Claus are delivered to court is a parody of the 1947 film Miracle on 34th Street . Reception In its original broadcast , New Kid on the Block finished 23rd in ratings for the week of November 9 16 , 1992 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 . 4 , equivalent to approximately 13 . 4 million viewing households . It was the highest rated show on the Fox network that week , beating Beverly Hills , 90210 . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide commented that it was a fun episode , introducing the Powers family and featuring the last appearance of the Winfields . In a 2008 article , Entertainment Weekly named Sara Gilbert 's role as Laura Powers as one of the sixteen best guest appearances on The Simpsons .
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2,338 | The Yugoslav submarine Smeli ( Daring ) was the second of the Osvetnik class diesel electric submarines built by Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire , Nantes , France for the navy of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( later Yugoslavia ) . She was launched in 1928 , and was built to a partial double hull Simonot design similar to the French Circ class . She was armed with six 550 mm ( 22 in ) torpedo tubes , one 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) gun , and one 40 mm ( 1 . 6 in ) anti aircraft gun , and could dive to 80 metres ( 260 ft ) . Prior to World War II she participated in several cruises to Mediterranean ports . During the German led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , she was captured by Italian forces at the Bay of Kotor . Initially designated N2 , her armament was changed and her conning tower modified . Due to her age and shallow diving depth , when she was commissioned into the Regia Marina as Antonio Bajamonti her service was limited to training and experimentation . She was scuttled at La Spezia in Liguria by the Italians in September 1943 the day after the Italian surrender . Description and construction Yugoslav naval policy in the interwar period lacked direction until the mid 1920s , although it was generally accepted that the Adriatic coastline was effectively a sea frontier that the naval arm was responsible for securing with the limited resources made available to it . In 1926 , a modest ten year construction program was initiated to build up a force of submarines , coastal torpedo boats , torpedo bombers and conventional bomber aircraft to perform this role . The Osvetnik class submarines were one of the acquisitions aimed at developing a naval force capable of meeting this challenge . Smeli was built for the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( later Yugoslavia ) by the Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire company at Nantes , France . Her partial double hull design , was based on a Simonot design , similar to the French Circ class . Her Serbo Croatian name translates as Daring . Along with her sister submarine of the class , Osvetnik , she had an overall length of 66 . 5 m ( 218 ft 2 in ) , a beam of 5 . 4 m ( 17 ft 9 in ) , and a surfaced draught of 3 . 8 m ( 12 ft 6 in ) . Her surfaced displacement was 630 long tons ( 640 t ) or 809 long tons ( 822 t ) submerged , and her crew consisted of 43 officers and enlisted men . She had an operational depth of 80 m ( 260 ft ) . She had two shafts driven by two MAN ( Maschinenfabrik ) diesel engines ( when surfaced ) or two Nancy electric motors ( when submerged ) , and carried 25 tonnes ( 25 long tons ) of fuel oil . The diesel engines were rated at 1 , 480 bhp ( 1 , 100 kW ) and the electric motors at 1 , 000 shp ( 750 kW ) , and she was designed to reach a top speed of 14 . 5 knots ( 26 . 9 km h 16 . 7 mph ) under diesel power while surfaced , and 9 . 2 knots ( 17 . 0 km h 10 . 6 mph ) on her electric motors when submerged . She was armed with six 550 mm ( 22 in ) torpedo tubes ( four bow mounted , two stern mounted ) , one 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) gun , and one 40 mm ( 1 . 6 in ) anti aircraft gun . She had a surfaced radius of action of 3 , 500 nautical miles ( 6 , 500 km 4 , 000 mi ) at 9 knots ( 17 km h 10 mph ) , and 75 nautical miles ( 139 km 86 mi ) at 5 knots ( 9 . 3 km h 5 . 8 mph ) submerged . Service history Smeli was the second of her class , and the fourth submarine of the navy of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , which subsequently became the Royal Yugoslav Navy . She and Osvetnik arrived in the Bay of Kotor on 9 December 1929 . In 1932 , the British naval attach reported that Yugoslav ships engaged in few exercises , manoeuvres or gunnery training due to reduced budgets . In October 1934 , Smeli visited Bizerte in the French protectorate of Tunisia , and the Kelibia Roads off the coast of Tunisia . In August and September 1937 , Smeli , along with the British made submarine Hrabri and the depot ship Zmaj visited Greece , including the port of Piraeus , and the islands of Crete and Corfu . When the German led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941 , she was located in the Bay of Kotor on the southern Adriatic coast along with the three other submarines of the flotilla . She was subsequently captured by the Italian XVII Corps at the Bay of Kotor . Still in good condition , she was taken as war booty , and initially designated N2 . She was refitted and modernised at Pola in the upper Adriatic , which involved the replacement of some of her armament and modifications to her conning tower . After these modifications , her displacement was 665 long tons ( 676 t ) ( 822 long tons ( 835 t ) submerged ) . She was commissioned by the Italians as the Bajamonti class Antonio Bajamonti , named after Antonio Bajamonti , the 19th century politician and mayor of the Dalmatian port of Split . Despite her submerged stability and good diving rate , her age and shallow diving depth meant that she was only used for training and experimentation . She was scuttled by the Italians at La Spezia in Liguria on 9 September 1943 , the day after the Italian surrender . Books
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2,339 | The 79th Boat Race took place on 2 April 1927 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford 's crew was marginally heavier than their opponents , and saw five participants return with Boat Race experience , compared to Cambridge 's four . Umpired for the first time by former Oxford rower Charles Burnell , Cambridge won by three lengths in a time of 20 minutes 14 seconds . It was the first race in the history of the event to be broadcast live on BBC Radio . The victory took the overall record in the event to 40 38 in Oxford 's favour . The inaugural Women 's Boat Race was contested this year , with Oxford securing the victory . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1926 race by five lengths , with Oxford leading overall with 40 victories to Cambridge 's 37 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . This year also saw the inaugural running of the Women 's Boat Race , between female crews from the two universities . Oxford were coached by H. R. Baker ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1908 and 1909 races ) , G. C. Bourne ( who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races ) , R. C. Bourne ( who had rowed four times between 1909 and 1912 ) and P. C. Mallam ( a Dark Blue from 1921 to 1924 inclusive ) . Cambridge were coached by William Dudley Ward ( who had rowed in 1897 , 1899 and 1900 races ) , Francis Escombe and David Alexander Wauchope ( who had rowed in the 1895 race ) . For the first year the umpire was Charles Burnell , who had rowed for Oxford in the 1895 , 1896 , 1897 and 1898 races . It was the first time that the progress of the race was broadcast on BBC Radio from the umpire 's launch Magician . Poet J. C. Squire and Olympic gold medallist and former Oxford rower Guy Nickalls provided the commentary , with transmission equipment on the boat weighing in excess of 1 , 000 pounds ( 450 kg ) , and using a number of specially built reception points along the course . It was the second live outdoor commentary ever broadcast , the first being the England versus Scotland match of the 1927 Five Nations Championship . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 8 . 625 lb ( 79 . 9 kg ) , 2 . 25 pounds ( 1 . 0 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge 's boat contained four participants with Boat Race experience , including cox J. A. Brown who was steering the Light Blues for the fourth consecutive year . Oxford saw five members of the previous year 's crew return , including E. C. T. Edwards and James Douglas Wishart Thomson , both of whom were rowing for the third time in the event . Cambridge 's Australian number six J. B. Bell and his opposite number , American Howard T. Kingsbury of Yale University , were the only non British participants registered in the race . According to author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater , neither crew could be classed in a very high standard , claiming Cambridge 's selection was poor and Oxford 's coaches indecisive . Ten days before the race , Oxford 's W. S. Llewellyn was struck down by German measles and was replaced by A. M. Hankin who was placed at stroke . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . In a strong wind and big spring tide , Burnell started the race at 1 30 p.m. After a level start , Oxford held a canvas length lead by the time the crews passed Craven Steps , but the Light Blues levelled the race using the advantage of the bend in the river at Craven Cottage . The crews passed the Mile Post level whereupon Oxford retook the lead , slightly out rating their opponents and passed below Hammersmith Bridge with a half length advantage . Nearly clear by The Doves pub , the Dark Blues ran into strong wind and rough water and Cambridge started to reduce their lead . A lead of one third of a length at Chiswick Steps was soon overhauled by the Light Blues who were almost clear at Barnes Bridge . They rowed on to win comfortably by three lengths in a time of 20 minutes 14 seconds . It was Cambridge 's fourth consecutive victory and their eighth win in nine races , and took the overall record in the event to 40 38 in Oxford 's favour . Following the race , the tide was so high that spectators were forced to wade through water that was knee deep . Oxford won the inaugural women 's race by 15 seconds despite not rowing together the crews were not permitted to compete side by side , that style of competition being considered unladylike .
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2,340 | Iwo Jima is a turn based strategy video game developed and published by Personal Software Services for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum in 1986 . It is the second instalment to the Strategic Wargames series . The game is set during the Battle of Iwo Jima in the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II and revolves around the United States Marine Corps ' objective to secure the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army . The game is a turn based strategy and focuses on the player using their units to attack Japanese forces in order to capture the island . The player assumes control of the Marine Corps and must eliminate all Japanese forces by ground , air , or naval combat . The game received mixed reviews upon release . Critics praised the game 's value for money and easy difficulty for novice gamers however , many criticised the graphics and mechanics . Gameplay The game is a turn based strategy focuses on the invasion and land battles of Iwo Jima . The player commands the United States Marine Corps against the Imperial Japanese Army , who are occupying the islands as part of the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II . The game is menu based and only allows the player to use four command functions move , attack , land and pass . Depending on the difficulty set , the game lasts 32 to 36 turns and can only be won by eliminating all Japanese forces from the island before the final turn ends . During the game , the enemy may fortify their positions , launch air strikes against the United States Navy fleet or may perform suicide attacks if their unit is about to be wiped out . The player also has the ability to order air strikes against the enemy , if weather permits . At the beginning of the game , the player has to allocate a number of American troops in order to establish a beachhead on one of the six beaches of the island . However , many of the beaches are scattered with land mines and may provide an initial disadvantage to the assault . Throughout the game , the player may call in air strikes and other assaults , however they are only available after the American forces are attacked or if the enemy retreats to an inaccessible location . At any time in the game , the player is also able to request troop reinforcements from the fleet . Furthermore , Japanese air forces may sink American battleships throughout the game , although the player will be given the opportunity to shoot them down . In addition , a Japanese submarine will sink American gunboats at random intervals , and cannot be destroyed in any way . There is no save function in the game . Background Personal Software Services was founded in Coventry , England , by Gary Mays and Richard Cockayne in 1981 . The company were known for creating games that revolved around historic war battles and conflicts , such as Theatre Europe , Bismark and Falklands ' 82 . The company had a partnership with French video game developer ERE Informatique , and published localised versions of their products to the United Kingdom . In 1986 , Cockayne took a decision to alter their products for release on 16 bit consoles , as he found that smaller 8 bit consoles such as the ZX Spectrum lacked the processing power for larger strategy games . The decision was falsely interpreted as pulling out from the Spectrum market by video game journalist Phillipa Irving . Following years of successful sales throughout the mid 1980s , Personal Software Services experienced financial difficulties , in what Cockayne admitted in a retrospective interview that he took his eye off the ball . The company was acquired by Mirrorsoft in February 1987 , and was later dispossessed by the company due to strains of debt . Reception The game received mixed reviews form critics upon release . Both Gwyn Hughes of Your Sinclair and a reviewer of ZX Computing praised the game 's value for money and heralded it as a good introduction to the wargaming genre , although Hughes believed that Iwo Jima was unlikely to provide established tacticians with a major challenge and the reviewer of ZX Computing was concerned that the game was too easy . Sean Masterson of Crash criticised the graphics , stating that it was let down by poor unit markers and terrain features . Gary Rook of Sinclair User asserted that the game was overall competent , however he summarised it as failing to excite . Rook also added that the game was well implemented and inspiring . A reviewer of Computer and Video Games criticised the game for having an awkward mechanism due to the lack of a save feature and neglecting historic realism . However , he compared the historical accuracy of the Battle of Iwo Jima for being more accurate than Falklands ' 82 's interpretation of the Falklands War . Mark Reed of Computer Gamer stated that the game is ideal for novice players and also praised the simplicity of the controls , despite suggesting that experienced gamers of the genre would prefer something more complex . Masterson similarly criticised the game 's suitability for experienced gamers , suggesting that any appeal for a more experienced player is likely to be very limited .
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2,341 | The Foundation Stone of the Monument to the Early Founders of Singapore , usually called the Early Founders Memorial Stone is a national memorial that is dedicated to the early founders ( Unknown Immigrants ) of Singapore . The original idea was raised by a graduates ' association and an open design competition was held for the memorial project . The foundation stone was initially erected along Collyer Quay Street outside the Fullerton Hotel in 1970 . After a series of setbacks and delays , the project was finally scrapped after no worthy design was accepted , which resulted the foundation stone becoming the memorial afterwards . In 2000 , the memorial was relocated to the National Archives of Singapore at Canning Rise before moving back to the grounds of The Fullerton Hotel in 2010 . History The original idea of erecting a keynote memorial at the Singapore waterfront as a dedication to Singapore 's early founders was mooted in 1969 by the Alumni International Singapore ( AIS ) , a body set up to represent Singaporean graduates from 11 countries who had gathered locally for Singapore 's 150th anniversary . AIS announced that a proposed memorial on Queen Elizabeth Walk by the Padang would required some S 250 , 000 ( US 163 , 000 ) to be raised . An open design competition was held and sculptors were asked to come up with a design to celebrate the Singaporean for his courage , his adventurous and enterprising spirit and his indomitable will , not only to survive but to make good . Foundation stone On 18 January 1970 , President Yusof bin Ishak laid the memorial 's foundation stone along Collyer Quay Street , on what was supposed to be a temporary site . Before an audience of some 500 people , including members of the diplomatic corps , President Yusof gave a speech It carries no great names . In fact it has no names at all . It is for all men . It is not for the Chinese , the Indian , the Eurasian or any other single race . It is for all who in one way or another helped to create a modern multiracial , multicultural and multilingual Singapore . The foundation stone consists of a rectangular granite stone topping off a pyramid shaped brick pedestal with inscriptions in the four official languages ( English , Malay , Mandarin , and Tamil ) This foundation stone of the monument in tribute to the early founders of Singapore was laid by unk Yusof Bin Ishak , the President of the Republic of Singapore on the 18th day of January 1970 . Competition In July 1973 , designs for the memorial had been received from 38 sculptors but the top two prizes were not awarded it was found that no entry being deemed worthy of the honour by AIS panel of judges earlier . Instead , five sculptors received merit awards from AIS , together with a token S 250 . One of the merit awards recipients , Ng Eng Teng , who was to receive Singapore 's Cultural Medallion in 1981 and who now has his critically acclaimed works all over Singapore , commented unhappily We have never been so embarrassed or insulted in all our professional lives . No professional artist of our standing would condescend to receive such an amount . We felt we had been taken for a ride . In response , AIS expressed regret that the aggrieved sculptors had publicly stated their dissatisfaction . The alumni further rejected a complaint that the results were 10 months overdue , and repeated that no suitable entry had been received . Subsequently , three of the five sculptors banded together to produce a design they described as four pieces of cuboid leaning towards each other and pivoted on four corners which was referred by AIS as resembling four chopsticks . Ironically , this was the nickname and roughly the design concept of the Civilian War Memorial , which was adopted in another separate open competition in 1966 . In September 1975 , the alumni announced in public again that the Early Founders Project was at a very advanced stage and will be launched as soon as Government approval has been obtained . The site of the monument has already been earmarked on the reclaimed land off the Esplanade . Despite the announcement , the ambitious project became inactive and was finally scrapped after no worthy design was accepted and not nearly enough of the S 250 , 000 funds had been raised . In 1985 , the alumni announced that the funds collected earlier would be unk to other projects , such as providing scholarships . Roles switched As a result , the memorial stone became the memorial itself . The monument was later moved by the authorities to make way for the gentrification of the Fullerton Building , and was relocated to the National Archives of Singapore , where it stands almost forgotten today . The authorities hope that when Singapore 's community of values had evolved to the point that a common language of art could be used to complete the task of building such a monument again . On 9 July 2010 , the foundation stone was moved back to the corner of Fullerton Building where it now sits overlooking the Singapore River following a ceremony and speech by The Minister for Information , Communication and the Arts .
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2,342 | Nicole Lee Haislett ( born December 16 , 1972 ) is an American former competitive swimmer who was a three time Olympic gold medalist , a former world and American record holder , and an eight time American national college champion . During her international swimming career , Haislett won twenty two medals in major international championships , including fourteen golds . Early years Haislett was born in St. Petersburg , Florida in 1972 . She was a water baby she learned to swim at 18 months old . At the time , her parents merely wanted her to be comfortable in water , not intending that swimming would become her life focus . She began to train with the St. Pete Aquatics Club at the age of 6 . Haislett attended Lakewood High School in St. Petersburg , where she swam for the Lakewood Spartans high school swim team , winning four Florida high school state championships in two years . As a 16 year old high school junior , she won the 50 , 100 and 200 meter events at the U.S. Open Swimming Championships in 1989 . At the 1990 U.S. Short Course Swimming National Championships , she won the national title in the 200 yard freestyle . College swimming career After graduating from high school , Haislett accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , where she swam for coach Mitch Ivey and coach Chris Martin 's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) competition from 1991 to 1994 . As a Gator swimmer , she won NCAA national titles in the 200 yard freestyle for four consecutive years from 1991 to 1994 , the 200 yard individual medley in 1993 , and the 500 yard freestyle in 1994 , and was a member of the Gators ' NCAA winning relay teams in the 4 100 yard freestyle in 1993 and the 4 100 yard medley relay in 1994 . She received twenty eight All American honors in four years the maximum number possible . In four years of swimming , she was undefeated in Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) competition , and was recognized as the SEC Female Swimmer of the Year for four consecutive years from 1991 to 1994 , and the SEC Female Athlete of the Year ( all sports ) in 1993 and 1994 . She was the 1993 94 recipient of the Honda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving , recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of the year . International swimming career Haislett was the first American woman to defeat a swimmer from East Germany in the 100 meter freestyle since the 1972 Summer Olympics she did so at the 1990 Goodwill Games in Seattle , Washington . At the 1991 World Aquatics Championships in Perth , Western Australia , Haislett won the 100 meter freestyle , and swam the anchor legs for the winning U.S. teams in the 4 100 meter freestyle and the 4 100 meter medley relays , ending the East German women 's eighteen years of overwhelming dominance in the 100 meter freestyle at the world championships . Haislett also endured the emotional agony of disqualifying her team on an early exchange in the 4 200 meter freestyle relay a relay race that the American women won in the water . Haislett qualified for four events at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . After finishing a disappointing fourth in the women 's 100 meter freestyle , Haislett won the 200 meter freestyle event with a time of 1 57 . 90 for her first Olympic gold medal . Drafting off German swimmer Franziska Van unk , she swam what was described as a perfect race . She was a member of the winning U.S. team in the 4 100 meter freestyle relay , together with Jenny Thompson , Dara Torres and Angel Martino , which set a new world record of 3 39 . 46 in the event final while winning the gold medal . Haislett swam the freestyle leg in the preliminaries of the 4 100 meter medley relay to earn her third Olympic gold medal . Haislett was the first American woman to swim the 200 meter freestyle in under one minute , fifty eight seconds ( 1 58 ) , and held the American record until 2003 , when it was broken by Lindsay Benko . After six months in residence at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs , she announced her retirement from competition swimming in 1995 , citing her prior success and waning motivation and competitive desire . Life after competition swimming Haislett graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor 's degree in telecommunications in 1996 , and served as an assistant coach for the Florida Gators women 's swim team under head coach Kevin Thornton from 1996 to 1997 . Afterward , she studied to be a chef at the Florida Culinary Institute in West Palm Beach , Florida , and subsequently worked as the dining room manager and activities director at an assisted living community for seniors . She was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a Gator Great in 2004 , and the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 2005 . Haislett and her ex husband have a daughter , Blake , who was born in 2006 . World record Women 's 4 100 meter freestyle relay Note Record time and location are sourced to USA Swimming 's list of world records .
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2,343 | The 8th Military Police Brigade is a military police brigade of the United States Army based at Schofield Barracks , Hawaii . It is responsible for military police units in the Pacific Ocean region . Activated during the Vietnam War , the 8th Military Police Brigade was specifically organized to provide planning , direction and supervision for the criminal investigation work required by the U.S. Army in Vietnam . It took over from a provisional Military Police Group ( Criminal Investigation ) that had been formed on 3 November 1966 in charge of all criminal investigative work in Vietnam , except for the metropolitan Saigon area . In July 1972 , it became the basis for the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Center , Vietnam Field Office . It served in the region for several years and earning ten campaign streamers before being deactivated during the American forces pullout from the region . The brigade was reactivated in Korea in the 1980s to provide command and control for all U.S. Pacific military police forces , and has since been moved to Hawaii , where much of U.S. Army Pacific is located . Organization The Brigade is a subordinate unit of U.S. Army Pacific and the Eighth Theater Sustainment Command It falls under the direct command of the 8th Theater Sustainment Command . Currently , the 8th Military Police Brigade consists of one battalion 728th Military Police Battalion , which contains the 57th , 58th , 552nd , unk Military Police companies and the 39th and 13th Military Police detachments . History Vietnam War The 8th Military Police Group was originally constituted on 8 April 1967 in the regular army and activated on 26 July at Fort Riley , Kansas . After seeing only five months of duty , the group was again deactivated on 18 December of that year . On 24 August 1968 the group was again activated , this time in Vietnam . Its activation was part of a larger activation of several military police groups in the region to provide greater command and control for Military Police operating throughout the region . As such , the headquarters element took command of military police units already operating in the country . The Brigade provided policing duties , based in Long Binh along with the 89th Military Police Group . During that time it was a subordinate unit of the 18th Military Police Brigade . It received its distinctive unit insignia on 12 November 1969 . The group operated in Vietnam until the pullout of U.S. forces from the nation , receiving ten campaign streamers for its role in the conflict . Reactivation and South Korea The 8th Military Police Brigade ( Provisional ) was constituted in South Korea in September 1984 in response to the need for cohesive command and control element in the event of war , for the numerous non divisional Military Police units on the peninsula . At the time it consisted of the 94th Military Police Battalion in Yongsan ( Seoul ) and the 728th Military Police Battalion in Taegu ( Camp Walker ) . However , the brigade would remain provisional and would not be officially activated for another ten years while it operated in this capacity . In 1995 , the concept plan was approved for the activation of a military police brigade headquarters in Korea . The 8th MP Brigade was officially activated on 16 April 1996 to provide command and control for the 728th Military Police Battalion and the 94th Military Police Battalion in armistice and to serve as the theater military police brigade during hostilities . The same day , it received its shoulder sleeve insignia . In July 2006 , the 8th MP Brigade Headquarters and the 728th MP Battalion were reassigned to U.S. Army Pacific and moved from Korea to Schofield Barracks , Hawaii . It was placed under the command of the newly created 8th Theater Sustainment Command . The command is responsible for preparing the 25th Infantry Division and other 8th Army units for worldwide deployment . Global War on Terrorism Iraq War Subordinate units of the brigade 's 728th MP Battalion deployed to Iraq in October 2004 to provide military police duties while the Army formed a clear rotational schedule for MP units coming and going from the country during Operation Iraqi Freedom . In October 2007 , the Brigade again deployed elements of the 728th MP Battalion to Iraq for 15 months in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . The units suffered several casualties , including soldiers killed in ambushes and vehicle accidents . Brigade headquarters are scheduled to deploy to the Iraq War in fall 2008 to partake in Operation Iraqi Freedom . In July 2008 , the 8th MP Brigade began its move into Iraq with a pre deployment site survey to support the upcoming deployment into the country . The brigade headquarters was set to replace the 18th Military Police Brigade , which ended its deployment in fall of 2008 . The 8th MP brigade will continue the training and expansion of the national Iraqi Police force in the Baghdad area . On 2 December , the brigade officially took control from the 18th MP brigade and began its deployment . Honors Campaign Participation Credit Decorations
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2,344 | King 's Highway 55 , commonly referred to as Highway 55 and historically as the Niagara Stone Road and Black Swamp Road , was a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario , which connected the Queen Elizabeth Way ( QEW ) with Niagara on the Lake , following Niagara Stone Road . The route divided a swath of wineries at the foot of the Niagara Escarpment , passing at an oblique angle to the concession road grid . A former Highway 55 designation connected Highway 6 with Highway 53 , passing through the Mountain district of Hamilton . The more recent designation was applied in 1970 , following the establishment of the Regional Municipality of Niagara . On April 1 , 1997 , Highway 55 was transferred to Niagara and designated as Niagara Regional Road 55 . Route description Highway 55 began at an intersection with the old Iroquois Trail , now known as Queenston Street to the west and York Road to the east . This road was part of Highway 8 until 1970 , when it was transferred to Niagara Region and redesignated Niagara Regional Road 81 . The roadway that carried Highway 55 continued south of this intersection as Taylor Road ( Niagara Regional Road 70 ) . Continuing north , the highway passed beneath the QEW , which ascends over the Welland Canal on the Garden City Skyway . The highway entered Homer , then curved northeast and entered farmland . From here to its northern terminus , the highway was completely straight . It passed south of the St. Catharines Niagara District Airport and later intersected Niagara Regional Road 106 . Highway 55 passed through the small town of Virgil , which is centred on the Four Mile Creek . It intersected Four Mile Creek Road ( Niagara Regional Road 100 ) in the centre of the town , then entered back into an agricultural area . Shortly thereafter , the highway entered the urban area of Niagara on the Lake , where it ended at Mary Street ( Niagara Regional Road 87 ) . Several wineries are established along the former route of Highway 55 , most notably the Jackson Triggs Estate . History A former Highway 55 designation connected Highway 6 and the QEW with Highway 53 , passing through the Mountain district of Hamilton this route was decommissioned in 1961 . The more recent designation was applied in late 1970 , following the establishment of Niagara Region . During the initial settlement period of the Niagara area , following the American Revolutionary War , new wagon routes were built over native footpaths . Grimsby and Newark ( now Niagara on the Lake ) quickly became established settlements , but travel was cumbersome between them . Pioneers were forced to travel south along the Niagara Road to Queenston , where they turned west and followed the Iroquois Road . To remedy the situation , locals gathered in 1798 and constructed the Black Swamp Road to connect Newark with the Iroquois Road near its crossing of Ten Mile Creek ( now the location of the Welland Canal ) . The route , often subject to flooding from the waterlogged soil which it travelled over , was gradually improved , especially during the 1830s . In the late 1840s the Niagara and Ten Mile Creek Plank Road Company planked the length of the road . During the latter half of the 1800s , the road was macadamized , and gradually came to be known as the Niagara Stone Road as the surrounding swampland was drained and farmed . The original incarnation of Highway 55 travelled through Hamilton . It was established in 1937 , following Upper Gage Avenue north from unk Road ( itself designated Highway 53 that same year ) to Crockett Avenue and the Sherman Access . It turned west and followed the access down the Niagara Escarpment , ending at Highway 6 ( John Street ) . The route of this highway changed several times through the late 1950s as the Burlington Skyway was constructed . By 1959 , a route down the new Kenilworth Access , north along Kenilworth Avenue and along what is now Burlington Street to the QEW was designated as Highway 55 both routes existed simultaneously between 1957 and 1958 . By 1961 , this route had been decommissioned . The recent incarnation of Highway 55 was established following the release of the Niagara Peninsula Planning Study in 1964 , which recommended that the province take jurisdiction of the Niagara Stone Road ( then designated Lincoln County Road 3 ) . It was subsequently assumed on November 5 , 1970 , the same year the Regional Municipality of Niagara was formed . The route followed the entire length of the Niagara Stone Road from Homer to Niagara on the Lake and remained unchanged over its 27 years of existence . Highway 55 was transferred to the Regional Municipality of Niagara on April 1 , 1997 , as part of the first round of mass downloading . It is now designated as Niagara Regional Road 55 . The majority of the former route is named the Niagara Stone Road within Niagara on the Lake it is named Mississauga Street . Major intersections The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 55 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . The entire route was located in the Regional Municipality of Niagara .
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2,345 | No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 3 EFTS ) was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) pilot training unit that operated during World War II . It was one of twelve elementary flying training schools employed by the RAAF to provide introductory flight instruction to new pilots as part of Australia 's contribution to the Empire Air Training Scheme . No. 3 EFTS was established in January 1940 at Essendon , Victoria , and initially included a significant proportion of civilian staff and private aircraft by mid year these had been largely integrated into the military . The school was disbanded in May 1942 , its aircraft and instructional staff having been transferred to No. 11 Elementary Flying School at Benalla . History Flying instruction in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) underwent major changes following the outbreak of World War II , in response to a vast increase in the number of aircrew volunteers and the commencement of Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) . The Air Force 's pre war pilot training facility , No. 1 Flying Training School at RAAF Station Point Cook , Victoria , was supplanted in 1940 41 by twelve elementary flying training schools ( EFTS ) and eight service flying training schools ( SFTS ) . The EFTS provided a twelve week introductory flying course to personnel who had graduated from one of the RAAF 's initial training schools . Flying training was undertaken in two stages the first involved four weeks of instruction ( including ten hours of flying ) , which were used to determine trainees ' suitability to become pilots . Those that passed this grading process then received a further eight weeks of training ( including 65 hours of flying ) at the EFTS . Pilots who successfully completed this course were posted to an SFTS in either Australia or Canada for the next stage of their instruction as military aviators . No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 3 EFTS ) was formed at Essendon , Victoria , on 2 January 1940 , and came under the control of Southern Area Command . Its inaugural commanding officer was Squadron Leader Roy King , a fighter ace credited with 26 victories in the Australian Flying Corps during World War I. Essendon aerodrome had been established in 1921 , and was home to several private aviation clubs and schools including the Royal Victorian Aero Club , ANA Flying School , and Victoria Interstate Airways Ltd . It was the airfield 's position as the hub of civilian flight instruction in Victoria that led to it becoming the base for the third flying school the RAAF raised during World War II . The same principle was followed in establishing No. 1 EFTS at Parafield , South Australia , No. 2 EFTS at Archerfield , Queensland , and No. 4 EFTS at Mascot , New South Wales . The first training courses at No. 3 EFTS were not conducted by RAAF instructors under the auspices of EATS but by Essendon 's civil organisations under government contract . The training aircraft were privately owned de Havilland Tiger Moths and Gipsy Moths . All air cadets were subject to RAAF discipline , and the school 's training program was directed by Squadron Leader King . The initial intake of sixteen students arrived on 8 January 1940 , and received eight weeks of instruction that finished on 4 March all but one of the trainees had prior flying experience , and the course was accident free . The next student intake at No. 3 EFTS arrived on 5 February 1940 . The school 's inaugural EATS course commenced in May . Overall student numbers at this time were reported as being 48 , while staff totalled 50 . The second EATS course began in July . By this time , Essendon 's civilian presence had effectively been absorbed by the military organisation privately owned aircraft were taken over by the RAAF , which had also begun employing its own aircraft , the first being a Gipsy Moth that arrived in March . Training accidents were frequent , particularly during landings , but did not result in any fatalities . Clyde Fenton , known for his exploits as a flying doctor in the Northern Territory before being commissioned as a pilot in the RAAF , served as an instructor at No. 3 EFTS from mid 1940 to early 1942 . King was posted to command No. 5 EFTS at Narromine , New South Wales , in December 1940 . By this time No. 3 EFTS was reported as having graduated 200 pilots in the eight flying training courses it had run since its formation . One of its graduates was Nicky Barr , who become a fighter ace in the North African Campaign with twelve victories to his credit . No. 3 EFTS began operating a ground based Link Trainer on 17 February 1941 . The school started flying the recently introduced CAC Wackett Trainer in August 1941 , but the type proved troublesome , delaying the training program . From September to November 1941 , a detachment of personnel from No. 11 EFTS also utilised training facilities at Essendon , after their home aerodrome at Benalla had been inundated by heavy rain . No. 3 EFTS 's instructors , students and Wackett Trainers were transferred to No. 11 EFTS during April 1942 , and the Essendon school was disbanded on 1 May .
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2,346 | Spending All My Time ( stylized as Spending all my time ) is a song by Japanese girl group Perfume from their fourth studio album Level3 ( 2013 ) . The song was released as the album 's second single on 15 August 2012 . It was written , composed and produced by Yasutaka Nakata . The song is a dance pop track , which features instrumentation from synthesizers and keyboards . It is the group 's first English language single , and their second English effort since their 2008 track , Take Me , Take Me , from their debut album Game . Spending All My Time received favorable reviews from music critics , who commended the group 's English language attempt and praised the production and composition . The song became their seventh consecutive single to stall at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart in Japan . The track became their first charting single in Taiwan . Yusuke Tanaka directed the accompanying music video for the single , which shows Perfume dancing and making gestures in a room . Perfume have performed the song in a number of live performances throughout Japan . Background and composition Japanese producer and Capsule musician Yasutaka Nakata had written , arranged and composed the song . Nakata has collaborated with all of Perfume 's records and songs from 2003 onwards . It was recorded in Tokyo , Japan and was mixed and mastered by Nakata . It is a dance and techno , and incorporates instrumentation from synthesizer and keyboards . Writing for Land of Rising , Alex Shenmue noted ' Spending all my Time ' brings back the techno sounds after the dreaming atmosphere of Sleeping Beauty ... Spending All My Time is the group 's first English language single to date , and their second overall . A writer for CDJournal had compared the song to works by French disc jockey David Guetta and Swedish House Mafia , but called the composition a little different , to their previous work . Perfume had found recording English lyrics hard member Kashiyuka explained , ' Spending all my time ' is completely in English , so I struggled really hard with the pronunciation . When I m singing along to the melody , my accent becomes more Japanese like katakana speak , so I m wondering what people outside Japan will think when they hear it ... Also , it s not a particular word , but I m interested to know which genre people will classify us in as artists . Reception Spending All My Time received favorable reviews from most music critics . Shenmue wrote that the new mix for the album fits the album 's concept . Selective Hearing 's writer Nia felt she could see the song alongside Enter the Sphere and Party Maker blasting in a club , but there are also some surprisingly calm tracks on the album . It s kind of like a series of crescendos and decrescendos . Ian Martin , who had written their extended biography at Allmusic , had highlighted the song as an album standout and career standout . Patrick St. Michael , writing for The Japan Times , said the composition wasn 't an improvement but commented that it was simple , catchy pop . A writer from CDJournal had favored the production and composition , comparing it to Western music . The song charted in both Japan and Taiwan . Reaching number two on the Oricon Singles Chart , it became the group 's eighth consecutive single to stall at number two . The song also reached number two on the Japan Hot 100 chart . The song reached number eight in Taiwan , becoming their first charting single in that country . In August 2012 , Spending All My Time was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipments of 100 , 000 physical units . Release and promotion Selected as the second single of Level3 , the song was released as a stand alone digital download on 15 August 2012 . Two CD singles were issued a standalone CD with which included the b sides Point and Hurly Burly , and a bonus DVD version . The first B side Point was used as the commercial song for unk Chu hi Hyoketsu unk Kajitsu no 3 . The second B side , Hurly Burly was used as the commercial song for unk Chu hi Hyoketsu . Hurly Burly was used as the closing theme song to the 2014 short film unk Days . The official music video was directed by Japanese director Yusuke Tanaka and premiered on Perfume 's YouTube channel in June 2013 . It features Perfume in school uniforms and shows them making dance moves and hand and feet gestures towards each other in a room . The group are based inside a lock room , as member A chan tries to open the door unsuccessfully . Track listing All songs written and composed by Yasutaka Nakata . Credits and personnel Details adapted from the liner notes of the Mirai no Museum CD single . Song credits Ayano moto ( Nocchi ) vocals Yuka Kashino ( Kashiyuka ) vocals Ayaka Nishiwaki ( A Chan ) vocals Yasutaka Nakata producer , composer , arranger , mixing , mastering . Visual credits Yusuke Tanaka director Takahiko Kajima video producer Kazunali Tajima camera Mikiko choreographer Charts , peaks and positions Release history
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2,347 | Courageous is a song by contemporary Christian music band Casting Crowns , released by Beach Street Records , Reunion Records , and Provident Label Group . Written by Mark Hall and Matthew West and produced by Mark A. Miller , it was released on July 19 , 2011 as the first single from the band 's 2011 album Come to the Well . Hall has said the inspiration for the song was at the National Day of Prayer breakfast in 2008 . A rock , pop rock and soft rock song , it calls fathers to be better spiritual leaders . Courageous was received positively by critics , many of whom praised the song as one of the best off of Come to the Well . It peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Christian AC Indicator charts and also peaked inside the top five on the Hot Christian Songs , Christian CHR , and Soft AC Inspirational charts . It peaked at number four on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart , which measures the top twenty five singles that have not entered the Billboard Hot 100 , and number sixteen on the Heatseekers Songs chart . Background and recording According to lead vocalist Mark Hall , the inspiration for Courageous came at the National Day of Prayer breakfast in 2008 . Casting Crowns was performing at the event and Hall met with Alex Kendrick , who was also a part of the event . The two started talking about various topics until Hall told Kendrick about his church 's Bible study program for fathers . Hall said that our hearts just sort of joined on this passion to see men rise up and be the godly men of the house that God has called us to be . Kendrick mentioned that he wanted a song to be at the end credits of a movie and that lit Hall up . Courageous was written by Mark Hall and Matthew West and produced by Mark A. Miller . It was recorded and mixed by Sam Hewitt at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee , with additional vocals recorded at Eagle 's Landing Studio in McDonough , Georgia . The song was mastered by Andrew Mendelson . Composition Courageous is a song with a length of three minutes and fifty nine seconds . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , it is set common time in the key of F minor and has a tempo of 82 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of A3 to the high note of F 5 . A rock , pop rock , and soft rock song , Courageous features jangling guitars and a muscular guitar riff . Lyrically , it calls fathers to be better spiritual leaders the song 's bridge quotes the Book of Micah , calling the listener to live justly and love mercy and walk humbly with your God . Critical reception Courageous was received positively by music critics . James Christopher Monger of Allmusic selected it as a ' Track pick ' and felt it contributed to a strong opening for Come to the Well . Grace S. Aspinwall of CCM Magazine felt Courageous was one of the best tracks on the album . Tom Lennie of Cross Rhythms was less positive , calling the song one of the least melodic tunes on offer on Come to the Well . Lindsay Williams of Gospel Music Channel felt the song demonstrated how Matthew West 's songwriting on Come to the Well made the album better . Alex unk Caldwell of Jesus Freak Hideout felt the song was an apt challenge to men of God in this world who maintain spectator lifestyles and live vicariously through television shows and sports teams and said the bridge made the song thought provoking . Release and chart performance Courageous was released as a digital download on July 19 , 2011 and to Christian AC , Christian CHR , and Soft AC Inspirational radio on August 13 , 2011 . It debuted at number thirty eight on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart for the chart week of August 27 , 2011 . It advanced to number eighteen in its second chart week and to number fifteen in its sixth week . In its eight chart week , it jumped from number eleven to number four . In its eleventh chart week , Courageous advanced to the number one position , which it held for a total of four consecutive weeks . It dropped to the number two position in its fifteenth chart week but returned to the number one position the following week . In total , Courageous spent twenty seven weeks on the Hot Christian Songs chart . It also peaked at number one on the Christian AC Indicator chart , number two on the Hot Christian AC chart , number three on the Soft AC Inspirational and Christian CHR charts . It peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart , which ranks the top twenty five songs that have not reached the Billboard Hot 100 , and at number sixteen on the Heatseekers Songs chart , which measures the top songs by artists who have never reached the top fifty on the Billboard Hot 100 . Courageous was the twenty ninth best selling Christian song of 2011 , also ranking on the 2011 year end Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts at number thirty one and thirty three , respectively . Credits and personnel Credits lifted from the digital booklet for Come to the Well . Chart positions Release and radio history
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2,348 | Norwood 205th Street ( formerly 205th Street ) is the northern terminal station on the IND Concourse Line of the New York City Subway . Located at the intersection of 205th Street and Bainbridge Avenue in Norwood , Bronx , it is served by the D train at all times . History The station was built as part of the sixth and seventh sections of the IND Concourse Line beginning in the late 1920s . The station was built under East 205th Street at its eastern end , and underneath preexisting private property for most of its length . The station opened on July 1 , 1933 , along with the rest of the Concourse subway . On July 1 , 1937 , an escalator was opened in the station , the first of its kind in the Bronx . On August 23 , 1954 , a D train relaying east of the station overshot the bumper blocks at the end of the track , crashing into the wall at the end of the line . The train motorman was trapped in the tunnel for seven hours , and when he was freed , his left foot had to be amputated . Station layout This underground station has two tracks and one island platform . Both track walls have a lime green trim line with a medium Kelly green border . Small 205 signs are placed below them at regular intervals . The platform has a row of concrete clad I beam columns on both sides these are painted medium Hunter green . There is clear evidence of water damage and mold due to poor drainage in numerous areas along the platform ceiling , the wall tiles , and to a number of the support columns . The station is also notorious for having piles of trash bags on the platform and at entrances , as well as for large amounts of litter on the tracks due to an absence of trash cans . 205th Street station was declared one of the five worst in the system in terms of maintenance and appearance by the New York City Transit Riders Council in 2005 , problems which have persisted into the 2010s . Due to changes in the street grid of the neighborhood , the station is located at East 205th Street and Perry Avenue at its eastern end , and at East 206th Street and Bainbridge Avenue at its western end . 205th Street turns diagonally southwest at Perry Street , while the subway maintains its previous direction , lining up with Van Cortland Avenue before turning south onto Grand Concourse . The station is located close to several Norwood landmarks , including the New York Public Library 's Mosholu Branch the Montefiore Medical Center and North Central Bronx Hospital , north of the station on East 210th Street St. Brendan 's Church and School the Valentine Varian House and the unk Oval , the former site of the unk Reservoir . Fare control This station has two fare control areas . The full time side at the south ( geographical west ) end has a turnstile bank , token booth , and two staircases going up to the southeast and northwest corners of East 206th Street and Bainbridge Avenue . Because of the varying topography of the surrounding neighborhood , a single escalator was installed in 1937 in this fare control area , traversing an elevation difference of 25 feet ( 7 . 6 m ) between the mezzanine and platform . Access to fare control otherwise requires walking up three flights of stairs from platform level . The other fare control area at the station 's north ( geographical east ) end , accessed by a ramp to the platform , is unstaffed , containing full height turnstiles and two staircases going up to the northwest and southeast corners of East 205th Street and Perry Avenue . The token booth at this location was closed on July 30 , 2005 and removed sometime afterward . Track layout This station was not intended to be the terminus of the Concourse Line or the D train both were supposed to have been extended east past Bronx Park and the IRT White Plains Road Line along Burke Avenue to serve the northeast section of the Bronx . This idea was postponed due to lack of funding , and ultimately abandoned when the City of New York bought the right of way of the bankrupt New York , Westchester and Boston Railway and converted it for subway use in 1941 . Another proposal in the 1970s involved extending the Concourse Line to White Plains Road , but financial troubles caused the plan to be aborted . As a result of the planned extension , the two tracks continue east of this station for about 700 feet along 205th Street to Webster Avenue , ending at a concrete wall , and this station does not have any crew quarters . Crews are changed at Bedford Park Boulevard , the next station south . Additionally , there is no diamond crossover between the tracks west of this station here , a center track forms leading west to the Concourse Yard . Because of this , terminating trains arrive on the southern ( railroad northbound ) track and discharge their passengers before continuing east to the end of the track . They then use the diamond crossover there to return to this station on the northern ( railroad southbound ) track and begin service to Manhattan and Brooklyn . Due to the track configuration , trains may reverse into the yard from the southern track , and trains from the yard may start service on the northern track .
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2,349 | Tragic Lovers is a classical music album by the Oregon Symphony under the artistic direction of James DePreist , released by the record label Delos in 2008 . It contains three works inspired by tragic love stories in literature Richard Wagner 's Prelude and Liebestod from Tristan and Isolde ( 1865 ) , Hector Berlioz 's Love Scene from Romo et Juliette , Op. 17 , and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet . Amelia Haygood and Carol Rosenberger served as executive producers of the album the recording producers were Michael Fine and Adam Stern . The album 's creation was financially supported by the Gretchen Brooks Recording Fund , which supported two recording sessions per year for each of DePreist 's final five years as music director . Tragic Lovers was the orchestra 's final recording with DePreist who left the Oregon Symphony in April 2003 as conductor and its final contribution to Delos 's Virtual Reality Recording series . Compositions from the album have been broadcast on several stations , including Public Radio Exchange , unk , New England Public Radio ( WFCR ) and Northwest Public Radio . WFCR broadcast the Tchaikovsky recording in November 2011 in recognition of DePreist 's 75th birthday , and the Berlioz track in February 2013 , following DePreist 's death . The Classical Music Sentinel published a positive review of the album , comparing it to a three movement symphony . Composition Tragic Lovers , released by the record label Delos in 2008 , contains three works inspired by tragic love stories in literature Richard Wagner 's Prelude and Liebestod from Tristan and Isolde , Hector Berlioz 's Love Scene from Romo et Juliette , Op. 17 , and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet . The album contains three tracks , each one comprising a single composition and running more than fifteen minutes in length . Amelia Haygood and Carol Rosenberger served as executive producers the recording producers were Michael Fine for the Wagner and Berlioz works and Adam Stern for the Tchaikovsky composition . The album was engineered by John unk , with Andrs Villalta serving as associate engineer for the Wagner and Berlioz recordings . Editing was completed by Fine ( Wagner , Berlioz ) and Stern ( Tchaikovsky ) . The album marked the orchestra 's final recording with DePreist as conductor and its final contribution to Delos 's Virtual Reality Recording series . Broadcasts All three compositions were featured on the Public Radio Exchange program Compact Discoveries the Berlioz and Tchaikovsky recordings aired on an episode titled Famous Lovers Romeo Juliet , and the Wagner recording was part of the following episode , titled More Famous Lovers . In June 2009 , Joe Brant featured the album on his unk program New Classics , which highlights newly released classical music recordings . New England Public Radio ( WFCR ) aired two tracks from the album the Tchaikovsky recording was broadcast in November 2011 in recognition of DePreist 's 75th birthday , and the Berlioz track aired in November 2010 and again on February 11 , 2013 , following DePreist 's death on February 8 . The Berlioz recording also aired on the Northwest Public Radio program Classical Music with Robin unk on February 1 , 2013 . Reception Jean Yves Duperron of the Classical Music Sentinel appreciated the continuity of the subject matter and compared the album to a three movement symphony . Referring to the opener as the first movement of this hypothetical symphony , Duperron wrote that Wagner 's composition works perfectly by setting the tone for the album . He appreciated the Berlioz composition as a central movement for its more pleasant mood and lighter musical textures , and Tchaikovsky 's work as the finale for its dramatic and tumultuous qualities . Duperron complimented DePreist and the orchestra for conveying the emotions depicted in each of the compositions loud and clear , and specifically highlighted the massive walls of sound produced by the strings . He also commended Delos for effectively capturing the performances with clean and powerful dynamics throughout and concluded the review by quipping This perfectly coordinated collection should be part of every collection Track listing Prelude and ' Liebestod ' from Tristan and Isolde ( Richard Wagner ) 17 14 ' Love Scene ' from Romo et Juliette , Op. 17 ( Hector Berlioz ) 15 59 Romeo and Juliet Fantasy Overture ( Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ) 21 10 Track listing adapted from the album 's liner notes . Personnel James DePreist conductor John unk engineer Mark Evans graphic design Michael Fine editor ( tracks 1 2 ) , recording producer ( tracks 1 2 ) Tamra Saylor Fine production assistant ( tracks 1 2 ) Amelia S. Haygood executive producer Wendy unk photography Oregon Symphony primary artist Harry Pack creative director , liner notes Carol Rosenberger executive producer Adam Stern editor ( track 3 ) , recording producer ( track 3 ) Jim unk liner notes Andrs Villalta associate engineer ( tracks 1 2 ) Credits adapted from AllMusic and the album 's liner notes .
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2,350 | M 51 is a north south state trunkline highway in the southwestern portion of the US state of Michigan . The southern terminus is at a connection with State Road 933 across the Michigan Indiana state line near South Bend , Indiana . From there the trunkline runs north through an interchange with US Highway 12 ( US 12 ) into Niles along a route that was once part of Business US 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) . North of Niles , the highway runs parallel to a river and a rail line through rural areas . The northern terminus is on Interstate 94 ( I 94 ) west of Paw Paw . There were two other highways that bore the M 51 designation . The first connected Holland and Grand Rapids with the birth of the highway system in 1919 . After the creation of the United States Numbered Highway System in 1926 , the number was moved to a different highway in The Thumb area . That second highway was scaled back and later decommissioned in the 1960s . The current highway dates back to 1971 when the southern end of M 40 was rerouted , and the previous alignment was given the M 51 moniker . It was extended to the state line in 1998 to complete the current highway . Route description M 51 starts at the Indiana state line as a continuation of SR 933 into Michigan . The trunkline runs north through residential areas along 11th Street into Niles . On the south side of town , it meets US 12 at an interchange before continuing northward through commercial areas . Between the intersections with Maple and Main streets , M 51 splits into a one way pair of streets to follow 12th Street northbound and 11th Street southbound . Oak Street marks the western end of Bus . M 60 , and M 51 turns westward on Main Street into downtown Niles . At 5th Street , the highway turns north again to exit downtown . The highway crosses a rail line owned by Amtrak before curving northeasterly near the Plym Park Golf Course . M 51 angles parallel to the Dowagiac River and the Amtrak line as the highway crosses from Berrien County into Cass County . The landscape transitions to farmland along the river , and the highway turns to the east between unk and Pokagon . Past Pokagon , M 51 turns back northeasterly toward Dowagiac . Once the highway reaches that city , it merges with M 62 . The two highways run concurrently eastward along Spruce , Main and Division streets through downtown . M 51 turns to the north along Front Street , separating from the concurrency and leaving downtown . North of town in rural Cass County , M 51 intersects M 152 near location where the highway crosses the Dowagiac River . North of that intersection , the trunkline crosses into Van Buren County and turns to the east again . M 51 passes south of Knickerbocker Lake before turn northeasterly parallel to the rail line along Delaware Street in unk after which is heads due north to I 94 . M 51 is maintained by MDOT like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M 51 were the 20 , 298 vehicles daily south of US 12 the lowest counts were the 2 , 658 vehicles per day west of Decatur . M 51 between US 12 and the state line has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . History Previous designations When the state highway system was originally signed in 1919 , M 51 was initially designated from Holland to Grand Rapids . The highway ran from Zeeland along a route that used Byron Road and 32nd Avenue to connect with Port Sheldon Street in Jenison before connecting with Chicago Drive . The highway 's course was simplified by 1924 to use Chicago Drive between Zeeland and Jenison . When the US Highway System debuted in 1926 , this original M 51 was renumbered as an extension of M 21 , and the M 51 number was reused for the original M 27 in The Thumb . The highway ran from Port Huron to M 83 ( now M 142 ) west of Harbor Beach . The designation of M 51 from Port Huron to M 46 was removed in late 1961 , and the remainder to M 142 was removed in 1965 . Current designation In 1971 , all of M 40 south of I 94 to Niles was reassigned the designation M 51 while M 40 was shifted to the east to take over the routing of the contemporary M 119 between Paw Paw and its intersection with US 12 in Porter Township near Mottville . The routing of M 51 was extended down to the state line in April 1998 when US 33 was decommissioned out of the state of Michigan the extension formed a concurrency with Business US 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) through Niles in the process . In early 2010 , the central section of Bus . US 12 was transferred to the City of Niles . In doing so , the Bus . US 12 designation was decommissioned in the city , removing that designation from the M 51 concurrency . Major intersections
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2,351 | Debby Applegate ( born 1968 ) is an American historian and biographer . She is the author of The Most Famous Man in America The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher , for which she won the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography . Born in Eugene , Oregon in 1968 , Applegate attended Amherst College as an undergraduate , where she began a two decade fascination with famous alumnus Henry Ward Beecher , a 19th century abolitionist minister who was later the subject of a widely publicized sex scandal . She made Beecher the subject of her dissertation in American Studies at Yale , where she received a Ph.D. in 1998 . After several more years of research , Applegate published The Most Famous Man in America , which was praised by critics and awarded the Pulitzer Prize . She has announced that her second book will be a biography of New York City brothel keeper Polly Adler . Biography Born in Eugene , Oregon , Applegate grew up in Clackamas , Oregon , graduating from Clackamas High School in 1985 . She was raised in what she described as an unusual religious environment her mother , from a Mormon family , became a New Thought minister , while her father was an Irish Catholic . She graduated summa cum laude from Amherst College in 1989 and was a Sterling Fellow at Yale University , where she earned a Ph.D. in American Studies in 1998 . Applegate has taught at Yale , Wesleyan University , and Marymount Manhattan College . Her contributions have appeared in The Journal of American History and The New York Times . Applegate was a founding member of Biographers International Organization ( unk ) , and served as its interim president in 2009 . She currently serves as the Chair of unk 's Advisory Committee . She is married to Bruce unk , a business writer whose books include It 's Okay To Be The Boss . They live in New Haven , Connecticut . The Most Famous Man in America As an undergraduate student worker at Amherst College , Applegate was assigned to assemble an exhibit on a famous alumnus and selected Henry Ward Beecher , a 19th century minister known for his abolitionist preaching and widely publicized sex scandal . Applegate described him as unlike any religious figure I d ever seen . I loved his very modern sense of humor , his irreverence , and his joyful , ecumenical approach to religion and life in general . She later made him the subject of her undergraduate senior thesis and her PhD dissertation at Yale University . After graduation , Applegate signed a publishing contract to write a biography of Beecher . Applegate 's initial chapters were written in what she considered an overly academic voice , so to write a biography with popular appeal , she studied fiction writing , including techniques for suspense and pornographic writing . She structured the resulting book as a psychological thriller . Though she had originally hoped to publish the book during the 1998 Lewinsky scandal , in which US President Bill Clinton was discovered to have had a sexual relationship with a White House intern , the research took several years longer than she had initially planned . The book was finally released in 2006 by Doubleday . Reception The Most Famous Man in America was sold well and was generally praised by critics . NPR selected it as one of the year 's best nonfiction books , stating that the book convinces readers of the truth of that swaggering title . Kirkus Reviews called it a beautifully written biography of America 's one best known preacher ... An exceptionally thorough and thoughtful account of a spectacular career that helped shape and reflect national preoccupations before , during and after the Civil War . Publishers Weekly wrote that this assessment of Beecher is judicious and critical . Applegate gives an insightful account . In a review for The Boston Globe , Katherine A. Powers called the book a fantastic story with novelistic flair and penetration into the ever changing motives and expediencies of its many actors . Michael Kazin , reviewing the book for The New York Times , stated that Applegate 's writing occasionally loses its force in a thicket of personal details , but concluded that the book is a biography worthy of its subject . On April 16 , 2007 , the book was announced as the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography . Applegate said of her win , Half of it is just good luck ... Had it come out four years ago , I don 't think the climate was ready for it . The religious right intersection with politics is very important now . Madam The Notorious Life and Times of Polly Adler As of 2011 , Applegate was working on a biography of Polly Adler , New York City 's notorious Prohibition era brothel keeper whose 1953 memoir A House is Not a Home became a New York Times Bestseller and a 1963 film starring Shelley Winters . The decision to write the book came after a year of research into 1920s New York City cultural history , during which Applegate discovered Adler 's memoir and grew fascinated by it . Applegate 's book is to be titled Madam The Notorious Life and Times of Polly Adler and will be published by Doubleday .
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2,352 | SM U 67 was a Type U 66 submarine or U boat for the German Imperial Navy ( German Kaiserliche Marine ) during the First World War . She had been laid down in November 1913 as U 8 the second boat of the U 7 class for the Austro Hungarian Navy ( German Kaiserliche und Knigliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) but was sold to Germany , along with the others in her class , in November 1914 . The submarine was ordered as U 8 from Germaniawerft of Kiel as the second of five boats of the U 7 class for the Austro Hungarian Navy . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , the Austro Hungarian Navy became convinced that none of the submarines of the class could be delivered to the Adriatic via Gibraltar . As a consequence , the entire class , including U 8 , was sold to the German Imperial Navy in November 1914 . Under German control , the class became known as the U 66 type and the boats were renumbered U 8 became U 67 , and all were redesigned and reconstructed to German specifications . U 67 was launched in May 1915 and commissioned in August . As completed , she displaced 791 tonnes ( 779 long tons ) , surfaced , and 933 tonnes ( 918 long tons ) , submerged . The boat was 69 . 50 metres ( 228 ft ) long and was armed with five torpedo tubes and a deck gun . A part of the IV unk throughout the war , U 67 sank 18 ships with a combined gross register tonnage ( GRT ) of 39 , 937 in thirteen war patrols . She also damaged three other ships of 14 , 766 GRT . On 20 November 1918 , nine days after the Armistice , U 67 was surrendered to the British . She was broken up in 1921 at Fareham . Design and construction After the Austro Hungarian Navy had competitively evaluated three foreign submarine designs , it selected the Germaniawerft 506d design , also known as the Type UD , for its new U 7 class of five submarines . The Navy ordered five boats on 1 February 1913 . The U 7 class was seen by the Austro Hungarian Navy as an improved version of its U 3 class , which was also a Germaniawerft design . As designed for the Austro Hungarian Navy , the boats were to displace 695 tonnes ( 684 long tons ) on the surface and 885 tonnes ( 871 long tons ) while submerged . The doubled hulled boats were to be 69 . 50 metres ( 228 ft ) long overall with a beam of 6 . 30 metres ( 20 ft 8 in ) and a draft of 3 . 79 metres ( 12 ft 5 in ) . The Austrian specifications called for two shafts with twin diesel engines ( 2 , 300 metric horsepower ( 2 , 269 bhp 1 , 692 kW ) total ) for surface running at up to 17 knots ( 31 km h 20 mph ) , and twin electric motors ( 1 , 240 PS ( 1 , 223 shp 912 kW ) total ) for a maximum of 11 knots ( 20 km h 13 mph ) when submerged . The boats were designed with five 45 cm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes four located in the bow , one in the stern . The boats ' armament was to also include a single 6 . 6 centimetres ( 2 . 6 in ) L 26 deck gun . U 8 and sister boat U 7 were both laid down on 1 November 1913 , the first two boats of the class begun . Her construction was slated to be complete within 29 to 33 months . Neither U 8 nor any of her sister boats were complete when World War I began in August 1914 . With the boats under construction at Kiel , the Austrians became convinced that it would be impossible to take delivery of the boats , which would need to be towed into the Mediterranean past Gibraltar , a British territory . As a result , U 8 and her four sisters were sold to the Imperial German Navy on 28 November 1914 . U 8 was renumbered by the Germans as U 67 when her class was redesignated as the Type U 66 . The Imperial German Navy had the submarines redesigned and reconstructed to German standards , which increased the surface displacement by 96 tonnes ( 94 long tons ) and the submerged by 48 tonnes ( 47 long tons ) . The torpedo load was increased by a third , from 9 to 12 , and the deck gun was upgraded from the 6 . 6 cm ( 2 . 6 in ) gun originally specified to an 8 . 8 cm ( 3 . 5 in ) one . Service career U 67 was launched on 15 May 1915 . On 4 August , SM U 67 was commissioned into the Imperial German Navy under the command of Korvettenkapitn Erich von Rosenberg Grusczyski . On 28 October 1915 , U 67 was assigned to the IV . U Halbflotille in which she remained for the duration of the war . In March 1916 , Kapitnleutnant Hans Nieland replaced von Rosenberg Grusczyski as the captain of U 67 , and it was under his command that U 67 was most successful , sinking 18 ships with a combined a total of 39 , 937 gross register tons ( GRT ) , while damaging a further three of 14 , 766 tons . U 67 's most successful month was April 1917 , when she sank four ships of 15 , 223 tons in a span of twelve days . Nieland was succeeded as commander of U 67 by Oberleutnant zur See Helmuth von unk in December 1917 . Under his command during the last eleven months of the war , U 67 sank no more ships . During her service career under three commanders , U 67 had completed thirteen war patrols . She was surrendered to the British on 20 November 1918 , nine days after the Armistice , and broken up at Fareham in 1921 . Ships sunk or damaged
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2,353 | Richard Rennison ( 29 October 1889 5 August 1969 ) was the last anvil priest at Gretna Green , Scotland . Between 1926 and 1940 , he performed irregular marriages of couples over the anvil at the Old Blacksmith Shop , where the couple proclaimed that they were single and wanted to get married in front of witnesses . As anvil priest , Rennison generally requested a fee of 1 , but was known to earn up to 20 for a ceremony ( approximately 3 , 030 in 2012 ) . The popularity of the marriages grew whilst he was performing them , to the point that a special committee was formed to look at marriage in Scotland , to which Rennison was called as a witness . By the time irregular marriages were outlawed in Scotland by the Marriage ( Scotland ) Act 1939 , Rennison had conducted 5 , 147 ceremonies . Personal life Richard Rennison was born on 29 October 1889 in unk , Northumberland to coalminer James Rennison and his wife Ann . He spent time working as a General Dealer and as a photographer . He also spent time as a Methodist preacher in Tyneside . In 1923 , he married Jessie Little in unk , Cumberland . The pair moved to Gretna in 1926 , by which time Rennison was describing himself as a saddler , an ironmonger and a boot maker . When he moved to Gretna , he initially set himself up as a saddler and opened a cafe , before being taken on by Hugh Mackie , the manager of the Old Blacksmith 's Shop . Rennison died on 5 August 1969 at unk , Northumberland . The last anvil priest Before 1940 , marriage in Scotland was based on Celtic customs , rather than Catholic religious customs . As such , marriage only required a couple to agree to be married in front of witnesses . The simplicity of these irregular marriages meant that they were used by couples who wished to elope , and Gretna Green became a hotspot for elopement because it was the village in Scotland nearest to the English border . The marriages were provided by the blacksmith as he was certain to be a citizen of Scotland and was easy to find at the forge . Hugh Mackie purchased the Old Blacksmith 's Shop at Gretna Green in 1890 and resided there as anvil priest until 1926 when he was looking to retire and find a replacement . Mackie found Richard Rennison , who had recently joined the community , and by October 1927 , Rennison was presiding over marriages and acting as caretaker of the shop . The shop had ceased any metalwork in 1900 and was solely used for marriage ceremonies . A natural showman , Rennison soon became the resident anvil priest and set about marrying people . He would regularly point out that , although he was not a member of the clergy , he could marry people as he was No Sinner the reverse of his surname In his first ten years , he married around 2000 couples , the majority of whom were couples between 40 and 60 years old . By 1939 , the number of marriages he had performed had increased past 4000 due to the many young men who wanted to get married before starting their service in World War II . Marriages at the blacksmith shop were inconsistent during Rennison 's time as anvil priest . Although they followed the same pattern , and both parties were to declare in front of witnesses they were single and that one had lived in Scotland for 21 days , there are documented cases where these requirements were not confirmed . At this point , Rennison would strike the hammer on the anvil , and the couple would be married . Rennison 's wife often acted as a witness to the couples getting married , and sometimes performed the ceremonies herself . The marriage fee was supposedly 1 , but Rennison would sometimes perform the ceremony for free or however much he was given in one case he received 20 ( worth approximately 3 , 030 in 2012 ) . If witnesses were required , they would be provided at the cost of 2s 6d each . Rennison travelled to London in 1931 for a sight seeing visit , and he brought the anvil with him to protect it from theft . The anvil never left his side , despite weighing 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) . The Leader Post suggested that , since the cost of a new anvil was much less than the cost of transporting the old one , this was more likely to be a publicity stunt . In 1935 , due to the increasing popularity of the Gretna Green irregular marriages , a special committee headed by Lord Morison was appointed to look at marriage in Scotland . Rennison gave evidence before the committee in 1936 . There he claimed that he was known as the Gretna priest , but did not dress like one and stated that he knew he was not one . He also confirmed that he had been removing the word priest from marriage certificates and telling couples that they needed to confirm their marriage with the registrar at Dumfries . The committee 's findings led to the Marriage ( Scotland ) Act 1939 , which outlawed the process of irregular marriages . When the new law came into force in 1940 , Rennison had performed 5 , 147 marriages . His role then changed to a symbolic one , blessing marriages and acting as caretaker of the forge . He also regularly appeared at court to ensure the marriages he performed were judicially recognised .
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2,354 | Tropical Storm Carlos was the first of five tropical cyclones to make landfall during the 2003 Pacific hurricane season . It formed on June 26 from a tropical wave to the south of Mexico . It quickly strengthened as it approached the coast , and early on June 27 Carlos moved ashore in Oaxaca with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km h ) . The storm rapidly deteriorated to a remnant low , which persisted until dissipating on June 29 . Carlos brought heavy rainfall to portions of southern Mexico , peaking at 337 mm ( 13 . 3 in ) in two locations in Guerrero . Throughout its path , the storm damaged about 30 , 000 houses , with a monetary damage total of 86 . 7 million pesos ( 2003 MXN , 8 million 2003 USD ) . At least nine people were killed throughout the country , seven due to mudslides and two from river flooding there was also a report of two missing fishermen . Meteorological history The origins of Carlos were from a tropical wave that exited the west coast of Africa on June 14 . The wave moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea , with little evidence of its existence on satellite imagery . By June 20 it crossed Central America into the eastern Pacific Ocean , later spawning an area of convection , or thunderstorms , south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec . The National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) first mentioned the system in its tropical weather outlook on June 24 , by which time a low pressure center developed . Gradually , the system continued to develop due to light wind shear , with rainbands and convection located near the broad center . By early on June 26 , the disturbance had organized enough for the NHC to initiate advisories on Tropical Depression Three E , about 130 miles ( 210 km ) south southwest of Puerto Escondido , Oaxaca . Upon first being classified as a tropical cyclone , the depression had a slightly elongated circulation . An anticyclone to its north was forecast to track westward , which would allow the depression to track west northwestward and remain offshore however , the NHC noted uncertainty in its motion . The cloud pattern gradually organized , with warm water temperatures and lessening wind shear . At 1200 UTC on June 26 , it is estimated the depression attained tropical storm status upon doing so , the NHC named the storm Carlos . As it reached tropical storm intensity , Carlos began an erratic northward track toward the Mexican coast , under the influence of a trough . It quickly strengthened , developing a well defined eye feature in the center of the convection . Based on the eye , it is estimated Carlos made landfall early on June 27 with peak winds of 65 mph ( 100 km h ) , about 60 miles ( 95 km ) west of Puerto Escondido , Oaxaca , or about 150 miles ( 245 km h ) east southeast of Acapulco , Guerrero . As Carlos moved inland , it turned to the northwest in response to the anticyclone over Mexico , and it quickly weakened to tropical depression status . By 12 hours after landfall , there was little evidence of a circulation on satellite imagery . Late on June 27 , Carlos degenerated into a non convective remnant low pressure area near Acapulco . The circulation turned to the southwest and emerged into the Pacific Ocean by 0000 UTC on June 29 , the system dissipated completely . Preparations and impact When the cyclone first formed , the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Acapulco , Guerrero to Punta San Telmo , Michoacn , although initially it was forecast to remain offshore . After Carlos attained tropical storm status and when it was correctly anticipated to make landfall , the warning area was adjusted from Salina Cruz , Oaxaca to Zihuatanejo , Guerrero . Although the storm moved ashore in Oaxaca , its rainbands also affected the Mexican states of Chiapas , Tabasco , Veracruz , Puebla , and Guerrero . On the day when Carlos made landfall , it dropped heavy rainfall , with 24 hour statewide maxima of 254 mm ( 10 in ) in Ro Verde , Oaxaca , and 112 mm ( 4 . 42 in ) in unk , Guerrero . Throughout the country , rainfall peaked at 337 mm ( 13 . 3 in ) in both Marquelia and unk in Guerrero . Tropical Storm Carlos affected 79 municipalities in Oaxaca with flooding or rainfall , and much of the region was declared a disaster area as a result , disaster funds were opened . Across the region , the combination of rainfall and strong winds downed power lines , disrupted phone service , and flooded two major highways additionally , the storm left widespread damage to other roads and airstrips . In northwestern Oaxaca , seven people were killed when the heavy rainfall triggered a mudslide . Mudslides were reported elsewhere in the state , and about 30 , 000 homes were damaged . In one town , the flooding forced 150 families to evacuate to shelters . In Guerrero , a flooded river killed two people . Four fishermen were reported missing , possibly swept out to sea due to the storm the Mexican army searched offshore for several days , rescuing two of the four fishermen by four days after the storm . Overall , the storm affected about 148 , 000 people , and monetary damage totaled 86 . 7 million pesos ( 2003 MXN , 8 million 2003 USD ) .
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2,355 | Hurricane Nicole was the last hurricane in the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season . It developed from a frontal low to the south of the Azores on November 24 , and quickly strengthened to reach winds of 70 mph ( 110 km h ) as it moved to the west southwest . An approaching upper level trough moved over the system , producing strong wind shear which rapidly weakened Nicole to a tropical depression . After the trough passed , the system entered an area of lighter shear , and steadily restrengthened . An approaching cold front turned it to the northeast , and while moving over anomalously warm sea surface temperatures Nicole attained hurricane status . It reached a peak intensity of 85 mph ( 135 km h ) on December 1 , and rapidly weakened over the waters of the north Atlantic Ocean . Nicole is one of five December Atlantic hurricanes on record . Origins A strong frontal low located several hundred miles south of the Azores persisted for several days in late November while remaining nearly stationary . After it began moving steadily to the west , a tightly wrapped band of convection developed near the center , and it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Fourteen on November 24 while located 725 miles ( 1 , 165 km ) south of Lajes , Azores . The system quickly intensified as it moved west southwestward , and strengthened into Tropical Storm Nicole six hours after forming . Tropical Storm Nicole was a small storm , and upon first forming tropical storm force winds extended only 60 miles ( 95 km ) from the center . A few hours after attaining tropical storm status , a ship just north of the center reported winds of 41 mph ( 66 km h ) , confirming the system was a tropical storm . Located to the south of a strong mid level ridge , Nicole continued to the west southwest while centered within a large upper level low . Common for late season development in the subtropics , this produced light vertical shear over the storm . The storm moved through an area of marginal sea surface temperatures of 77 F ( 25 C ) . An intermittent eye feature of the small area of deep convection , and Nicole quickly strengthened to reach an initial peak intensity of 70 mph ( 115 km h ) . After maintaining its peak for around twelve hours , an upper level trough moved rapidly eastward over Nicole , which produced high levels of wind shear . The shear weakened the storm , and by late on November 25 the center became exposed to the west of the diminishing deep convection . The shear dissipated most of the convection , and Nicole degenerated to a tropical depression on November 26 . Operationally , advisories were discontinued , and regeneration was considered unlikely . Regeneration The low turned to the west , and following the passage of the trough a ridge became established over Nicole . This resulted in a decrease in wind shear , and deep convection redeveloped over the storm . The National Hurricane Center reinstated advisories for Nicole on November 27 while located about 1 , 515 miles ( 2 , 440 km ) west southwest of the Canary Islands . The low level circulation was initially exposed on the southwest side of the convection , though Nicole quickly strengthened and unexpectedly re attained tropical storm status later on November 27 . Upon reaching tropical storm status for the second time , the center of Nicole moved beneath the convection while an anticyclone developed over the storm . Banding features began to develop , and outflow was well defined . An approaching cold front turned Nicole to the north , and late on November 28 the storm reached its westernmost point while located 1 , 125 miles ( 1 , 800 km ) east northeast of Bermuda . After turning to the northeast , shear from the approaching front weakened Nicole slightly , and the center became situated near the western edge of the convection . Upper level diffluence allowed the convection to persist despite the shearing environment , and an eye feature developed within the convection . unk warm sea surface temperatures of 3 to 5 F ( 2 to 3 C ) above normal allowed the storm to continue strengthening , and early on November 30 Nicole strengthened to attain hurricane status while located 1 , 280 miles ( 2 , 060 km ) west southwest of Lajes , Azores . A nearly complete eyewall organized within the storm , and early on December 1 Nicole reached a peak intensity of 85 mph ( 135 km h ) . It turned northward and rapidly weakened , and Nicole became extratropical later on December 1 while located 285 miles ( 460 km ) northwest of the Azores . The extratropical remnant turned to the northwest while moving around the periphery of a larger circulation , and on December 2 Nicole dissipated . When Nicole lasted into December as a hurricane , it was one of only five Atlantic hurricanes on record in the month . The other five attained the intensity during the month , and included an unnamed hurricane in the 1887 season , Hurricane Alice in 1954 , Hurricane Lili in 1984 , and Hurricane Epsilon in 2005 . Impact Nicole remained hundreds of miles away from land throughout its entire lifetime , and as a result it caused no damage or deaths .
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2,356 | SMS ( Bangerz ) is a song by American singer Miley Cyrus featuring Britney Spears for Cyrus ' fourth studio album Bangerz ( 2013 ) . It was written and produced by Mike Will Made It and Marz , with additional songwriting provided by Cyrus and Sean Garrett . The track incorporates elements of hip hop styles , and is lyrically a celebration of pop culture , beautiful women , and strong women . Upon its release SMS ( Bangerz ) received generally mixed reviews from music critics some complimented its originality , while others criticized its production and Cyrus ' rapping . The album 's digital downloads helped the song chart in the United States and the United Kingdom . Cyrus has performed on MTV Unplugged and her Bangerz Tour . Production and composition SMS ( Bangerz ) was written by Miley Cyrus , Mike Will Made It , Sean Garrett , and Marz , while production was handled by Mike Will Made It and Marz . Stephen Hybicki and Tim Roberts recorded the track with help from Mike unk , and Jaycen Joshua mixed it with assistants of Ryan Kaul . Chris Tek O 'Ryan handled engineering the song , and it was further mastered by Dave Kutch at the Mastering Palace . The track is the third on Cyrus 's fourth album Bangerz , which was released in 2013 . SMS ( Bangerz ) has been described as 1980s hip hop inspired track . The song lasts for two minutes and 49 seconds . Garrett stated that its concept was inspired by the female rap trio Salt n Pepa , and noted that the final track was like five different things , it 's hip hop , it 's the girls , it 's a female anthem , Salt n Pepa , and Britney and Miley . He further opined that the women 's collaboration made for a historical moment ... as big as when Britney kissed Madonna Miley said There 's only one bitch that I want on my album , and that is Britney bitch . Speculation of a collaboration between Cyrus and Britney Spears first arose after they shared a brief exchange over Twitter in July 2013 . The following month , producer Sean Garrett confirmed that the pair had recorded a nuts collaboration for Bangerz . He later stated that Cyrus was throwing around those ideas of featuring Gwen Stefani and Nicki Minaj as the guest vocalist , but felt that the final cut with Spears was absolutely the right one . Release and reception SMS ( Bangerz ) is the third track on Miley Cyrus 's fourth studio album Bangerz , which was released in October 2013 . Although the song never entered the Billboard Hot 100 , the album 's strong digital downloads helped it reach number 10 on Billboard 's Bubbling Under the Hot 100 chart , as well as number 157 on the UK Singles Chart . The song is marked as explicit by the RIAA due to its explicit language . Although in October 2013 Cyrus claimed she wanted the song to be the third single off Bangerz , Adore You was the album 's third single release instead . Talking about plans for a music video , Cyrus hoped that the video will be as epic as the ' Work Bitch ' one , so I think that would be the smartest choice . Upon the album 's release , SMS ( Bangerz ) received generally mixed reviews from music critics . Nick Catucci of Entertainment Weekly provided a favorable review , calling the track one of the best included on Bangerz and describing it as a merry rap off with Britney . Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian opined that Spears ' inclusion was a stroke of skewed inspiration , which contributed in making its parent album Cyrus ' game changer . Writing for Slant Magazine , Kyle Fowle called the song an Auto Tuned Euro house jam that helped make the album both a message of empowerment and a straightforward party album . In contrast , Mariah Eakin of The A.V. Club provided a more mixed review , saying that Cyrus absolutely cannot rap , as horrifyingly evidenced by her Kreayshawn like turns highlighted in the track . Evan Sawdey from PopMatters cautioned that braggadocio can only go so far ( especially with a song that features such a formless sense of melody ) , and felt that Mike Will Made It has a horrid sense of how hooks work , leaving a slew of missed attempts and mangled opportunities in his wake . Live performance An episode of MTV Unplugged starring Cyrus premiered through MTV on January 29 , 2014 she performed an acoustic version of SMS ( Bangerz ) without Spears , among several additional tracks from Bangerz . The song was used as the opening number on the worldwide Bangerz Tour , lasting throughout 2014 . Blake Hannon provided a positive review for the performance , praising the synthy rush of the title track . Cyrus returned to perform the song during the musical festival on June 21 , 2014 , Summertime Ball at Wembley Stadium of London , in front of 80 , 000 people . Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Bangerz . Recording Recorded at Nightbird Studios ( West Hollywood , California ) Conway Recording Studios ( Los Angeles , California ) Glenwood Studios , ( Burbank , California ) Mixed at The Penua Project Innersound Management at Larrabee Sound Studios ( North Hollywood , California ) Personnel Charts
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2,357 | The Narragansett Pacer was the first horse breed developed in the United States , but is now extinct . It was developed in the United States during the 18th century and associated closely with the state of Rhode Island , and it had become extinct by the late 19th century . The Pacer was developed from a mix of English and Spanish breeds , although the exact cross is unknown , and they were known to and owned by many famous personages of the day , including George Washington . Sales to the Caribbean and cross breeding diminished the breed to the point of extinction , and the last known Pacer died around 1880 . The Narragansett was possibly an ambling horse , rather than a true pacing breed . It was known as a sure footed , dependable breed , although not flashy or always good looking . Pacers were used for racing and general riding . They were frequently crossed with other breeds , and provided the foundation for several other American breeds , including the American Saddlebred , Standardbred and Tennessee Walking Horse . History Highly valued by plantation owners of the 19th century , the Narragansett Pacer had a major influence on many American gaited breeds . The breed was especially associated with the state of Rhode Island in the early 18th century , but had become extinct by the late 19th century . It was known as the first breed of horse developed in America . The exact origins of the breed are unknown , but it was probably developed from a cross between English ambling horses and Spanish breeds . These Spanish breeds often included bloodlines that included lateral gaits . The horses developed from this cross were known for their smoothness and sure footedness over poor terrain . The English horses which contributed to the Narragansett Pacer may have been members of the Irish Hobby breed another possible ancestor is the Galloway pony . In the early 18th century , William Robinson , the Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island , began the serious development of the breed with a stallion named Old Snip speculated to be either an Irish Hobby or an Andalusian , and considered the father of the breed . In 1768 , George Washington owned and raced a Narragansett Pacer , while in 1772 , Edmund Burke asked an American friend for a pair . Paul Revere possibly rode a Pacer during his 1775 ride to warn the Americans of a British march . The extinction was due mainly to the breed being sold in such large numbers to sugarcane planters in the West Indies that breeding stock was severely diminished in the United States . The few horses that were left were crossbred to create and improve other breeds and the pure strain of the Narragansett soon became extinct . North Carolina was also a noted to have breeders of the Narragansett , with breeding stock having been brought to the area as early as 1790 by early pioneers . The last known Pacer , a mare , died around 1880 . Characteristics The Narragansett Pacer was not exclusively a pacing horse , as strong evidence indicates it exhibited an ambling gait , which is a four beat , intermediate speed gait , while the pace is a two beat , intermediate speed gait . The amble is more comfortable to ride than the pace , and Narragansett Pacers were known for their qualities as both riding and driving horses . They averaged around 14 . 1 hands ( 57 inches , 145 cm ) tall , and were generally chestnut in color . James Fenimore Cooper described them as They have handsome foreheads , the head clean , the neck long , the arms and legs thin and tapered . however , another source stated , The hindquarters are narrow and the hocks a little crooked ... , but also said , They are very spirited and carry both the head and tail high . But what is more remarkable is that they amble with more speed than most horses trot , so that it is difficult to put some of them upon a gallop . Other viewers of the breed rarely called them stylish or good looking , although they considered them dependable , easy to work with and sure footed . Uses The breed was used for pacing races in Rhode Island , where the Baptist population allowed races when the greater part of Puritan New England did not . Pacers reportedly covered the one mile tracks in a little more than two minutes . The Narragansett Pacer played a significant role in the creation of the American Saddlebred , the Standardbred and the Tennessee Walking Horse . The breed was also combined with French pacers to create the Canadian Pacer , a breed especially suited to racing over ice and which also contributed substantially to the creation of the Standardbred . In the early 19th century , Pacer mares were bred to stallions of the fledgling Morgan breed . However , the Morgan breed was selected for a trot as an intermediate gait , and thus ambling horses were frowned upon , so most Narragansett Morgan crosses were sold to Canada , the Caribbean , and South America , so the bloodlines did not remain within the Morgan breed . Other breeds indirectly influenced by the Narragansett Pacer include the Rocky Mountain Horse , a gaited breed started in Kentucky , and the Tiger Horse , a gaited breed with Appaloosa patterning .
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2,358 | Hurricane Jimena was the tenth named storm and second hurricane of the 2003 Pacific hurricane season . Jimena formed on August 28 in the far Eastern Pacific Ocean as a tropical depression and moved westward where it rapidly became a hurricane the following day . The storm moved westward into the Central Pacific Ocean where it became a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . After reaching its peak strength as a Category 2 hurricane , the storm began to weaken due to increasing wind shear . Jimena brushed past the Hawaiian Islands before becoming a tropical depression on September 3 . The weakening storm then crossed the international dateline before dissipating on September 5 , becoming one of the few storms to cross both unk and International Date Line . Jimena was the first Pacific hurricane to threaten Hawaii since Hurricane Daniel of the 2000 Pacific hurricane season . However , the storm weakened as it passed south of the islands and the effects from Jimena were minimal there were no reported fatalities or injuries from the storm . Meteorological history An area of disturbed weather formed on August 26 , 2003 and drifted westward . The disturbed weather then began to organize and the system became a tropical depression on August 28 . Moving westward over waters greater than 82 F ( 28 C ) , Tropical Depression Ten E rapidly strengthened into a tropical storm and was named Jimena by the National Hurricane Center . Jimena continued to intensify as it moved westward . On August 29 , satellite imagery showed a well defined eye developing in the storm as the storm winds increased to 60 mph ( 97 km h ) . Jimena then was upgraded to hurricane status later that day . At 1500 UTC , visible satellite imagery showed the storm having a small cloud filled eye and developing banding features south of the storm 's center as Jimena continued to move west northwest . As the hurricane neared the Central Pacific Basin , it winds reached a peak intensity of 105 mph ( 165 km h ) and the barometric pressure fell to 970 millibars on August 30 . At 0600 UTC , the National Hurricane Center issued its last advisory on Jimena as the storm crossed into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility . On August 31 , Jimena encountered strong southerly wind shear , causing it to quickly weaken back to a tropical storm by September 1 . Jimena then turned west southwest where the center of the storm passed 105 miles ( 165 km ) south of Hawaii at 1500 UTC . Jimena continued to weaken as wind shear increased and the storm weakened to a tropical depression on September 3 . After weakening back to a depression , Jimena crossed the International Date Line on September 5 at 0600 UTC , where it became the first storm to exist in all three Pacific basins since 1999 's Hurricane Dora . However , Jimena was only tracked briefly by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center , since strong wind shear resulted in the low level circulation to be exposed from the center and at 1727 UTC , the low level had nearly dissipated . At 1800 UTC , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued their final advisory on Jimena as the storm dissipated 715 miles ( 1151 km ) southeast of Wake Island . Preparations and impact Forecasters at the Central Pacific Hurricane Center began issuing a Hurricane Watch for the Big Island of Hawaii on August 31 at 0000 UTC the following day the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) issued a tropical storm warning at 0300 UTC and a flash flood watch . The watches and warnings prompted residents to board up windows and stock up on emergency supplies . The storm 's approach also closed down beaches and prompted officials to cancel outdoor activates as a precaution and the American Red Cross opened shelters and provided emergency services . The preparations for Hurricane Jimena cost the American Red Cross 5 , 000 ( 2003 USD ) . As Jimena passed south of Hawaii as a weakening tropical storm , it brought high winds and heavy rainfall to the island . High wind gusts of 53 58 mph ( 85 93 km h ) were reported in South Point and Kahoolawe . In Honolulu , a weather station reported winds of 36 mph ( 58 km h ) while a station in Kauai reported winds of 22 mph ( 35 km h ) . The storm dropped 6 10 inches of rain across the Big Island . In Glenwood , Hawaii , the storm dropped 8 . 43 inches ( 214 mm ) of rain . The rainfall from Jimena helped reduce drought conditions across the Big Island . Coastal sections of the Hawaiian Islands reported high surf ranging from 11 to 15 feet ( 3 5 meters ) high . High winds from Jimena knocked down trees and damaged power lines , leaving 1 , 300 residents without electricity . Heavy rainfall from the storm also caused minor flooding on the eastern side of the Big Island . Offshore , high surf and strong currents brought by the storm resulted in 350 swimmers being rescued by the United States Coast Guard , residents , and state and local police and fire departments . Overall there were no fatalities or injuries from Hurricane Jimena . The name Jimena was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2004 and was used in the 2009 season .
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2,359 | William de Braose , 3rd Lord of Bramber ( fl . 1135 1179 ) was a 12th century Marcher lord who secured a foundation for the dominant position later held by the Braose family in the Welsh Marches . In addition to the family 's English holdings in Sussex and Devon , William had inherited Radnor and Builth , in Wales , from his father Philip . By his marriage he increased the Braose Welsh holdings to include Brecon and Abergavenny . William remained loyal to King Stephen during the 12th century period of civil war . He became a trusted royal servant during the subsequent reign of Henry II , accompanying the king on campaigns in France and Ireland . He served as sheriff of Herefordshire from 1173 until 1175 . The family 's power reached its peak under his son William during the reigns of King Richard I and King John . Lands and family William was the eldest son of Philip de Braose , lord of Bramber . His mother was unk , daughter of unk of Totnes . He was the third in the line of the Anglo Norman Braose family founded by his grandfather , the first William de Braose . After his father died in the 1130s William inherited lordships , land and castles in Sussex , with his caput at Bramber . He also held Totnes in Devon and Radnor and Builth in the Welsh Marches . He confirmed the grants of his father and grandfather to the abbey of St Florent in Anjou and made further grants to the abbey 's dependent priory at Sele in Sussex . In about 1155 , he also inherited through his mother 's family one half of the honour of Barnstaple in Devon , paying a fee of 1000 marks for the privilege . William became an internationally recognised figure . When Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury was asked by Pope Adrian IV to inquire into the background of a certain Walter , canon of St Ruf , his reply , dated to 1154 9 read The facts which you demand need but little enquiry for they shine so brightly in themselves that they cannot be hid so great is the brilliance of his noble birth and the glory of all his kin . For Walter , as we know for a fact , was the son of a distinguished knight and born of a noble mother in lawful wedlock , and he is closely related by blood to the noble William de Braose . William had married Bertha , daughter of Miles of Gloucester and Sibyl de Neufmarch , by 1150 . When each of Bertha 's four brothers died leaving no issue , William 's marriage became unexpectedly valuable . He gained control of the lordships of Brecon and Abergavenny after 1166 when the last brother died . These additional land holdings greatly expanded the territorial power and income of the Braose family . They now held a vast block of territory in the Welsh Marches as well as their extensive interests in Sussex and Devon . William 's daughters were able to make good marriages , notably Sibyl to William de Ferrers , Earl of Derby . Maud was married to John de Brompton of Shropshire . William 's son and heir , another William de Braose , became a major player in national politics under King John . Royal service Empress Maud , the only legitimate living child of Henry I , landed in England in 1139 in an attempt to press her claim to the monarchy . She was soon besieged by King Stephen 's forces at Arundel castle . Stephen allowed Maud a safe conduct to Bristol and provided her with an escort , which included William de Braose , suggesting that he was an adherent of King Stephen . William was present as a witness when three charters were issued by Stephen at Lewes dated to the years 1148 53 , therefore it appears that he remained loyal to the king until the Treaty of Wallingford ended the hostilities . William was in Sussex in 1153 , but he followed Duke Henry , soon to become King Henry II , to Normandy in 1154 . William was frequently with the new king . He was one of the military leaders who supported Henry at Rhuddlan in 1157 . He witnessed one of the king 's charters at Romsey in 1158 , and he is recorded at the king 's court in Wiltshire in 1164 when the Constitutions of Clarendon were enacted . He accompanied the king on expedition to France , witnessing at unk in 1161 and Chinon in 1162 . William is also documented on the Irish campaign at Dublin in 1171 and Wexford 1172 . William 's younger brother , Philip , also accompanied the king to Ireland , and remained with the garrison at Wexford . In 1177 Philip was granted the kingdom of Limerick by Henry but failed to take possession after the citizens set fire to the town . When Henry was facing war with his sons in 1173 , William was appointed as sheriff of Herefordshire at Easter . He maintained the King 's interests in Herefordshire until 1175 . Later life and death King Henry withdrew his favour from the family after William 's son organised the murder of unk ap Dyfnwal and other Welsh princes at Abergavenny in 1176 . There is little subsequent record of William in public life , and it is likely that he retired to his estates in Sussex . William died after 1179 and was succeeded by his son , William de Braose , 4th Lord of Bramber , who gained the favour of both King Richard I and King John and became a dominant force in the Welsh Marches during their reigns .
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2,360 | The raskovnik or razkovniche ( Serbian Cyrillic and Macedonian unk , Bulgarian unk , pronounced unk , Russian unk unk , Polish unk ) is a magical herb in Slavic ( Bosnian , Bulgarian , Croatian , Macedonian , Montenegrin , Serbian , Slovene , Russian ) and Romanian ( unk unk ) mythology . According to lore , the raskovnik has the magical property to unlock or uncover anything that is locked or closed . However , legends claim it is notoriously difficult to recognize the herb , and reputedly only certain chthonic animals are able to identify it . Names The herb is known by a multitude of names among the South Slavs , and the names vary significantly by region . While razkovniche and raskovnik are the customary names in Bulgarian and Serbian respectively and the root is also preserved in the Leskovac dialect as unk , in some parts of Macedonia it is known as unk unk ( hedgehog grass ) . In the vicinity of Bar ( southeastern Montenegro ) , the term is unk unk , a Turkish borrowing meaning iron breaker . In Syrmia , the plant is referred to as unk unk ( a hapax unk ) , in Slavonia it is known as unk unk ( earth key ) , and in Slovenia 's Savinja Valley as unk unk ( rainbow root ) . Description and properties Traditionally , it is considered that few people , if any , could actually recognize the herb . However , in Bulgarian sources the raskovnik is sometimes described as a grass resembling a four leaf clover . It grows in meadows and may be picked either while green and blooming or in hay , when it is already dry . While it is not necessarily rare , nor does it thrive only in remote locations , it is nevertheless impossible to recognize by the uninitiated . In the words of Serbian linguist and folklorist Vuk Stefanovi Karadi , It is some ( may be imaginary ) grass for which it is thought that thanks to it ( when brushed by it ) every lock and every other closure would open by itself . According to the legend , the raskovnik could unlock any gate or padlock , regardless of its size , material or key . It could also uncover treasures buried in the ground in Bulgarian beliefs , it could split the ground at the place where a treasure lay so that people could locate it . In some regions of Serbia , the treasure itself was a black man in chains who requested that a raskovnik be brought to him . The raskovnik would break the chains and the man would disappear into the ground to be replaced by a cauldron filled with gold coins . Other supernatural properties attributed to the herb by Bulgarians include the unk ability to transmute iron into gold , the more general ability to make the one who picked it forever happy or wealthy . In some interpretations , the raskovnik is a wonderful plant that makes true whatever its owner desires . unk The raskovnik is believed to have been sought after by treasure hunters , sorcerers and herbalists who desired its magic powers for personal benefit . In Serbia , it was believed that there exist certain treasures , such as the Treasure of Tsar Radovan , which could not be unlocked in any other way but employing a raskovnik . As , according to Bulgarian mythology and some other traditions , tortoises were the only beings who knew the appearance of the herb and the location where it grows , such people would try to obtain the raskovnik by deceiving a tortoise . They would find a tortoise nesting site and hem it in with a fence while the tortoise is away . When it returns , the tortoise would be unable to access its eggs , so it would return with a raskovnik in order to breach the fence . Thus , the tortoise would reveal the herb and people would acquire it from the tortoise , which does not need it anymore . While the tricking of a tortoise was the most popular method in Bulgarian mythology , in Dalmatia the legend refers to snakes , and among Serbs another version involves the locking of young hedgehogs in a box for their mother to unlock . In Serbia , one would also have to be quick to take the raskovnik , as the hedgehog would swallow it after use . In any case , turtles , snakes and hedgehogs are all animals with chthonic characteristics which were often variously associated with the underworld in South Slavic tradition . Karadi also mentions another Serbian method to obtain the raskovnik . He recorded a story from the town of Zemun about a merchant who desired to find the herb . The merchant locked an old woman into leg irons and let her wander in a field during the night if the irons unlocked by themselves at a certain place , that would be a place where the raskovnik grows . unk use The legendary herb has entered the modern Bulgarian vocabulary as a metaphor for a magic key or a panacea in the wider sense . The phrase to find the razkovniche ( unk unk da unk unk ) means to find the solution to a certain problem , usually a complex or difficult one . unk is also the common Bulgarian name for the plant European unk ( Marsilea unk ) which , in its appearance , has many similarities with the descriptions of the mythical raskovnik . In eastern Serbia , raskovnik also refers to a specific plant used in vernacular medicine , namely unk unk .
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2,361 | Rrvik Airport , Ryum ( Norwegian Rrvik lufthavn , Ryum IATA unk , ICAO unk ) is a regional airport located at unk , 6 kilometers ( 4 mi ) south of Rrvik , in the municipality of Vikna , Nord Trndelag county , Norway . The airport is owned and operated by the state owned Avinor and serves the municipalities of Vikna and Nry . The airport has a 950 meter ( 3 , 117 ft ) asphalt runway numbered 04 22 . Widere flies to the airport with its Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft on contract with the Ministry of Transport and Communications . The airport opened in 1986 as a municipal airport . It was first served by Norving , but Widere took over the flights in 1988 . The airport was nationalized in 1996 . Ryum served 33 , 532 passengers in 2014 . History Plans for an airport with short take off and landing flights was launched by the government in December 1983 . The airport was proposed along with five other regionals airport Fagernes Airport , Leirin Frde Airport , Bringeland Mosjen Airport , Kjrstad Rst Airport and Vry Airport . The plans were passed by Parliament on 10 April 1984 . Grants for starting construction were issued on the 1985 state budget and operating permission was issued by the government on 6 September 1985 . The financing was split between the state ( 60 percent ) , Vikna Municipality ( 30 percent ) and Nord Trndelag County Municipality ( 10 percent ) . The municipal funding was financed through a loan in unk . Most of the state funding was granted on the 1986 state budget , along with three other airports . The original target was for 12 , 000 passengers per year . The airport was estimated to cost NOK 15 to 16 million , but the lowest tender was between NOK 10 and 11 million . The airport ended having severe cost overruns NOK 12 million combined with Frde Airport . Ryum was scheduled to be opened on 1 October 1986 , but there was too bad weather that day that the ceremonies could take place , as aircraft could not land . Rrvik was initially served by Norving , which flew two services with the Dornier Do 228 Bod Rrvik Namsos Trondheim and Rrvik Brnnysund Monday through Friday . During the first winter several shortcomings were found in the terminal building and temperatures down to 6 C ( 21 F ) were measured indoors . Norving announced on 10 December 1987 that they would terminate all operations outside Finnmark . This took effect on 8 January 1988 , leaving Rrvik without a scheduled services . Manning of the airport was reduced from eight to six , but the airport remained open from 08 to 23 . From the summer schedules of 1988 , Rrvik was included in Widere 's services along the Helgeland coast . The airport had 7 , 244 passengers in 1988 , and the combined subsidies per passengers was NOK 511 . This included NOK 1 . 3 million in state operating subsidies to the airport , in addition to an operating deficit of NOK 1 million covered by the municipality . From 1996 , Ryum and 25 other regional airports were taken over by the state and the Civil Aviation Administration ( later renamed Avinor ) . The airport had 17 , 000 passengers in 1999 . Four years after the nationalization , the CAA proposed that Ryum and certain other regional airport be closed in an effort to reduce costs , but this was disapproved by the government . The airport received a renewed certification by the Civil Aviation Authority in 2001 , which in addition to new runway lighting required the airport to have a rescue boat . The ministry started a process in 2001 to consider using smaller aircraft than the 37 seat Dash 8 aircraft . The reason was that there were on average only 17 passengers per flight from Rrvik and Namsos Airport , Hknesra combined . Airport security was introduced on 1 January 2005 . Since 2010 , Nord Trndelag County Municipality has been pressing for an extension of the runway to 1 , 199 meters ( 3 , 934 ft ) and construction of a larger hangar . Facilities The airport is located at unk in Vikna , 6 kilometers ( 3 . 7 mi ) south of Rrvik . Paid parking , taxis and car rental are available , but there is no bus service available to the airport . Ryum 's catchment area includes Nry . The airfield 's elevation is 4 . 5 meters ( 15 ft ) above mean sea level and it has a 830 by 30 meter ( 2 , 723 by 98 ft ) runway aligned 04 22 ( roughly northeast southwest ) . An extension of the runway and the runway end safety areas ( unk ) was completed in November 2012 . The runway 's previous length was 800 meters ( 2 , 625 ft ) . The western end of the runway is located on artificial land surrounded by sea . Precision approach runway ( SCAT I ) with non precision unk unk and VOR DME , but lacks instrument landing system . Airlines and destinations Rrvik Airport is served by Widere with Dash 8 100 aircraft . The services are subsidized through public service obligations with the Ministry of Transport and Communications . Accidents and incidents On 2 September 2003 , a Cessna aircraft overshot the runway and landed in the sea after an emergency landing caused by loss of power immediately after take off . Two of the people on board were uninjured and the third injured only slightly .
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2,362 | Checkmate is a 1911 American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company . Focusing on the subject of convictions by circumstantial evidence , the plot has a French baron and an American businessman vie for the affections of an heiress . She chooses the American and the French baron conspires with the heiress 's aunt to take revenge . The American falls into their trap and is accused of stabbing the baron by the conspirators . The circumstantial evidence was enough to convict him and he is sent to prison . Through the aid of a homeless doppelgnger who looks like the fianc , he is substituted in prison and the original forces a confession from the aunt . For his plot , the baron is convicted of perjury and sent to prison . Released on February 17 , 1911 , the film was a critical failure for its improbable plot and its prison substitution scene . The film is presumed lost . Plot The film focuses on a young heiress who has two suitors , one a French baron and the other an American businessman named Jack . Her aunt , who favors the French noble out her desire for status , is hurt to learn that the heiress has chosen to marry the American businessman . The baron vows revenge and schemes with the aunt to aid his plot . When the businessman comes to the house to see his fiance , he learns that she is out of the house and sits down with the baron and aunt . Moments later , the servant rushes into the room attracted by cries to see Jack bending over the wounded baron with a knife in hand . Both the aunt and the baron accuse him of the stabbing as well as the servant and a policeman , who also saw Jack with the knife . In court , the jury finds it to be a clear case and Jack is sentenced to ten years in prison . His fiance is determined to prove his innocence , but knows not how to establish it . She meets a homeless man , who closely resembles Jack , who is about to commit a crime by smashing a window . The man desires to go to prison , believing it to be the only way that he will have food and shelter . The girl recognizes the opportunity and plans to pay him for taking the place of her fiance in prison . The man consents and the heiress concocts a clever substitution that proves successful via change of clothes . Jack , now free , confronts the aunt who believes that his reappearance is a ghostly one . The aunt confesses that the baron 's wounds were self inflicted and the circumstantial evidence that the servant and policeman had seen was an erroneous . The substitute convict is pardoned and released from prison without the swap ever being known . For his plot , the French baron is convicted for perjury and sent to the state prison . Production The only known credit for the film is that it starred William Garwood . Film historian , Q. David Bowers notes that the plot dealing with circumstantial evidence focused on one of Lloyd Lonergan 's social issues . Lonergan would produce several scenarios featuring the problems with circumstantial evidence being used to obtain convictions . Bowers notes that such convictions were a known social issue , but not a pressing one in 1911 . The first such Thanhouser film to tackle the subject was Love and Law released in December 1910 . Love and Law was a film which garnered some criticism for an improbable plot . Checkmate wove a more tangled web of circumstantial evidence and intrigue and the resolution comes not from an astute female detective , but by the heiress 's novel substitution of a doppelgnger to the prison so that the original can get the needed confession . The serious nature of the film was highlighted with the advertising of the film by Thanhouser which states , Checkmate carries a message and a lesson to those who value the ' circumstantial evidence ' process by which so many convictions are obtained in our criminal courts . The reel demonstrates how easily evidence of this sort may be made to entangle and ensnare a totally innocent man ... Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on February 17 , 1911 . The film was met with a wide variety of reviews by critics with the majority proving to be negative . The Morning Telegraph , like others , found the story to be foolish and completely improbable on many accounts . While the reviewer stated that no magistrate would have sent the man to jail for assault with a blunt knife , it was the jail substitution via a changing of clothes which proved to be impossible . H. unk of The Moving Picture News found the baron to be boorish by shading a lady 's hand with a glove on and wondered at how Thanhouser was able to film the prison scenes . Walton , also of The Moving Picture News summed up the film and stated , Good teaching as to woman 's ' class ' , but as to details , sadly lax . The New York Dramatic Mirror panned the film beginning with , Nothing more improbable or inconsistent has been seen on the screen in some time ... The reviewer concluded the review of the improbable plot as to having been dreamed up by a ten year old girl . The film is presumed lost because the film is not known to be held in any archive or by any collector .
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2,363 | Hurricane Estelle was the first major hurricane of the above average 1986 Pacific hurricane season . It formed as a tropical depression formed well southwest of the Baja California Peninsula on July 16 , and strengthened into a tropical storm within 24 hours . Located within a favorable environment , Estelle intensified into a hurricane on July 18 . It attained major hurricane status ( Category 3 intensity or higher on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale ) two days later . After peaking in intensity at Category 4 strength , Estelle slowly weakened . By July 24 , Estelle was no longer a hurricane while passing south of Hawaii . It completely dissipated on July 26 after further deteriorating to a tropical depression . The arrival of the hurricane prompted a hurricane watch for Hawaii , and 200 people evacuated from their homes . Hurricane Estelle produced high waves offshore Hawaii , causing 2 million in damage and two deaths . The remnants of the storm also produced intermittent showers across the state , though there was no major damage . Meteorological history Based on data from satellite imagery and weather reports from the cargo ships Hamburg Express and Aleksander unk , the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center ( EPHC ) upgraded a tropical disturbance into a tropical depression . At this time , the depression was located 390 mi ( 630 km ) west of Clipperton Island , a small remote island in the Pacific Ocean , at 1200 UTC July 16 . Moving towards the west beneath a high pressure area , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Estelle 12 hours after formation . Upon being named sea surface temperatures along the storm 's path were 84 F ( 29 C ) , and thus Estelle began to rapidly intensify . The EPHC reported that Estelle had intensified a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale on 1200 UTC July 17 , 24 hours after first forming . Shortly after attaining hurricane intensity , an eye began to appear on weather satellite imagery . Based on this , the EPHC re assessed the intensity of the system at 85 mph ( 135 km h ) . Continuing to intensity , Hurricane Estelle became the first major hurricane of the 1986 Pacific hurricane season on 0000 UTC July 18 . As its motion accelerated , Estelle peaked intensity at 135 mph ( 215 km h ) . Moving west , Hurricane Estelle emerged into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility while still a major hurricane . Shortly thereafter , Estelle 's forward motion increased to close to 25 mph ( 40 km h ) . As such , forecasters noted the path of a potential landfall on the Big Island . Due to a shearing environment from a trough , Estelle weakened as it continued to approach Hawaii . A possible re curve towards the island never materialized , and the hurricane veered to west and passed south of the islands . Estelle weakened to a tropical storm on July 23 while passing south of Hawaii , and two days later it weakened to a depression . The tropical cyclone dissipated on July 27 . Preparations , impact , and observation On July 22 , the National Weather Service issued a hurricane watch and high surf advisory for the Island of Hawaii as the storm was anticipated to produce life threatening waves throughout the island chain . Gale warnings and small craft advisories were also issued . Hurricane Estelle was described by meteorologists as small but dangerous . More than 200 people evacuated from their homes near the shoreline , but others refused to leave . However , the hurricane watch was dropped on July 24 when Estelle weakened to a tropical storm . Due to its rapid motion , Estelle kept pace with a large swell of water that it generated . In combination with a high spring tide and peripheral winds generated by Estelle , 15 ft ( 4 . 6 m ) to 20 ft ( 6 . 1 m ) waves crashed on the shores of the Big Island on the afternoon of July 22 . Five homes were destroyed and another five sustained extreme damage . Twelve other homes received minor damage . Three beachfront divisions were destroyed . Dozens of other places in Vacation Land were also damaged . On Maui , waves washed away a dirt road on the eastern part of the island between unk and Kaupo . After Estelle passed by the islands , moisture related to the tropical cyclone caused heavy rainfall in the Ka 'u and Puna districts on the Big Island . On July 22 , a wind gust of 55 mph ( 89 km h ) was recorded near Kalapana Sand Beach . The total damage was around 2 million ( 1986 USD ) . Two drownings were reported on Oahu that occurred on July 23 , due to rough surf caused by Estelle . Although isolated showers were initially recorded in the southern portion of the state , after Hurricane Estelle dissipated , its moisture became entrapped in a trough over the islands , causing significant rainfall and thunderstorms over the archipelago . Some areas in Hawaii received 5 in ( 130 mm ) to 10 in ( 250 mm ) . The rains in Hawaii had cleared up by July 29 . Estelle was a well observed storm , with Reconnaissance Aircraft flying into the hurricane to provide a fix on its location . It also passed near NOAA Buoy unk on July 22 , providing valuable meteorological data for its future path .
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2,364 | Perun ( Russian unk ) was an Uragan class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . Perun was struck from the Navy List in 1900 and became a pilot ship . Renamed Lotsiia ( Pilot ) in 1915 , the ship was damaged during the Kronstadt rebellion of 1921 and laid up afterwards . She was run aground by a flood three years later and then her wreck was scrapped . Description Perun was 201 feet ( 61 . 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 . 0 m ) and a draft of 10 . 16 10 . 84 feet ( 3 . 1 3 . 3 m ) . She displaced 1 , 500 1 , 600 long tons ( 1 , 524 1 , 626 t ) , and her crew numbered 8 officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen 12 years later . The ship was fitted with a two cylinder , horizontal direct acting steam engine built by Carr and MacPherson of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Perun 's sea trials on 16 August 1865 , she reached a maximum speed of 6 . 75 knots ( 12 . 50 km h 7 . 77 mph ) . She carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 193 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 , 440 nmi ( 2 , 670 km 1 , 660 mi ) at 6 knots ( 11 km h 6 . 9 mph ) . Perun was designed to be armed with a pair of nine inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license built fifteen inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading Rodman guns in 1867 68 . The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine inch rifled guns . All of the wrought iron armor that was used in the Uragan class monitors was in 1 inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 . 1 m ) below the waterline . This armor was backed by a wooden beam that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) . The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight . Career Construction of the ship began on 7 September 1863 at the Semiannikov Poletika Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Perun was laid down on 15 December 1863 and she was launched on 30 June 1864 . She entered service on 1 September 1865 and cost a total of 1 , 142 , 700 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 , 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich . She was present when the American warships Miantonomoh and Augusta visited Kronstadt in July August 1866 . Sometime after Perun was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 . 75 inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . On 18 July 1875 , she was accidentally rammed by the ironclad Admiral Chichagov , but only suffered minor damage . Perun was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . After she was stricken she was used as a pilot ship before being renamed Lotsiia ( Pilot ) in 1915 . During the 1921 Kronstadt rebellion , the ship was struck by artillery fire . She was laid up after the resulting fire badly damaged her . During a flood on 23 September 1924 , Lotsiia ran aground and was subsequently broken up for scrap .
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2,365 | Caprera was a torpedo cruiser of the Partenope class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . She was built by the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando shipyard her keel was laid in July 1891 , she was launched in May 1894 , and was commissioned in December 1895 . Her main armament were her five torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of eleven small caliber guns . Caprera spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . She served in the Red Sea during the Italo Turkish War of 1911 12 , where she conducted shore bombardments and blockaded Ottoman ports in the area . Caprera did not remain in service long after the war , being sold for scrap in May 1913 . Design Caprera was 73 . 1 meters ( 239 ft 10 in ) long overall and had a beam of 8 . 22 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) and an average draft of 3 . 48 m ( 11 ft 5 in ) . She displaced 833 metric tons ( 820 long tons 918 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple expansion steam engines , each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal fired locomotive boilers . Specific figures for Caprera 's engine performance have not survived , but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18 . 1 to 20 . 8 knots ( 33 . 5 to 38 . 5 km h 20 . 8 to 23 . 9 mph ) at 3 , 884 to 4 , 422 indicated horsepower ( 2 , 896 to 3 , 297 kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 , 800 nautical miles ( 3 , 300 km 2 , 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 and 121 personnel . Caprera was armed with a main battery of two 120 mm ( 4 . 7 in ) 40 guns and six 57 mm ( 2 . 2 in ) 43 guns mounted singly. She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her five 450 mm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 . 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate . Service history Caprera was laid down at the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando ( Orlando Brothers ' Shipyard ) in Livorno on 27 July 1891 , originally under the name Clio . She was renamed Caprera on 23 February 1893 and was launched on 6 May 1894 , the last member of her class to enter the water . After fitting out work was completed , she underwent sea trials in mid 1895 . While testing the engines with forced draft , the ship reached 17 . 75 knots ( 32 . 87 km h 20 . 43 mph ) . The ship was commissioned into the fleet on 12 December 1895 . Upon entering service , Caprera was initially stationed in the 2nd Maritime Department , split between Taranto and Naples , along with most of the torpedo cruisers in the Italian fleet . These included her sister ships Partenope , Aretusa , Euridice , Iride , Minerva , and Urania , the four Goito class cruisers , and Tripoli . Shortly thereafter , she was transferred to Italian East Africa . She departed with the protected cruiser Etna in late December , passing through the Suez Canal on 30 December , along with a transport carrying a battalion of infantry . The rest of the Red Sea Squadron , which included the protected cruisers Dogali and Etruria , met Caprera and Etna in Massawa . The ship was assigned to the Atlantic Naval Division in 1899 , along with the armored cruiser Marco Polo and the protected cruisers Etna , Dogali , and Giovanni Bausan . By 1907 , Caprera had been transferred to the Reserve Squadron , along with four of the older ironclad battleships . The following year , she was stationed in Italian East Africa . While there , an Italian meteorologist conducted several experiments aboard the ship with a hot air balloon to study the monsoon winds in the region , beginning in Zanzibar . The tests , which were conducted in the last week of July , were unsuccessful , as the weather was unfavorable . At the start of the Italo Turkish War in September 1911 , Caprera was stationed in Italy , alternating between the ports of La Spezia and Naples , along with her sister ships Urania and Iride . The threat of an Ottoman attack from the Arabian Peninsula across the Red Sea to Italian Eritrea led the Italian High Command to reinforce the Red Sea Squadron . Caprera and several destroyers were sent to strengthen the Italian defenses . The protected cruiser Piemonte and two destroyers annihilated a force of seven Ottoman gunboats in the Battle of Kunfuda Bay on 7 January 1912 , wiping out the core of Ottoman naval forces in the area . Caprera and the rest of the Italian ships then commenced a bombardment campaign against the Turkish ports in the Red Sea before declaring a blockade of the city of Al Hudaydah on 26 January . On 27 July and 12 August , Caprera , her sister ship Aretusa , and the protected cruiser Piemonte conducted two bombardments of Al Hudaydah . During the second attack , they destroyed an Ottoman ammunition dump . On 14 October , the Ottoman government agreed to sign a peace treaty , ending the war . Caprera did not remain in service long after the end of the war . She was sold for scrap in May 1913 and thereafter broken up .
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2,366 | The House at 130 Mohegan Avenue , also known as the House of Steel or Steel House , is a prefabricated , modular , International Style house in New London , Connecticut , United States . The House was designed by Howard T. Fisher , who founded General Houses , Inc. in 1932 . Winslow Ames , a professor of art history at Connecticut College and the art director of the Lyman Allyn Museum , had the home built after attending the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago . The House is a single story 21 feet ( 6 . 4 m ) by 37 feet ( 11 m ) rectangular steel prefabricated home that rests upon a concrete slab . It originally had a flat roof and included an attached garage . Throughout the years , the house has undergone significant alteration , including the addition of a gable roof . The house was used by Ames , and later by Connecticut College , as a rental property , until the structure was slated for demolition in 2004 . The push to restore the house is credited to Doug Royalty , who worked with the college 's Abigail Van Slyck . Completed in 2013 , restoration cost 500 , 000 and involved several phases , including the dismantling , transportation , and reassembly of the house . The house was added to the Connecticut Historic Register in July 2007 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 28 , 2009 . Construction and use The house was designed by Howard T. Fisher , who founded General Houses , Inc . , and commissioned by Winslow Ames , a professor of art history at Connecticut College and the art director of the Lyman Allyn Museum . In 1933 , Ames decided to construct two houses on the museum owned property after seeing prefabricated homes at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago . Ames had a strong interest in the Modernism movement and believed such houses would become predominant . Completed in November 1933 and costing about 4 , 500 in total , the House is a single story 21 feet ( 6 . 4 m ) by 37 feet ( 11 m ) rectangular steel prefabricated home that rests upon a concrete slab . The house is frameless , with the weight borne by 4 feet ( 1 . 2 m ) by 9 feet ( 2 . 7 m ) steel panels the exterior panels are flanged and vertically bolted through wooden T shaped pieces . The interior wall panels are made of steel and filled with insulation . Originally the house had a flat roof , but it changed to a gable roof at an unknown time . The house has two bedrooms , one bathroom , and an open living dining kitchen space . The house also has an attached garage . After its completion , Winslow Ames used the house as a rental property until 1949 when he went to work in a museum in Springfield , Missouri . The house was sold to Connecticut College . Connecticut College continued to rent it to staff and students until 2004 , when plans were made to demolish the house . Changing the flat roof to a gable roof was a significant alteration from the original plan the date of the alteration is unknown , but it preceded 1995 . Restoration In 2008 , an article in The Day stated that the push to restore the house came from conservation specialist Doug Royalty , who was researching prefabricated homes from the 1920s and 1930s . Royalty approached Abigail Van Slyck , the chairwoman of Connecticut College 's art history department and architectural studies program about the house . The Day referred to the house 's historic value as a new discovery , but its history was included in the Winslow Ames House National Register of Historic Places nomination in 1995 . The Winslow Ames House nomination detailed the House 's origin , but criticized its gable roof modification . After its re discovery , Connecticut College began collecting grants to restore the house under the direction of Royalty and Van Slyck . Royalty stated that the House and Winslow Ames House are very rare , with only a few surviving examples in the United States . In April 2007 , the leaking roof was repaired . In December 2007 , the House received a 28 , 500 grant from the Dr. Scholl Foundation . The grant was used to complete lead paint abatement , which would make conducting other restoration work safer . By 2010 , the Dr. Scholl Foundation granted another 50 , 000 and a family foundation provided another 50 , 000 for the restoration . It was reported that other college grants totaling 15 , 500 were given for preservation planning , in part by the Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation . It was reported in May 2010 that a matching grant of 101 , 500 was given to Connecticut College from the Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism , which provided the funding for the next phase of renovations for restoring the House . The celebration for the House 's completed restoration was held in October 2013 . The cost of restoration totaled around 500 , 000 . The building was dismantled , transported to Philadelphia for restoration and treatment for rust resistance , and then reassembled on the campus . The work was performed by Milner Carr , a conservation company . The house was added to the Connecticut Historic Register on July 2007 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 28 , 2009 .
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2,367 | The Ballard Carnegie Library , also known until 1963 as the Seattle Public Library Ballard Branch , is a historic library in the Ballard neighborhood in Seattle , Washington . The library was predated by a freeholders ' library in the 1860s , which eventually gave way to a reading room that was organized and funded by a women 's ' group in 1901 . With a grant for 15 , 000 , among other funds , a new library for the then independent City of Ballard was created as a Carnegie library . The building , located at 2026 N.W. Market Street in downtown Ballard , opened to the public on June 24 , 1904 . Notable as the first major branch of the Seattle public library system , after Seattle annexed the City of Ballard into itself in 1907 , and for employing one of the first African American librarians in Seattle , the Ballard Carnegie Library was in service until 1963 , when a newer and more modern facility replaced it . After its sale , the old library building housed a variety of private commercial enterprises , including an antique shop , a restaurant and a kilt manufacturer . After being nominated in 1976 for the recognition by Seattle architect Larry E. Johnson , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) in 1979 ( ID unk ) . History In the late 1860s , when Ballard was a new settlement along the edge of Salmon Bay , a homesteader named Ira Wilcox Utter helped create a freeholders ' library . Later , in 1901 , the Women 's Christian Temperance Union of Ballard began raising money with fairs and socials for a new reading room on Ballard Avenue it moved and expanded several times to different locations . Having decided to build a proper library , the Ballard City Council established a library board in 1903 and the city applied to the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie for a library grant to help underwrite the costs of construction of a new library . The library was built on a lot of 100 feet ( 30 . 5 m ) square , which was purchased for 2 , 100 raised by local businesses and citizens , supported by the earlier fundraising and book collections of the women 's union , and a 15 , 000 grant from Carnegie . When construction was completed , the building included features such as a 500 seat auditorium and a men 's smoking room , which was later converted into a reading room . Part of the construction work was executed by a chain gang . Initially , the library had a cache of books waiting for the completion and grand opening that was provided by local residents and schools , as Carnegie 's gift for the construction did not cover the initial costs of new books . A call was also put out for citizens to donate books to the new facility to expand the collection . In 1907 , the Seattle Public Library took control of the Carnegie library , when Ballard was annexed by the neighboring City of Seattle government . Early Scandinavian immigrants to Ballard and the Pacific Northwest in particular made use of the new facility Ballard as an area has a strong historical presence of Scandinavian people . Early in the library 's existence , it had a turnstile at the entrance to its book stacks , to count the number of book borrowers that passed through . With the arrival of World War I , the Carnegie Library became home to various community activities , such as dispensing information on the war , and also provided Red Cross and English language classes . In 1942 , during World War II , one of the first African American librarians in Seattle , Lucille Smith , was assigned to the Carnegie library . In 1956 , Seattle voters approved a municipal bond to replace what was by then considered the inadequate and impractical library . The Ballard Carnegie Library eventually was shut in 1963 , when a new , larger public library was built in the area , and the Carnegie building became an antique store . One of the cited reasons for the closure and sale of the library building were expert claims that the building would never survive an earthquake ( of which Seattle had numerous instances , both before and after 1963 ) . The building has , in fact , survived several quakes since 1963 . The building today The building is now owned by Karoline Morrison and her husband , Dennis Beals The former library was home to Carnegie 's , a French restaurant from 2003 until 2010 . As of April 2010 , the building is home to Strm and Strm Consulting , providing legal and marketing services to mental health professionals . As of March 2011 , the building is also home to Root . Integrative Health , a holistic wellness center offering massage therapy , chiropractic , nutrition , mental health counseling , acupuncture , unk medicine , and creative writing services . The area around Market Street in Ballard , where the library building is located , is one of the areas of Seattle that is quickly rising in land value , and has been compared to Belltown , a growing Seattle neighborhood that is affected by gentrification . As the Carnegie Library building is without the City of Seattle 's City landmark status despite its NRHP status , the structure is at risk from new development . As of 2012 , the building is occupied by the Kangaroo and Kiwi Pub
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2,368 | Interstate 375 ( I 375 ) in Detroit , at only 1 . 062 miles ( 1 . 71 km ) in length , once had the distinction of being the shortest signed Interstate Highway in the country . It is the southernmost leg of the Walter P. Chrysler Freeway and a spur of I 75 into downtown Detroit , ending at the unsigned Business Spur Interstate 375 ( BS I 375 ) , better known as Jefferson Avenue . The freeway opened on June 12 , 1964 . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) announced in 2013 that it may remove I 375 in the future . Route description I 375 and the Chrysler Freeway begin at Jefferson Avenue and St. Antoine Street in downtown Detroit near the Renaissance Center . They run east before turning north . Just about a mile ( 1 . 6 km ) after the southern terminus , I 375 meets the Fisher Freeway which carries I 75 north of downtown . At this interchange , I 75 takes ramps to leave the Fisher Freeway and use the Chrysler Freeway , replacing I 375 . I 375 is a four lane freeway the entire length . The entire length of I 375 is included on the National Highway System , a network of roadways that are important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . According to the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , I 375 is 1 . 062 miles ( 1 . 709 km ) . At the time it opened until at least 2007 , I 375 was the shortest signed Interstate in the country . Based on FHWA data , there are three Interstates that are shorter I 110 in Texas ( 0 . 92 mi or 1 . 48 km ) , I 878 in New York ( 0 . 70 mi or 1 . 13 km ) and I 315 in Montana ( 0 . 83 mi or 1 . 34 km ) . The latter two designations are not signed on their respective roadways , and I 110 in Texas has since been signed . Every year , MDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . In 2009 , MDOT calculated that 14 , 112 vehicles per day used the southernmost section of I 375 , on average , and 53 , 900 vehicles used the northernmost section near I 75 . These vehicles included 798 trucks . History Construction on the first segments of the Chrysler Freeway started on January 30 , 1959 . The area where the freeway was built was called Black Bottom , a historic district that received its name from the soil found there by French explorers . In the 1940s and 1950s , the area was the home to a community of African American entrepreneurs and businesses that rivaled Harlem in New York City . Black Bottom was one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city , and at the time of freeway construction , it had wooden sewers and dilapidated buildings . The area , like Corktown to the west of downtown , was targeted for urban renewal and infrastructure improvements in the 1950s and 1960s , which included the Chrysler Freeway and public housing projects . On June 12 , 1964 , a surface street highway freeway in Detroit was opened running north from Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street to the Fisher Chrysler freeway interchange . The southern most segment , built through the Black Bottom neighborhood , was designated I 375 at this time . The freeway cost 50 million to build ( equivalent to 780 million in 2015 ) . In April 2013 , MDOT announced that it was studying whether to repair the freeway at a cost of 80 million , or convert the freeway south of Gratiot Avenue into a boulevard to reduce maintenance cost , making the area around it more pedestrian friendly , and thus attract development . Converting this segment to a boulevard would free up 12 acres ( 4 . 9 ha ) of land for development which is currently used for the freeway and its right of way . The department invited businesses and other groups affected by the potential project to participate in the study in November 2013 . Advocates of the conversion cite increased pedestrian access and an improved connection between Eastern Market and downtown as reasons to remove the freeway . Some people who live or work along the freeway and in the downtown area note the improved access I 375 provides to the area as reasons to retain the freeway . Six alternative proposals for rebuilding I 375 were unveiled by MDOT in June 2014 . They ranged in price from 40 million to 80 million . These options include rebuilding the freeway as is , reducing it to a boulevard or one way streets , or upgrading the existing freeway right of way to include bike lanes and other pedestrian friendly features . In January 2016 , the department announced that any decision on a course of action would be delayed indefinitely . Exit list The entire highway is in Detroit , Wayne County . All exits are unnumbered . Business spur The unsigned Business Spur Interstate 375 ( BS I 375 ) , which is 0 . 167 miles ( 0 . 269 km ) long , continues west on Jefferson Avenue from the southern end of I 375 , ending at the entrance to the Detroit Windsor Tunnel at Randolph Street ( M 3 ) . Jefferson Avenue past that intersection is M 10 . BS I 375 runs next to the Renaissance Center and under a segment of the People Mover . This designation was created in 1964 . The 2009 traffic surveys by MDOT reported that 33 , 376 vehicles , including 922 trucks , had used BS I 375 .
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2,369 | Delaware Route 52 ( DE 52 ) is a state highway in New Castle County , Delaware . The route runs from U.S. Route 13 Business ( US 13 Bus . ) in downtown Wilmington north to Pennsylvania Route 52 ( PA 52 ) at the Pennsylvania border near Centerville . DE 52 runs through the city of Wilmington and passes through areas of the Brandywine Valley north of Wilmington . DE 52 intersects Interstate 95 ( I 95 ) US 202 and DE 2 in Wilmington and DE 100 DE 141 and DE 82 in Greenville . The entire route is designated as part of the Brandywine Valley National Scenic Byway , a National Scenic Byway and Delaware Byway while most of the route is also designated as part of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway of the Delaware Byways system . The road was built as the Kennett Pike , a turnpike , between 1811 and 1813 at a cost of 30 , 000 . The Kennett Pike was bought by Pierre S. du Pont , II in 1919 and upgraded to a state highway which he paved at a cost of 85 , 000 per mile . Pierre S. du Pont , II later sold it to the State of Delaware for 1 . The road received the DE 52 designation by 1936 . Route description DE 52 begins at US 13 Bus . , which is routed on the one way pair of North Walnut Street northbound and North King Street southbound near Rodney Square in downtown Wilmington . From here , DE 52 follows the one way pair of East 11th Street eastbound and East 12th Street westbound to the northwest , becoming West 11th Street and West 12th Street at the North Market Street intersection . The one way pair heads northwest past downtown high rise buildings , carrying three lanes in each direction . Both directions of DE 52 merge onto Delaware Avenue , an eight lane divided highway , and the route reaches an interchange with I 95 US 202 . Past this interchange , the route narrows to six lanes and leaves downtown Wilmington . DE 52 splits from Delaware Avenue by continuing northwest on Pennsylvania Avenue , a four lane undivided road that heads to the north of the Ursuline Academy and passes through urban areas of homes and businesses . The road intersects the eastern terminus of DE 2 in a commercial area and passes under CSX 's Philadelphia Subdivision . The route runs through more residential areas north of the unk Park neighborhood , passing to the northeast of the Wilmington Campus of the University of Delaware . DE 52 leaves Wilmington and becomes Kennett Pike , heading through wooded areas of suburban homes . The road heads into Greenville and widens into a divided highway as it comes to an interchange with the DE 100 DE 141 freeway . Past this interchange , the route continues into business areas , crossing an East Penn Railroad line before passing to the east of Alexis I. duPont High School . DE 52 leaves Greenville and narrows to a two lane undivided road as it heads into wooded areas then open fields to the west and Twin Lakes Farm and Twin Lakes Brewing Company , intersecting the southern terminus of DE 82 . The road continues through more forested suburban areas , passing to the west of the Wilmington Country Club and to the east of the Delaware Museum of Natural History . The route passes to the west of the Winterthur Museum and Country Estate and heads into the community of Centerville . DE 52 continues northwest to its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania border , where it continues into that state as PA 52 to Longwood Gardens and West Chester . The entire length of DE 52 is part of the Brandywine Valley National Scenic Byway , a National Scenic Byway and Delaware Byway . The route between Washington and West streets in Wilmington and the Pennsylvania border is also part of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway of the Delaware Byways system . DE 52 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 37 , 694 vehicles at the Dupont Road intersection to a low of 5 , 654 vehicles at the southern terminus at US 13 Bus . All of DE 52 is part of the National Highway System . History On January 21 , 1811 , the Wilmington and Kennett Turnpike Company was incorporated to build a turnpike from Wilmington to the Pennsylvania border at Centreville . The road was built between 1811 and 1813 at a cost of 30 , 000 . The charter of the turnpike gave Christiana Hundred the option to purchase the road in 1820 and remove the tolls . The Kennett Pike had two toll gates north of Wilmington . In 1919 , Pierre S. du Pont bought the road and the toll gates were removed . The road was widened and paved following the sale and eventually sold to the Delaware State Highway Department . When Delaware designated state highways by 1936 , DE 52 was designated onto its current alignment . In 1939 , the route was widened to four lanes between Rising Sun Lane and Barley Mill Road to alleviate traffic congestion during peak hours . The portion of DE 52 along Delaware Avenue was widened to four lanes in November 1940 . In 2002 , DE 52 was designated as part of the Brandywine Valley Scenic Highway in the Delaware Scenic and Historic Highways system it was designated a National Scenic Byway in 2005 . Major intersections Mileposts run from north to south . The entire route is in New Castle County .
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2,370 | Lady Croissant is a live album by Australian singer Sia , released in April 2007 through the record label Astralwerks . Called a mini album by Astralwerks , the collection contains one studio recording ( Pictures ) as well as eight live tracks recorded during an April 2006 concert at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City . Eight songs were written or co written by Sia also featured is a cover version of Ray Davies ' song I Go to Sleep , a studio recording of which later appeared on Sia 's studio album Some People Have Real Problems ( 2008 ) . The album was produced by Dan Carey , mixed by Jon Lemon and Taz Mattar at Sarm Studios in London and mastered by Emily Lazar and Sarah Register at The Lodge in New York City . Lady Croissant received mixed critical reception and spawned one single , Pictures , which was released exclusively via American Eagle Outfitters on 27 November 2006 . Composition Just over forty minutes in length , Lady Croissant contains nine slow to mid tempo compositions . The album includes one previously unreleased studio recording called Pictures , co written by Dan Carey , along with eight live tracks recorded during her 17 April 2006 performance at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City . Destiny and Distractions each appeared on Zero 7 's 2001 album Simple Things , which featured vocals by Sia . Both songs were co written by Sia and members of Zero 7 Destiny was also co written by Sophie Barker , another vocal contributor to Simple Things . Blow It All Away originally appeared on Sia 's 2002 studio album Healing Is Difficult , and Don 't Bring Me Down , Numb and Breathe Me were each released on her 2004 album Colour the Small One . Lentil and the cover version of Ray Davies ' song I Go to Sleep , made popular by both Cher and the Pretenders , would later appear on Some People Have Real Problems ( 2008 ) . The album was produced by Carey , mixed by Jon Lemon and Taz Mattar at Sarm Studios in London and mastered by Emily Lazar and Sarah Register at The Lodge in New York City . Reception Lady Croissant received mixed critical reception . AllMusic 's Marisa Brown called Sia 's vocal performance rich and passionate and made comparisons to Nelly Furtado and Morley . Brown stated the band was tight and lush and that the music was very modern , warm and melodic and cleanly intricate . In his review for BBC Music , Paul Sullivan wrote that the album successfully displayed Sia 's vocal capabilities and versatility . However , he noted the minimal audience participation and felt that this prevented the album from capturing a live experience . For Sullivan , highlights included Don 't Bring Me Down , Destiny and Lentil , which he believed were executed with an appealing mixture of frankness and fluidity . Mark unk of Gigwise.com awarded the album four of five stars and opined that the album portrays an artist who 's star is in the ascendant , whose voice is unrivaled in style and expression , an artist on the brink of deserved and assured greater recognition . The Selby Times 's review called the collection mesmerising and a good indicator of Sia 's future work . One reviewer for unk called the album breathtaking and wrote positively of Sia 's vocals and the instrumentation . Like Sullivan , the reviewer warned that listeners expecting a traditional live album with raw cuts and heavy improvisation might be disappointed . Roque Strew of Pitchfork Media found Sia 's Adelaide accent to be a liability , specifically noting difference in pronunciation between the studio versions of Destiny and Distractions and the live performances . Strew complimented Pictures and Lentil , the latter of which shined through the fog of elongated syllables and cut consonants . Popmatters ' Mike Schiller felt the instrumentation was robotic and found Sia 's vocal manipulation and bending of vowels infuriating , even unintelligible at times . Schiller did , however , favor her vocal tone and found the power of her voice occasionally transcendent . Stuart McCaighy of This Is Fake DIY appreciated Pictures but also criticized Sia 's performance for lacking diversity and for incomprehensible vocals due to her slurring of words . McCaighy concluded that , like other live albums , Lady Croissant was redundant but would be appreciated by fans . The Australian gay publication DNA wrote a mixed review for the album in 2010 following the release of We Are Born , complimenting Sia 's vocals but accusing Pictures of sounding like a B side . Track listing Pictures ( Dan Carey , Sia Furler ) 3 37 Don 't Bring Me Down ( Furler , Blair unk ) 4 36 Destiny ( Sophie Barker , Henry Binns , Furler , Sam Hardaker ) 3 55 Blow It All Away ( Kevin Armstrong , Furler , Felix Howard , unk ) 5 19 Lentil ( Samuel Dixon , Furler ) 4 11 Numb ( Furler , Howard , James McMillan ) 4 26 I Go to Sleep ( Ray Davies ) 3 17 Breathe Me ( Carey , Furler ) 5 52 Distractions ( Binns , Furler , Hardaker ) 5 03 Track listing adapted from AllMusic . Personnel Credits adapted from AllMusic and CD liner notes . Release history
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2,371 | Breathe is a country pop song written and performed by American singer songwriters Taylor Swift and Colbie Caillat . Produced by Nathan Chapman and Swift , it is the seventh track from Swift 's second studio album , Fearless ( 2008 ) . The song was written about the end of a friendship . Musically , the song is driven by acoustic guitar . The song received favorable responses from contemporary music critics . Breathe was one of two songs featuring Caillat that was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2010 , the other being Jason Mraz 's Lucky , the winner of the award . Breathe peaked at number eighty seven on the Billboard Hot 100 . Its appearance tied Swift with Hannah Montana ( Miley Cyrus ) for two records on the Billboard Hot 100 . Background Swift was very fond of Caillat 's 2007 debut album , Coco . Swift explained , When it came out , I fell in love with the way that she makes music . Swift later contacted her management and asked if she could write a song with Caillat . They confirmed Caillat would be available due to a then upcoming concert in Nashville , Tennessee and , coincidentally , on the same day , Swift had a vacation day . According to Swift , Breathe is about having to depart from a someone , however , not blaming anyone . Swift believed the scenario was one of the most difficult goodbyes , when it 's nobody 's fault . It just has to end . Swift explained , It was total therapy because I came in and I was like look , ' One of my best friends , I 'm gonna have to not see anymore and it 's not gonna be part of what I do . It 's the hardest thing to go through . It 's crazy listening to the song because you would think it 's about a relationship and it 's really about losing a friend and having a fallout . Caillat and Swift said one of the beauties of the song was that many people would be able to relate to it because it is never specific as why the departure is occurring or whose fault it was . Swift desired for Caillat to sing background vocals but in a loud manner , enough for audiences to recognize who sang backup . Originally Swift and Caillat were only to harmonize in the chorus , but as Caillat recorded , Swift decided to include her voice more throughout the track because of how impressed she was . Swift first recorded the entire song , and Caillat then recorded background vocals separately . Swift was very pleased with the finished product I think she sounds beautiful on it . I 'm so excited to have her voice on my album . Composition Breathe is a country pop song with a length of four minutes and twenty one seconds . The song has soft rock and adult contemporary elements in it . It was written in common time and has a ballad tempo of 72 beats per minute . It is written in the key of D major , and Swift and Caillat 's vocals span one octave , from G 3 to B 4 . Breathe follows the chord progression D 5 A G . The song 's instrumentation relies mainly on acoustic guitar , which are often plucked , while , on occasion , violins provide the accompaniment . The lyrics for Breathe are about heartbreak and the loss of a person the narrator spent much time with . In the song 's verses , the narrator acknowledges that people change and grow apart , though she is upset because she knows the person like the back of her hand . In the song 's refrains , she realizes the need to remain strong and breathe in order to live without the person . Ken Tucker of Billboard believed Breathe was a love gone wrong song . Reception Critical reception The song received positive responses from contemporary music critics . Ken Tucker of Billboard said the song was suited for women of different age groups . James Read of The Boston Globe implied Breathe was not one of Fearless ' most interesting tracks . Gary Trust , also from Billboard wrote , this ballad , perhaps along with fellow potential singles such as ' You 're Not Sorry ' and ' Forever Always , ' could keep Swift 's string of smashes stretching into 2011 . Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine thought Swift should have chosen another collaborator as he believed Caillat was inert . Breathe was one of two songs featuring Caillat that was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2010 , the other being Jason Mraz 's Lucky , the winner of the award . About Breathe not winning the award , Caillat said , I love ' Breathe ' with Taylor , but I 've been performing ' Lucky ' with Jason all around the world the last year , so I 'm happy it won . Chart performance On the week ending November 29 , 2008 , Breathe debuted and peaked at number eighty seven on the Billboard Hot 100 . Its appearance , along with six other songs , on the chart tied Swift with Hannah Montana ( Miley Cyrus ) for the female act to have the most songs charting on the Billboard Hot 100 in the same week , a record later surpassed by Swift herself when she charted eleven songs at once in 2010 . It was also one of six songs to debut that tied her with Cyrus , again , for the most debuts on the chart in the same week . The song spent one week on the chart .
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2,372 | Strange Tales ( cover titled Strange Tales of Mystery and Terror ) was a U.S. pulp magazine first published from 1931 to 1933 by Clayton Publications . It specialized in fantasy and weird fiction , and was a significant competitor to Weird Tales , the leading magazine in the field . Its published stories include Wolves of Darkness by Jack Williamson , as well as work by Robert E. Howard and Clark Ashton Smith . The magazine ceased publication when Clayton entered bankruptcy . It was temporarily revived by Wildside Press , which published three issues edited by Robert M. Price from 2003 to 2007 . Publication history and contents Fantasy and occult fiction had often appeared in popular magazines prior to the twentieth century , but the first magazine to specialize in the genre , Weird Tales , appeared in 1923 and by the 1930s was the genre 's industry leader . Strange Tales , launched in 1931 by Clayton Publications as a direct rival to Weird Tales , was one of a handful of magazines to seriously challenge for leadership of the field . It was edited by Harry Bates , who also edited Clayton 's Astounding Stories of Super Science , which had begun publication the previous year . Strange Tales was launched as a fantasy magazine , but like Weird Tales it often published science fiction stories , although unlike its rival its focus was on action stories rather than strange ideas . The title was originally planned to be Strange Stories , but Macfadden Publications , who had published True Strange Stories in 1929 , challenged the title and forced Clayton to change it . Bates paid two cents per word , a higher rate than Weird Tales . As a result , Strange Tales attracted some of the better writers of the day . Well received stories included Wolves of Darkness by Jack Williamson , unk by Hugh B. Cave , and Cassius by Henry Whitehead . Clark Ashton Smith contributed five stories , including The Return of the Sorcerer in the first issue , and Edmond Hamilton and August Derleth also appeared in the magazine . Robert E. Howard , later to become famous as the author of the Conan the Barbarian stories , sent several stories to Strange Tales some of the stories Bates rejected , such as The Thing on the Roof and The Horror from the Mound , later appeared in Weird Tales , but Bates accepted The People of the Dark after asking for revisions , and it was published in the June 1932 issue . Howard also sold The Valley of the Lost to Bates , but it had not yet appeared when Clayton went bankrupt , and did not finally see publication until the 1960s . H.P. Lovecraft submitted several stories to Bates in early 1931 , before the first issue had appeared , but the only work of his that appeared in Strange Tales was Henry Whitehead 's The Trap , part of which had been ghost written by Lovecraft , and which appeared in the March 1932 issue . In one of Lovecraft 's letters he comments that he would not contribute to Strange Tales because Bates couldn 't guarantee me immunity from the copy slasher 's shears and blue pencil , but unpublished letters of his make it clear that his stories were too atmospheric and lacking in action for Bates . Lovecraft 's response was dismissive , and he was subsequently contemptuous of both Bates and Clayton in his letters . The cover art for all seven covers was painted by Hans Wessolowski , under his professional name of unk . Science fiction historian Robert Weinberg asserts that Strange Tales published better material than Weird Tales during its short run , and fellow historian Mike Ashley regards it as a close rival to Weird Tales . Between 2003 and 2007 , Wildside Press brought out three further issues , undated and numbered 8 through 10 , edited by Robert M. Price . The contents included stories by L. Sprague de Camp , Richard Lupoff , and John Betancourt , and a reprint of The Devil 's Crypt , a story by E. Hoffmann Price that had appeared in Strange Detective Stories . Bibliographic details The full title was Strange Tales of Mystery and Terror , and the magazine is sometimes indexed under this title . Each issue was 144 pages long and priced at US 0 . 25 ( equivalent to about 4 in 2015 ) . The seven issues were divided into two volumes of three and a final volume of a single issue . A reprint anthology in facsimile format , also titled Strange Tales , appeared in 1976 from Odyssey Press , edited by Diane Howard , William H. Desmond , John Howard , and Robert K. Wiener . In addition , all stories from the first four issues , and most from the next two , were reprinted in four magazines edited by Robert A.W. Lowndes from the mid 1960s to the early 1970s Magazine of Horror , Startling Mystery Stories , Weird Terror Tales , and Bizarre Fantasy Tales . The three Wildside Press revival issues were 112 pages , 92 pages , and 58 pages long , respectively the size increased with each issue , from small pulp size , to a slightly larger format , to a full size pulp layout . They were not printed on pulp paper . Between 2004 and 2008 Wildside also reissued three of the original magazines in facsimile format the issues chosen were dated March and October 1932 , and January 1933 .
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2,373 | Safety Training is the twentieth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office . Written by B. J. Novak , who also acts in the show as sales representative Ryan Howard , and directed by Caddyshack and National Lampoon 's Vacation director Harold Ramis , the episode aired in the United States on April 12 , 2007 on NBC . In the episode , Michael attempts to prove life in an office is dangerous after Darryl berates him about the dangers of the warehouse . The attempts lead him to the roof of the building , where he tries to show that depression caused by an office can lead to desperate circumstances . Meanwhile , gambling between the other employees of the office leads Karen to discover that she is still an outsider . Plot When Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) repeatedly disrupts Darryl Philbin 's ( Craig Robinson ) warehouse safety training session , Lonny Collins ( Patrice O 'Neal ) and Darryl mock the office workers ' safety session in retaliation , claiming that office work does not entail physical danger . Offended by Darryl 's disdain for office safety training , Michael decides to demonstrate the risk of depression and suicide by jumping off the roof , landing on a hidden trampoline . When Michael tests out the trampoline by dropping a watermelon from the roof , it bounces off and hits an office worker 's car , prompting it to be replaced by a bouncy castle hidden from the general view of the parking lot . From the roof of the building , Michael talks dramatically about the dangers of depression . When the bouncy castle is discovered , Jim and Pam realize that Michael is going to kill himself pretending to kill himself . The employees collectively talk Michael down from the roof , with Darryl doing most of the talking , to assure Michael that he is brave simply by living as himself . At the end , the car that was hit by the watermelon is revealed to be Stanley 's ( Leslie David Baker ) , who is shocked to see the mess . Meanwhile , the office staff begins betting on various things , from counting the jelly beans in Pam Beesly 's ( Jenna Fischer ) candy dish to whether Creed Bratton ( portrayed by the actor of the same name ) will notice that his apple has been replaced with a potato . Karen Filippelli ( Rashida Jones ) loses every bet and realizes that she is still an outsider . Also , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) returns to the office after several weeks in anger management training , determined to make a fresh start with his co workers . His attempts to go by the name Drew are unsuccessful , and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) decides to shun Andy for three years , although he often unk him to inform him of Michael 's plans . Production Safety Training was the second episode of the series directed by Harold Ramis . Ramis had previously directed the episode A Benihana Christmas earlier in the third season . The episode was the sixth of the series written by B. J. Novak . Novak also acts in the show as Ryan Howard . Brian Baumgartner , who portrays accountant Kevin Malone , stated that while director Harold Ramis didn 't make any major changes in the script of Safety Training , his input changed other points of the script . Baumgartner said that ... our structure and how the show is written is all there and pretty much doesn 't change . Harold ( Ramis ) might have ideas or specific changes that would change a moment . The hand movement used by Dwight Schrute to shun , and then un shun Andy Bernard was improvised by Rainn Wilson . Reception Safety Training received a 4 . 1 11 in the Nielsen ratings among people ages 18 49 , meaning that 4 . 1 percent of all people 18 49 watched the episode , and 11 percent of all people 18 49 watching TV at the time viewed the episode . Safety Training received 7 . 7 million viewers overall . The episode was almost universally praised by critics . Abby West of Entertainment Weekly complimented the writing of B.J. Novak in the episode , saying that This was another gem ... Novak kept a very nice light touch on the whole love triangle thing , only giving us that one wonderfully uncomfortable moment at Pam 's desk when they were betting on how many jelly beans were in the container . IGN 's Brian Zoromski rated it 10 out of 10 , making it only one of two third season episodes he deemed a masterpiece . He stated that Another truly brilliant episode of The Office aired this week , with more humor packed into the half hour than you get in many feature length comedies . Zoromski also praised the acting by minor characters , such as Creed Bratton and Mindy Kaling , who portrays customer service representative Kelly Kapoor . BuddyTV Senior Writer Oscar Dahl stated that What can you say The Office is , if anything , only getting better . Last week 's super sized episode was absolutely spectacular , but tonight 's might have been even better . Dahl went on to say that both storylines of the episode were the main contributors to the success of the episode . In a poll taken by OfficeTally.com , an Office fansite , Safety Training was ranked by viewers of the show as the 19th most popular episode of season three .
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2,374 | Mark Soyer is an Australian para alpine LW11 classified skier . He dealt with leukaemia twice as a child . At the age of 26 , he severed his spinal cord during an accident while riding his motorbike on his parents ' farm , and subsequently tried several different sports . Working as a manufacturing jeweller and gemologist in Melbourne , he has also been involved with para skiing as a volunteer , and serving in administrative roles for various organisations . In 2007 , he was a finalist for the Pride of Australia awards for courage . Soyer took up skiing following his accident after attending a camp in Australia . He then travelled to Colorado to attend another camp , before coming back to Australia to attend another camp . In 2007 , he was ranked as Australia 's second best sit skier , and was in the top 50 skiers in the world . He attempted to make the 2010 Winter Paralympics . He earned bronze medals at skiing events in New Zealand in 2011 . In 2012 , he was a member of the Australian Paralympic skiing team , based out of the Australian Institute of Sports , and was trying to secure a spot for the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi , Russia . Personal As a three year old , Soyer was diagnosed with leukaemia , and doctors were pessimistic about his chances for survival . Despite being declared cancer free by the age of six , the cancer came back when he was eight years old . As a child , he played Australian rules football and was a member of Little Athletics . He attended Benalla College . In November 2004 , at the age of 26 , Soyer severed his spinal cord during an accident while riding his motorbike on his parents ' farm . He was keen to exercise as soon as he could during his rehabilitation . He tried several sports , including wheelchair tennis , wheelchair rugby and wheelchair basketball , following his accident in an attempt to find one that made him feel able bodied . He drove dune buggies and tried kayaking , and in 2007 was learning how to para glide . In 2007 and 2008 , Soyer worked as a manufacturing jeweller and gemologist in Melbourne . He volunteers for Disabled Winter Sport Australia as a ski guide . From 2005 to 2008 , he raised more than AUD 7 , 500 to assist other Australian para skiers afford equipment to compete . At the same time , he also gave skiing lessons . He is also on the board of Able Management Group , an organisation assisting people with disabilities to get into para alpine skiing , where he serves on the Fundraising Committee . He was involved in the founding of the AMG Free Ride Team . He is also part of the Australian Paralympic Committee 's unk Paralympian Speakers Program . In 2007 , he helped conduct three adaptive skiing camps in Victoria , and was a finalist for the Pride of Australia awards for courage . Skiing Soyer is an LW11 classified skier , who skied before his accident . He took up sit skiing while rehabilitating from his injuries , and was able to adapt to a mono ski within the first day of trying it at a Disability unk Australia camp at Falls Creek . Before the year was out following that camp , he went to Colorado and participated in a skiing camp specifically for people who use monoskis . During the following Australian ski season , he participated in a learn to ski race camp at Thredbo . Soyer trains at Mount Hotham and Falls Creek in Australia , and in Colorado in the United States . In 2007 , he was ranked as Australia 's second best sit skier and was in the top 50 skiers in the world . In December of that year , he competed at the Hartford Ski Spectacular at the Beaver Run Resort in Breckenridge , Colorado where he finished thirteenth in the giant slalom , with a time of 1 09 . 12 in his first run , and 1 08 . 67 in his second run for a combined run time of 2 17 . 79 . In 2008 , Soyer was trying to qualify for the 2010 Winter Paralympics . At that time , he was the second ranked skier in his class in Australia , and ranked in the top 60 in the world . Going into the 2008 2009 ski season , he needed to raise AUD 20 , 000 to allow him to compete internationally to qualify for the Games . In August 2009 , he competed in the Winter Games NZ at Coronet Peak in the men 's sitting LW11 slalom event . At the 2011 New Zealand Winter Games , he finished third in the men 's sitting giant slalom event with a time of 1 46 . 08 . Arriving late to the event , he did not have much training time to learn the course . At another skiing event in 2011 in Mt Hutt , New Zealand , he finished third in the Super G. He competed at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing unk Cup at Copper Mountain , Colorado , where he earned three fourth place finishes and one seventh place finish . Early in his trip , prior to competing , he broke his race ski and had equipment difficulties at the unk Cup as a result . He had a time of 2 00 . 69 in the giant slalom race . In 2012 , he was a member of the Australian Paralympic skiing team , based out of the Australian Institute of Sports , and was trying to secure a spot for the 2014 Winter Paralympics . In January 2012 , he was in Austria to compete at the unk IPCAS . That year , Liberty Skis Corporation signed him to its professional team .
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2,375 | John Joscelyn or John Joscelin ( 1529 1603 ) was an English clergyman and antiquarian as well as secretary to Matthew Parker , an Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England . Joscelyn was involved in Parker 's attempts to secure and publish medieval manuscripts on church history , and was one of the first scholars of the Old English language . He also studied the early law codes of England . His Old English dictionary , although not published during his lifetime , contributed greatly to the study of that language . Many of his manuscripts and papers eventually became part of the collections of Cambridge University , Oxford University , or the British Library . Early life Joscelyn was born in 1529 , and was the son of Sir Thomas Joscelin and Dorothy Gate . John was their third son to survive childhood , and was probably born on his father 's estate at High Roding , Essex . He attended Queens ' College at Cambridge beginning in 1545 , attaining a Bachelor of Arts in 1549 . In the school year 1550 1551 he taught Latin at Queens ' College , and the following school year he taught Greek . At the end of 1552 , he was awarded a Master of Arts . In 1555 , during Queen Mary I 's reign , Joscelyn subscribed to the required church doctrine , and was once more a teacher of Greek during the school year 1556 1557 . However , in 1557 he resigned from his fellowship at Queens ' College . Work for Parker In 1559 shortly after he was appointed as archbishop , Matthew Parker , the Archbishop of Canterbury , named Joscelyn to a unk , and also as his Latin language secretary . The following year Parker gave Joscelyn a prebend in Hereford , held until 1577 . Unusually for the time , besides Greek and Latin Joscelyn was a scholar of Hebrew . From Parker 's interest in the history of early Christianity , and to discover more information about the growth of papal power in the Middle Ages , Joscelyn also began to study Old English ( a topic of interest to Parker ) , and helped the archbishop in his studies of the English pre Norman Conquest church . Joscelyn helped discover lost manuscripts , obtained them for Parker , and prepared them for publication . Joscelyn also acquired manuscripts for himself , 40 of which were written in Old English . unk often annotated the manuscripts he or Parker owned , and even inserted some pages of faked script into the D manuscript of the Anglo Saxon Chronicle , and probably owned that manuscript prior to Robert Cotton . His glosses are still extant on several dozen manuscripts , usually in Latin , but occasionally in English . He was , however , also concerned that their collections be properly cared for . He had a good understanding of the law codes of the English Anglo Saxon kings , which he used in the preparation of an Old English Latin dictionary he worked on , but which was never completed . The dictionary was , however , of great help to later Old English scholars , as it passed into the hands of Robert Cotton , and became part of the Cotton Library as manuscripts Titus A xv and Titus A unk . Joscelyn 's written work on Old English grammar also became part of the Cotton library , but was lost after Cotton loaned the manuscript to William Camden in 1612 . Parker published in 1572 a work entitled De Antiquitate Britannicae Ecclesiae unk Ecclesiae unk , cum unk unk 70 , which is the first privately printed work to appear in English . Although Parker claimed in a letter that he was the author , it is likely that at the very least Joscelyn did most of the research , and the manuscript of the work , which is now Vitellius E xiv , is largely in his handwriting . Further , Parker 's son , after the archbishop 's death , noted beside the bequest notation for Joscelyn 's brother Thomas that John Joscelyn was the author of the work . Legacy and death Joscelyn also published an edition of Gildas ' work De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae in 1568 , for which he wrote the preface . He also wrote a history of Corpus Christi College at Cambridge that remained unpublished until 1880 , 200 years after his death . He contributed extensively to Parker 's A unk of unk Shewing the unk Fayth in the Church of England , the earliest printed book containing portions in Old English . Joscelyn also contributed a large part of Parker 's De Antiquitate Britannicae , published in 1572 . In 1577 , Parker 's successor gave Joscelyn a rectory at Hollingbourne , Kent , replacing the prebend at Hereford . He died on 28 December 1602 , probably at High Roding , and was buried in All Saint 's Church in High Roding . He never married . Joscelyn 's contributions to the study of Old English have been called a significant contribution to the development of the study of the language . The historian May McKisack called him a man of great learning and a good servant to his master . Besides his dictionary and grammar , his working notebook also became part of the Cotton library , now manuscript Vitellius unk Other of his manuscripts , either written or acquired by him , were either given to Corpus Christi College by Parker 's heirs , or became parts of the British Library or the Bodleian Library .
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2,376 | Beautiful is a song by contemporary Christian music band MercyMe . Written and composed by MercyMe , Dan Muckala , and Brown Bannister , the song was written for the daughters of the band 's members . The song 's lyrics revolve around self worth and the love of God . Beautiful was released on September 17 , 2010 as the second single from MercyMe 's 2010 album The Generous Mr. Lovewell . Beautiful received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics and attained success on Christian radio , peaking at the top spot on Billboard magazine 's Christian Songs , Christian AC Indicator , Christian AC Monitored , and Soft AC Inspo charts . Beautiful ranked at number 7 on the 2011 year end Christian Songs chart , as well as at number 10 on the 2011 year end Hot Christian AC chart . Background and composition Beautiful was written and composed by the members of MercyMe , Dan Muckala , and Brown Bannister . Beautiful was written for the daughters of MercyMe 's band members . Lead singer Bart Millard , in an interview with Kevin Davis of New Release Tuesday , stated that We MercyMe wrote the song with our daughters in mind . The band has 15 kids among all of us ... Satan targets our girls from a materialistic way , telling them how to act and how to look , what to eat and not to eat , also commenting that I try to tell my kids all the time that they are perfect and I know my daughters need to get their confidence in themselves from me . The way they want to be treated by men needs to come from me . Beautiful is a ballad with a length of four minutes and twenty one seconds . It is set in the key of G major and has a moderate tempo of 69 beats per minute , with a vocal range spanning from D4 B5 . Lyrically , the song is about self worth and the love of God , specifically aimed at young women and daughters . However , the song also has a broader theme Millard noted in an interview that that All of us have felt unlovable at some point . At times , I feel worthless . I have an argument with a friend , all that I ve come to like about myself is suddenly falling apart . Who can love me if I don t even like myself It s hard to drag ourselves out of this way of thinking . We are taught to live according to these expectations . We think we need approval and accomplishment to validate our lives . But what does God tell us He says , You re beautiful . You are made for so much more than all of this . He loves us , even in our failings . Reception Critical response Critical reception to Beautiful was generally mixed to positive . Andy Argyrakis of Today 's Christian Music commented on his review of The Generous Mr. Lovewell that Of course , there 's the token ballad or two , including Beautiful and Won 't You Be My Love , both of which are sure to further MercyMe 's radio domination , while providing a soothing and tender touch to the plugged in periods . Kevin Davis of Christian Music Review opined that Having three young daughters , I m extremely moved by the passion behind the lyrics speaking of how the world says we are never good enough , yet Christ saw something beautiful in us worth dying for . Jesus Freak Hideout reviewer Roger Gelwicks was less positive , commenting that the song ( along with an album cut , Free ) lack s anything to be held onto musically , and they do tend to drag on for too long and therefore bore the listener . Chart performance Beautiful debuted at number 42 for the chart week of October 2 , 2010 on the Billboard Christian Songs chart . The song advanced to number 22 in its second chart week , and to number 15 in its sixth chart week . The song advanced to number 10 the next week , and spent four weeks at number 9 ( from weeks eight to eleven ) before dropping back to number 10 in its twelfth chart week . Beautiful dropped to number 16 for the chart week of January 8 , 2011 ( its fifteenth week on the chart ) , but advanced to number 6 the following week and spent two consecutive weeks at that spot . Starting with the chart week of February 18 , 2011 , the song spent four consecutive weeks at number 2 before advancing to the top spot in its twenty fifth chart week . Beautiful held the top spot for one week ( the chart week of March 19 , 2011 ) before dropping to number 5 . The song spent fourteen more weeks on the chart before dropping out , having spent a total of forty weeks on the Christian Songs chart . Beautiful also peaked at the top spot on the Christian AC Indicator , Christian AC Monitored , and Soft AC INSPO charts . Beautiful ranked at number 45 on Billboard magazine 's 2010 year end Christian Songs chart it also ranked at number 7 on the 2011 year end Christian Songs chart , number 10 on the year end Hot Christian AC chart , and number 27 on the year end Christian Digital Songs chart . Other uses Beautiful was included on the compilation album WOW Hits 2012 . Music video A music video was released for Beautiful . The video features the band performing the song in a live concert setting . Charts Weekly charts Year end charts Chart procession and succession
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2,377 | Multiple tribes in the state of Meghalaya in northeast India practise matrilineal descent . Often referred to as Khasi people , Khasi is used as a blanket term for various subgroups in Meghalaya who have distinguishing languages , rites , ceremonies , and habits , but share an ethnic identity as Ki unk unk ( The Seven Huts ) . The Khasi , Garo , and other subgroups have a proud heritage , including unk , although it was reported in 2004 that they were losing some of their matrilineal traits . The tribes are said to belong to one of the largest surviving matrilineal culture s in the world . Background Khasi , among multiple tribes in the state of Meghalaya in northeast India , practise matrilineal descent . They are referred to as Khasi people Khasi is used as an umbrella phrase to refer to many subgroups in Meghalaya who have distinguishing languages , rites , ceremonies , and habits , but share an ethnic identity as Ki unk unk ( The Seven Huts ) . Khasi are an ancient tribe said to be the largest surviving matrilineal culture s in the world. who , along with other subgroups , such as Garo , live in Meghalaya , as well as bordering areas of Assam and Bangladesh . unk are believed to be migrants with ancestral links to the Mon Khmer people of East Asia . The matrilineal tradition which the Khasi and other subgroups practice in Meghalaya is unique within India . unk principles among the Khasi are emphasised in myths , legends , and origin narratives . Khasi kings embarking on wars left the responsibility of running the family to women and thus their role in society became very deep rooted and respected . Reference to Nari Rajya ( female kingdom or land of matriarchy ) in the epic Mahabharata likely correlates with the Khasi and unk Hills and Meghalaya 's present day matrilineal culture . The proud heritage of the Khasi , Garo , and other subgroups is unk however in 2004 it was reported that their matrilineal traits were on the wane . Rights , roles , responsibilities Women have a dominant role in the matrilineal society of Meghalaya . The youngest daughter of the family , the Ka unk , inherits all ancestral property . After marriage , husbands live in the mother in law 's home . The mother 's surname is taken by children . When no daughters are born to a couple , they adopt a daughter and pass their rights to property to her . The birth of a girl is celebrated while the birth of a son is simply accepted . There is no social stigma attributed to a woman remarrying or giving birth out of wedlock as the Khasi Social Custom of Lineage Act gives security to them . Women are known to intermarry outside their tribe . The women who enjoy all the rights live an independent life , dress well , attend church , and many prefer not to get married . They enjoy total security , unlike in the rest of the country . A successful career women of the Khasi society feels that their societal anomaly has enabled her to be successful in every way . Most small businesses are managed by women . In 1994 , Bina Agarwal compared characteristic features between the Garo and Khasi . She reported that Garo practiced matrilineal inheritance , matrilocal post marital residence , a preference for cross cousin marriage , acceptance of pre marital sex by women , but adultery by women is punished , while the Khasi practised matrilineal inheritance , matrilocal and unk post marital residence ( in which the husband lives in a separate house while the wife stays at her parents residence ) , an aversion to cross cousin marriage , and again , acceptance of pre marital sex by women , but adultery by women is punished . Care of children is the responsibility of mothers or mothers in law . The youngest daughter of this society who inherits the ancestral property holds a pivotal role of looking after the welfare of her parents in their old age , as well as the welfare and education of her siblings . Some Khasi men perceive themselves to be accorded a secondary status . They have established societies such as the unk unk unk ( SRT ) ( 3 , 000 members ) and Sam Kam Rin Ku Mai ( Societal Restructuring Association ) to protect equal rights for men . They express that Khasi men don t have any security , they don t own land , they don t run the family business and , at the same time , they are almost good for nothing . However , Patricia unk , who edits the Shillong Times feels I tend to think Khasi men feel diminished in their manhood compared with outsiders ... it 's a pity , because that 's what distinguishes us from the others . While the society is matrilineal , it is not matriarchal . In past monarchies of the state , the son of the youngest sister of the king inherited the throne . Even now in the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly or village councils or panchayats the representation of women in politics is minimal . As of 2013 , in a Meghalaya Legislative Assembly of 60 members , there are only four women . In the male centric unk unk , which is the basic political arm of the tribes , women are not permitted to hold office . However , women feel that they take better care of money matters than men and they enjoy economic freedom .
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2,378 | The 125th Boat Race took place on 17 March 1979 . Held annually , the event is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The 150th anniversary race was won by Oxford by three and a half lengths . For the first time in 50 years , neither crew featured foreign rowers , while Cambridge 's stroke was replaced just hours before the race . Goldie won the reserve race in the slowest time in the history of the race while Cambridge won the Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , as of 2014 it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1978 race after Cambridge sank . Cambridge , however , led overall with 68 victories to Oxford 's 55 . The race was sponsored for the third consecutive year by Ladbrokes . Former Oxford Blue Ronnie Howard was the umpire for the race . To allow for television viewing , the start time of the race ( 2 p.m. ) was an hour earlier than the traditional flood tide . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Oxford were being coached for the sixth consecutive time by Daniel Topolski who had himself rowed in the 1967 and 1968 races . As coach , Topolski had suffered just one defeat . Cambridge 's head coach was Czechoslovakian former international rower Bohumil Janouek although a double Olympic medallist , he was still cautious of the event It 's a peculiar race . The distance , the bends , the fact that only two crews race , the fact that during the course you encounter all sorts of water and wind conditions . Janouek had been employed in order to prevent Cambridge losing for the fourth consecutive time , an occurrence which last took place following the 1912 race . Preparations for the race were hampered by appalling weather conditions horizontal sleet and snow made practice rows challenging . Crews Both crews weighed an average of 13 st 4 lb ( 84 . 2 kg ) Henderson , the Cambridge cox weighed 13 pounds ( 5 . 9 kg ) more than his Dark Blue counterpart . In the week leading up to the race however , Cambridge 's Andy Grey was struck down by gastroenteritis . While he recovered , his roommate John Woodhouse became ill and withdrew from the race three hours prior to the event . Woodhouse was replaced by Graham Phillips ( who weighed 8 pounds ( 4 kg ) less than Woodhouse ) and the Light Blue boat was reorganised , with Phillips rowing at three and Nick Davies moving to stroke . Oxford 's crew contained four returning Blues , with Boris Rankov making the second of what would become six appearances in the race . Cambridge welcomed back four Blue rowers and the cox Henderson , all of whom had rowed the previous year . Race Oxford won the toss ( for the fifth consecutive year ) and elected to start from the Surrey station . Conditions were calm Desmond Hill writing in The Daily Telegraph described the river as glassy and the tide , as a result of the earlier start time , was very weak . The two boats were at 45 degrees to one another as the umpire dropped the flag to signal the start and within a minute , Oxford were clear of Cambridge . Oxford held a lead of two lengths by Craven Cottage and passed the Mile Post five seconds ahead , and extended their lead to eight seconds by the time the crews shot Hammersmith Bridge . Davies brought two two pushes out of the Light Blues at Chiswick Eyot but Oxford maintained their lead and passed the finishing post in 20 minutes 33 seconds , three and a half lengths ahead of Cambridge . It was Oxford 's fourth consecutive victory and their fifth in six years . Taking place 30 minutes before the main race , the reserve race saw Cambridge 's Goldie defeat Oxford 's Isis by twelve lengths and thirty seconds . As of 2014 , the winning time of 22 minutes 50 seconds is the slowest time in the history of the event . It was Goldie 's third consecutive victory , and their eleventh in thirteen years . Cambridge won the 34th Women 's Boat Race , making it their third in a row , and their sixteenth victory in seventeen years . Reaction Oxford cox , Peter Berners Lee suggested I got some help from the tide at the beginning , but very little later . I was expecting a neck and neck race and I couldn 't believe we were a length up at Fulham .
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2,379 | Beaumont House , occasionally known as Claremont , is an eclectic Romanesque Classical brick residence located at 631 Glynburn Road in Beaumont , South Australia . Beaumont House was constructed for Augustus Short , the first Anglican bishop of Adelaide and founder of St Peter 's Cathedral . Beaumont House was constructed on land initially owned by Sir Samuel Davenport , a wealthy Adelaide landlord . Following Short 's move back to England , Davenport purchased the house the second of five eventual owners . Following three sales between 1907 and 1911 , the house was then transferred to the National Trust of South Australia in 1968 . History The suburb of Beaumont , in the City of Burnside , was founded as a purpose built village by Sir Samuel Davenport in 1848 . The location of Beaumont to Adelaide , a rapidly developing settlement at the time , made land in the area extremely expensive . Although Adelaide as a new settlement was prospering during the mid 19th century , still very few people could afford the exclusivity of Beaumont . Bishop Augustus Short moved from England to Adelaide after the Archbishop of Canterbury offered him the choice of moving to Newcastle on the coast of New South Wales or Adelaide , both recently established dioceses . He chose the latter , and was consecrated at Westminster Abbey on St Peter 's Day , 29 June 1847 . He arrived in Adelaide by ship on 28 December 1847 . Construction Short expressed his interest in residing in Beaumont , and was wealthy enough to buy a large allotment of land off the current landowner , Davenport . Between 1849 and 1851 , he had Beaumont House designed and built on a large allotment at the end of Glynburn Road , a major road which serviced the suburb of Beaumont , and linked to more major roads running west into the city of Adelaide along the Adelaide Plains . The Beaumont House estate was given the name ' Claremont ' by Short . The location , in the foothills of the Mount Lofty Ranges , was chosen to catch the cool breezes coming from the sea across the Adelaide Plains . Bishop Short and his family moved into the house later in 1851 , and resided there until Bishop 's Court , North Adelaide , was ready to be occupied in 1856 . During the same year , Sir Samuel Davenport purchased the house and land from Bishop Short and lived in ' The Lodge ' , a small cottage at the entrance to what became the driveway to Beaumont House , until Short vacated Claremont . Bishop Short later founded St Peter 's Cathedral , an Anglican church , in 1869 . However , a combination of declining health and disagreements of opinions over the next thirteen years saw him resign his precedence as bishop in 1872 and then as head of the diocese in 1881 . He returned to England on 7 January 1882 . At the time , the Claremont estate was valued at 8200 . A cultivator of olives , Davenport had planted a limited number of olives around Beaumont House in 1852 after he purchased the land the year before . Davenport later expanded his groves by replanting trees and cuttings from Beaumont both in other areas of the allotment and at some of his other properties in the Adelaide Hills . He also planted mulberry trees for producing silk on the estate grounds . Davenport resided in Beaumont House until his death on 3 September 1906 his wife having predeceased him on 6 February 1902 , and they had no children . He left his estate mainly to his nephew Howard Davenport after his death , and both Houses of Parliament in South Australia adjourned for his funeral as an unk to his legacy . In 1907 the estate was sold to a new owner , Major Vincent , who made extensive alterations to the house . It was then bought by a third owner in five years , Mr Bennet , in 1911 . Upon his death the house was passed on to his widow . Beaumont House was then transferred to the National Trust of South Australia by Bennet 's widow , who had remarried , and her new partner on 24 August 1968 . Architecture and alterations Originally a five bedroom residence , the Beaumont House estate has been expanded greatly . Most of the structural expansion took place between 1907 and 1911 , when Maj. Vincent owned it it has not been expanded or notably altered at all since being donated to the National Trust . The estate is strongly reminiscent of Romanesque architecture , mainly due to alterations made to the house and grounds by Davenport . A member of the National Trust , the current owner of Beaumont House , explains how Davenport 's travels influenced his styles Samuel Davenport was a great world traveller . He was very much involved in the world exposition movement . Every two years there were big world expos happening in different cities around the world . And he would travel to every one of these expos ... I 'm sure that the influences that he picked up in all of his travels are reflected here in Beaumont House . The olive groves are no longer cultivated on the grounds of Beaumont House , but other notable additions by Davenport to the Romanesque style still remain . The house is occasionally described as ' Mediterranean ' , mostly due to the red Tuscan styled roof , the olive groves and pillared exterior .
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2,380 | The One with the Prom Video is the fourteenth episode of the second season , and the 38th episode overall , of the American television situation comedy Friends , which first aired on NBC on February 1 , 1996 . The episode focuses on the main characters watching Monica ( Courteney Cox ) and Rachel ( Jennifer Aniston ) getting ready for their high school prom in the titular video . A subplot sees a now wealthy Joey ( Matt LeBlanc ) buying roommate Chandler ( Matthew Perry ) an unusual gift . The episode was directed by James Burrows , written by Alexa Junge and guest stars Elliott Gould and Christina Pickles as Jack and Judy Geller , Michael Ray Bower as Monica 's date and Patrick Kerr as the restaurant manager . Plot Joey , now earning money , gives Chandler a gaudy gold bracelet as thanks for paying for head shots and food . Chandler mocks it when it costs him a date , upsetting Joey when he overhears . Chandler promises to never take it off again but immediately realizes he can 't find it . He buys a replacement , but the original is found shortly afterwards . He gives one to Joey , repairing their friendship . Ross ( David Schwimmer ) continues to seek forgiveness from Rachel after insulting her in a previous episode , but she tells him that they as a couple will never happen . Monica 's parents bring boxes of her possessions to her apartment , and she finds a video of her and Rachel getting ready for their senior prom . The friends decide to watch the video , although Ross objects to everyone seeing the tape . On the video , Rachel 's date , Chip Matthews , has not arrived , and Monica refuses to go to the prom without her . Mrs. Geller convinces Ross to wear his father 's tuxedo and take Rachel to the prom himself . Ross reluctantly agrees , but by the time he is dressed and ready to go , Chip has arrived and the girls leave . The video ends with Ross looking disappointed and dejected . Rachel , touched by Ross 's gesture , gets up and kisses Ross , forgiving him for what happened between them . Monica later watches the video alone which features her and her father , Jack , dancing . The video then shows Monica and Ross 's parents in bed , which disgusts her . Production The producers had kept Ross and Rachel from being together throughout the first season , eventually bringing them together in the second season episode The One Where Ross Finds Out , only to split them up in the following episode . Writer Alexa Junge incorporated many of her own experiences into the script , in particular Phoebe 's line about Ross and Rachel being lobsters , something Junge 's husband once said . Aniston wore a false nose for the scenes in the video while Cox wore a fat suit . While a previous episode had already established Monica as being overweight as a child , this was the first on screen appearance of Fat Monica ( the fat suit made frequent return appearances ) . Rachel 's large nose was added because Junge believed that the characters were so good looking , you wanted to feel they had some realness in their past . At first , Schwimmer did not want to wear the afro wig and mustache because he thought he would look like Gabe Kaplan in Welcome Back , Kotter ( a similarity referenced in the episode ) . He relented because it enabled him to tap into a part of himself that was very vulnerable and shy and incorporate it into his performance . An early script draft featured a scene in the prom video in which an episode of All My Children is on in the background . The scene was intended to feature the character Bryce , played by Gunther ( as revealed in The One Where Eddie Won 't Go ) . Reception In 1997 , TV Guide ranked this episode 100 on their list of the 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . Entertainment Weekly rates the episode A , welcoming the return of Burrows as director and calling the prom video witty character development disguised as a standard flashback . The authors of Friends like Us The Unofficial Guide to Friends write that it is a watershed in the history of the show and It 's the sign of a good show that they can switch so effortlessly from comedy to pathos to romance in one short scene . Robert Bianco wrote in USA Today in 2004 , If any one outing can take credit for moving Friends from good to great , it 's Prom Video and describes the resolution as an ingenious , unexpected twist . The episode is popular among fans of the series . It appeared on one of the first region 1 best of DVD releases and is one of the two episodes to feature an audio commentary on the region 1 DVD release of the complete second season . In a poll conducted shortly before the series finale , The One with the Prom Video was voted the best episode of Friends , with 1 . 6 million people polling on the Internet . The episode is the favorite of Schwimmer , who liked the comedic and emotional origins of the Ross Rachel relationship , as well as the exchange between Monica and Chandler as she defends her weight on the video . In 2014 , Gawker published a list of every episode of Friends ranked from 236 through 1 . The One With The Prom Video was ranked as the 1 best episode on the list .
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2,381 | M 121 is a state trunkline highway in West Michigan . The highway follows Chicago Drive , a local roadway , from Zeeland to Grandville . Chicago Drive itself runs past the M 121 segment on either side from Holland to Wyoming . The roadway passes through rural farmland on a route that runs parallel to Interstate 196 ( I 196 ) . M 121 forms the main street through the center of Hudsonville as it runs southwest northeast . It forms a major street through the unincorporated community of Jenison before M 121 terminates at I 196 in Grandville . The M 121 designation has been used twice before in the state . The first was for a former routing of US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) , and the second was for a connection between I 69 , I 75 US 23 and the airport in the Flint area . Since 2007 , M 121 has been used for a portion of the former M 21 in Ottawa County , which was formerly designated as state maintained Old M 21 . Future plans will reconfigure a section of the current highway from four lanes divided to four lanes undivided . Route description Chicago Drive , largely signed as M 121 , is a combination state trunkline highway and municipal street running from 8th Street in Holland to the intersection of Grandville and Clyde Park avenues at the border of Grand Rapids and Wyoming , approximately 23 . 5 miles ( 37 . 8 km ) in length . Running eastward , Chicago Drive picks up the Business Loop I 196 designation east of US 31 . The highway has the typical mix of industry and commercial properties for the area . At 112th Avenue , it turns northeasterly to run through Zeeland . The roadway changes names when it turns due east again , where it is named Main Avenue and Main Place , comprising the only section of the route not designated Chicago Drive . Starting at the corner of Main Street and Chicago Drive , M 121 runs northeasterly out of Zeeland on Chicago Drive roughly parallel to I 196 . A CSX railroad line also parallels the road to the northwest . The trunkline is a four lane divided highway bordered by farms . Passing the Hudsonville Fair Grounds , Chicago Drive enters Hudsonville as the main street downtown . The highway continues to the northeast out of town through suburban residential areas to Jenison , where once again Chicago Drive is bordered by commercial properties . Through this area , the roadway is divided , utilizing Michigan lefts . The M 121 designation ends at the interchange with I 196 just across the Kent County line in Grandville . The corridor from I 196 to its end in Grand Rapids is lined with businesses and few houses . The intersection of Chicago Drive and Wilson Avenue is downtown Grandville . In Wyoming from north of M 11 ( 28th Street ) to Burlingame Avenue , Chicago Drive run through a mostly industrial area with few commercial properties . Northeast of about Byron Center Avenue , Chicago Drive carries Business Spur I 196 ( BS I 196 ) . At the corner with Grandville and Clyde Park avenues , Chicago Drive ends and BS I 196 continues . M 121 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the lowest traffic levels along M 121 were the 10 , 103 vehicles daily at the western terminus in Zeeland the highest counts were the 20 , 140 vehicles per day at the eastern terminus . None of M 121 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . History There have been three roadways to carry the M 121 designation in Michigan . Previous routings M 121 was also used as the designation along two other roadways . In 1933 , it was used for a former routing of US 2 in the Upper Peninsula . In 1935 , this route was redesignated as a portion of a new M 5 and the M 121 designation was transferred to Bristol Road in Flint . This Flint area trunkline provided access to Bishop International Airport from both of the I 69 and I 75 US 23 freeways until it was retired in 2003 . At that time , Bristol Road was returned to local control . Current routing From 1919 to 1926 , the current highway known as M 121 was designated M 51 . Then until 1974 , the trunkline was part of M 21 that designation was removed when I 196 was completed between those Zeeland and Grandville , and much of the route became an unsigned state trunkline designated Old M 21 , although it is locally referred to by its given name , Chicago Drive . The portion of Chicago Drive now signed as M 121 is 12 . 763 miles ( 20 . 540 km ) long it was given its designation in late 2007 . Future Portions of the four lane divided surface access highway along M 121 will become four lane undivided as the westbound lanes are shifted south away from unstable soil and parallel train tracks . Major intersections
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2,382 | Anne Dallas Dudley ( ne Annie Willis Dallas November 13 , 1876 September 13 , 1955 ) was a prominent activist in the women 's suffrage movement in the United States . After founding the Nashville Equal Suffrage League and serving as its president , she moved up through the ranks of the movement , serving as President of the Tennessee Equal Suffrage Association and then as Third Vice President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association , where she helped lead efforts to get the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution ratified . She is especially noted for her successful efforts to get the Nineteenth Amendment ratified in her home state of Tennessee , the final state necessary to bring the amendment into force . Early life and family Anne Dallas Dudley was born Annie Willis Dallas in Nashville , Tennessee , in 1876 to a distinguished upper class family . Her father , unk B. Dallas , had moved to Nashville in 1869 and established himself as an entrepreneur in the textile industry . Her grandfather , Alexander J. Dallas , had been a commodore in the U.S. Navy , while his brother , George M. Dallas , served as Vice President of the United States under James K. Polk . Annie Dallas was educated at Ward 's Seminary and Price 's College for Young Ladies , both in Nashville . In 1902 , she married Guilford Dudley ( 1854 1945 ) , a banker and insurance broker . Together they had three children , Ida Dallas Dudley ( 1903 1904 ) , who died in infancy , unk Dallas Dudley ( 1905 1924 ) , and Guilford Dudley , Jr . ( 1907 2002 ) . Women 's suffrage movement A few years after being married , Anne Dallas Dudley became involved in the temperance movement as a supporter of alcohol prohibition . Through her work in the temperance movement and her association with friends such as Maria Daviess and Ida Clyde Clark , Dudley became convinced that women 's place in society could only be improved if women were allowed to vote . At the time , however , almost all men and a majority of women opposed the idea of women participating in the political process . In September 1911 , Dudley , Daviess , Clark , and several other women met in the back parlor of the Tulane Hotel and founded the Nashville Equal Suffrage League , an organization dedicated to building local support for women 's suffrage while quietly and earnestly avoiding militant methods . Dudley was selected as the organization 's first president . During her presidency , the league organized giant May Day suffrage parades , usually led by Dudley and her children . Dudley also helped bring the National Suffrage Convention to Nashville in 1914 . At the time , it was one of the largest conventions ever held in the city . After serving as president of the local league for four years , Dudley was elected to head the Tennessee Equal Suffrage Association in 1915 . During this time she helped to introduce and lobby for a suffrage amendment to the state constitution . Although the amendment was defeated , a later measure to give women the right to vote in presidential and municipal elections was eventually passed by the state legislature in 1919 . In 1917 , Dudley became the Third Vice President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association , where she contributed significantly to advancing legislation on the issue of women 's suffrage . In 1920 , Dudley , along with Catherine unk Kenny and Abby Crawford Milton , led the campaign in Tennessee to approve ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution . On August 18 , Tennessee became the 36th and deciding state to ratify the amendment , thereby giving women the right to vote throughout the country . Later life Following the success of the suffrage campaign , Dudley became the first woman associate chairman of the Tennessee Democratic Committee . She was also selected as the first female delegate at large to the Democratic National Convention in 1920 . Dudley 's involvement in politics declined significantly in subsequent years , with her efforts being focused on civic and charitable causes during the remainder of her life . She was an active worker for the American Red Cross during World War II and later served as board chairman of the Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities . Dudley died unexpectedly on September 13 , 1955 , of a coronary occlusion at her home in Belle Meade , Tennessee . She was 78 years old . She is buried with her family at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Nashville . Legacy Dudley 's legacy has been honored in numerous ways . She is one of three women featured in the Tennessee Woman Suffrage Memorial in Knoxville , Tennessee , along with Lizzie Crozier French of Knoxville and Elizabeth Avery Meriwether of Memphis . She is featured along with ten other prominent Tennesseans in The Pride of Tennessee , the official Tennessee State Bicentennial Portrait which hangs in the Tennessee State Capitol . There is also a historical marker in Nashville 's Centennial Park dedicated to her . Dudley was inducted into the National Women 's Hall of Fame in 1995 . An apartment building completed in 2015 on Elliston Place in Nashville is named The Dallas in honor of her .
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2,383 | Paranoid is a song by American rapper Ty Dolla unk , released on September 10 , 2013 , as the first single from his debut EP , Beach House EP ( 2014 ) . The song , produced by DJ Mustard , features a guest appearance from B.o.B. The song was written by Tyrone Griffin , Bobby Simmons and Dijon McFarlane . Paranoid is a hip hop song that lyrically describes being in fear of getting caught cheating . Paranoid received overall favorable reviews from music critics . The song peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and reached number nine on the US Billboard Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart . An accompanying music video premiered through Revolt and YouTube on October 22 , 2013 that features both Ty and B.o.B being tortured by their girlfriends . Development and release Paranoid is a hip hop song backed by a synthesizer driven production created by DJ Mustard . The song was originally recorded by Ty Dolla Sign and his frequent collaborator Joe Moses , and it was included on DJ Mustard 's Ketchup mixtape . It was then released again on Ty 's July 2013 mixtape , Beach House 2 . Then , when the song was officially released and pushed as a single later in the year , Moses ' verse had been replaced by Ty 's Atlantic Records label mate B.o.B .. It was rumored that Moses had been replaced by B.o.B due to Moses ' comments in his verse about T.I. ' s wife Tameka Cottle , however Ty denied the rumor and deemed it hilarious . On the song , Ty croons about him juggling a relationship between two different women , and being worried about one of them finding out about the other . Overall , the two artists detail multiple girls attempting to catch them in the act cheating , causing them to be on edge . The song premiered on Rap Radar on August 28 , 2013 , where it was announced that it would be released as a single on September 10 , 2013 . As promised , on September 10 , 2013 , the song was released for digital download as the first single from Ty 's debut EP Beach House EP on Amazon.com. On December 15 , 2013 , Ty performed the song during Power 106 's Cali Christmas and was backed by DJ Mustard on the turntables as he performed . On December 17 , 2013 , Ty performed the song for the first time on national television on DJ Skee 's Skee Live via AXS TV . He was accompanied by Joe Moses who performed his verse on the studio version of the song . On January 27 , 2014 , Ty performed Paranoid along with DJ Mustard on The Arsenio Hall Show . Then on March 15 , 2014 , Ty performed the song during Taylor Gang 's set at SXSW . On March 21 , 2014 , Ty performed Paranoid accompanied by The Roots on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . The song 's official remix was also featured on the Beach House EP . It featured new guest appearances by Trey Songz , French Montana and DJ Mustard . On January 13 , 2014 , the remix premiered via SoundCloud and on the following day , it was released to iTunes . The remix was serviced to mainstream urban radio in the United States on February 12 , 2014 . Reception Paranoid was met with generally positive reviews from music critics . Vibe referred to the song as Ty 's introduction to the masses and said he has a hit on his hands . Christopher Weingarten of Rolling Stone said , it features frank lines delivered with Casanova charm and a thin layer of computer love . Matt unk of HotNewHipHop called it one of the better songs on the tape , giving credit to the chorus and Joe Moses ' verse . Chris Jenkins of Pitchfork Media praised Joe Moses ' verse on the original song , but he called B.o.B 's a unk verse . Overall , he said the song 's economy is its greatest strength . Grant Jones of RapReviews credited Trey Songz for upstaging Ty and called French Montana 's verse on the remix entertaining but found Ty 's performance on the song to be an age old example of limited ability . In February 2014 , Complex named it the fourth best song that DJ Mustard had produced . Paranoid debuted at number 97 on US Billboard Hot 100 for the week of January 4 , 2014 . Ten weeks later , it peaked at number 29 and spent a total of twenty weeks on the chart . It peaked at number nine on the Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart . On November 19 , 2015 , Paranoid was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting sales of over 1 , 000 , 000 units in the country . Music video On October 22 , 2013 , the Ethan Lader directed music video premiered via rap mogul Diddy 's television network Revolt . The video shows an overly intoxicated Ty Dolla Sign and B.o.B drugged with paranoia about their various women . Ty is hunted down by his two female lovers when they discover that he has been cheating on them . They team up to get revenge , chasing him through the streets and attacking him at home . By the end of the night , Ty finds himself bleeding out on the middle of his kitchen floor , from a stab wound courtesy of his two lovers . Meanwhile , B.o.B suffers a similar fate via a drugged drink given to him by a seductive , promiscuous woman . Ty 's body is then taken away in the trunk of a car . Chart performance Certifications Release history
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2,384 | HIP 78530 b is an object that is either a planet or a brown dwarf in the orbit of the star HIP 78530 . It was observed as early as 2000 , but the object was not confirmed as one in orbit of the star HIP 78530 until a direct imaging project photographed the star in 2008 . The image caught the attention of the project 's science team , so the team followed up on its initial observations . HIP 78530 b orbits a young , hot , bright blue star in the Upper Scorpius association . The planet itself is over twenty three times more massive than Jupiter , orbiting eighteen times further from its host star than Pluto does from the Sun by the estimates published in its discovery paper . In this predicted orbit , HIP 78530 b completes an orbit every twelve thousand years . Discovery Between 2000 and 2001 , the unk system at the ESO 3 . 6 m Telescope in Chile detected a faint object in the vicinity of HIP 78530 . This object was reported in 2005 and 2007 , although the astronomers investigating the star were not able to tell , based on their observations , if the faint object was an orbiting companion or not . The team did not follow up on this . The random selection of ninety one stars in the Upper Scorpius association provided a sample of stars to be observed using the Near Infrared Imager and Spectrometer ( unk ) and Altitude conjugate Adaptive Optics for the Infrared ( unk ) adaptive optics system at the Gemini Observatory . Among the ninety stars selected for direct imaging was the star HIP 78530 , which was first imaged by the camera on May 24 , 2008 . This initial image revealed the presence of the same faint object within the vicinity of HIP 78530 . Follow up imaging took place on July 2 , 2009 and August 30 , 2010 using the same instruments , as astronomers hoped to reveal this companion object 's proper motion , or the rate that it moves over time . Additional follow up data was recovered in the spring and summer of 2010 , but large errors in the data 's astrometry led the investigating astronomers to disregard it . The observations over the three years was compiled , with the data used to filter out pixelated portions of the images and improve the images ' quality . The result suggested not only that the faint object in the image was nearby the star HIP 78530 , but that it was a brown dwarf or planet in size . Further study would be needed to prove its true nature . On July 2 , 2009 , July 3 , 2009 , and August 8 , 2009 , use of the unk integral field spectrograph with unk allowed the astronomers to collect data on the spectrum of the faint object and its star . Analysis of the spectra and the objects ' astrometry ( how the star and the faint object change position in the sky ) led to the confirmation of the companion HIP 78530 b . The confirmation of HIP 78530 b was reported on January 24 , 2011 . In imaging the ninety one stars , HIP 78530 b and unk unk were discovered . The discoveries of these two orbiting bodies allowed astronomers to predict that bodies with such low planet brown dwarf to star mass ratios ( below 0 . 01 ) orbiting at a distance of hundreds of AU exists in the orbits of 2 . 2 5 . 5 1 . 9 of all stars . However , this number is a lower limit , as astronomers have been unable to detect smaller , low mass planets that fit this scenario . Host star HIP 78530 is a bright , blue B type main sequence star in the Upper Scorpius association , a loose star cluster composed of stars with a common origin . The star is estimated to be approximately 2 . 5 times the mass of the Sun . Ages of the Upper Scorpius group have been quoted at 5 million years , however a more recent estimate suggests that the group is somewhat older ( approximately 11 million years old ) . Its effective temperature is estimated at unk K , less than twice the effective temperature of the Sun . HIP 78530 has an apparent magnitude of 7 . 18 . It is incredibly faint , if visible at all , as seen from the unaided eye of an observer on Earth . Characteristics HIP 78530 b is most likely a brown dwarf , a massive object that is large enough to fuse deuterium ( something that planets are too small to do ) but not large enough to ignite and become a star . Because HIP 78530 b 's characteristics blend the line between whether or not it is a brown dwarf or a planet , astronomers have tried to determine what HIP 78530 b is by predicting whether it was created in a planet like or star like ( how brown dwarves are formed ) manner . Its estimated mass is over 23 . 04 times that of Jupiter . Additionally , HIP 78530 b orbits its host star at an estimated average distance of 710 AU , which is 710 times the average distance between the Earth and the Sun assuming the brown dwarf has a circular orbit . The average distance between dwarf planet Pluto and the Sun is 39 . 482 AU , meaning that HIP 78530 b orbits its host star nearly eighteen times further than Pluto orbits the Sun . In accordance with the data , HIP 78530 b would complete an orbit approximately every 12 , 000 years , although the actual orbital motion of HIP 78530 b is most likely smaller than 710 AU , but it has not been directly observed long enough to know definitively .
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2,385 | Hiatus is the twenty first and season finale episode of NBC 's first season of 30 Rock . It was written by series creator and executive producer Tina Fey , and was directed by Don Scardino . It first aired on April 26 , 2007 in the United States . Guest stars in the episode included Katrina Bowden , Kevin Brown , Owen Burke , Grizz Chapman , Matt Dickinson , Rachel Dratch , Brittany Felton , Hannah Flynn , Sean Hayes , Emily Mortimer , Chris Parnell , Portia , Lonny Ross , Justin Smith , Elaine Stritch , Jason Sudeikis and Nikki E. Walker . Lester Holt appeared as himself in this episode . The episode focuses on the imminent season finale of TGS with Tracy Jordan , a fictional sketch comedy series which airs live on Friday nights . Liz Lemon ( played by Tina Fey ) is frantic because Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) is still missing and Jack Donaghy 's ( Alec Baldwin ) health threatens his marriage to Phoebe ( Emily Mortimer ) . Plot After going on the run from the Black Crusaders , Tracy has traveled to Needmore , Pennsylvania ( an actual town located in Belfast Township , Fulton County , Pennsylvania ) to stay with Kenneth Parcell 's ( Jack McBrayer ) cousin , Jesse Parcell ( Sean Hayes ) . Liz is stressed as the season finale of TGS with Tracy Jordan is nearing , and Tracy cannot be found . Liz and Jack force Tracy 's whereabouts from Kenneth , who they send to bring him back . Tracy realizes that he wants to go back to the city , but Jesse kidnaps him . Kenneth , accompanied by Dot Com and Grizz , manages to rescue Tracy and get him back in time for the show 's finale . Jack is livid when his mother , Colleen Donaghy ( Elaine Stritch ) , visits him when she is in town to attend his ex wife Bianca 's ( Isabella Rossellini ) wedding to Vincent Folley . Colleen takes an immediate dislike to Jack 's fiance , Phoebe , but takes a liking to Liz , whom she originally mistakes for Phoebe . The stress of his approaching wedding and the arrival of his mother prompt Jack to have a heart attack . While at the hospital , Colleen uses a heart monitor as a lie detector , on Jack , which leads him to revealing that he does not love Phoebe . They break off their engagement . Liz and Floyd ( Jason Sudeikis ) are struggling to maintain a long distance relationship , since Floyd 's move to Cleveland . Liz later reveals to Jack that she and Floyd have separated . Production Rachel Dratch , longtime comedy partner and fellow Saturday Night Live alumna of Fey , was originally cast to portray Jenna . Dratch played the role in the show 's original pilot , but in August 2006 , Jane Krakowski was announced as Dratch 's replacement . Executive producer Lorne Michaels announced that while Dratch would not be playing a series regular , she would appear in various episodes in a different role . In this episode , Dratch played Dr. Beauvoir , Liz 's doctor . Jason Sudeikis , who played Floyd in this episode , has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live , a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States . Tina Fey was the head writer on Saturday Night Live from 1999 until 2006 . Various other cast members of Saturday Night Live have appeared on 30 Rock . These cast members include Rachel Dratch , Fred Armisen , Kristen Wiig , Will Forte , Chris Parnell and Molly Shannon . Tina Fey and Tracy Morgan have both been part of the main cast of Saturday Night Live . Alec Baldwin has also hosted Saturday Night Live thirteen times , the second highest amount of episodes of any host of the series . The scenes set in the Needmore , Pennsylvania were actually filmed in Douglaston , Queens . Similarly , the scenes in Cleveland from the previous episode were filmed in Battery Park City , Manhattan . Reception Hiatus brought in an average of 4 . 7 million viewers . The episode also achieved a 2 . 4 6 in the key 18 49 year old demographic . The 2 . 4 refers to 2 . 4 of all people of ages 18 49 years old in the U.S. , and the 6 refers to 6 of all people of ages 18 49 years old watching television at the time of the broadcast in the U.S. This episode was watched by 200 , 000 people upon its original broadcast in the United Kingdom . Robert Canning of IGN said that this episode left him feeling a bit cheated . He said that this was because the storylines we 've loved for weeks all failed to come to a satisfying end . He added that after a string of stellar episodes , it 's not surprising 30 Rock eventually faltered . Canning rated this episode with a 6 . 5 out of 10 . Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide wrote that he didn 't find this episode quite as manic as the previous few , but that 's probably because it had actual story to progress and threads to tie up . Elaine Stritch 's appearance in this episode earned her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series . Stritch would later appear as Colleen in the episodes Ludachristmas , which was part of season two Christmas Special and The Natural Order in season three The Moms in season four Christmas Attack Zone in season five Meet the unk in season six and My Whole Life Is Thunder in the show 's seventh and final season .
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2,386 | The Crane and Company Old Stone Mill Rag Room is one of the oldest surviving buildings ( built in 1844 ) of Crane Co . , one of the oldest papermaking businesses in Berkshire County , Massachusetts . It is located in southwestern Dalton , on a site where paper has been manufactured since the early 19th century . The building , originally used for processing rags , has housed the Crane Museum of unk since 1930 , and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983 . Zenas Crane began making paper in Dalton in 1801 , taking full ownership of an established operation at the Rag Room site in 1822 . In the mid 1840s his sons constructed the Old Stone Mill , of which the Rag Room is the only surviving portion . The Rag Room is where Crane 's grandson Winthrop Murray Crane learned the business through his efforts Crane secured a monopoly contract to provide paper for the nation 's currency , which it still holds today . The Rag Room is a gray fieldstone building with a slate roof . Its interior is a large open space that houses exhibits and artifacts of the company 's history . It is open to the public at no charge . History Zenas Crane ( 1777 1845 ) was educated in the processes of paper manufacturing in a mill owned by his brother Stephen in Newton Lower Falls , Massachusetts . After a stint at another paper mill in Worcester , Crane traveled west into Berkshire County in 1799 , looking for potential papermaking sites . He found a highly desirable site in Dalton , but the owner , a local farmer , was unwilling to part with it . Crane instead established his business on a nearby parcel in 1801 . Other unk followed over the next ten years , notably Henry unk and David Carson , who acquired the more desirable site and established what became known as the Red Mill . Through a series of partnership and purchase transactions , Crane eventually acquired control of the Red Mill , taking full ownership in 1822 . In 1842 Zenas Crane retired , leaving control of the Red Mill to his sons Zenas Marshall Crane and James Brewer Crane . They founded Crane Co . , and set about expanding the business , beginning construction of what became known as the Stone Mill . The Rag Room was part of this construction effort , and was built in 1844 . In 1869 the Stone Mill was damaged by fire while it was being repaired in 1870 the Red Mill was destroyed by fire . The Stone Mill was then expanded , and also became known as the Pioneer Mill . The Stone Mill was used by the firm until the 1890s , when most of it was demolished , leaving only the Rag Room . In 1930 the company adapted the Rag Room for use as the company museum , a role it has filled since . Following plans developed by architect Charles S. Keefe , the company reinforced the building 's foundation with steel and concrete , filling in a number of its windows with stonework . The interior was significantly reworked , with new structural woodwork and flooring . Upon completion the interior was said to resemble that of the Old Ship Church in Hingham , Massachusetts . In 1967 the company retained the Olmsted Brothers firm to design landscaping of the area , although their work has since been compromised to some extent by later development on the property . The site was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . In 2005 it became part of the listed unk Historic District , which includes , among other properties , the 1816 home of Zenas Crane . The Rag Room was where Zenas Marshall Crane 's son , Winthrop Murray Crane ( 1853 1920 ) , began his career in the papermaking business . In 1878 he was responsible for acquiring Crane Co . ' s exclusive government contract to manufacture the paper used in the currency of the United States . In addition to running Crane Co. during the late 19th century , Murray Crane served as Governor of Massachusetts and United States Senator , and played an influential role in Republican Party politics . Description The Rag Room is a single room single story gray fieldstone building . It is three window bays wide and seven long , featuring stepped gable ends and a slate roof . It originally stood at the southwest part of the Stone Mill complex , and its north end was where it connected to the larger mill buildings . The building was where rags arriving at the mill were processed at the start of the papermaking operation . In 1930 the northern facade was given a proper entranceway with transomed doors and Doric columns below a frieze identifying the building as the Crane Museum . Above this doorway a circular window was also added . The slate roof and its support beams were also replaced in 1930 , but without altering the exterior lines of the building . A late 19th century brick addition to the east side of the building ( not a part of the landmark designation ) is screened from view by plantings . The interior of the building is a single large space in which artifacts from the company 's history are displayed . Displays include tools used by Zenas Crane and a replica of the early vat process equipment used to make paper . The museum is open weekday afternoons from June to October there is no charge .
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2,387 | The Brazilian monitor Rio Grande was the second ship of the Par class river monitors built for the Brazilian Navy during the Paraguayan War in the late 1860s . Rio Grande participated in the Passagem de Humait in February 1868 and provided fire support for the army for the rest of the war . The ship was assigned to the Upper Uruguay ( Portuguese Alto Uruguai ) Flotilla after the war . Rio Grande was scrapped in 1907 . Design and description The Par class monitors were designed to meet the need of the Brazilian Navy for small , shallow draft armored ships capable of withstanding heavy fire . The monitor configuration was chosen as a turreted design did not have the same problems engaging enemy ships and fortifications as did the casemate ironclads already in Brazilian service . The oblong gun turret sat on a circular platform that had a central pivot . It was rotated by four men via a system of gears 2 . 25 minutes were required for a full 360 rotation . A bronze ram was fitted to these ships as well . The hull was sheathed with Muntz metal to reduce biofouling . The ships measured 39 meters ( 127 ft 11 in ) long overall , with a beam of 8 . 54 meters ( 28 ft 0 in ) . They had a draft between of 1 . 51 1 . 54 meters ( 4 ft 11 in 5 ft 1 in ) and displaced 500 metric tons ( 490 long tons ) . With only 0 . 3 meters ( 1 ft 0 in ) of freeboard they had to be towed between Rio de Janeiro and their area of operations . Their crew numbered 43 officers and men . Propulsion The Par class ships had two direct acting steam engines , each driving a single 1 . 3 meter ( 4 ft 3 in ) propeller . Their engines were powered by two tubular boilers at a working pressure of 59 psi ( 407 kPa 4 kgf cm2 ) . The engines produced a total of 180 indicated horsepower ( 130 kW ) which gave the monitors a maximum speed of 8 knots ( 15 km h 9 . 2 mph ) in calm waters . The ships carried enough coal for one day 's steaming . Armament Rio Grande carried a single 70 pounder Whitworth rifled muzzle loader ( RML ) in her gun turret . The 70 pounder gun had a maximum elevation of 15 . It had a maximum range of 5 , 540 meters ( 6 , 060 yd ) . The 70 pounder gun weighed 8 , 582 pounds ( 3 , 892 . 7 kg ) and fired a 5 . 5 inch ( 140 mm ) shell that weighed 81 pounds ( 36 . 7 kg ) . Most unusually the gun 's Brazilian designed iron carriage was designed to pivot vertically at the muzzle this was done to minimize the size of the gunport through which splinters and shells could enter . Armor The hull of the Par class ships was made from three layers of wood that alternated in orientation . It was 457 millimeters ( 18 . 0 in ) thick and was capped with a 102 millimeter ( 4 in ) layer of peroba hardwood . The ships had a complete wrought iron waterline belt , 0 . 91 meters ( 3 . 0 ft ) high . It had a maximum thickness of 102 millimeters amidships , decreasing to 76 millimeters ( 3 in ) and 51 millimeters ( 2 in ) at the ship 's ends . The curved deck was armored with 12 . 7 millimeters ( 0 . 5 in ) of wrought iron . The gun turret was shaped like a rectangle with rounded corners . It was built much like the hull , but the front of the turret was protected by 152 millimeters ( 6 in ) of armor , the sides by 102 millimeters and the rear by 76 millimeters . Its roof and the exposed portions of the platform it rested upon were protected by 12 . 7 millimeters of armor . The armored pilothouse was positioned ahead of the turret . Service Rio Grande was laid down at the Arsenal de Marinha da Crte in Rio de Janeiro on 8 December 1866 , during the Paraguayan War , which saw Argentina and Brazil allied against Paraguay . She was launched on 17 August 1867 and completed on 3 September 1867 . She arrived at Montevideo on 6 January 1868 and steamed up the Paran River , although her passage further north was barred by the Paraguayan fortifications at Humait . On 19 February 1868 six Brazilian ironclads , including Rio Grande , sailed past Humait at night . Rio Grande and her two sister ships , Alagoas and Par , were lashed to the larger ironclads in case any engines were disabled by the Paraguayan guns . Barroso led with Rio Grande , followed by Bahia with Alagoas and Tamandar with Par . The latter two ships were damaged as they sailed past the fortifications and had to be beached to prevent them from sinking . Rio Grande continued upstream with the other undamaged ships and they bombarded Asuncin on 24 February . On 23 March Rio Grande and Barroso sank the steamer Igurey . Paraguayan soldiers in canoes attempted to board both ships on the evening of 9 July , but were only successful in getting on board Rio Grande where they were able to kill the ship 's captain and some of the crew . The remaining crewmembers locked the monitor 's hatches and Barroso was able to kill or capture almost all of the Paraguayans on deck . On 15 October she bombarded Angostura Fort in company with Brasil , Silvado , Par and her sister Cear . After the war Rio Grande was assigned to the newly formed Alto Uruguai Flotilla , based at unk . She was docked in Ladrio for rebuilding in 1899 , but this was never completed and she was scrapped in February 1907 .
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2,388 | New York State Route 284 ( NY 284 ) is a north south state highway located entirely within Orange County , New York , in the United States . It begins just south of the village of Unionville at the New Jersey state line in the town of Minisink , where it connects to that state 's Route 284 . From Unionville , the route heads through rural parts of Orange County for just over 9 miles ( 14 km ) to an intersection with U.S. Route 6 ( US 6 ) in the hamlet of Slate Hill , located 5 miles ( 8 . 0 km ) southwest of the city of Middletown in the town of Wawayanda . The highway has been part of a state route since 1924 when it became part of New York State Route 8 , a road continuing northeast through Middletown and Montgomery to Newburgh . NY 8 was split into two routes as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , with the portion of the highway south of Montgomery becoming New York State Route 84 . When Interstate 84 ( I 84 ) was built along a similar alignment to NY 84 in the mid 1960s , the state route was renumbered again in May 1966 to prevent confusion between the two roads . The section of NY 84 south of Slate Hill was redesignated as NY 284 while the rest of the highway was absorbed by other , pre existing routes . Route description NY 284 begins at the New Jersey state line in the town of Minisink as a northerly continuation of that state 's Route 284 . The route heads northwest for a short distance into the village of Unionville , where it serves as the main thoroughfare through the community . In the center of the village , the highway reaches an intersection with County Route 36 ( CR 36 , named Main Street ) , which heads west to the New Jersey state line and becomes CR 651 upon entering Sussex County . NY 284 turns north at this junction , passing a handful of homes before bending to the northwest and leaving the village limits for less developed areas of Minisink . Outside of Unionville , the route slowly bends to the northeast , paralleling the former right of way of the Middletown and New Jersey Railroad ( unk ) as it runs northwest through farmlands . At the far eastern end of the hamlet of Waterloo Mills , the highway also begins to follow Rutgers Creek . The waterway , the former railroad right of way and the road take similar paths to the hamlet of Westtown , where NY 284 serves as the main north south route through the community . It passes unk Pond in the southern part of the hamlet before meeting CR 1 near Art Fords Lake . Past Westtown , NY 284 winds its way northeastward across another rural part of Minisink , intersecting CR 62 and CR 22 at back to back junctions near the northern town line . The latter route provides access to the hamlet of Johnson , which NY 284 bypasses to the southeast . North of CR 22 , Rutgers Creek merges with unk Creek , a small stream forming part of the Minisink Wawayanda town line . The combined stream continues to serve as the boundary between the two towns as Rutgers Creek takes on a southeasterly course from this point . NY 284 crosses over the waterway , entering Wawayanda and connecting to CR 93 ( Lime Kiln Road ) just north of the town line . From CR 93 , the highway runs northeastward across open , rolling terrain , following an active part of the unk Railroad to the hamlet of Slate Hill . NY 284 ends in the center of the community at a junction with US 6 . History Modern NY 284 was gradually acquired by the state of New York over the course of the early 20th century . The first stretch to be added to the state highway system was the section between the northern village line of Unionville and the hamlet of Slate Hill , which was improved by the state under a contract awarded on June 18 , 1904 . Work to bring the existing highway up to state highway standards cost 50 , 879 ( equivalent to 1 . 34 million in 2016 ) , and the rebuilt road was taken over by the state on December 19 , 1906 . It was designated but not signed as State Highway 160 ( SH 160 ) . A contract to improve the highway 's continuation to the New Jersey state line south of Unionville was awarded on June 19 , 1922 , and the highway was reconstructed and taken over by the state by 1926 as SH 500 . When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , SH 160 and SH 500 became the westernmost portion of NY 8 , which continued northeast to Newburgh by way of Middletown and Montgomery . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the NY 8 designation was reassigned to another highway serving the Central New York Region and the North Country . The portion of its former alignment east of Montgomery became part of the new NY 215 while the rest was renumbered to NY 84 . Another , much smaller renumbering was carried out in May 1966 after I 84 was built along an alignment similar to that of NY 84 . To prevent confusion between the two nearby roads , the section of NY 84 south of Slate Hill was renumbered to NY 284 while the part east of Middletown became an extension of NY 211 . From Slate Hill to Middletown , the road remained part of US 6 and NY 17M , which NY 84 had previously overlapped . Major intersections The entire route is in Orange County .
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2,389 | His Majesty 's or HM Armed Smack Inverlyon was a fishing smack that was converted to a Q ship during the First World War . Q ships served as decoys to lure German submarines near enough so that concealed weapons could be brought to bear and sink the submarines . On 15 August 1915 , Inverlyon succeeded in luring German submarine UB 4 within range and sinking her with nine shots from her gun . The Royal Navy Gunner in command of the vessel , Ernest Martin Jehan , received the Distinguished Service Cross and members of Inverlyon 's crew shared the bounty offered for German submarines . After Inverlyon 's Q ship career ended , she returned to fishing , but was sunk by U 55 on 1 February 1917 . Career Inverlyon was a fishing smack of 59 tons burthen that was a part of the fishing fleet at Lowestoft on the Suffolk coast . The wooden boat had a flush deck , two masts , and no engine . Inverlyon 's sails were fore and aft rigged and may have been red ochre in colour , the traditional sail colour for British smacks . In February 1915 , Germany began its first submarine offensive of the First World War . During this campaign , enemy vessels in the German defined war zone ( German Kriegsgebiet ) , which encompassed all waters around the United Kingdom , were to be sunk , and the British fishing fleet was not exempt . In mid June , for example , the German submarine UB 2 had sunk six smacks off Lowestoft in a two day period . One method devised to deal with U boat attacks was the decoy or Q ship , designed to lure submarines that were targeting merchant shipping close enough so that concealed guns or other weapons could sink them . Inverlyon was selected to become a Q ship , was outfitted with either a 3 pounder ( 47 mm ) or a 6 pounder ( 57 mm ) gun , and entered the service of the Royal Navy on 2 August 1915 . Inverlyon 's fishing crew and skipper were all temporarily inducted into the Trawler section of the Royal Naval Reserve . Regular Royal Navy Gunner Ernest Martin Jehan and three other gunners from HMS Dryad a former torpedo boat operating as a minesweeper out of Lowestoft were assigned to Inverlyon , with Jehan in command . On 14 August , the 59 ton smack Bona Fide was stopped by a U boat , boarded , and sunk with explosives 35 nautical miles ( 65 km ) east northeast from Lowestoft . This attack was likely by UB 4 , because she was operating in that area on her fourteenth patrol . Regardless of the identity of Bona Fide 's attacker , UB 4 did approach a group of smacks in the vicinity the next day . Unbeknown to UB 4 's commander , Oberleutnant zur See Karl Gross , one of the fishing vessels was the disguised Inverlyon . Around 20 20 , UB 4 surfaced near Inverlyon , and Gross , on the conning tower of UB 4 , began shouting out commands to Inverlyon 's crew in German . Jehan , after waiting until UB 4 closed to within 30 yards ( 27 m ) of Inverlyon , ordered the White Ensign raised and gave the command to open fire . A burst of three rounds from the Inverlyon 's weapon scored hits on the conning tower , the second shot destroying part of the bridge and sending Gross into the water . UB 4 , with no one at the helm , drifted behind Inverlyon , and when clear , Inverlyon 's gunner unleashed another six shots into the hull of UB 4 at point blank range . All the while , small arms fire from Inverlyon 's crew peppered the submarine . The U boat began going down by the bow , becoming nearly vertical before disappearing below the surface . Inverlyon 's fishing skipper , a man named Phillips , dived in to attempt the rescue of a crewman from UB 4 . Phillips was unable to reach him before the crewman went under and met same fate as Gross and UB 4 's twelve other crewmen . As UB 4 went down she fouled Inverlyon 's nets which had been deployed to keep up the appearance of a real fishing boat essentially anchoring Inverlyon in place . The Q ship 's crew , not having a wireless set on board , sent word of the encounter with another smack . This was followed up by releasing messenger pigeons the following morning , requesting instructions on what to do with UB 4 . The thought of salvaging the snagged U boat was rejected , so the nets were cut , freeing UB 4 to sink to the bottom . UB 4 's wreck lies at position 52 43 N 2 18 E. On 19 November 1915 Jehan was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross ( DSC ) for the sinking of UB 4 , and the crewmen of Inverlyon split the submarine bounty paid by the Admiralty . About three weeks after she sank UB 4 , Inverlyon had the opportunity to sink another U boat , but was unsuccessful . The U boat encountered may have been either UB 2 or UB 16 , which both sank fishing vessels in the area on 7 and 8 September . By 1916 , Inverlyon had ended her short lived Q ship career and returned to being a fishing boat . Jehan , in addition to his DSC , was subsequently specially promoted to lieutenant on 4 January 1916 for his war service he retired from the Royal Navy on 29 October 1920 . On 1 February 1917 , the German submarine U 55 shelled and sank Inverlyon 15 nautical miles ( 28 km ) from Trevose Head at position 50 47 N 5 5 W there were no reported casualties .
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2,390 | Flekkefjord Station ( Norwegian Flekkefjord stasjon ) is a former railway station located in Flekkefjord , Norway . It served as the terminus of the 1 , 067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) gauge Flekkefjord Line from 1904 to 1990 . The station building was designed by Paul Armin Due and was built in brick Art Nouveau . The station was important for transport along the coast until 1944 , when the completion of the Srland Line made Flekkefjord a branch station . At the same time , the line was converted to standard gauge , the number of station tracks was reduced , and the station received an overhaul . The station building was demolished in 1970 , but the station was still served until the line closed in 1990 . The tracks and depot buildings still exist . History The Flekkefjord Line ran from Egersund to Flekkefjord , as an extension of the Jren Line , that ran from Stavanger to Egersund . The Norwegian Parliament voted in favor of the line in 1894 , and construction started two years later . While initial plans were to open the line in 1902 , the station and line did not open until 1 November 1904 . The line was built as a 3 ft 6 in ( 1 , 067 mm ) gauge line , and the first rolling stock was reallocated from the Voss Line . Initially , there were four trains daily in each direction , reduced to three on holidays . The most important train was the one that coordinated with the west bound steam ship the train would wait up to 45 minutes if the ship was delayed . This become the dominant route for people to get from Stavanger to cities along the South Coast , as well as to Oslo . In addition to passengers , major cargo shipments included seasonal shipments of herring , as well as lumber from the surrounding areas . Coal for the trains was imported by steam ship to Flekkefjord . With the arrival of the Krager Line to Krager in 1927 , and the Srland Line to Arendal in 1935 , buses were used between Flekkefjord and the terminus cities , allowing land connection between Stavanger and Oslo via Flekkefjord . At the same time , diesel multiple units were introduced on the lightning trains , cutting travel time to Stavanger by 50 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes . The Flekkefjord Line was planned as part of the Srland Line , that would make Flekkefjord a station on the line between Oslo , Kristiansand and Stavanger . Instead , the route of the Srland Line was chosen to traverse an inner route , and the Flekkefjord Line became a 17 . 1 km ( 10 . 6 mi ) branch line of the Srland Line in 1944 . As part of the construction , the Flekkefjord Line was converted in 1940 41 to standard gauge . The first standard gauge train , a NSB Class 18 , operated on 8 August 1941 . The large traffic during the reconstruction period caused so much damage to the wharf that it had to be taken out of service . The speed on the line was also reduced to 40 kilometres per hour ( 25 mph ) , as the gauge conversion was done without changing the right of way profile . Dual gauge was kept until 1 March 1944 . At the same time the four tracks at the station were reduced to three . The cargo building was also moved three metres . In June 1945 , twelve people were employed at the station . With the introduction of standard gauge , Flekkefjord went from being an important hub for transport along the south coast , to merely being a branch station . However , the number of daily trains to Sira and Moi had increased to twelve , operated with Class 86 and Class 87 multiple units . The Class 87 was used until 1956 , when Class 86 came into service . In 1966 , Class 87 was reintroduced . Important cargo customers at the time were Draco ( who made boats ) and unk unk ( who made boilers ) . From 1981 , the Class 89 came into use , remaining until the station was closed in 1990 . Facilities As the only proper station on the line , Flekkefjord was built in brick in Art Nouveau . The two story 338 m2 ( 3 , 640 sq ft ) building which was designed by Paul Armin Due had a ground floor with a ticket office , four offices and three waiting rooms . The second story was an apartment for the station master . Due chose to design the building symmetrically around the waiting room . It had arched widows and doors , curved corners and two round towers . This gave both a tight and soft form in organic interaction . It has been considered one of Due 's best works of Art Nouveau . Beside the station there was a 196 m2 ( 2 , 110 sq ft ) single story restaurant building . In addition to a large main building , the station had a freight building , a wharf , a locomotive and wagon depot , and a loading area . There were four tracks past the station , in addition to two track to the cargo area . The cargo building had room for three wagons . The locomotive depot had places for six steam locomotives . The restaurant was converted into housing in the 1950s , and in May 1970 the station building was demolished to make room for a new bus station . The cargo building was refurbished to serve as a station building for passengers and as offices . The wharf was sold by the municipality in 1987 , and the last train to serve the station departed on 31 December 1990 . Most of the line and infrastructure is however intact .
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2,391 | Typhoon Maria was a weak typhoon which brushed the southeastern coast of Japan during early August 2006 . The seventh named storm of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season , Maria formed out of a tropical depression over the open waters of the western Pacific Ocean . On August 5 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the depression as a tropical storm while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) kept it as a depression . The storm quickly strengthened into a typhoon the next day , reaching its peak intensity with winds of 130 km h ( 80 mph 10 minute winds ) early on August 6 . The storm gradually weakened as it began to recurve , causing it to parallel the southeastern coast of Japan . On August 9 , Maria weakened into a tropical depression and later into an extratropical cyclone before dissipating on August 15 . Maria had only minor effects in Japan , mainly heavy rains which were estimated to have peaked over 400 mm ( 15 . 7 in ) on the Izu Peninsula . One person was killed after being struck by lightning and six others were injured . Meteorological history On August 3 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) began monitoring a tropical depression located to the southeast of Minami Torishima Island . The depression slowly developed as it moved towards the west northwest . At 1630 UTC on August 5 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the developing system while it was located about 740 km ( 460 mi ) east northeast of the northern Mariana Islands . Deep convection was present around the center of circulation but the overall structure of the storm resembled a subtropical cyclone . However , the storm was likely to intensify as it was located within an area of low to moderate vertical wind shear with favorable diffulence aloft . Later that day , the JMA upgraded the depression to a tropical storm and gave it the name Maria a name submitted by the United States and a common Chamorro feminine name . Maria continued towards the west northwest along the edge of a broad subtropical ridge located east of Japan . As the JMA issued their first advisory , the JTWC designated the system as Tropical Depression 09W while located about 280 km ( 175 mi ) east northeast of Iwo Jima . Early the next day , the JMA classified Maria as a severe tropical storm with winds of 95 km h ( 60 mph 10 minute winds ) while the JTWC reported that Maria had just become a tropical storm with winds reaching 75 km h ( 45 mph 1 minute winds ) . The storm also had a slight northward relocation . Tracking towards the northwest , the storm intensified into a typhoon and reached its peak intensity with winds of 130 km h ( 80 mph 10 minute winds ) and minimum pressure of 975 hPa ( mbar ) at 0900 UTC . Around the same time , the JTWC assessed the storm to have reached its peak intensity with winds of 110 km h ( 70 mph 1 minute winds ) . However , the JTWC operationally classified Maria as a minimal typhoon with winds of 120 km h ( 75 mph 1 minute winds ) on August 7 . On August 7 , a banding eye feature developed with deep convection around the eastern portion of the storm . Later that day , the storm sharply recurved towards the northeast and paralleled the southern coastline of Honshu . As Maria made the turn , dry air began to enter the system , causing it to weaken . Along with the dry air , wind shear began to increase and the JMA downgraded Maria to a severe tropical storm early on August 8 . The storm continued to weaken as it came very close to landfall near Tokyo , Japan on August 9 . Both agencies downgraded Maria to a tropical depression early on August 9 , with the JTWC issuing their final advisory at that time . Maria remained a tropical depression for another 24 hours before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on August 10 while located about 835 km ( 520 mi ) east northeast of Tokyo . The extratropical remnants turned towards the north and dissipated late on August 14 over the Sea of Okhotsk . Preparations and impact Weather officials warned residents about heavy rains , strong winds , and high waves in the Tkai region , Kant region , unk unk region , and the Izu Islands between August 8 and 9 . Seven flights out of Tokyo at Haneda airport were cancelled due to Maria . The JR Ito Line , an express train line , was temporarily shut down as a result of rain . As Maria brushed Japan , it produced heavy rains over the southeastern areas of the country . Yokota Air Base recorded 38 . 1 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) of rainfall and winds up to 34 km h ( 21 mph ) . Parts of the Izu Peninsula recorded rainfall in excess of 400 mm ( 15 . 7 in ) over a two day span , peaking at 458 mm ( 18 . 0 in ) in Tokyo . In Gifu Prefecture , thunderstorms associated with the typhoon resulted in a landslide that knocked out power to 510 residences . One man was injured and two cows died after a small farm was severely damaged by high winds . Flooding and landslides affected dozens of homes in Chshi , Chiba , prompting the evacuation of 63 families . One person was killed in Tokyo after being struck by lightning . Five people were injured when a plane headed for Tokyo encountered turbulence produced by Maria .
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2,392 | Allan McLean Scotty Davidson ( March 6 , 1892 June 16 , 1915 ) was a Canadian ice hockey player and soldier . He was considered one of the top wingers of the game 's early years . He led his Kingston junior team to two Ontario Hockey Association championships in 1910 and 1911 , when he moved to Calgary for the 1911 12 season and led the Calgary Athletics senior team to the Alberta provincial championship . Davidson turned professional with the Toronto Blueshirts in 1912 and was among the National Hockey Association 's leading scorers the following two seasons . He captained Toronto to the Stanley Cup championship in 1914 . Upon the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 , Davidson volunteered with the Canadian Expeditionary Force he was the first professional hockey player to do so . He was killed in action while fighting in Belgium in 1915 . Hailed as a hero by his peers , Davidson was said to have been killed after refusing to retreat during a battle . He is commemorated on the Canadian National Vimy Memorial . Davidson was posthumously inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950 . Playing career Davidson was born and raised in Kingston , Ontario , and learned the game through his coach , James T. Sutherland . He first played in the Ontario Hockey Association ( OHA ) senior division in 1908 09 where , as a 17 year old , he led the league with eight goals in four games . He joined the Kingston Frontenacs of the OHA junior division in 1909 where he emerged as a top player in the league . He was known for his shooting ability and considered a strong unk . Davidson served as team captain , and led the Frontenacs to OHA junior titles in 1910 and 1911 . He was a standout in the 1911 championship , leading his team back from a 3 0 deficit to win the game . After leaving the junior game , Davidson moved to Alberta where he played senior hockey for the Calgary Athletics . He scored three goals in four regular season games and added another three goals in three playoff games . The Athletics won the provincial championship , but were defeated by the Winnipeg Victorias for the Allan Cup . He returned to Ontario for the 1912 13 season when he was signed by the Toronto Blueshirts of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) . Davidson made his professional debut with Toronto in their season opening loss to the Montreal Canadiens , and finished his rookie season with 19 goals in 20 games . The Blueshirts named him team captain for the 1913 14 season , and he responded by finishing in the top ten in NHA goals with 23 and second in assists with 13 . Tied atop the standings with the Montreal Canadiens after the regular season , the Blueshirts faced the Canadiens in a two game , total goal series for both the O 'Brien Cup , the NHA championship , and control of the Stanley Cup , the Canadian championship . Following a 2 0 loss at Montreal , Davidson played a key role in Toronto 's 6 0 victory in the return match . He scored two goals , including Toronto 's third which clinched the championship . The title represented the first time a team from Toronto won the Stanley Cup . The Blueshirts then immediately faced the Victoria Aristocrats of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association held in March 1914 . It was considered an unofficial challenge for the Stanley Cup as the Aristocrats failed to arrange the series with the Cup 's trustees . Toronto emerged with three consecutive victories to win the series that was on occasion violent Davidson was involved in a fight late in the third game that touched off a melee involving most players for both teams . Military career When World War I broke out in 1914 , Davidson was the first professional hockey player to volunteer with the Canadian Expeditionary Force . He served with the Eastern Ontario Regiment of the Canadian Infantry , and attained the rank of lance corporal . Davidson earned the respect of his fellow soldiers who wrote of his bravery and fearlessness . He once rescued a wounded officer while fighting in France , and one account of his death asserts that he was shot in the back and killed while attempting to carry an injured soldier to safety . Another held that he died while on a bombing raid after refusing to retreat until he had spent his ammunition . He was said to have used his final grenade to kill a German officer before being killed himself . Legacy By the time he left hockey to fight in the war , Davidson was considered one of the top all around players in the NHA . Noted for his skating ability , it was said that he could skate faster backwards than most players could forwards . In 1925 , Maclean 's named him the top right wing when it determined its all star team of the game 's greatest players , an opinion shared by his former junior coach , who stated that he was as good as any player to ever patrol a wing position . Davidson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950 , and is honoured by the International Hockey Hall of Fame . The Kingston Frontenacs erected a monument to his memory shortly after his death . He was 23 years old when he was killed , and his name is commemorated on the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France . Career statistics
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2,393 | Why I Love You is a song by American hip hop artists Kanye West and Jay Z , from their first collaborative album Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) . The song features pop musician Mr Hudson who is signed to West 's GOOD Music label . Why I Love You heavily samples French house duo Cassius ' 2010 single I 3 U So , which itself is based upon a sample from the original 1971 version of I Feel a Song ( In My Heart ) by Sandra Richardson . The song almost entirely features Jay Z rapping and only contains a few lines provided by West . Lyrically , the song is about the people who have stood in the way of Jay Z throughout the year and expresses themes of victory and anger . The song received positive reviews from critics who generally praised the production . The song was released as the fifth single from Watch the Throne on September 13 , 2011 . However the song was only released outside of the US . The song became a top 40 single in the UK , in Iceland and in Belgium . The song has since been certified Gold for sales exceeding 500 , 000 . Jay and West performed the song at all the stops on their 2011 Watch the Throne Tour . Background Jay Z and Kanye West are both American rappers who have collaborated on several tracks together . In 2010 , they began production and recording on a collaborative record Watch the Throne . The track features Mr Hudson , who is signed to West 's GOOD Music label singing an interpolation of Cassius track I 3 U So . Mike Dean and West handled the production of the song . The artwork for Why I Love You features the French flag with a black third substituted for blue and is exactly the same cover used for Kanye West and Jay Z 's song Niggas in Paris , which was sent to rhythmic radio simultaneously with Why I Love You on September 13 , 2011 . The track was performed by West and Jay on their Watch the Throne tour . It was released as a single in the United Kingdom on November 28 , 2011 . Composition The track contains a sledgehammer beat which is built around French house duo Cassius ' 2010 single I 3 U So . West , who co produced the track , continues in the sonic vein he introduced in My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , lacing the songs with rock dynamics , layering his beats with eerie vocal chorales , piling on proggy flourishes . Slashing violin parts come in on the bridge before the song ends abruptly . Lyrically the song is about Jay 's dismay at past crewmates ' betrayals . The track features lines such as Caesar didn 't see it , so he ceased to exist So the nigga that killed him had keys to his shit which have been interpreted as insults towards artists such as Dame Dash , Beanie Sigel and Wiz Khalifa . The song revisits the split up of Roc A Fella Records and has Jay Z lamenting betrayal and how his past protgs failed to maintain without him . The track makes the unk point that being Sean Carter or Kanye West can have its downsides . Personnel Produced by Mike Dean and Kanye West Co produced by Anthony Kilhoffer Recorded by Noah Goldstein ( assisted by Matt Arnold ) at Real World Studios and Barford Estate , Sydney Mixed by Anthony Kilhoffer and Mike Dean at ( The Mercer ) Hotel Cello Chris Hitchcock Chorney Cello arrangement Mike Dean Reception Why I Love You received mostly positive reviews from music critics . AbsolutePunk 's Ian Walker described the track as an album spotlight , and stated that it 's carried by a dramatic , driving chorus from famed R B artist Mr Hudson and , while featuring one of Jay 's weakest verses on the entire album , showcases a surprisingly strong back and forth from the two headlining artists towards the end . Rob Harvilla of Spin commented that Why I Love You closes out the album proper with a monster Cassius lifted chorus . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian stated that the song is pure pop aggrandisement , musing that this rather enjoyable piece of maximalism feels quite at home on an album writ so large , both in sound and verse , that a planetarium was deemed the only fitting venue for its first playback . Craig Jenkins of Prefix wrote that Mike Dean 's titanic , Cassius sampling Why I Love You slowly peels layers off its stuffy largess to reveal the gorgeous string accompaniment underfoot . Kanye and his team are still trafficking in proggy , kitchen sink experimentation , and Kanye 's transformation into rap 's own ELO is nearly complete . Entertainment Weekly 's Kyle Anderson was less enthusiastic about the track , writing that Everything falls apart on the album closing Why I Love You , which cranks up West 's love of prog rock bombast so much that it sounds like guest crooner Mr Hudson is trying to sing the hook over a poorly recorded bootleg of a Muse concert . Charts performance Due to the hype around Watch the Throne worldwide , Why I Love You debuted on various charts globally on the week of the album 's release . In the UK the song reached a peak of 87 , and 27 on their R B chart . In South Korea , the track charted at position 94 . The song became a top 40 single in both Iceland and Belgium . It also charted in France at number 56 , and in Switzerland at 52 .
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2,394 | Wadzeks Kampf mit der Dampfturbine ( Wadzek 's Struggle with the Steam Turbine ) is a 1918 comic novel by the German author Alfred Dblin . Set in Berlin , it narrates the futile and often delusional struggle of the eponymous industrialist Wadzek against Rommel , his more powerful competitor . In its narrative technique and its refusal to psychologize its characters , as well as in its vivid evocations of Berlin as a modern metropolis , Wadzeks Kampf mit der Dampfturbine has been read as a precursor to Dblin 's better known 1929 novel Berlin Alexanderplatz . Plot As the novel opens , Wadzek , owner of a factory that produces steam engines , is locked in a struggle with his more powerful rival Rommel , whose much larger company manufactures turbines . He can be seen as representing a new type of entrepreneur , more technologically advanced and less scrupulous than Wadzek . Losing value , the stock of Wadzek 's company is being bought up by Rommel in desperation , Wadzek teams up with Schneemann , an engineer working at one of Rommel 's factories , to thwart his company 's takeover by Rommel . This effort includes the misguided theft of some of Rommel 's business correspondence . Fearing legal retribution for this theft , Wadzek , accompanied by Schneemann , flees with his wife Pauline and daughter Herta to his house in Reinickendorf , where the two men fortify the house in delusional preparation for a siege that never comes . Financially and spiritually broken , Wadzek returns to Berlin and with Schneemann attempts to turn himself in at a police station , where they learn that no warrant has even been issued for their arrest . There follows a temporary reconciliation with his estranged family and the first attempts to begin a new career in education Wadzek would instruct his students in a new , moralistic and humane approach to technology . However , after walking in on an erotically and exotically charged debauch held in his own parlor ( the aftermath of an African themed birthday party Pauline held with her two new friends from Reinickendorf ) , Wadzek suffers a further breakdown . The novel ends aboard a ship bound for America , Wadzek eloping with Gaby , an old acquaintance and erstwhile lover of Rommel 's , to begin a new life . Stylistic and thematic aspects The novel , originally conceived by Dblin as a novel in Kino Stil ( cinematic style ) , is characterized by rapid shifts of perspective and the increasingly sophisticated use of montage . Dblin , having emphatically rejected the psychological novel in his 1913 essay To novel writers and their critics , presents the reader of Wadzek with a depiction of characters from a perspective that , rather than offering psychological motivations for their actions , opts for a psychiatric method that records events and processes without commenting on them or attempting to explain them . Condemned by contemporary critics for its overly detailed and grotesque descriptive language , the novel 's style has since received acknowledgment for its radical naturalism . Describing the narrative technique used in Wadzek , the critic Judith Ryan has written , At times Wadzek and his co actors are seen from without , as if by a ... camera , at times his perceptions are given from within , but regardless of the observational standpoint , we have no access to Wadzek 's psyche . What we know of his emotions and his internal responses to events is solely what we have deduced from his external actions . Dblin 's refusal to make Wadzek a tragic figure , as well as the novel 's unk and satire of tragedy , earned the praise of a young Bertolt Brecht , who declared , Ich liebe das Buch . Other themes of the novel include monopoly capitalism , modern technology , the bourgeois family , and the modern metropolis . Certain aspects of the plot , such as Schneemann 's dislike of Stettin ( Szczecin ) and Wadzek 's elopement for America , recapitulate elements of Dblin 's own biography . Genesis and publication By his own account , Dblin wrote Wadzeks Kampf mit der Dampfturbine in one go from August to December 1914 , at which time he had to begin work as a military doctor near the western front in Sarreguemines . While he had originally conceived of the work as a three stage narrative about the progress of modern technology ( represented by the steam engine , the steam turbine , and the oil motor ) , his planned sequel , Der unk ( The Oil Motor ) , never came to fruition . He conducted extensive research for the novel , spending time in the facilities of AEG and learning about the construction of machines , turbines , and motors . Dblin submitted the draft to rigorous stylistic overhaul during the war years , shortening the novel considerably and radicalizing the syntax . The novel was published in May 1918 by Fischer Verlag and was not reprinted until a critical edition , based on the text of the first edition with minor corrections drawn from the manuscript and typescript , was published by Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag in 1987 . The original manuscript and subsequent typescript are preserved in the German Literary Archive in Marbach . As of 2016 , no English translation is available .
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2,395 | The Virtual Theatre is a computer game engine designed by Revolution Software to produce adventure games for computer platforms . The engine allowed their team to script events , and move animated sprites against a drawn background with moving elements using a point and click style interface . Upon its first release , it rivaled competing engines like LucasArts ' SCUMM and Sierra 's Creative Interpreter , due to its then high level of artificial intelligence . The engine was first proposed in 1989 , while the first game to use it , Lure of the Temptress , was released in 1992 , followed by Beneath a Steel Sky ( 1994 ) , Broken Sword The Shadow of the Templars ( 1996 ) and Broken Sword II The Smoking Mirror ( 1997 ) . It allowed in game characters to wander around the gameworld independently of each other , performing everyday life actions , which was not previously possible , and all characters and objects occupied space , and consequently , non player characters had to side step the player 's protogonist and any other object they came across , as well as the player had to side step them , achieving a more realistic game world than previous engines were unable to provide , though non player characters could unwittingly block a path as the player was traversing the game scene . Non player characters performed much simpler tasks with each release due to size constraints . Two games ( Broken Sword The Shadow of the Templars and Broken Sword II The Smoking Mirror ) that use a Virtual Theatre variant engine can now be played on modern hardware using ScummVM , which as a result allows the engine to run on platforms where the titles were not officially released . In 2012 , it was confirmed that the engine will be revived as Virtual Theatre 7 for the upcoming fifth Broken Sword titled Broken Sword The Serpent 's Curse ( 2013 ) . Development Charles Cecil and Tony Warriner had worked together at Artic Computing , an English video game development company . In 1990 , they decided that they would set up their own video game development company , together with David Sykes and Noirin Carmody . For their debut adventure game , Lure of the Temptress , released in 1992 for Amiga , Atari ST and PC , Cecil , Warriner , Sykes and Dan Marchant created the concept of the game engine titled Virtual Theatre , which Warriner wrote . For Beneath a Steel Sky , released in 1994 for Amiga , and PC , Revolution used an updated version of Virtual Theatre , Virtual Theatre 2 . 0 , written by Warriner and Sykes . However , because the game was six times the size of Lure of the Temptress , non player characters had to perform much simpler tasks than in its predecessor . Broken Sword The Shadow of the Templars , released in 1996 for PC , Mac and PlayStation , and its sequel , Broken Sword II The Smoking Mirror , released in 1997 for PC and PlayStation , also used modified versions of the Virtual Theatre engine . The engine got various updates since then . For Broken Sword The Serpent 's Curse a brand new engine ( unk ) was developed in order to deal with multiple platforms and , in particular screen resolution ( The system is built on C and OpenGL , and a custom scripting language to implement the game itself ) . Features Traditionally in adventure game engines , non player characters were static awaiting the player to interact with them to trigger an event . However , Virtual Theatre allowed non player characters to traverse the world in seemingly random patterns , interacting with their environment . Upon the engine 's first release , it rivaled competing engines such as LucasArts ' SCUMM engine , and Sierra 's Creative Interpreter , due to its then high level of artificial intelligence . Another advantage of the engine is that it is a cross platform engine . It was also faster on the Amiga than the C code that was used by many USA programmers at that time . Compared to the Sierra titles , the engine became in this respect more sophisticated , a reason why Revolution did the conversion of King 's Quest VI to the Amiga . All of the in game objects ( including non player characters ) in Virtual Theatre occupied space , which was a unique feature for an engine at the time . Consequently , non player characters had to side step the player 's protogonist and any other object they came across , as well as the player had to side step them . When a non player character bypassed the protagonist , he or she uttered a comment ( like Excuse me , Sir ) . As the result , the engine achieved a more realistic game world than previous engines were able to provide , though non player characters could unwittingly block a path as the player was traversing the game scene . This was remedied with the release of Broken Sword The Shadow of the Templars , where the protagonist , if found his way blocked by another character , could simply walk through him . Two games ( Broken Sword The Shadow of the Templars and Broken Sword II The Smoking Mirror ) that use a Virtual Theatre variant engine can now be played on modern hardware using ScummVM . Consequently , those games using the engine may run on the platforms the titles were not officially released on .
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2,396 | Severe Tropical Cyclone Ilona caused moderate damage across the Pilbara region of Western Australia in mid December 1988 . The system originated from a monsoon trough that coalesced into a tropical low over the Timor Sea on 12 December . The system initially moved southwest , before moving on a more westerly course . Steady intensification occurred and Ilona reached its peak strength on 17 December as a low end severe tropical cyclone . A southward turn directed the cyclone toward Western Australia , and it made landfall near Mardie Station . The system subsequently degraded over land and dissipated on 19 December . The cyclone 's effects were relatively limited , though locally significant damage was reported in areas such as Dampier and Karratha . Several homes lost their roof and downed power lines left towns without power for several days . No casualties were reported , damage amounted to A 1 million ( US 725 , 000 ) , and the name Ilona was retired after the season . Meteorological history A monsoon trough was noted along the coast of Australia 's Northern Territory in late November into early December 1988 . This system led to sporadic heavy rain in the region . On 12 December , a tropical low consolidated from the monsoon trough over the Timor Sea , west of Darwin , Northern Territory . Moving southwest , the system skirted the Kimberley coast before turning west . Acquiring gale force winds by 00 00 UTC on 13 December , the low was classified as a Category 1 tropical cyclone and assigned the name Ilona by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre ( TCWC ) in Perth , Western Australia . At this time it was situated near Adele Island . Twelve hours later , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) also began issuing advisories , dubbing it Tropical Cyclone 03S . unk somewhat , Ilona steadily intensified over the following days and achieved severe tropical cyclone status having ten minute sustained winds of at least 118 km h ( 73 mph ) around 12 00 UTC on 15 December . Similarly , the JTWC assessed the system to have reached the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson hurricane scale ( SSHS ) by 18 00 UTC . Ilona turned south , and later south southeast , on 15 December and began a steady approach to Western Australia . Slight intensification took place , with the cyclone achieving its peak strength around 00 00 UTC on 17 December with ten minute sustained winds of 130 km h ( 80 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 960 hPa ( mbar 28 . 35 inHg ) . The JTWC estimated Ilona to be slightly stronger , with maximum one minute sustained winds of 155 km h ( 100 mph ) a Category 2 equivalent on the SSHS . That day , Ilona passed near the North Rankin gas platform . Around 16 00 UTC , the eye of Ilona made landfall near Mardie Station . Around 16 30 UTC , the center of Ilona passed over the town , with a five minute period of calm observed . An eye passage was also reported in Fortescue Roadhouse . The cyclone rapidly decayed as it accelerated inland , falling below tropical cyclone strength by 00 00 UTC on 19 December , at which time it was situated northeast of Meekatharra . Thereafter , the decaying low turned east and ultimately dissipated later that day just west of the Western Australia South Australia border . Preparations and impact On 15 December , areas across Pilbara were placed on alert for the storm 's arrival however , as the storm continued west , the alert was dropped . The warning was quickly reinstated when forecasts showed Ilona moving south . Officials indicated that residents had roughly 12 hours to fully prepare . Striking Pilbara as a severe tropical cyclone , Ilona caused significant damage in the region however , the sparsely populated nature of the region limited the extent of severe damage . Mardie Station was buffeted by hurricane force winds with gusts up to 174 km h ( 108 mph ) . An unconfirmed report indicated gusts as high as 220 km h ( 140 mph ) . These winds uprooted trees , downed power lines , and tore roofs from homes in multiple locales extensive damage occurred in Roebourne , Wickham , Dampier , Karratha , Pannawonica , and Tom Price . Homes and caravans sustained damage in Karratha , reportedly the hardest hit area according to State Emergency Services . Affected areas were without power for several days , and crews from Port Hedland were called in to assist . Heavy rains also accompanied the system , with accumulations exceeding 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) across much of Pilbara , breaking December records at the time two day accumulations exceeded 200 mm ( 7 . 9 in ) in some locations . The rainfall was mostly beneficial to the region . Offshore , the combined effects of Cyclones Ilona and Orson in March 1989 caused tremendous damage to coral reefs mainly populated by Acropora in eastern areas of Mermaid Sound . Turbulent waters killed or broke apart 50 100 of the living coral across all sites in the sound . In coastal Dampier , 12 boats sank , capsized , or were washed ashore . Damage amounted to A 1 million ( US 725 , 000 ) . Though no casualties were reported , the effects of Ilona were deemed severe enough for its name to be retired after the season .
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2,397 | GT Advance Championship Racing ( known as Advance GTA in Japan ) is a racing game developed by MTO and published by THQ . It was a launch title for the Game Boy Advance , and was released in Japan on March 21 , 2001 , in North America on June 11 , 2001 , and in Europe on June 22 , 2001 . The game 's sequel , GT Advance 2 Rally Racing , was released on June 30 , 2002 in North America . GT Advance features forty five Japanese cars and places the player in races on thirty two tracks . Due to positive reaction to the game in Japan , THQ purchased publishing rights for the North American and European releases to the game after a reported bidding war , and added in a controversial password save system into the game to cut costs . The game was received with mostly positive reviews from critics that praised the game for its fun gameplay , but THQ was criticized by most reviewers for adding passwords to the game when the Japanese version had battery backed saves . Gameplay GT Advance Championship Racing is a customizable experience , including 48 cars from 8 car manufacturers , and 32 courses . Some of the cars featured in the game are exclusively found in Asia , such as the Nissan Cube . The courses vary between paved and dirt roads , requiring the player to adapt their driving to meet the conditions of the course they 're driving on . The game 's championship mode features four levels of play , three cups of varying levels , and an unlockable kart racing mode . Upgrades earned through gameplay can be added to the player 's car , and in some cases , they can change the physical appearance of the vehicle . The game contains multiplayer support , allowing two people to play against each other using a Game Link Cable . Controls are simple , with the A and B buttons controlling the player 's gas and brakes respectively . The R and L buttons shift the car up or down a gear in manual control , and the D Pad controls the car 's steering . The game requires the player to master the powerslide technique to skid around corners and to reduce their lap time . Graphics The roads in the game are painted on a flat plane , which allows the game to progress at a smooth rate , but makes it harder for the player to see upcoming turns in the road . The problem can be remedied by playing through a track multiple times to gain familiarity with the turns in a course . The cars are rendered through sprite frames , giving the impression of 3D graphics in the game . Save system The Japanese version of the game , Advance GTA , had save support . However , THQ pulled the battery RAM out of the North American and European releases of the game , and utilized passwords to save data instead . The system forces players of the North American and European releases to enter a sixteen digit code consisting of upper and lowercase letters , numbers , and symbols into the game to retrieve their data . Many critics blamed THQ for what was perceived to be a cost cutting measure . It was the only major change from the Japanese version of the game . Development MTO began development on GT Advance Championship Racing about a year before the release of the game in Japan . The game was first announced on August 18 , 2000 , under the name of Pocket GT Advance . With the exception of a new password save system , tweaking was kept to a minimum for the North American version of the game . The choice was made in the Japanese version to use mostly English in the game so it would be playable outside Japan . The Japanese version of the game , Advance GTA , was praised by critics and the anticipation for the North American and European releases of the game grew . A reported bidding war between United States publishing companies to release the game in the US began after the positive feedback from the Japanese version . It was reported a month afterwards that THQ had gained the publishing rights for the game 's North American and European releases . Reception GT Advance Championship Racing garnered praise from critics for its overall gameplay , but the inclusion of a password save system by THQ into the North American and European releases of the game was heavily criticized . IGN 's Craig Harris praised the high quality graphics engine and the entertaining powerslide system , but observed that with regards to the password system , ... some players ( myself included ) just might throw their hands up in disgust with what THQ has done to the game . GameSpot observed that , GT Advance is , at its core , a very robust and graphically impressive racing game . Despite praising the gameplay , however , GameSpot recommended that players buy a Japanese import version of the game instead , since it was in English and included a battery save feature . Eurogamer wrote that even though GT Advance was hampered by passwords , ... you should definitely own GT Advance one way or another , as current gripe excepted it 's a sterling example of handheld racing done properly . Responding to criticisms of the password save system , THQ later re instated the battery save feature into the two sequels of the game , GT Advance 2 Rally Racing , and GT Advance 3 Pro Concept Racing .
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2,398 | 55 Cancri e ( abbreviated 55 Cnc e ) , also named Janssen , is an exoplanet closely orbiting its Sun like host star 55 Cancri A. The mass of the exoplanet is about 8 . 63 Earth masses and its diameter is about twice that of the Earth , thus classifying it as the first super Earth discovered around a main sequence star , predating Gliese 876 d by a year . It takes fewer than 18 hours to complete an orbit and is the innermost known planet in its planetary system . 55 Cancri e was discovered on 30 August 2004 . However , until the 2010 observations and recalculations , this planet had been thought to take about 2 . 8 days to orbit the star . In October 2012 , it was announced that 55 Cancri e could be a carbon planet . In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning name was Janssen for this planet . The winning name was submitted by the Royal Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy of the Netherlands . It honors the spectacle maker and telescope pioneer Zacharias Janssen . In February 2016 , it was announced that NASA 's Hubble Space Telescope had detected hydrogen and helium ( and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide ) , but no water vapor , in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e , the first time the atmosphere of a super earth exoplanet was analyzed successfully . Discovery Like the majority of extrasolar planets found prior to the Kepler mission , 55 Cancri e was discovered by detecting variations in its star 's radial velocity . This was achieved by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of 55 Cancri A. At the time of its discovery , three other planets were known orbiting the star . After accounting for these planets , a signal at around 2 . 8 days remained , which could be explained by a planet of at least 14 . 2 Earth masses in a very close orbit . The same measurements were used to confirm the existence of the uncertain planet 55 Cancri c . 55 Cancri e was one of the first extrasolar planets with a mass comparable to that of Neptune to be discovered . It was announced at the same time as another hot Neptune orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 436 named Gliese 436 b . Planet challenged In 2005 the existence of planet e was questioned by Jack Wisdom in a reanalysis of the data according to him , instead of the 2 . 8 day planet there is a planet with a mass similar to that of Neptune in a 261 day orbit around 55 Cancri A. In 2007 , Debra Fischer and colleagues at San Francisco State University published a new analysis indicating that both planets existed the planet in the 260 day orbit was accordingly designated 55 Cancri f . Transit The planet 's transit of its primary was announced on 27 April 2011 , based on two weeks of nearly continuous photometric monitoring with the MOST space telescope . The transits occur with the period ( 0 . 74 days ) and phase that had been predicted by Dawson unk . This is one of the few planetary transits to be confirmed around a well known star , and allowed investigations into the planet 's composition . Orbit and mass The radial velocity method used to detect 55 Cancri e obtains the minimum mass of 7 . 8 times that of Earth , or 48 of the mass of Neptune . The transit shows that its inclination is about 83 . 4 1 . 7 , so the real mass is close to the minimum . 55 Cancri e is also coplanar with b . Characteristics 55 Cancri e receives more radiation than Gliese 436 b . The side of the planet facing its star has temperatures more than 2 , 000 kelvin ( approximately 1 , 700 degrees Celsius or 3 , 100 Fahrenheit ) , hot enough to melt metal . It was initially unknown whether 55 Cancri e was a small gas giant like Neptune or a large rocky terrestrial planet . In 2011 , a transit of the planet was confirmed , allowing scientists to calculate its density . At first it was suspected to be a water planet . As initial observations showed no hydrogen in its Lyman alpha signature during transit , Ehrenreich speculated that its volatile materials might be carbon dioxide instead of water or hydrogen . An alternative possibility is that 55 Cancri e is a solid planet made of carbon rich material rather than the oxygen rich material that makes up the terrestrial planets in our solar system . In this case , roughly a third of the planet 's mass would be carbon , much of which may be in the form of diamond as a result of the temperatures and pressures in the planet 's interior . Further observations are necessary to confirm the nature of the planet . In February 2016 , it was announced that NASA 's Hubble Space Telescope had detected hydrogen and helium ( and suggestions of hydrogen cyanide ) , but no water vapor , in the atmosphere of 55 Cancri e , the first time the atmosphere of a super earth exoplanet was analyzed successfully . Volcanism Large surface temperature variations on 55 Cancri e have been attributed to possible volcanic activity releasing large clouds of dust which blanket the planet and block thermal emissions .
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2,399 | Are You My Mummy is the twelfth broadcast episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb . The episode sees stepbrothers Phineas and Ferb going to an Egyptian themed theater where they become inspired to befriend a mummy they believe is being kept in the theater basement . They confuse the mummy for their sister Candace , who was accidentally wrapped up in toilet paper . Meanwhile , Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz tries to blow up a beaver dam in order to make his property beachfront . Are You My Mummy was written by series co founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff Swampy Marsh , along with Bobby Gaylor and Martin Olson , and directed by Povenmire . It originally aired on February 15 , 2008 , as part of the month long marathon event Phineas and Ferb urary . Critical reception for the episode was generally favorable . The featured song , My Undead Mummy and Me , was also well received and became available on the official Phineas and Ferb soundtrack in 2009 . Plot summary unk Phineas and Ferb , along with their father Lawrence and sister Candace , go to an Egyptian themed movie theater where they see a movie about two archeologists who discover an undead mummy . Phineas and Ferb are inspired to find their own mummy and go out to the basement of the theater , where there is rumored to be a mummy . Candace sees them going off to do this and follows them , hoping to get them in trouble with their father . However , as Phineas and Ferb go searching for the mummy through the basement hallways wearing archeologist hats , they run into what they believe are booby traps they avoid the traps but Candace ends up getting hit by them all . Eventually , she becomes caught up in unk toilet paper and cannot talk properly ( due to eating stale bubble gum ) , which leads to the boys mistaking her for the mummy and capturing her . Meanwhile , Perry , the boys ' pet platypus who leads a double life as a secret agent , goes off to a lake near a beaver dam which his nemesis Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz plans on destroying . Once Perry arrives , Doofenshmirtz traps him an indestructible bubble made of pure evil and space age polymers and explains that he hopes to disassemble the dam using the unk ( described as operating like a magnet , except that it attracts wood ) , in order to raise water levels , making his estate beachfront property . Perry eventually destroys the bubble and begins to fight Doofenshmirtz , until the dam is destroyed and they are sent with the water as it washes into the pipe system . Doofenshmirtz , Perry , and the lake water reach the pipe lines next to the theater 's basement where the boys and Candace are . Perry defeats Doofenshmirtz without catching the attention of the three and the water washes away Candace 's toilet paper . When they get outside to meet up with their father , Phineas is dumbfounded as to where their mummy went , but Lawrence thinks he is simply referring to their mother and they get into the car . As they ride off , Ferb explains the process of mummification and Candace says that only the lucky mummies get the full process . Production Are You My Mummy was written by Phineas and Ferb co founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff Swampy Marsh , along with Bobby Gaylor and Martin Olson . It was storyboarded by artists Kyle Baker and Mike Roth , and directed by Povenmire . It was originally broadcast in the United States on Disney Channel on February 15 , 2008 , with a TV G parental rating , as part of the special month long marathon event Phineas and Ferb urary . Plot elements for the episode date back to the original pitch to The Walt Disney Company for the series produced by Povenmire and Marsh . The pitch was constructed of storyboard reels which were recorded and dubbed over by Povenmire for voices , narration , and sound effects . The initial theme song featured an illustration of Phineas and Ferb , wearing their archeologist hats , discovering Candace , dressed in unk toilet paper . Are You My Mummy is available on the 2008 DVD compilation Phineas and Ferb The Fast and the Phineas , along with fellow first season episodes of the series One Good Scare Ought to Do It The Fast and the Phineas , Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror , Flop Starz , Raging Bully , Lights Candace Action and It 's About Time The song My Undead Mummy and Me , which is based on the theme song for The Courtship of Eddie 's Father , became available in 2009 on the official Phineas and Ferb soundtrack . Reception Are You My Mummy received generally favorable reviews from television critics . Reviewers particularly praised the musical number My Undead Mummy and Me . DVD Verdict reviewer Jim Thomas called it truly twisted in his review of The Fast and Phineas . Ed Liu of Toon Zone was critical of the episode and several other early ones from the series , citing them as way too manic for their own good , but considered the song to be an amusing video sequence . A Wired magazine review for the series ' soundtrack dubbed the song whimsical , considering it to be a quick improvement from the CD 's previous track , Disco Miniature Golfing Queen , from the episode Put That Putter Away .
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