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2,500 | HM Submarine X1 was conceived and designed as a submersible commerce raider for the Royal Navy at the time of her launching she was the largest submarine in the world . The idea of a submarine cruiser had been proposed as early as 1915 , but was not put into practice until 1921 . X1 , which was based on the uncompleted German U 173 class of 2 , 000 ton U cruisers , was laid down on 2 November 1921 at the Naval Dockyard Chatham and completed on 23 September 1925 , commissioning in December 1925 . The 1922 Washington Naval Treaty , of which Britain was a signatory , did not ban submarines but it did ban their use against merchant ships , which was X1 's unacknowledged purpose its armament had been designed to successfully engage the classes of vessels likely to be escorting convoys , such as destroyers and frigates . Therefore , a certain amount of secrecy surrounded X1 , the government even going to the lengths of taking a national newspaper to court over its pictures of the new submarine following her launch , all copies of the paper being seized . Description The X1 's 1 inch ( 25 mm ) thick pressure hull was 19 feet 7 . 5 inches ( 5 . 982 m ) in diameter amidships , and was divided into 10 water tight compartments . This was almost completely surrounded by her external hull , which also contained the main ballast tanks and most of her fuel . Her intended maximum diving depth was 500 feet ( 150 m ) , but was reduced to 350 feet ( 110 m ) once in service . She was expected to sink her targets using gunfire and so was given four 5 . 2 inch ( 130 mm ) guns to be able to defeat a destroyer or armed merchant ship , although she was fitted with six bow tubes for 21 inch ( 530 mm ) torpedoes to supplement her guns . Armament X1 carried four QF 5 . 2 inch Mk I guns in twin unarmoured turrets , one forward and one aft of the conning tower . They had a range of about 16 , 000 yards ( 15 , 000 m ) . A circular trunk ran from each mounting to the magazine in the pressure hull which contained 100 rounds per gun . A working chamber which was 10 feet ( 3 . 0 m ) in diameter encircled the trunk between the pressure hull and the gun mount . Her ammunition hoists were problematic and could not sustain the desired rate of fire of six rounds per gun per minute . Special ballast tanks were used to compensate for the loss of weight as ammunition was fired . Working and control of the guns required no less than 58 men . The fire control tower was in the middle of the conning tower and had a top section that could be raised 2 feet ( 0 . 61 m ) when in use . The upper control room was between the tower and the pressure hull . Just aft of the control room was the rangefinding room , with a 9 foot ( 2 . 7 m ) rangefinder on the bridge that could be raised 8 feet ( 2 . 4 m ) . Her six torpedo tubes came from a cancelled L class submarine and she was provided with one reload for each tube . It took some 24 minutes to reload them all because space in the torpedo room was restricted . Propulsion The main engines were two 8 cylinder Admiralty diesel engines with a total output of 3 , 000 horsepower ( 2 , 200 kW ) . Two auxiliary 1 , 200 horsepower ( 890 kW ) MAN diesel engines taken from U 126 were installed for battery charging purposes . For underwater propulsion , two GEC electric motors of 1 , 000 horsepower ( 750 kW ) each were fitted . It was hoped to achieve over 8 , 000 horsepower ( 6 , 000 kW ) using both diesels and electric motors together , but the highest power achieved ( during a full power trial in March 1926 ) was 7 , 135 horsepower ( 5 , 321 kW ) . She had three groups of batteries , each with 110 cells weighing a total of 70 long tons ( 71 t ) . These batteries were also fitted with water filled cooling tubes , jackets , centrifugal pumps and finned heat exchangers ( the first recorded use of battery cooling ) to reduce core temperatures during aggressive charge and discharge cycles . In theory she could make 19 . 5 knots ( 36 . 1 km h ) on the surface , and at economical speed she had a greater range than normal cruisers , but both sets of diesel engines suffered from continual mechanical problems that reduced her speed and range . The X1 's average diving time ( to periscope depth ) was 2 minutes 20 seconds . Her handling underwater was considered superior to other submarines of the period . Career After X1 was commissioned in December 1925 and accepted in April 1926 she made a voyage to Gibraltar after which her main engine drive wheels were found to be damaged . After repairs she was sent to the Mediterranean Sea . Her starboard camshaft driveshaft broke during a full power run in January 1928 and a new set of gears was needed , but after refitting at Malta her port camshaft driveshaft broke in the same place in April 1928 . By 1930 her commanding officer reported internal arrangements not very satisfactory because of overcrowding with auxiliary machinery , accommodation is cramped , ventilation poor and the ship suffers from humidity , diving arrangements good . Both the main and auxiliary engines were troublesome and she spent most of her time under repair , before being laid up . X1 was placed in reserve after 1930 , before she was finally scrapped at Pembroke on 12 December 1936 .
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2,501 | The Virgin Hotels Chicago ( formerly Old Dearborn Bank Building or 203 North Wabash Avenue ) is a historic building in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois , that has been converted from use as an office building to use as a hotel run via a mobile app based business model . The 250 room hotel is the first of Richard Branson 's Virgin Hotels brand boutique hotels geared toward the female business traveller . Old Dearborn Bank Building Situated at the intersection of East Lake Street and North Wabash Avenue , the Old Dearborn Bank Building was constructed between 1926 and 1928 with ornate medieval and mythological terra cotta decoration that was typical of movie palaces that were its contemporaries . The neoclassical architecture designed building is one of only two Rapp and Rapp buildings designed as an office building . Soon after the Old Dearborn Bank opened in 1928 , it was acquired and its parent company was liquidated in the United States ' Great Depression . The building , which is 27 stories high , was designated a Chicago Landmark on June 4 , 2003 . The 300 foot ( 91 . 4 m ) light brown brick building with a steel structure includes 25 floors above ground and two below . The owners of the building defaulted on a 9 million loan from John Hancock Life Insurance resulting in the acquisition of the loan ( and thus the property ) for an undisclosed amount by Urban Street Properties LLC in April 2010 . The building had been acquired by the previous owners for 9 . 5 million in 2001 . Virgin Hotels Chicago On October 24 , 2011 , Virgin Hotels , part of Virgin Group , purchased the building with the aim of opening it as their first hotel in 2013 with approximately 250 rooms . The transaction was an all cash deal that was valued at about 14 million . The company hired The John Buck Company to renovate the building . The lead architect for the renovation was Booth Hansen . The co designers for the interior renovation were Rockwell Group Europe and Virgin Hotels ' in house design team . The purchase was part of Virgin Hotels ' 2010 business plan to acquire distressed properties in North America cheaply during the property downturn . The building opened for business as a hotel on January 15 , 2015 . It is the first of what was planned to be twenty Virgin Hotels locations that operate under this business model . The renovation took longer than planned due to the building 's city landmark status , which required continuing coordination with the Commission on Chicago Landmarks . Original features that were retained include a 1920s oak cigar bar , brass elevator lobby doors and a tiled ceiling . The final layout of 250 rooms includes 40 single room suites and 2 penthouse suites . 40 rooms are pet friendly . Under the unk of the Commission on Chicago Landmarks , the renovation included brick , window and steel frame replacement . The focal point of the renovated building is the publicly accessible Commons Club on the second floor , with a contemporary style bar , a full kitchen , a lounge area , curated books and local memorabilia . At the time of opening , four additional dining options were expected within three months . The area was carved out of a former second floor banking hall . The hotel has no check in desk it uses a smartphone check in system in which you scan a QR code and retrieve your room key from a vending machine . The visitors use a mobile app , named Lucy , that the company describes as a personal comfort assistant . According to Mary unk of The Los Angeles Times , the app can order more pillows , handle room service orders , and serve as a remote control for both the television and the hotel 's music library . The website also suggests that the app can control room temperature , interface with the chat board , provide local knowledge , and coordinate your messages with hotel staff . When asked about the operation , Virgin 's Richard Branson said There won t be hidden charges , and you won t get charged 10 for a chocolate bar you know you can buy at a store for 2 . Branson has stated that the brand is geared toward the female business traveler . The rooms feature a patent pending ergonomic bed and several female friendly features in the dressing room , shower and closets . Reviews Bloomberg Business 's Jennifer Parker noted that the hotel was on the cutting edge of technology upon its opening , but questioned whether the hotel had any gender leanings . She found fault with the gym , toiletries , and delayed spa opening , but enjoyed the social ambiance , the normal retail prices of unk items ( rather than more standard hotel unk ) and the top notch free Wi Fi . She found many of the appealing elements of the designed to be dubiously marketed , but appealing nonetheless . Chicago Tribune 's Pulitzer Prize winning architecture critic , Blair Kamin , praised the incorporation of various wildlife into the decor and unk elements of the rehab resulting from the alliance of real estate developers and historic preservationists , but made it clear that Virgin Hotels Chicago is not the Four Seasons Hotel Chicago or Ritz Carlton ( Four Seasons ) . He describes this as a successful recycling of a second tier historic building . Old Dearborn Bank Building 2007 Gallery
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2,502 | M 139 is a state trunkline highway entirely within Berrien County in the US state of Michigan . The highway starts at US Highway 12 ( US 12 ) southwest of Niles and runs through rural areas of the county to terminate at an intersection with Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I 94 ) in Benton Harbor . The highway run parallel to , and crosses over , the St. Joseph River several times as it follows a set of roads previously used for US 31 in the area . The highway was first designated in the 1930s as a bypass of the Benton Harbor and St. Joseph area . Its termini have been moved over the years since , extending and contracting the length of the highway between Niles and Benton Harbor . M 139 now serves to provide access through the area from a set of bypasses consisting of I 94 and US 31 . Route description M 139 begins at a junction with US 12 southwest of Niles in Bertrand Township . The highway travels northeasterly along Chicago Road through farm fields and residential neighborhoods . The trunkline turns north along Lincoln Avenue and then east on Main Street to run into downtown Niles . Main Street crosses the St. Joseph River , and at the intersection with Front Street , M 139 turns north along that street which is also called OLD US 31 on some maps . The highway runs parallel to the river as both exit the downtown area . M 139 turns toward the northwest on the outskirts of town , running through farm fields . The trunkline passes Webster and Long lakes as it crosses mixed forest and residential areas between Niles and Berrien Springs . Entering Berrien Springs , M 139 curves around part of Lake Chapin . North of the dam that forms Lake Chapin from the St. Joseph River , the highway follows Ferry Street to the southwest to cross the river . In downtown Berrien Springs , the trunkline then turns northwesterly along St. Joseph Avenue to pass Andrews University . Northwest of the college , M 139 crosses US 31 ( St. Joseph Valley Parkway ) . From there the highway travels northwesterly through Royalton Township through farm fields parallel to the St. Joseph River . M 139 follows Niles Road to the community of Scottdale where it turns northward along Scottdale Road at an intersection with M 63 . M 139 crosses the St. Joseph River one last time south of the interchange with I 94 at its exit 28 M 139 then passes through the community of Fair Plain and enters the eastern edge of Benton Harbor . Before terminating at BL I 94 ( Main Street ) in Benton Harbor , the highway splits into a one way pair just north of Empire Avenue . Northbound traffic is routed along Martin Luther King Drive while southbound traffic flows on Fair Avenue . M 139 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2011 showed that the highest traffic levels along M 139 were the 12 , 248 vehicles daily between the intersections with Fairland and Deans Hill Pokagon roads south of Berrien Springs the lowest counts were the 1 , 576 vehicles per day in downtown Niles . The only section of M 139 that have been listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) is from the interchange with US 31 northward . The NHS is a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . History M 139 was designated as a state trunkline by 1931 from US 31 at Scottdale to US 12 in Benton Harbor . In late 1953 or early 1954 M 139 was extended westward along US 12 and then northward along Paw Paw Avenue to meet a new bypass routing of US 31 north of Benton Harbor . US 31 was rerouted to follow what is now the I 196 freeway in 1963 . At that time , US 31 was then routed along I 94 and M 139 to Scottdale . The following year , the concurrency was removed when M 139 was truncated to end at I 94 US 31 . The northern extension on Paw Paw Avenue was turned back to local control , truncating the northern end of M 139 to the intersection with BL I 94 ( previously US 12 ) . On August 27 , 2003 , the St. Joseph Valley Parkway freeway carrying US 31 was completed from northwest of Berrien Springs ( exit 15 ) to Napier Avenue near Benton Harbor ( exit 24 ) . The former section of M 139 replaced by US 31 was once again designated M 139 , with M 139 extending further along the former US 31 to the freeway 's exit 15 . In 2008 , M 139 was planned to extend southerly to end at Main Street ( Business US 12 , Bus . US 12 ) in Niles along the unsigned state trunkline OLD US 31 and Bus . US 31 , but after the City of Niles announced its plan to take over maintenance of the section of East Main Street between Front Street Bus . US 31 and Fifth Street M 51 in order to ban trucks , the plan was revised to extend M 139 further south , replacing the Bus . US 12 designation southwesterly to US 12 . The extension was executed on March 5 , 2010 , prior to route marker installation . Major intersections The entire highway is in Berrien County .
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2,503 | Ride a White Horse is a song performed by English electronic music duo Goldfrapp . The song was written by Alison Goldfrapp , Will Gregory and Nick Batt for Goldfrapp 's third album Supernature ( 2005 ) . The song was inspired by the disco era nightclub Studio 54 . The song was released as the album 's third single in February 2006 to positive reviews from music critics . It was a commercial success , reaching the top forty on the majority of the charts it entered . The song has been remixed a number of times and was featured in the American television program The L Word . Ride a White Horse was also featured in Need for Speed Carbon and The Sims 3 . Background and writing Ride a White Horse is an electronic dance song that was inspired by the disco era . Alison Goldfrapp had grown up listening to T.Rex and Polish disco music , and many assumed that she based the song 's lyrics around Bianca Jagger 's infamous entrance into Studio 54 on a white horse . The song was composed as a collaborative effort between Goldfrapp and Will Gregory in late 2004 in a rented cottage in the countryside of Bath , England . The song was written and recorded while Goldfrapp and Gregory were jamming in the recording studio , bouncing song ideas off each other . Ride a White Horse is written in the common verse chorus form and features instrumentation from synthesizers and a bass guitar . The US maxi CD single featured a cover version of Boys Will Be Boys as its B side . The song was originally performed by British rock group The Ordinary Boys . Music video The music video for Ride a White Horse was directed by Diane Martel and filmed in London , England in December 2005 . The video features Alison Goldfrapp , dressed in a white dress , in multiple disturbing situations . The video begins with Goldfrapp , her back to the camera , trailing toilet paper from one of her spike heels , singing into a microphone made of a cardboard roll and aluminium foil . As she sings , footage of rotting food is displayed behind her . She is then shown eating a slice of pizza covered in cigarette butts and unk . The next scenes feature Goldfrapp pulling a large plastic dog singing in front of a man bandaged in toilet paper eating from a garbage can and dancing with dirty men that came out of a unk dressed in their underwear . The video concludes with Goldfrapp forcing the leg of the bandaged man into a toilet . In 2006 , the video was nominated at the Festival International des Arts du Clip in the Off Competition category for its audacity and off beat sense of humour . The complete version of Ride a White Horse featured in the music video has been released commercially through CD singles and digital downloads , and some include remixes by Serge unk and Ewan Pearson . An alternate music video was also filmed live at the Brixton Academy in London , England on 6 October 2005 . The video was directed by Matthew Amos and released on the song 's DVD single . Critical reception Ride a White Horse received positive reviews from music critics . MusicOMH.com 's Michael Hubbard called the song one of the most glamorous and erotic tracks on Supernature , and Stylus Magazine described the it as memorable because of its combination of a decently danceable groove and some nicely arch vocals . In a review for PopMatters , Adrien Begrand wrote that Ride a White Horse was destined for club hit status , comparing Alison Goldfrapp 's cold , husky croon to Kate Bush . Marketing and release In March 2007 , Ride a White Horse was featured on an episode of the American television program The L Word . The episode titled Literary License to Kill featured the group performing the song at The Planet while the characters celebrated a birthday . A radio edit of the song was also featured on the program 's soundtrack released in January 2007 . Ride a White Horse was released as a various formats throughout the world . While most territories received a CD single and digital download release , the single was released as a limited edition 12 inch single in February 2006 in the UK . A DVD single was also issued and included behind the scenes footage of Goldfrapp on tour and a live music video for Ride a White Horse . Commercial performance Ride a White Horse entered the UK Singles Chart on 25 February 2006 at number fifteen , remaining on the chart for three weeks . The song proved popular on UK radio , charting at number twenty three on the airplay chart . In Ireland , the song reached number thirty six on the singles chart before exiting the following week . In the United States , Ride a White Horse was released as the album 's final single in February 2007 . The song did not perform as well as its predecessors on the Billboard Dance Chart , reaching only number twenty nine . The song , however , did peak at number three on the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart . Track listings Personnel The following people contributed to Ride a White Horse Alison Goldfrapp lead vocals , backing vocals , synthesizer Nick Batt synthesizer , programming Will Gregory synthesizer Daniel Miller synthesizer Charlie Jones bass Ewan Pearson programming Mark Spike Stent mixing Ted Jensen mastering Charts
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2,504 | State Route 7 ( SR 7 ) is a state highway in Lewis and Pierce counties , located in the U.S. state of Washington . The 58 . 60 mile ( 94 . 31 km ) long roadway begins at U.S. Route 12 ( US 12 ) in Morton and continues north to intersect several other state highways to Tacoma , where it ends at an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) and I 705 . The road has several names , such as Second Street in Morton , the Mountain Highway in rural areas , Pacific Avenue in Spanaway , Parkland and Tacoma and 38th Street in Tacoma . Near the end of the highway there is a short freeway that has been proposed to be extended south parallel to an already existing railroad , owned by Tacoma Rail , which serves as the median of the short freeway . The earliest road to use the current route of SR 7 first appeared in a 1900 map of the Tacoma area and has been part of the state highway system since 1909 , when the Alder Kosmos Road was added to the system as State Road 18 . State Road 18 became part of two branches of State Road 5 in 1923 and later branches of Primary State Highway 5 . During the 1964 highway renumbering , the branches became SR 7 . In 2002 , an auxiliary route that bypasses Tacoma , SR 704 , was established and construction started in 2008 to connect I 5 , Fort Lewis , McChord Air Force Base and SR 7 . Route description State Route 7 ( SR 7 ) begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 12 ( US 12 ) , a major east west highway , in Morton . Traveling north as Second Street and paralleling the Morton Tacoma ( Mountain Division ) route of Tacoma Rail , the street intersects Main Avenue , which continues west out of the city as SR 508 . After leaving Morton , the highway becomes the Mountain Highway and passes through a heavily forested canyon near Mount Rainier and parallel to the Tilton River and unk Creek . Bridging the Nisqually River , the highway leaves Lewis County and enters Pierce County . In Elbe , the roadway intersects SR 706 , which goes east to Mount Rainier National Park . Following the Nisqually River , which has become Alder Lake , and Tacoma Rail line , SR 161 branches off towards Eatonville and SR 702 travels west from the plains to McKenna . Passing Elk Plain and suburban areas , the highway enters Spanaway near the Fort Lewis boundary where SR 7 intersects SR 507 , which continues southwest to Chehalis . The Mountain Highway becomes Pacific Avenue and enters Parkland . Shortly after 112th Street , the roadway has a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 512 , which uses 108th Street South as two ramps . Leaving Parkland and entering Tacoma , Pacific Avenue turns east as 38th Street and then has another partial cloverleaf interchange with a short freeway and the proposed route of SR 7 , which is used by the roadway . The freeway was the busiest segment of the highway in 2007 , with an estimated daily average of 27 , 000 motorists . The median of the freeway is the Tacoma Rail route and at the northern terminus is an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) . SR 7 ends at the interchange , located near the Tacoma Dome , but continues north parallel to the railroad to a single point urban interchange with SR 509 as I 705 . History A 1900 map of the Tacoma area showed a roadway extending north from Spanaway to Tacoma that would later become SR 7 . In 1909 , the Alder Kosmos Road , numbered State Road 18 , was added to the state highway system and ran from Kosmos north through Morton and Elbe to Alder . The National Park Highway was created in 1913 and extended from the Pacific Ocean to Tacoma and south to Elbe , where it turned east into Mount Rainier National Park . Both highways were replaced by two branches of State Road 5 in 1923 , which traveled from Tacoma to Mount Rainier and Elbe to Chehalis . State Road 5 became Primary State Highway 5 ( PSH 5 ) during the creation of the Primary state highways in 1937 and the Tacoma Mount Rainier branch remained the same , but the Elbe Chehalis branch was shortened to Kosmos . The Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad started to parallel the route by 1951 between Tacoma and Morton . During the 1964 highway renumbering the two branches of PSH 5 became SR 7 . Between 1968 and 2008 , the Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad transferred the railroad parallel to the highway to Tacoma Rail . In 2002 , a new auxiliary route of SR 7 , SR 704 was established to provide a bypass of Tacoma to provide direct connections between Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) , Fort Lewis , McChord Air Force Base and SR 7 in Spanaway . On July 30 , 2008 , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) had a groundbreaking ceremony to start construction of SR 704 , which has been predicted to be finished after 2017 . The segment of the highway between SR 507 in Spanaway to SR 512 in Parkland had a very high accident rate , so WSDOT added safety improvements to the roadway in 2007 . Between Morton and Spanaway , WSDOT is currently ( as of 2009 ) developing a route development plan to improve the roadway . The project is divided into three phases , the first phase was completed in 2006 and focused between Morton and Elbe and the second phase will be focused between Elbe and SR 702 while the third will focus between SR 702 to Spanaway . Major intersections
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2,505 | Garrett Rivas ( born June 1 , 1985 ) is a former American football kicker who played in af2 and the Arena Football League ( AFL ) . He played college football at Michigan he set the current school records for career scoring , field goals and point after touchdowns and was a three time All Big Ten Conference selection during his time there . As a professional he played for the Florida unk of af2 and the Tampa Bay Storm of the AFL . High school career Rivas attended Jesuit High School in Tampa , Florida where he played wide receiver and kicker . He played kicker because it increased his chance to make the team . Among his high school honors was selection to the Tampa Chapter of the Hall of Fame for Scholar Athletes . Rivas also played in the U.S. Army All American Bowl in San Antonio and played in the Florida Georgia All Star Game . In high school , Rivals.com ranked him as the 24th best kicker in the nation . Jesuit is fellow kicking Michigan unk Jay Feely 's alma mater . Professional kicker Xavier Beitia is also an alumnus of the school . College career As a freshman for the 2003 Wolverines , he was the regular kicker for the team from the start , making four point after touchdowns ( PATs ) in the first game of the season . Beginning his streak of many game winning kicks for the Wolverines , he made the game winner in the largest comeback in Michigan history , capping a 21 point 38 35 comeback victory against Minnesota with a 33 yard field goal with 50 seconds left in the Battle for the Little Brown Jug . Rivas was involved in a controversial national story in the October 4 , 2003 when Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr changed the punting gameplan in the middle of the game by asking Rivas to line up as a punter and carry the ball or kick while rolling to his right behind a wall of blockers . After it worked twice , the Iowa Hawkeyes blocked the third attempt the resulting great field position led to Iowa taking the lead , breaking a 20 20 tie en route to a 30 27 win . As a sophomore for the 2004 Michigan team , his season best 4 4 field goal performance came in a September 11 , 2004 28 20 loss to Notre Dame in the Michigan Notre Dame football rivalry game . He posted a 4th quarter field goal to bring the Wolverines to within 24 20 in their October 9 27 24 win against Minnesota . He made the go ahead 35 yard field goal with 2 45 remaining against Purdue in an October 23 , 2004 , 16 14 win . He also went 3 3 on field goals and 4 4 on extra points in the October 30 , 2004 , overtime 45 37 win against Michigan State in the Paul Bunyan Trophy game . In the season ending 38 37 loss to Texas in the 2005 Rose Bowl , Rivas was 3 3 on field goals and 4 4 on extra points . Following the season he was recognized as an honorable mention All Big Ten selection . As a junior for the 2005 Wolverines , he was involved in many close games . The team 's first five conference games were all decided in the final 24 seconds of regulation or in overtime . After missing a 27 yard potential game winner in the final minute , he made the winning field goal in overtime against Michigan State . In the October 8 , 2005 23 20 loss to Minnesota , Rivas missed two late chances to break a 20 20 tie a 42 yard field goal late in the third quarter and a 34 yard kick with 8 27 left in the game . In the October 15 , 27 25 last play win against Penn State , he gave the team a 21 18 lead on a 47 yard field goal with 3 45 remaining . Rivas posted 15 points in an October 29 , 2005 , 33 17 win against Northwestern . At the end of the season , Rivas was named an honorable mention All Big Ten selection for the second straight year . As a senior for the 2006 Wolverines , he never made more than two field goals in a game yet still managed to score a total of 93 points , one shy of his career high set back in 2004 . That year Michigan won all eleven its victories by at least seven points . At the conclusion of the Big Ten schedule , he was selected as a 2006 first team All Big Ten Conference selection . Rivas set a new Michigan Wolverines football record for career scoring ( 354 ) , surpassing Anthony Thomas ' record of 336 set back in 2000 . He also broke Remy Hamilton 's field goal record of 63 , set back in 1996 , with 64 career field goals , and J. D. Carlson 's PAT record of 137 , set back in 1991 , with 162 . He additionally tied Mike Gillette 's record from 1998 of 13 career 40 yard field goals . Pro career He signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on May 3 , 2007 as an undrafted free agent , but was released on June 2 , 2007 . Rivas signed to the Florida unk of the af2 league on April 25 , 2008 , for the 2008 and 2009 seasons . In 2009 , he played in nine of the first ten games , but he did not appear in any of the last six games . During his final af2 season he completed 41 of 58 point after touchdown conversions and missed both of his field goal attempts . He played for the Tampa Bay Storm in the reincarnated Arena Football League in 2010 and participated in the Arena Bowl with the team . He also serves as an assistant football coach and physical education teacher at Berkeley Preparatory School , where he runs the offseason football conditioning program . Statistics Michigan Professional Playoffs
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2,506 | Jenks ' Day Off is a 1910 American silent short comedy produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film follows Mr. Jenks ' who drafts a telegram to himself as an excuse to get a reprieve from boredom and his wife 's requests . He walks along the beach and finds a secluded spot to go swimming . A convict in women 's clothing swaps his clothes with Jenks and Jenks has no choice to but to wear the discarded clothes . On his way back , Jenks answers a call for help and is mistaken for the robber . He is captured and has to explain circumstances which lead to awkward situation . Production and casting credits for the film are unknown , but likely Thanhouser staff offer possible identities of the writer and actors . The film was released on August 2 , 1910 and was met with approval by the trade publication . The film is presumed lost . Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from August 6 , 1910 . It states Mr. Jenks and his family are spending the summer in a fashionable summer hotel , and Mr. Jenks is kept bored and busy performing the many services demanded by his wife . He hits upon the bright idea of sending himself a business telegram which would necessitate his immediate presence in the city , then starts out on a little vacation on his own account . Walking on the beach he discovers a secluded spot , and leaving his clothes on the beach he takes a swim . In the meantime , a convict , who has escaped from a nearby penitentiary , has entered a house nearby in search of a change of clothes , his stripes being too conspicuous . The convict locks a woman of the house up and ransacks the house , but the only garments he can find are women 's clothes , and , deciding that they are better than stripes , he dons them . As the convict in his new disguise is walking along the beach he sees Jenks ' clothes lying there and promptly makes another change . There is nothing for Jenks to do when he comes out except to array himself as a woman . On his way back to the hotel he passes the house that has been robbed and is unlucky enough to hear the woman 's cry for help . When she gets out of the closet , through his aid , she naturally believes that he is the convict , and screams for help . Jenks , frightened , runs away , but is captured after a chase in which the entire village takes part . His wife and daughter witness humiliation , and it 's almost impossible for them to ' square things . ' Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The comedy of the situation derives from Jenks ' own attempts to manufacture some free time to enjoy himself , only to regret the action because of the resultant circumstances . Advertising for the film confirms this by stating , Jenk 's day off was a day of woe instead of the day of joy he meant it to be . It taught him to never , never leave his wife 's side not even for a day Jenks ' swimming in a secluded spot , inferring swimming in the nude through the lack of a swimming suit , sets the stage for the comedy when his clothes are swapped for those of the cross dressed convict . With no other option , Jenks dons the clothes and responds to the call for help . The lady identifies Jenks as the convict , wearing her clothes , and the film concludes with a chase that leads to the arrest and humiliation of Jenks . This comedy predates the well known cross dressing antics of Fatty Arbuckle and Charlie Chaplin by a few years . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The cast is uncredited because their identities are unknown . Bowers states that most of the credits are fragmentary for 1910 Thanhouser productions . Known and more prominent members of the cast to appear in productions include the leading ladies , Anna Rosemond and Violet Heming , and the leading man was Frank H. Crane . Release and reception The one reel comedy , approximately 960 feet long , was released on August 2 , 1910 . An alternative title for the production Jenk 's Day Off was included in several known Thanhouser advertisements . This would appear to be in error because the character 's name is Jenks and not Jenk . Theaters advertising the film included those in Missouri , Indiana , Nebraska , and Arizona . The Morning Telegraph gave a positive review to the film , stating that it was a pretty good story . The Moving Picture World mirrored this assessment with a bit more detail and referred to the story as being within the realm of reality which makes it funnier . The New York Dramatic Mirror provided the most detailed review of the film and praised the ingenuity of the plot and the acting with the exception of the Jenks ' wife . The reviewer also pointing out that Jenks wrote out the telegram too quickly .
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2,507 | Pimpin ' is a song by American rapper Tony Yayo , included as a track on his debut studio album Thoughts of a Predicate Felon ( 2005 ) . The song 's production was handled by record producer LT Moe , who also helped in the writing process with Yayo . Musically , Pimpin ' is a rap song expressing Yayo 's desire to be able to legally pimp women . It is backed by an upbeat , bouncy production containing elements of digital guitar . Pimpin ' received generally mixed reviews from music critics although some praised the song 's upbeat production , others called the song bland when compared to Yayo 's previous work , which typically covers a darker subject matter . Despite not being released as a single , the song received considerable airplay on US urban contemporary radio stations , which resulted in the song charting at number sixty six on the US Billboard Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart . An accompanying music video was filmed for the song , directed by production group Fat Cats . Background and composition Pimpin ' was written by Tony Yayo and LT Moe , with Moe also handling production duties . The song was recorded by Moe at Encore Studios a recording studio in Los Angeles , California . Audio mixing was carried out by Steve Baughman at Right Track Studios , a recording studio in New York City . The song was mastered by Brian Big Bass Gardner . It is listed ninth on the track listing for Thoughts of a Predicate Felon and is of three minutes and six seconds in length , consisting of three choruses separated by two verses , all performed by Yayo . Lyrically , the song describes Yayo 's desire to legally pimp women and treat them with a luxurious lifestyle , and refers to how other men simply chase their pleasures . The lyrics are backed by a bouncy production which , according to The Michigan Daily writer Ewan McGarvey , consists of tiny digital guitar frets . Some music critics have described the song to be of a less dark and intense nature to many other songs on Thoughts of a Predicate Falcon , such as Homicide , Drama Setter and Live by the Gun , which invariably chronicle subjects such as murder , prison and drugs . Critical reception Pimpin ' received generally mixed reviews from music critics , with some also noting that the song felt out of place on Thoughts of a Predicate Felon when compared to the more intense songs that appear on the album . Allmusic writer David Jeffries named Pimpin ' as one of the album 's best songs , along with So Seductive , Drama Setter and Dear Suzie . Pedro Hernandez of RapReviews commended the song 's bouncy production , but criticized its concept as unoriginal , and for this reason called it a track that only Yayo fans will appreciate . Whilst commenting positively on more intense and brutal songs such as Homicide , Ross McGowan of Stylus Magazine criticized the tempo of Pimpin ' , calling it bland , and felt that the song 's music video was the only thing making it interesting to listen to , writing that it s way less fun to hear when it isn 't accompanied by continuous footage of G Unit s main men wrestling each other for face time . However , The Michigan Daily writer Ewan McGarvey called Pimpin ' one of the few charming songs on Thoughts of a Predicate Felon . He noted that simplicity kind of works for Tony , but also wrote that it 's not the real G Unit manifest destiny . He concluded that Yayo 's old mix tape career gets cannibalized for the song . Chart performance Despite not being released as a single , Pimpin ' debuted at number 11 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under R B Hip Hop Singles chart issue dated August 6 , 2005 it went on to spend seven weeks the chart , and peaked at number one . The song then debuted , and peaked , at number 66 on the US Billboard Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart for the chart week dated October 1 , 2005 , and went on to spend three weeks on the chart . Chart position wise , Pimpin ' is the second most successful song of Tony Yayo 's career , behind only Thoughts of a Predicate Felon 's first single So Seductive , which reached number seven on the corresponding chart and also peaked at number 48 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Music video The music video for Pimpin ' was released as a double music video along with the video for Yayo single Curious . Both sections of the video were directed by production group Fat Cats . After three minutes and eight seconds , the video segues from the Curious section to the Pimpin ' section , which lasts for a further one minute and thirty six seconds . The Pimpin ' section of the video is set in a warehouse , and features Yayo rapping the song 's first verse and first two choruses , with this footage alternating with the other members of G Unit Records members lip syncing sections of Yayo 's lyrics . Whilst all this occurs , several girls attired in black dance in the background . Credits and personnel The credits for Pimpin ' are adapted from the liner notes of Thoughts of a Predicate Felon . Recording Recorded at Encore Studios , California . Personnel Tony Yayo songwriting , vocals LT Moe songwriting , production , recording Steve Baughman mixing Brian Big Bass Gardner mastering Charts
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2,508 | Imperator Pavel I ( Russian unk I Czar Paul I ) was an Andrei Pervozvanny class predreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the first decade of the 20th century . The ship 's construction was seriously extended by design changes as a result of the Russo Japanese War and labor unrest after the 1905 Revolution and she took nearly six years to build . Imperator Pavel I was not very active during World War I and her bored sailors were the first to mutiny in early 1917 . The ship was laid up in 1918 and she was scrapped in 1923 . Description Imperator Pavel I was 454 feet ( 138 . 4 m ) long at the waterline and 460 feet ( 140 . 2 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 80 feet ( 24 . 4 m ) and a draft of 27 feet ( 8 . 2 m ) . She displaced 18 , 902 long tons ( 19 , 205 t ) at deep load . Her hull was subdivided by 17 transverse watertight bulkheads and the engine rooms were divided by a centerline longitudinal bulkhead . She had a double bottom and a metacentric height of 4 feet ( 1 . 2 m ) . Imperator Pavel I had two 4 cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines with a total designed output of 17 , 600 indicated horsepower ( 13 , 100 kW ) . Twenty five Belleville boilers provided steam to the engines at a working pressure of 285 pounds per square inch ( 1 , 970 kPa 20 . 0 kgf cm2 ) . On sea trials , the engines produced 18 , 596 ihp ( 13 , 867 kW ) and a top speed of 18 . 5 knots ( 34 . 3 km h 21 . 3 mph ) . She carried a normal load of 800 long tons ( 810 t ) of coal that provided a range of 1 , 300 nautical miles ( 2 , 400 km 1 , 500 mi ) at a speed of 12 knots ( 22 km h 14 mph ) and a maximum load of 1 , 500 long tons ( 1 , 500 t ) that gave 2 , 400 nautical miles ( 4 , 400 km 2 , 800 mi ) at the same speed . The main armament consisted of two pairs of 12 inch Model 1895 40 caliber guns mounted in twin gun turrets fore and aft . These guns had a maximum elevation of 35 and could depress to 5 . 80 rounds per gun were carried and they could fire one round per minute . Eight of the fourteen 8 inch ( 203 mm ) Model 1905 45 caliber guns were mounted in four twin gun turret at the corners of the superstructure while six were mounted in casemates in the superstructure . For defense against torpedo boats , Imperator Pavel I carried twelve 120 millimeter ( 4 . 7 in ) guns mounted in casemates above the 8 inch guns in the superstructure . Two underwater 457 millimeter ( 18 . 0 in ) torpedo tubes were mounted , one on each side , and they were provided with six spare torpedoes . Based on the Russian experience at the Battle of Tsushima , the sides of the ship 's hull were completely protected by Krupp cemented armor . The main waterline belt had a maximum thickness of 8 . 5 inches ( 216 mm ) and the upper belt was 5 inches ( 127 mm ) at its thickest . The sides of the main gun turrets were 8 inches ( 203 mm ) thick and the armor of the casemates ranged from 3 . 1 to 5 inches ( 79 to 127 mm ) in thickness . The greatest thickness of deck armor was 1 . 5 inches ( 38 mm ) . Service history Imperator Pavel I was built by the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg . Construction began on 27 October 1904 and was slowed by labor trouble in the shipyard from the 1905 Revolution . She was launched on 7 September 1907 and began her sea trials in October 1910 . The ship entered service on 10 March 1911 before her trials were completed in October 1911 . Imperator Pavel I joined the Baltic Fleet on completion and she made a port visit to Copenhagen in September 1912 . The following September she visited Portland , Cherbourg , and Stavanger . At the beginning of World War I she covered Russian minelaying operations at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland . She did little else for the rest of the war as the Russian naval strategy in the Baltic was defensive the four Gangut class dreadnoughts and the two Andrei Pervozvanny class predreadnoughts were to defend the entrance to the Gulf of Finland . The ship 's lattice masts were cut down in late 1914 and light topmasts were added . Torpedo nets were fitted in early 1915 and the ship 's torpedoes were removed in January 1916 . In late 1916 , four 76 millimeter ( 3 in ) anti aircraft guns were added . Disgruntled sailors aboard Imperator Pavel I instigated the general mutiny of the Baltic Fleet in Helsinki on 16 March 1917 , after they received word of the February Revolution in Saint Petersburg , and the ship was renamed Respublika ( Republic ) on 29 April . The Treaty of Brest Litovsk required the Soviets to evacuate their naval base at Helsinki in March 1918 or have their ships interned by newly independent Finland even though the Gulf of Finland was still frozen over . Respublika and her sister ship Andrei Pervozvanny led the second group of ships on 5 April and reached Kronstadt five days later in what became known as the ' Ice Voyage ' . The ship was laid up in October 1918 for lack of manpower and she was scrapped beginning on 22 November 1923 . Curiously , Respublika was not formally stricken from the Navy List until 21 November 1925 . Two of the 8 inch turrets were installed at the coastal battery 9 ( later 333 ) near Leningrad ( Saint Petersburg ) at thirties . Both turrets are scrapped today , but some parts remained inside the concrete shafts .
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2,509 | Typhoon Dot , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Kuring , was one of several tropical cyclones to impact southern China and northern Vietnam during the 1989 Pacific typhoon season . Originating from a tropical disturbance near Palau on June 4 , Dot tracked west northwestward towards the Philippines . Crossing the country on June 6 , the system moved over the South China Sea and attained typhoon status . Late on June 8 , Dot reached its peak intensity with winds estimated at 185 km h ( 115 mph ) . The system weakened slightly the next day before making landfall in Hainan Island . A weakened storm then entered the Gulf of Tonkin before striking northern Vietnam and dissipating on June 12 . Throughout its course , Typhoon Dot produced heavy rains in the Philippines , China and Vietnam , resulting in significant damage and eight fatalities . The most severe impacts took place on Hainan Island where 1 , 400 homes were destroyed and another 60 , 000 were damaged . In Vietnam , Dot exacerbated flooding triggered in late May by Tropical Storm Cecil . Meteorological history In early June 1989 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began monitoring a tropical disturbance that developed over the southern Philippine Sea . Over the following two days , convection associated with this system increased and became better organized . This development prompted the issuance of a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on June 4 as the system moved just north of Palau . By this time , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the system as a tropical depression . Early on June 5 , the JTWC followed suit and issued their first advisory on Tropical Depression 05W , at which time the system was situated roughly 555 km ( 345 mi ) southwest of the island of Samar in the Philippines . Due to the cyclone 's proximity to the Philippines , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration also monitored the storm , assigning it with the local name Kuring . Tracking generally towards the west northwest , the depression intensified into a Tropical Storm and was given the name Dot , 12 hours before making landfall in Samar on June 6 . Crossing over the central Philippines and the Sibuyan Sea , Tropical Storm Dot grew in size and intensity . By June 7 , the storm entered the South China Sea and acquired a brief northerly component to its track . At the time , forecasters at the JTWC anticipated that Dot would interact with an approaching weather front and track north of Hainan Island . The front failed to materialize , however , and the storm resumed a west northwesterly track . Owing to low wind shear and warm waters , Dot attained typhoon status on June 8 . Following the development of an eye , the storm reached its peak intensity later that day as a Category 3 equivalent typhoon on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale , with maximum sustained winds estimated at 185 km h ( 115 mph ) . By the morning of June 9 , the JMA assessed Dot to have attained ten minute sustained winds of 150 km h ( 90 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 955 mbar ( hPa 28 . 2 inHg ) . Gradual weakening occurred as Dot neared Hainan Island on June 9 . The typhoon subsequently made landfall near Sanya on June 10 and weakened to a tropical storm . Later that day , the storm emerged into the Gulf of Tonkin before making its third and final landfall near Hai Phong , Vietnam . Once onshore , Dot quickly degraded over the mountainous terrain of northern Vietnam , and was last noted on June 12 . Impact Tropical Storm Dot produced widespread rainfall in the Philippines , leading to several landslides . In Toledo City , the Carmen copper Concentrator had to temporarily shut down after a landslide disrupted the facility 's water supply . As a result , the Atlas Consolidated Mining and Development Corporation lost approximately 272 , 000 kg ( 600 , 000 lb ) of copper . Across Hainan Island , the storm produced heavy rains and damaging winds that left eight cities without power or telephone service . Throughout Hainan , about 1 , 400 homes were destroyed and 60 , 000 more were damaged . Press reports indicated that two people died as a result of Typhoon Dot while another was listed as missing . Overall , damage in Hainan reached 170 million Renminbi ( 45 . 1 million USD ) . Three rescue teams were deployed to the region to assist in recovery efforts . In nearby Guangxi Province , heavy rains caused additional flooding that destroyed 300 homes and injured eight people . However , these rains also helped alleviate drought conditions in the region . At Tai Mo Shan in Hong Kong , sustained winds from Dot reached 79 km h ( 49 mph ) and gusts peaked at 110 km h ( 70 mph ) . More than 55 , 000 hectares ( 136 , 000 acres ) of crops were flooded , the majority of which were rice fields . Roughly two weeks after Tropical Storm Cecil devastated parts of Vietnam , Dot caused further flooding along the Red River Delta . Portions of Hanoi were inundated with up to 1 m ( 3 ft ) . Winds up to 116 km h ( 72 mph ) reportedly affected coastal areas near where the typhoon moved ashore . Nearly 162 , 000 hectares ( 400 , 000 acres ) of rice fields were submerged by the storm . At least six fatalities were attributed to the storm in Vietnam , and many more were injured .
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2,510 | Elizabeth Randles ( 1 August 1800 6 May 1829 ) , also known as Little Cambrian Prodigy , was a Welsh harpist and pianist . A child prodigy , she started playing the piano at the age of sixteen months , and performed in public for the first time before she was two years old . Elizabeth was taught by her blind father , who was organist at the Holywell parish church . She performed for local aristocracy , leading to a performance for King George III and his royal family when she was three and a half . Caroline , Princess of Wales , hoped to adopt her but her father did not allow it . She did , however , spend a few days at the Princess of Wales ' summer home , often playing with Princess Charlotte of Wales . Elizabeth went on to tour the country as a child , performing with John Parry . In 1808 , she returned home and learned the harp . She went on to take lessons from Friedrich Kalkbrenner , before moving to Liverpool and becoming a teacher . Biography Elizabeth Randles , also known as Bessy , was born on 1 August 1800 in Wrexham , north Wales . Her father , Edward Randles , the organist at the Holywell parish church of St. James , lost his sight at the age of three as a result of small pox . Perhaps due to his lack of sight , his parents placed him to be trained under the blind harpist John Parry , whom he excelled under . Elizabeth was the youngest of Randles ' several children including her brother Edward , who would become a subsequent organist at the parish church . At the age of sixteen months , Elizabeth enjoyed pressing keys on the piano and attempting to pick out a melody . One day , while Randles was ill , he noticed someone attempting to play Blue Bells of Scotland on the nearby piano . Assuming it was one of his older children , he requested they stopped and was surprised to find it was Elizabeth who was playing . Due to her age , she needed to hit each key with the side of the hand . He discovered that she could play the basic melody for both the Blue Bells of Scotland and Charley over the water . Her father decided to start teaching her some other simple tunes and the musical notes . Before she could talk , she had the ability to recognise notes and press the piano keys which related to them . Randles went on to teach Elizabeth the melody to the Welsh folk song , Ar unk y nos . Elizabeth also attempted to play the chords so her father ended up teaching her the full piece . During the summer of 1802 , Wrexham was visited by a troupe of travelling comedians . One of the leaders , who had heard Elizabeth play , requested that she performed with them . Before the age of two , she joined the troupe at Wrexham theatre to play Ar unk y nos and The Downfall of Paris . There , she played her pieces with an apple and slice of cake on either side of the piano , receiving both when she finished for playing well . Over the next nine months , Elizabeth played at the houses of Sir Watkin Williams Wynn , Lady Dungannon and Lady Cunliffe . Williams Wynn proposed that Elizabeth play in a Wrexham concert during the spring of 1803 , under the direction of the Welsh harpist John Parry . The concert was postponed a number of times due to the illness of Elizabeth 's mother , who insisted they carry on without her . On the night of the concert , Elizabeth 's mother died , after hearing that it was a success . By the time Elizabeth was three and a half , she was invited to play for King George III , Queen Charlotte and other members of the Royal Family . The recital was a success and the king presented Elizabeth with 100 guineas ( worth approximately 96 , 000 in 2014 ) . She created such a sensation that Caroline , Princess of Wales , wished to adopt her though her father would not allow it . The publicity of the royal concert led to a subsequent breakfast concert for the public , with tickets costing 1 guinea each ( approximately 960 in 2014 ) . The concert was held at Cumberland Gardens , with approximately 500 people of first rank attending . All profits of the breakfast , as well as donations by the attendees , were given to Elizabeth in the form of various trusts . Elizabeth spent a few days under the care of the Princess of Wales , at her summer home , the Pagoda in Blackheath . There she spent time playing with a young Princess Charlotte of Wales , To ensure that she had sufficient funds for her education , Elizabeth , her father and Parry toured the rest of the United Kingdom between 1805 until 1808 . In June 1808 , she returned to London to perform at the Hanover Square Rooms , sponsored by the Prince of Wales and the Marchioness of Downshire . Parry remained in London , whilst Elizabeth and her father returned home . There she learned to play the harp and by the age of fourteen she was proficient in both instruments , as well as the organ . She returned to London in 1818 , to take harp lessons from Franois Joseph unk and piano lessons from Friedrich Kalkbrenner . Elizabeth moved to Liverpool , teaching harp , piano and singing regularly at a school in Ellesmere , and returning each weekend to attend to her father , until his death in 1823 . Elizabeth 's health was described as delicate and she died of decline on 6 May 1829 in Liverpool . Her musical skill at such a young age left her known as the Little Cambrian Prodigy .
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2,511 | State Route 198 ( SR 198 ) is an east west state highway that begins at U.S. Route 101 ( US 101 ) south of King City and ends in Sequoia National Park . It connects the California Central Coast to the mid Central Valley through Hanford and Visalia , although the most developed portion is in the Central Valley itself . SR 198 intersects the major north south routes in the Central Valley , including Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) , SR 33 , and SR 99 . The highway that would become SR 198 was approved for construction in the 1910s through three bond issues , and was added to the state highway system in 1934 . Parts of the highway were upgraded to freeway during the 1960s . Another portion is being converted to an expressway in between Hanford and Visalia , with completion scheduled for late 2012 . Route description The road begins at a remote interchange with US 101 south of King City in the Salinas River Valley . Leaving US 101 , SR 198 passes through the Priest Valley , climbs the Diablo Range as a two lane road and crosses over an unnamed pass . It then descends along Warthan Canyon to the town of Coalinga in the agricultural Central Valley , where it briefly runs concurrently with SR 33 . On both sides of Coalinga the road passes through the enormous Coalinga Oil Field . SR 198 then intersects Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) in Fresno County near the Harris Ranch Airport before becoming a freeway west of Lemoore . The landscape becomes a bit less rural as it goes through Hanford and passes near the Hanford Municipal Airport , where it continues as a four lane expressway from the intersection with SR 43 until SR 198 encounters a freeway to freeway interchange with SR 99 as it enters Visalia , the largest city it passes through , and goes by the Visalia Municipal Airport . It remains a freeway until east of Visalia , intersecting SR 65 and passing by College of the unk . The road starts to climb the forested Sierra Nevada and ends at Sequoia National Park , near Lake Kaweah . This is one of the main routes providing access to Sequoia National Park , the other being SR 180 to the north . SR 198 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System as designated by the California State Legislature however , it is not a scenic highway as defined by Caltrans . History All of SR 198 was added to the state highway system in the three bond issues floated to pay for the construction of the system . The first bond issue , approved by the state 's voters in 1910 , included the road from Visalia west to Hanford , connecting the two county seats with the central north south highway ( Route 4 , now SR 99 ) . As part of the 1916 bond issue , the route was extended west from Hanford through Coalinga to the coast trunk highway ( Route 2 , now US 101 ) near San Lucas , and assigned it the Route 10 designation . The third bond issue , passed in 1919 , included a further extension east from Visalia to Sequoia National Park . The entire length of Route 10 was marked as Sign Route 198 in 1934 , and this number was adopted legislatively in the 1964 renumbering . The portion east of Interstate 5 near Coalinga was added to the California Freeway and Expressway System in 1959 , and parts of it have been built as such . The construction of the freeway east of Visalia to Road 192 was approved in January 1961 , with the remainder of the freeway unplanned at that time as contingent on the routing of SR 65 . The projected cost in 1958 of the entire freeway east of Visalia was 13 million ( 262 million in today 's dollars ) and was scheduled to be completed by 1964 . The freeway through Visalia was completed by 1965 , with an expressway connecting it to US 99 . Also completed was the expressway heading west out of Hanford , with part of it access controlled west of Lemoore . Construction began in November 2009 on a project to widen a two lane , 10 mile section of SR 198 between SR 43 and SR 99 into a four lane expressway . The 60 million project was completed in December 2012 . Future The Kings County Association of Governments has plans to improve the state highways within the county . Developers are interested in building distribution warehouses in Kings County because of its strategic location midway between the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas , but they are currently turned off by the lack of freeway access . For SR 198 , the plan is to extend the freeway segment from Naval Air Station Lemoore to I 5 . However , Kings County voters have shown little interest in passing any transportation taxes to fund these projects . Major intersections Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The numbers reset at county lines the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column .
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2,512 | A khanjar ( Arabic unk , Persian unk , Turkish unk ) is a traditional dagger originating from Yemen . Worn by men for ceremonial occasions , it is a short curved sword shaped like the letter J and resembles a hook . It can be made from a variety of different materials , depending on the quality of its craftsmanship . It is a popular souvenir among tourists and is sold in unk throughout the region . History Although it is not known when the Omani khanjar was first created , rock carvings epitomizing the dagger were found on gravestones located in the central part of the Ru us al Jibal region . These are believed to have predated the Wahhabi revival , which occurred in the late 1700s . They were also mentioned in an account by Robert unk of the Dutch Republic , who journeyed to Muscat in June 1672 . Historically , only men from the royal family could wear the khanjar . However , all civilian men were permitted to do so after 1970 , the year when Qaboos bin Said al Said the current Sultan of Oman overthrew his father Said bin unk and began to institute reforms to modernize the country . Usage and symbolism Composition and manufacturing Depending on the quality of its craftsmanship , the Omani khanjar can be made using a variety of different metals and other materials . Gold or silver would be used to make khanjar of the finest quality ( e.g. for royalty ) , while brass and copper would be utilized for daggers made by local craftsmen . For instance , a sheath adorned with gold was historically limited to the Omani upper class . Traditionally , the dagger is designed by its future owner himself , with the craftsman taking into account the specifications and preferences stipulated by the former . The time it takes to manufacture a khanjar can range from three weeks to several months . The most elemental sections of the khanjar are its handle and blade , with the material utilized in the former playing a significant role influencing the final price of the dagger . Bone specifically rhinoceros horn and elephant tusk was once the common standard , as it was considered the best material to make the hilt out of . However , with the international ban on the ivory trade , the usage of other materials such as wood , plastic , and camel bone has become more prevalent . Typically , the top of the hilt is flat , but the one designed for the royal family is in the shape of a cross . Custom The Omani khanjar is tucked underneath a waist belt and is situated at the front and centre of the wearer 's body . It used to form part of everyday attire however , it is now carried as a ceremonial dagger , and worn only for formal events and ceremonies such as weddings , parades , meetings , and diplomatic functions among many other occasions . Labelled a ubiquitous sign of masculinity by John M. Willis in the The Arab Studies Journal , the khanjar is a symbol of manhood , power and authority , as well as serving as a status symbol for the person wearing it . As a result , it is sometimes given by families to their sons when they reach adolescence , and is a common wedding gift to the groom . Although the khanjar was originally created as a weapon to attack and defend , it is utilized solely for ceremonial and practical purposes today . The latter situation would occur in the desert , where it is used as a tool for hunting and skinning animals , as well as for slicing ropes . Because of this development , it is now considered a social taboo in Oman to pull out one 's khanjar from its scabbard , since the only time men would do this would be to seek vengeance or to defend oneself . Distribution While the khanjar is most prevalent in Oman given its symbolic status there , it is also worn by men in Yemen and the United Arab Emirates , forming an integral component of traditional dress in those countries . It can also be found and is sold in other Gulf Arab states , such as the Souq unk in Doha , Qatar . The khanjar is a popular keepsake among tourists , and is the Sultanate 's best selling memento . Other uses Official government As the khanjar is a national symbol of Oman , it is featured on the sultanate 's national emblem . It has been a symbol on the royal crest of the Al Said dynasty since the 18th century , which subsequently became the national emblem . It is also depicted on the Omani rial the country 's currency specifically on the one rial note , as well as on postage stamps issued by the sultanate . Furthermore , there are statues of khanjar on buildings housing government ministries and at various roundabouts throughout the country . Commercial The khanjar was previously shown prominently on the logo and planes of Oman Air the country 's flag carrier until it was removed under a rebranding in 2008 . The logo of unk also illustrates a stylized khanjar it was retained in the logotype 's motif after the telecommunications company merged with Oman Mobile in 2010 . Moreover , the perfume company unk which is owned by the Sultan of Oman and his royal family incorporates the dagger into the design of its bottles . The cap on its Gold for Men perfume bottle resembles the handle of a khanjar , complimenting the Gold for Women cap which evokes the dome of unk Mosque .
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2,513 | The subtropical ridge , also known as the subtropical high or horse latitudes , is a significant belt of atmospheric high pressure situated around the latitudes of 30 N in the Northern Hemisphere and 30 S in the Southern Hemisphere . It is characterized by mostly calm winds , which act to reduce air quality under its axis by causing fog overnight , and haze during daylight hours caused by the stable atmosphere found near its location . Air flows out from its center toward the upper and lower latitudes of each hemisphere , creating both the trade winds and the westerlies . The subtropical ridge moves poleward during the summer , reaching its most northern latitude in early fall , before moving equatorward during the cold season . The ENSO climate cycle can displace the northern hemisphere subtropical ridge , with La unk allowing for a more northerly axis for the ridge , while El Nios show flatter , more southerly ridges . The change of the ridge position during ENSO cycles changes tracks of tropical cyclones that form around their equatorward and western peripheries . As the subtropical ridge varies in position and strength , it can enhance or depress monsoon regimes around their low latitude periphery . The term horse latitudes refers to and is synonymous with the subtropical ridge or subtropical high . Formation Heating of the earth near the equator leads to large amounts of upward motion and convection along the monsoon trough or Intertropical convergence zone . These rising air currents diverge in the upper troposphere and move away from the equator at high altitude in both northerly and southerly directions . As it moves towards the mid latitudes on both sides of the equator , the air cools and sinks . The resulting air mass subsidence creates a subtropical ridge near the 30th parallel of latitude in both hemispheres where the formation of cloud is minimal except on the anticyclone s western edge ( eastern coast of continents ) where warm and moist low level air is driven poleward and cooled to create thunderstorms producing the humid subtropical climates of the American South , South China , southern unk central eastern South America , southern Queensland and KwaZulu Natal province in South Africa . At surface level , the sinking air diverges again with some moving back to the equator and completing the vertical cycle . This circulation on each side of the equator is known as the Hadley cell and leads to the formation of the subtropical ridge . Many of the world 's deserts are caused by these climatological high pressure areas . Migration The subtropical ridge starts migrating poleward in late spring reaching its zenith in early autumn before retreating equatorward during the late fall , winter , and early spring . The equatorward migration of the subtropical ridge during the cold season is due to increasing north south temperature differences between the poles and tropics . The latitudinal movement of the subtropical ridge is strongly correlated with the progression of the monsoon trough or Intertropical Convergence Zone . Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator , then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the Westerlies . When the subtropical ridge shifts due to ENSO , so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks . Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience many fewer September November tropical cyclone impacts during El Nio and neutral years , while mainland China experiences much greater landfall frequency during La Nia years . During El Nio years , the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130 E , which would favor the Japanese archipelago , while in La Nia years the formation of tropical cyclones , along with the subtropical ridge position , shift west , which increases the threat to China . In the Atlantic basin , the subtropical ridge position tends to lie about 5 degrees farther south during El Nio years , which leads to a more southerly recurvature for tropical cyclones during those years . When the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation 's mode is favorable to tropical cyclone development ( 1995 present ) , it amplifies the subtropical ridge across the central and eastern Atlantic . Importance to global monsoon regimes When the subtropical ridge in the northwest Pacific is stronger than normal , it leads to a wet monsoon season for Asia . The subtropical ridge position is linked to how far northward monsoon moisture and thunderstorms extend into the United States . The subtropical ridge across North America typically migrates far enough northward to begin monsoon conditions across the Desert Southwest from July to September . When the subtropical ridge is farther north than normal towards the Four Corners , monsoon thunderstorms can spread northward into Arizona . When suppressed to the south , the atmosphere dries out across the Desert Southwest , causing a break in the monsoon regime . Role in haze and fog formation When surface winds become light , the subsidence produced directly under the subtropical ridge can lead to a buildup of particulates in urban areas under the ridge , leading to widespread haze . If the low level relative humidity rises towards 100 percent overnight , fog can form .
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2,514 | The Telltale Head is the eighth episode of The Simpsons ' first season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 25 , 1990 . It was written by Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Sam Simon and Matt Groening , and directed by Rich Moore . In the episode , Bart cuts the head off the statue of Jebediah Springfield in the center of town to impress Jimbo , Kearney and Dolph , three older kids he admires . The town 's residents , including the three boys , are horrified and Bart regrets his actions . After telling his family , Homer and Bart head to the center of town , where they are met by an angry mob . After Bart tells the mob he has made a mistake , the townspeople forgive Bart and he places the head back on the statue . The episode 's title is a reference to the short story The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe . Plot The episode begins in medias res Homer and Bart are chased through the streets of Springfield by an angry mob while carrying the head of the statue of their town founder , Jebediah Springfield . Surrounded by the mob , Bart begins to relate the events of the previous day . Bart suffers through a boring morning at church and is forbidden by Marge to see the violent new Space Mutants movie . After church , he runs into a local gang Jimbo , Dolph , and Kearney . The three invite Bart to sneak into the Space Mutants movie with them . After being thrown out of the movie by the manager , the gang unk from the Kwik E Mart , throw rocks at the Jebediah Springfield statue , and watch clouds . Bart remarks that one cloud resembles Jebediah Springfield , but without a head . His new friends remark that they wish someone would decapitate the statue , saying it would be funny to see the town so upset . When Bart disagrees , the bullies make fun of him which upsets Bart. Bart is conflicted and asks Homer whether it is okay to compromise your beliefs to be popular . Homer tells Bart that popularity is the most important thing in the world , as long as Bart is not talking about killing someone . That night , Bart sneaks out of the house and decapitates the statue . The town is shaken by the crime , which causes Bart to feel guilty about his actions . Adding to his guilt is when Jimbo , Dolph , and Kearney are upset as well , telling Bart that if they met the person responsible , they would attack him critically , as they did not actually mean what they said about the statue before . Bart begins to fear of the consequences he would face if his actions are to be revealed , and his conscience manifests itself as the statue 's severed head , which begins speaking to him . Unable to go on , Bart finally confesses his crime to his family , explaining that he thought that being popular was the most important thing in the world that Homer told him . It was then Homer realized that he inspired Bart of his popularity advice that caused him to commit the crime in the first place , and feels extremely guilty of doing so . It was then Bart decided to return the head back where it belongs , and Homer follows along , holding himself responsible for the events . They are found by the angry mob , returning the story to the beginning . Bart tells the mob that his act has actually brought the town closer together , to which the mob agrees . The head is returned to the statue and everyone forgives Homer and Bart for their actions . Homer and Bart then leave peacefully , with the former reminding the latter that not all lynch mobs are this nice . Production The idea to have the episode in flashbacks was originally thought up in the color screening stage of production . This is the first episode directed by Rich Moore . This is the first time Jebediah Springfield is mentioned , as well as the first time the Simpsons go to church . The announcer of the football game Homer is listening to at church is based on Keith Jackson . This is the first episode of the series in which Sideshow Bob , Reverend Timothy Lovejoy , Krusty the Clown , Jimbo Jones , Kearney unk , Dolph unk , Ms. Albright , and Apu Nahasapeemapetilon appear . Cultural references Bart awakening and finding the head of Jebediah Springfield in bed next to him is a reference to the scene in The Godfather where Jack Woltz finds the head of his prize racehorse next to him one morning . Reception In its original broadcast , The Telltale Head finished twenty sixth in ratings for the week of February 19 25 , 1990 , with a Nielsen rating of 15 . 2 , equivalent to approximately 14 . 0 million viewing households . It was the second highest rated show on the Fox network that week , following Married ... with Children . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood said they enjoyed the Simpsons being grossly dysfunctional in church , Homer dispensing terrible advice , and a real moral dilemma for Bart. In a DVD review of the first season , David B. Grelck gave the episode a rating of 3 5 and added , This is a strange episode , touching on many bizarre aspects of the show to come . Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said , Good little moments abounded , and this was a generally solid episode . I liked the objects the boys saw in the clouds , and quite a few other funny bits appeared . Telltale wasn t a great episode , but it was generally entertaining and clever .
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2,515 | The Polled Dorset is a breed of sheep developed for meat at the North Carolina State University Small unk Unit in 1956 . The name refers to the fact that it is a hornless variation of the Horned Dorset breed . The Polled Dorset is the result of a genetic mutation by which some of the offspring of a certain ram grew no horns . After some years of breeding work , a strain of Dorset was developed which had lost the characteristic horns and which bred true . Polled Dorsets are an all white , medium sized sheep , prolific and able to breed out of season . The carcases are muscular with good conformation and the adults produce a thick fleece , which is free from dark fibers . Since its development , the number of Polled Dorsets registered in the United States has grown to exceed the number of Horned Dorsets . Without horns the sheep are easier to handle and there is much less risk of the rams hurting themselves or others by butting . The Polled Dorset is sometimes confused with the Australian Poll Dorset , but that breed did not start as a genetic mutation but resulted from the introduction of Corriedale and Ryeland blood into the Dorset breeding program . History In 1949 , four hornless lambs were sired from a Horned Dorset on a farm at North Carolina State University in Raleigh , North Carolina . Over the next five years , as part of their normal breeding program , those four ewes and the other ewes on the farm were bred to the Horned Dorset . Eventually , a ewe gave birth to twin rams . NCSU 401 was a regular horned Dorset , but his brother , NCSU 402 , was born polled , without horns , due to a genetic mutation . Thus , the Polled Dorset was born . NCSU 402 was the official name given to the first true Polled Dorset sheep . It was named in accordance with the naming system that has been used at the NCSU Small unk Unit since it started its breeding program . After research and testing were done to confirm that the Polled Dorset carried the same characteristics as the Horned Dorset and was able to pass on these traits , the Continental Dorset Club , formed in 1898 , registered the very first Polled Dorset sheep in 1956 . Livestock scientists , the late Dr. Lemuel Goode and the late Sam Buchanan , are credited with identifying and developing the hornless sheep . The offspring of NCSU 402 were bought by other breeders and within twenty years , seventy percent of all registered Dorsets were polled . The success of the Polled Dorset has made it considered to be the second most popular sheep breed in the United States . A polled strain of Dorsets were also developed in Australia in the 1900s , however , these were not as a result of a genetic mutation but resulted from the introduction of Corriedale and Ryeland blood into the Dorset Horn . Conformation Polled Dorsets are a medium sized sheep that are long lived and prolific , heavy milkers . They produce hardy lambs with moderate growth and maturity that yield heavily muscled carcasses . Their fleece is very white , strong , close , free from dark fiber and extends down the legs . When shorn , fleece averages between five and nine pounds ( 2 . 23 to 4 kg ) in ewes and fifty to seventy percent of their fleece can be used . The staple length ranges from 2 . 5 to 4 inches ( 6 to 10 cm ) with a numeric count of 46 's 58 's . The fiber diameter ranges from 27 . 0 to 33 . 0 microns . At maturity , ewes weigh between 150 and 200 pounds ( 67 to 91 kg ) , some weighing more in show condition . Mature rams range in weight from 225 to 275 pounds ( 102 to 125 kg ) . Dorsets are noted for their ability to be bred more than once per year and are commonly used in crossbreeding to produce females for out of season breeding . They are one of the few breeds that have this characteristic . Multiple births are common and they work well in commercial operations , including programs where rams are specifically used to sire lambs for slaughter . These rams are known as terminal sires since their genetics are more suitable for slaughter than breeding purposes . Since the breed first became commercial , it has spread to Canada and become a major contributor in the commercial lamb industry . The breed adapts well to confinement and is readily used in accelerated crossbreeding programs . Polled Dorsets thrive under grass based and unk conditions and are more suitable on small farms that are intensely managed . Polled versus Horned Dorsets The Dorset is an ancient breed that was most likely developed from horned sheep that lived in the valleys and pastures of southwestern England . Dorset Horn sheep were imported into the United States in 1860 , and the first U.S. national flock book was formed in 1891 . Today , the Dorset is found in two varieties globally , Horned and Polled . In the Horn variety , both ewes and rams have horns , while the polled variety have no horns at all . Polled Dorsets are ideal for commercial settings because they do not have horns that can get caught in fencing or cause damage when they butt . Polled Dorsets are the most popular white faced breed in North America , while the much less common Dorset Horn is listed as threatened by The Livestock Conservancy in the United States . In essence , the difference between the two breeds is that one has horns and the other does not .
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2,516 | The December 2000 nor 'easter was a significant winter storm that impacted the Mid Atlantic and New England regions of the United States around the end of the month . It began as an Alberta clipper that moved southeastward through the central United States and weakened over the Ohio Valley . However , it redeveloped off the coast of North Carolina and moved northward as it intensified . It moved into central Long Island and eventually tracked northward into New England . The storm dropped heavy precipitation throughout the Northeast , especially in northern New Jersey and eastern New York , where snowfall often exceeded 2 ft ( 0 . 61 m ) . Even so , as it struck on a weekend , its effects were generally minor and mostly limited to travel delays , traffic accidents , and business closures . Synoptic history The storm developed as an Alberta clipper type low pressure area that moved southeastward across the Great Plains and Midwest . Throughout North Dakota , Minnesota and Iowa , moderate snowfall accompanied the system . After weakening over the Ohio Valley , the storm redeveloped off the coast of North Carolina . In the days preceding the event , a cyclone over eastern Canada circulated cold air southward . Computer models indicated the potential for a major storm up to seven days in advance however , initially , certain forecasts suggested that a separate storm over the southern U.S. would merge with the clipper . Instead , this feature moved out to sea . As the secondary storm began to intensify offshore , precipitation rapidly expanded and tracked northward towards southern Virginia , eastern Maryland and Delaware , largely in the form of freezing rain , ice , and snow . From 0200 UTC on December 30 to 1200 UTC , the cyclone intensified by 13 mbar , and continued to deepen for several more hours . Snowfall reached southern New Jersey between 0600 and 0800 UTC , and New York City at around 1000 UTC . Thundersnow developed within heavy bands in some areas . The significant snow was characterized by a sharp western cutoff for example , in Chester County , accumulations ranged from around 6 inches in the far eastern parts of the county to only an inch along its western border with Lancaster County . While located off the New Jersey coast , the storm stopped strengthening and slowly moved northward . The center was situated near central Long Island at 2100 UTC . Across eastern Long Island and parts of eastern New England , snow mixed with and , in some cases , changed over to rain . The surface low had moved into eastern Connecticut by early on December 31 . As it continued to head northeastward , a new center of low pressure developed near Boston and moved towards coastal Maine . The storm system had abated by January 1 . Impact The storm produced moderate to heavy snowfall from eastern Pennsylvania through New Jersey , New York , and New England , extending as far north as Maine . As much as 30 in ( 0 . 76 m ) fell west of the New York City metropolitan region , which generally reported 10 to 16 in ( 0 . 25 to 0 . 41 m ) of snow , making it the biggest snowstorm at the time since the North American blizzard of 1996 . Washington , D.C. and Baltimore recorded little or no snowfall , while 10 in ( 25 cm ) impacted Philadelphia . Eastern New York , especially the Hudson Valley and Catskill Mountains , western Connecticut , western and central Massachusetts , Vermont , New Hampshire and Maine also picked up heavy snowfall . Eastern New England received up to 1 ft ( 0 . 30 m ) before dry air from the south reduced the duration of the snow . About 30 flights were canceled at the Philadelphia International Airport , and the city declared a snow emergency . Amtrak canceled Metroliner service along the northeast corridor from Washington , D.C. to New York City . Numerous businesses throughout eastern Pennsylvania closed on December 30 , although because the storm struck on a weekend , the number of traffic accidents was fairly low . In New Jersey , increasing winds caused blowing and drifting of the snow and led to near blizzard conditions . Behind the storm , very cold and gusty weather lingered . New Jersey Transit shut down bus service in northern portions of the state , and rail lines had 20 minute delays . Most injuries in the state were related to physical strain while shoveling , snow blower accidents or slips and falls . As the snowfall was of a light nature , few trees limbs and electrical wires were downed by the storm . GPU Energy reported only around 5 , 500 power outages . A countywide state of emergency was declared in Sussex County , as vehicles were sliding off roadways . Several other traffic accidents and delays were reported throughout the state , and in Somerset County , a few roads were closed due to the snow . A Red Cross shelter was opened for residents of a Spotswood trailer park . In New York State , the heaviest snow peaked at 29 in ( 0 . 74 m ) in Platte Cove , Greene County . Despite 50 flight cancellations at the Albany International Airport and several traffic accidents , no major damage or injuries were reported . Although heavy snow fell in the state , no major damage was reported in Connecticut . In Massachusetts and Rhode Island , high winds , gusting to as high as 50 mph ( 80 km h ) buffeted the coast .
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2,517 | Route 10 is a 23 . 51 mi ( 37 . 84 km ) state highway in the northern part of the U.S. state of New Jersey . It runs from an intersection with U.S. Route 46 ( US 46 ) in Roxbury Township , Morris County east to County Route 577 ( CR 577 ) CR 677 ( Prospect Avenue ) in West Orange , Essex County . Route 10 is a major route through northern New Jersey that runs through Ledgewood , East Hanover , and Livingston . It is a four lane highway for most of its length with the exception of the easternmost part of the route . Route 10 features intersections with many major roads including Route 53 and US 202 in Morris Plains and Interstate 287 ( I 287 ) in Hanover Township . Route 10 was designated in 1927 to run from Jersey City to Dover , following the former Newark and Mount Pleasant Turnpike west of Newark . The route continued east from its present day routing on current CR 577 , Park Avenue , CR 508 , and Route 7 to end at US 1 9 at the Tonnele Circle . An alignment of Route 10 farther to the north of its current alignment in Essex County was proposed in 1952 however , it was never constructed with the route being designated to its present alignment a year later . Since 1953 , Route 10 has seen improvements that eliminated the Ledgewood Circle at the western terminus in 1998 and improved safety along the portion of the route in Hanover and East Hanover Townships in the mid 2000s . Route description Route 10 begins at US 46 in the Ledgewood section of Roxbury Township at the former Ledgewood Circle , heading to the southeast on a four lane divided highway with some jughandles . The road passes by the Ledgewood Mall , the Roxbury Mall , and many other businesses . The route enters Randolph Township , where the road becomes less commercial in nature and passes Randolph Lake , reaching an interchange with CR 617 . Past this interchange , Route 10 crosses over forested Mine Hill . The route crosses CR 513 and passes by the County College of Morris past that intersection , with suburban development becoming more frequent again . Route 10 widens to six lanes and then runs through the southwestern corner of Denville before heading into the Mt . Tabor section of Parsippany Troy Hills . The route then forms the border between Parsippany Troy Hills to the north and Morris Plains to the south , coming to an interchange with Route 53 and crossing US 202 . The route fully enters Parsippany Troy Hills again before crossing into Hanover Township , coming to an interchange with Dryden Way , where the route widens to eight lanes . Past Dryden Way , Route 10 features an interchange with I 287 and narrows to four lanes . The road heads through the Whippany section of Hanover Township , where it has an interchange with CR 511 and passes by the Whippany Railway Museum . Route 10 crosses into East Hanover Township at the crossing of Whippany Brook . Along Route 10 in East Hanover , the road passes several businesses . Route 10 crosses the Passaic River into Livingston , Essex County , where it becomes Mt . Pleasant Avenue . The route comes to the Livingston Circle , a realigned traffic circle , with CR 508 and CR 609 ( Eisenhower Parkway ) . Past this traffic circle , the divided highway becomes a four lane undivided road with some businesses and homes along the road . The route crosses CR 527 and narrows to two lanes a short distance past that intersection . The route enters West Orange at the point it crosses Nance Road . In West Orange , Route 10 ends at the Prospect Avenue intersection where radio station unk FM 's studios and unk 's transmitter unk are located . At this intersection , CR 577 heads east on Mt . Pleasant Avenue and north on Prospect Avenue while CR 677 ( signed as CR 577 Spur ) heads south on Prospect Avenue . History The Newark and Mount Pleasant Turnpike was established along the present day alignment of Route 10 east of Dover on March 12 , 1806 , existing as a turnpike until before 1833 . Route 10 was designated in 1927 to run from Jersey City west to Route 6 ( now US 46 ) west of Dover , passing through Newark . This routing of Route 10 followed its current alignment and ran east along present day CR 577 , Mt . Pleasant Avenue , and Park Avenue to Newark , where it followed CR 508 and Route 7 to US 1 9 at the Tonnele Circle in Jersey City . In 1952 , Route 10 was designated to run along a new , never built alignment farther to the north , running through Belleville , Bloomfield , Glen Ridge , Montclair , West Orange , and along the Livingston Roseland border , roughly along much of the routing of present day CR 611 ( Eagle Rock Avenue ) , and following its current alignment through Morris County to Ledgewood . A spur of the route was also planned in 1952 to run from Montclair south to Orange . A year later , in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 10 was defined onto its current alignment , with its eastern terminus moved to Prospect Avenue in West Orange . In 1998 , the Ledgewood Circle at the western terminus of the route was replaced with a signalized T intersection . In the mid 2000s , a 11 . 5 million project was undertaken to improve safety on the portion of Route 10 in Hanover and East Hanover Townships by widening existing lanes and adding turning lanes to the road . Major intersections
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2,518 | unk Isidore van Kinsbergen ( 3 September 1821 10 September 1905 ) was a Dutch Flemish engraver who took the first archaeological and cultural photographs of Java during the Dutch East Indies period in the nineteenth century . The photographs he produced during his visit to the colony in 1851 ranged in subject from antiquities and landscapes to portraits , court photography , model studies and nudes . His monograph was published in black and white with a coloured quire of nearly 400 photographs . His photograph of Borobudur was the first picture of the monument that showed the results of the first restoration c . 1873 . Early life Isidore van Kinsbergen was born in Bruges in 1821 ( at that time , Bruges was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands ) . Having studied painting and singing in Paris , he joined a French opera group that travelled to Batavia ( the present day Jakarta ) in 1851 . After several performances the group left the Dutch East Indies , but Van Kinsbergen decided to stay there . He became interested in the new medium of photography , particularly in using the albumen print technique . He opened the first albumen print processing shop in Batavia . Commissions In 1862 , the General Secretary of East Indies Alexis Loudon invited van Kinsbergen to join the government mission to Siam ( present day Thailand ) in February 1862 to cover the 1860 Treaty of Friendship , Trade and Navigation between the Netherlands and Siam . It was van Kinsbergen 's first government assignment and he used the occasion to capture a number of curiosities in the country . During that period , the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences , whose main interests were in archaeological research and conservation , became interested in the newly invented albumen print medium . The society felt that the world should know more about Javanese culture as expressed in the old inscriptions , statues , customs and temples . The Society arranged an archaeological tour around Java , headed by unk Brumund , a priest of the Batavian unk Community and a specialist in Javanese . The Society also commissioned van Kinsbergen to accompany Brumund during his tour in order to illustrate Brumund 's publication of Javanese culture and antiquities . The government granted permission for this tour , with the restriction that all wet prints ( cliches ) would be government property and that extra printing would only be allowed with permission from the government . As part of his contract with the Batavian Society , van Kinsbergen had to take photographs of Borobudur , which had just been cleaned and restored . However , when he went to photograph the unk Hindu temple complex in East Java in 1867 , he ran out of chemicals . In his enthusiasm for photographing the many reliefs of the temple complex , he used up so many glass slides that he could not go to Borobudur as he had intended to . The Society was nervous about van Kinsbergen 's delay , so they did not grant his request to supply new slides . However , van Kinsbergen 's photographs satisfied the Society and he became renowned as the Society 's Photographer . His work on repairing the system for managing water flow during his trip in the Dieng Plateau in order to photograph the Javanese Hindu temple there was avidly praised by the Society . The board then decided that van Kinsbergen was no longer obliged to follow Brumund 's directions , but should pursue his own vision . Brumund published his work in 1868 , but without the full illustrations of van Kinsbergen . Later in 1872 , van Kinsbergen published photographs of monuments in Java , but he was criticized for missing some important ruins , for instance , those in the east of Kediri . Although Brumund 's publication included drawings of Borobudur , the Batavia Society still felt that it was incomplete . In April 1873 , van Kinsbergen set off to the monument . Cleaning , digging and other technical difficulties delayed his start in taking pictures until August that year . The wet monsoon season further hampered his work , resulting in a series of only 43 photographs taken between August to December . The Society was disappointed with the number of photographs , although satisfied with the printing and artistic quality . Photographic styles Isidore van Kinsbergen was known as a perfectionist . During his work in Borobudur , he selected the statues and panels which had been preserved best to take pictures of . He preferred a non frontal angle , which shows a better depth of the relief and the skills of the relief maker . To stress its timeless beauty , van Kinsbergen blocked out the original background in the negative film instead of putting up a black curtain during photographing . There are some criticisms of van Kinsbergen 's photographs . He missed some details and sometimes his series was unbalanced . Trained as an artist , his works lacked archaeological descriptions , the main purpose of his contract . The printing quality , however , is beyond question and he had success showing the beauty of classical Javanese arts . His photographs were shown to the public both in the 1873 International Exhibition in Vienna and the 1878 World Exhibition in Paris . His works can be seen in several places , including the National Museum in Amsterdam . Gallery
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2,519 | The Lynde Point Light or Lynde Point Lighthouse , also known as Saybrook Inner Lighthouse , is a lighthouse in Connecticut , United States , on the west side of the mouth of the Connecticut River on the Long Island Sound , Old Saybrook , Connecticut . The first light was a 35 feet ( 11 m ) wooden tower constructed by Abisha Woodward for 2 , 200 and it was completed in 1803 . A new lighthouse was eventually needed and a total of 7 , 500 was appropriated on July 7 , 1838 . Jonathan Scranton , Volney Pierce , and John Wilcox were contracted to build the new 65 foot ( 20 m ) octagonal brownstone tower . It was constructed in 1838 and lit in 1839 . The lighthouse was renovated in 1867 and had its keeper 's house from 1833 replaced in 1858 with a Gothic Revival gambrel roofed wood frame house . In 1966 , the house was torn down and replaced by a duplex house . The original ten lamps were replaced in 1852 with a fourth order Fresnel lens , and with a fifth order Fresnel lens in 1890 . Lynde Point Lighthouse used whale oil until 1879 when it switched to kerosene . It was electrified in 1955 and fully automated by the United States Coast Guard in 1978 . In 1990 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places and is significant for its superior stone work in the tapering brownstone walls . First light Out of a need for a lighthouse to mark the Old Saybrook harbor , the government paid 225 for William Lynde 's land at its entrance to erect a light . Abisha Woodward was contracted to build a 35 feet ( 11 m ) wooden tower for 2 , 200 and it was completed in 1803 . Due to erosion threatening the foundation of the lighthouse , a seawall was constructed in 1829 , and it was reinforced and widened in 1831 . Also constructed was a six room frame structure to serve as the keeper 's quarters . The keeper 's building was replaced in 1933 . The light was criticized by many sailors for being too short to be seen at an effective distance , a problem exacerbated by a local fog from the marshland that obscured the light . A petition was made to have the tower raised 25 feet ( 7 . 6 m ) , but it was deemed a replacement would be better . Current light The United States Congress appropriated funds for the tower 's replacement by 1832 . On July 7 , 1838 , Congress appropriated an additional 2 , 500 . 00 to add to the other 5 , 000 . 00 appropriated for the new lighthouse . The contract for the lighthouse was awarded to Jonathan Scranton , Volney Pierce , and John Wilcox of Madison , Connecticut , on August 18 , 1838 . A new 65 foot ( 20 m ) octagonal brownstone tower was constructed in 1838 and lit in 1839 . The walls of the base of the light are 5 feet ( 1 . 5 m ) thick , tapering to 2 feet ( 0 . 61 m ) at the top . The lighthouse is painted white and has six windows , all facing the water . The lighthouse has been described as being similar to the masonry towers built earlier , ( New London Harbor Light , New Haven Harbor ( Five Mile Point ) Light , and Faulkner 's Island Light ) , but Lynde Point is considered to represent the finest work of the three . The wooden staircase was likely replaced in an 1868 renovation of the light . In 1886 , the Saybrook Breakwater Light was built . Lynde Point then became commonly known as the Saybrook Inner Light and Saybrook Breakwater became known as the Saybrook Outer Light . The keeper 's house from 1833 had a frame kitchen addition that connected to the lighthouse , but it was replaced in 1858 with a Gothic Revival gambrel roofed wood frame house . In 1966 , the house was torn down and replaced by a duplex house . In 1852 , a fourth order Fresnel lens from unk and unk replaced the original ten lamps and 9 inch ( 230 mm ) reflectors . In 1890 , a fifth order Fresnel lens , which is still in the tower today , was installed . An appropriation of 800 was made for a fog bell in 1850 , and it was installed in 1854 at a cost of 1000 . Two years later the machinery to automatically strike the fog bell was completed . The 1867 renovation saw the addition of a fog siren , but it was removed and replaced with the fog bell in 1874 and a new fog bell was later installed in 1883 . Lynde Point Lighthouse used whale oil until 1879 when it switched to kerosene , it was electrified in 1955 and fully automated by the United States Coast Guard in 1978 . Importance In 1990 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . Templeton writes , Lynde Point exhibits superior stone work in the tapering brownstone walls . Of the three early masonry unk in the nominated group , Lynde Point is the latest and its construction is the best documented two advertisements for construction proposals survive , containing the government 's specifications , and the construction contract as well . Lynde Point also is significant as part of the federal government 's early efforts to improve aids to navigation in Long Island Sound , when the mouths of important harbors and rivers were among the first sites chosen for lighthouse appropriations . Lynde Point is an active aid to navigation and is not open to the public . The Lynde Point Light was used in the 2005 horror movie Predator Island . List of keepers This list includes known keepers , but excludes assistants and non officers of the Coast Guard .
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2,520 | Tricholoma vernaticum is an agaric fungus of the genus Tricholoma native to the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . The fungus was originally described in 1976 as a species of Armillaria when that genus was more inclusive it received its current name twenty years later . The stout fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) have moist white to grayish caps ( later becoming grayish brown with age ) , a membranous ring on the stipe , and an odor resembling cucumbers . Mycorrhizal with conifers , the fungus fruits in the spring or early summer , with its mushrooms appearing on the ground singly or in groups at high elevations , often at the edge of melting snowbanks . The edibility of the mushroom is unknown , but it has a strong unpleasant odor and a mealy taste . Taxonomy The species was originally described from California as Armillaria olida by mycologists Harry D. Thiers and Walter Sundberg in 1976 . The type specimen was collected on May 6 , 1972 , in the Crystal Basin Recreation Area in El Dorado County . Thiers and Sundberg classified it in the section Ponderosa of genus Armillaria due to its inamyloid spores , but noted that its relationship to other species was unclear . They also noted the similarity of the form and color of its cap to species in section unk of genus Lyophyllum . Thiers and Sundberg used a broad species concept of Armillaria , including species with a white spore print , gills attached to the stipe , and a ring formed from a partial veil , regardless of their ecological preferences . Today , Armillaria is restricted to wood rotting species that form black rhizomorphs , and several mycorrhizal former Armillaria have since been transferred to Tricholoma . The name Tricholoma olida was unavailable for this species , because it was previously used in 1920 by Josef Velenovsk , so Kris Shanks proposed the new name T. vernaticum . The specific epithet refers to its growth in the spring . The previous epithet olida derives from the Latin unk , meaning stinking or smelling . Tricholoma vernaticum is classified in the subgenus unk of the genus Tricholoma on account of its clamp connections and interwoven hyphae in the cap cuticle . Description The cap is convex to broadly convex before flattening out in age , and reaches diameters between 5 and 17 cm ( 2 . 0 and 6 . 7 in ) wide . The surface is dry to moist , smooth , and in maturity appears to be made of flattened fibers arranged radially . As the mushroom ages , the cap color changes from white to fuscous ( dusky brownish grey ) or brown , usually with olive , grayish or pale tan regions . The cap margin , initially curved downward , lifts up and becomes lobed or irregular with age . The flesh is thick and white , with a strongly farinaceous odor similar to cucumber or watermelon rind . Gills initially have an emarginate ( notched ) to adnate attachment to the stipe , but pull away as the mushroom matures to become seceding or almost free from attachment . They are thick and closely spaced , and whitish in color , sometimes developing pale pink tints . The solid stipe measures 4 14 cm ( 1 . 6 5 . 5 in ) long by 1 . 3 3 . 5 cm ( 0 . 5 1 . 4 in ) thick , and is either equal in width through its length or slightly club shaped . It has a dry surface , and a texture that is smooth to silky fibrillose above the ring , and appressed fibrillose to scaly below the ring . The ring , located in the middle to upper half of the stem , is sometimes inconspicuous . The edibility of the mushroom is unknown with certainty , although it has been noted to have a strongly farinaceous taste , and an unpleasant odor strongly reminiscent of rotting white potatoes . The spore print is white . Spores are elliptic ( or narrowly so ) , and measure 8 12 by 4 . 8 6 . 2 m . There are clamp connections present in the hyphae . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are four spored , club shaped , and measure 23 30 by 8 10 m . The hymenium lacks cystidia . The cap flesh comprises homogenous , interwoven hyphae that are 3 5 m in diameter , while the cap cuticle is a 200 300 micrometer thick layer of interwoven , gelatinous hyphae up to 4 m in diameter . Similar species When collected in its typical habitat and during the appropriate season , Tricholoma vernaticum mushrooms can be readily identified because of their prominent characteristics white color , stocky fruit body , farinaceous odor , and ring on the stipe . Tricholoma lookalikes in the same geographic region grow at lower elevations , typically in autumn . T. unk has a gray cap , a stipe with yellow tints , and lacks a ring , while T. mutabile has violet tones in its cap and also lacks a ring . Other lookalikes include Hygrophorus subalpinus and H. unk , but these species have broad , waxy gills , and lack the characteristic odor of T. vernaticum . Habitat and distribution Fruit bodies of Tricholoma vernaticum grow singly or in groups under conifers in late spring and early summer . A fairly common species throughout its range , it is found at high elevations in California north to Oregon and Washington . It is a snowbank fungus , meaning it is commonly found at the edge of melting snowbanks . Fruit bodies are often buried under humus , forming hardly visible unk , apparent only as cracked bumps on the ground .
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2,521 | Christian Ramsay , Countess of Dalhousie informally Lady Dalhousie , ne Broun 28 February 1786 22 January 1839 was a Scottish botanist and natural historian . She married the 9th Earl of Dalhousie and travelled with him when he was appointed Governor General of Canada and India . While travelling , she collected and catalogued many species of plants , presented scientific papers to societies and donated multiple collections to different botanical groups . Lady Dalhousie was made an honorary member of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh and was its only female honorary member until her death . A genus of tropical plant , unk , was named after her . Family Lady Dalhousie was born Christian Broun on 28 February 1786 at Coalstoun , the ancestral home of the Broun family near Haddington , East Lothian . She was the only child of Charles and Christian Broun . The Broun family had a history in the legal profession her father was an advocate and his father a judge , George Broun , Lord Coalstoun . On 14 May 1805 , she married the 9th Earl of Dalhousie and was styled Countess of Dalhousie . Lady Dalhousie and her husband had three sons . Their eldest , George , was born 3 August 1806 , a captain in the 26th ( unk ) Regiment of Foot , he died on 25 October 1832 . Their second son , Charles , died at nine years old . Their youngest , James , born 22 April 1812 , inherited his father 's title in 1838 and was created Marquess of Dalhousie in 1849 . Scientific work Lady Dalhousie was a keen botanist she catalogued plants on herbarium sheets , fully identified and complete with collection dates , notes on habitats and some with watercolour pictures she had painted . In 1824 , Lord Dalhousie co founded the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec . Lady Dalhousie 's catalogue of Canadian plants was included in the first issue of the society 's Transactions in 1829 . Lady Dalhousie presented a paper to them and donated her collection of Nova Scotian specimens as part of a herbarium in 1824 . Lady Dalhousie donated her entire East Indian Herbarium to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh . The society noted its quality and made Lady Dalhousie an honorary member in 1837 at the time of her death she was the only female honorary member . Records of correspondence with Kew botanist , Sir William Hooker , include large collections of plants from Simla and Penang in 1831 . Her collections were included when Joseph Dalton Hooker compiled his Flora Indica . Travels When her husband was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia , she travelled with him and their three sons to Canada on the frigate HMS Forth . The family lived in Halifax , Nova Scotia for four years from 1816 to 1820 . Whilst there , Lady Dalhousie spent her time in the promotion of science . She toured the countryside with her husband , recommended improvements to farming and collected botanical items . She sent seeds to Dalhousie Castle for the gardens . In 1820 , the family moved to Quebec , when her husband was appointed Governor General of British North America . Lady Dalhousie took on the traditional role of a governor 's wife , that of Patron of literature and the arts . She spent much time in high society and was known for her wit and satirical caricatures of society members . Once established , Lady Dalhousie and her friends started focusing on natural history and in particular cataloguing local botany . In 1824 , the family returned to Dalhousie Castle and began plans for an extensive garden . Their gardener , Joseph Archibald , wrote of her that few ... attained such proficiency as her unk in the science . Plans for the garden were cut short as the family suffered severe financial losses when their agent went bankrupt . Although the garden was not completed , many of the North American plants had been planted and flowered for the first time in Great Britain . The family moved to a modest farm house in Sorel in 1826 and remained there until Lord Dalhousie was appointed Governor General and Commander in Chief of India in 1829 . On the journey to India , the family stopped at Madeira , St. Helena and the Cape of Good Hope . At each place , Lady Dalhousie took time to collect plants and made a detailed catalogue of them . In 1831 she visited the foothills of Simla , along with Penang , near the Malay Peninsula . Death and legacy Lady Dalhousie died suddenly on 22 January 1839 in the home of Dean Ramsay aged 52 . One report mentions that she was so dedicated to her studies that she died with a list of plants in her hand . The collection that she and her husband had made was sold in 1985 parts went to the Nova Scotia Museum , the National Gallery of Canada , the Library and Archives Canada and the Provincial Archives of New Brunswick . For her work in the classification of Indian botany , Robert Graham named a genus of Fabaceae , a flowering plant native to India , after her unk . One of the plants she sent to Graham was a new discovery , so he named the plant Asplenium unk after her . Sir William Hooker dedicated a volume of Curtis 's Botanical Magazine to her . Julia Catherine Beckwith , who is credited as Canada 's first writer of fiction , dedicated her first novel to her . Lady Dalhousie was the first owner of one of the unk copies of Jane Austen 's Emma .
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2,522 | The 122nd Boat Race , an annual side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames , took place on 20 March 1976 and was won by Oxford by six and a half lengths in 16 minutes 58 seconds , the fastest time in the history of the race . The race was umpired by former Cambridge rower Farn Carpmael . It was the first race in the event for which an official weigh in was held , and featured the heaviest rower ever in Steve Plunkett . Oxford 's Isis won the 12th running of the reserve race against Cambridge 's Goldie , in a record time of 17 minutes 37 seconds . In the 31st Women 's Boat Race , Oxford defeated Cambridge . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a hotly contested point of honour between the two universities . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1975 race by five and a half lengths , and led overall with 68 victories to Oxford 's 52 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The umpire for the race was Farn Carpmael , who had rowed for Cambridge in 1930 and 1931 races . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . By invitation from the Oxford boat club president Graham Innes , Oxford were coached by former Blue Dan Topolski while Cambridge were led by Czechoslovakian former international rower Bohumil Janouek ( more commonly known as Bob unk ) . Preparations during the week before the race were underwhelming for both crews . Oxford 's performance against a University of London crew was described by Jim Railton of The Times as abysmal while Cambridge disgraced themselves in a subsequent two and a half length defeat by their own reserve crew , Goldie . Both crews had faced the unk Laboratory crew from Imperial College London , a hotbed of rowing , in the lead up to the official race , but changes in personnel and differences in conditions and race lengths did not demonstrate a clear favourite . The day before the race , British bookmaking company Ladbrokes announced that they would sponsor the race from the following year . From 1977 , each boat club would be awarded 10 , 000 and would compete for The Ladbroke Cup . Crews For the first time in the history of the event , an official weigh in was held , organised by The Sunday Times and weighing machine manufacturers W T Avery Ltd . Oxford 's crew was the heaviest of all time , at an average of just under 14 st 1 lb ( 89 . 0 kg ) per rower , 4 . 5 pounds ( 2 . 0 kg ) more than their opposition , and the first time in the race history , a crew weighed more than an average of 14 st ( 88 . 7 kg ) . The Dark Blue crew also included Steve Plunkett who , at 16 st 5 lb ( 103 . 6 kg ) was the heaviest rower in the history of the race . The Cambridge crew were inexperienced , their only Blue being the Cambridge University Boat Club president Henry Clay who had rowed in the 1975 race . In contrast , Oxford welcomed back five of their 1975 crew including cox Ashton Calvert , and also included two from the victorious 1975 Isis crew . Two non British rowers participated , Americans Dick Cashin ( of Harvard ) for Cambridge and Ken Brown ( of Cornell ) for Oxford . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Leading from the outset , and in calm river conditions , Oxford were a length ahead within a minute . Four lengths up by the Mile Post , which they reached in a record 3 minutes 35 seconds , the Dark Blues reduced their rating . Further milestone records were broken at Hammersmith Bridge , Chiswick Steps and Barnes Bridge . Oxford reduced their rating but still extended their lead to six lengths by the finishing post , in a record breaking time of 16 minutes 58 seconds , 37 seconds quicker than their 1974 colleagues who had previously held the record . Although Cambridge also beat the existing record , they finished a distant 22 seconds and six and a half lengths behind . Reaction Oxford coach Topolski said of his successful crew they got three lengths up , then they really sat on it and cruised . The enjoyed the row . It 's a natural thing when the other crew is so far behind . He was critical of the Cambridge crew They didn 't really have a lot of talent . The official winning distance caused controversy . A discrepancy between the official margin ( six and a half lengths ) and those reported in various British newspapers , including The Sunday Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Times resulted in a delay in bookmakers paying out on winning bets .
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2,523 | Emilia Louise Baeyertz ( ne Aronson 29 March 1842 26 April 1926 ) was a Welsh Christian evangelist , born to a strict Jewish family in Wales , who described herself as the Christian Jewess . She was home schooled due to her poor health and suffered a breakdown when her fianc was diagnosed with tuberculosis . Her family sent her to Australia to live with her sister to help her recovery , where she fell in love with and secretly married an Anglican Christian man . Baeyertz did not intend to convert to Christianity when she married him , but she subsequently did for the sake of her children . Her husband died as a result of a shooting accident in 1871 , whereupon she experienced a full conversion to Christianity . She spent the following few years giving sermons and , by 1879 , she was featured speaker for a YWCA campaign of sermons , before spending a decade conducting Christian missions around Victoria . Between 1890 and 1904 , Baeyertz conducted missions around the world , starting in New Zealand , then spending a few years in the US and Canada , before returning to the United Kingdom and Ireland . Biography Baeyertz was born as Emilia Louise Aronson on 29 March 1842 in Bangor , North Wales . Her family were wealthy orthodox Jews , and she was brought up to strict Jewish ideals . She attended school for a while but , by the time that she reached thirteen , her family removed her from formal education and she remained at home due to her ill health . Instead , she spent her time with her mother , who used to read Shakespeare to her , and would spend time in her family 's library practising reading aloud . When she was old enough , she attended social events and soon met a young Jewish man . He asked her father for her hand in marriage , and the father agreed on the condition that the man take out life insurance . While Emilia was planning the wedding , her fianc attended doctor 's appointments as part of the insurance underwriting process . There he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and told that he did not have long to live . The wedding was cancelled , and Baeyertz suffered a breakdown and ill health as a result . In February 1864 , her family sent her and her brother to Melbourne to live with her sister , with the intention of helping to improve Baeyertz 's health . By the time that the siblings arrived by ship in Melbourne , Baeyertz had already recovered and she quickly integrated herself into the Australian social life . She soon met Charles Baeyertz , a bank manager at the Richmond branch of National Bank of Australasia and a practising Anglican . The couple started a relationship , keeping it secret from both their families . Baeyertz agreed to marry Charles on the condition that he would never attempt to convert her to Christianity indeed , that he would never mention his religion to her at all . The couple married in secret at Christ Church in Hawthorn , Victoria on 16 October 1865 . Soon after , the Baeyertz 's family discovered the marriage and disowned her for marrying a non Jewish man . They moved to Colac , Victoria where Charles found a new role as bank manager for the National Bank of Australasia , and they had two children , son Nalder who went on to be a journalist and establish a New Zealand magazine , and daughter Marion . Baeyertz started attending church with her husband , and she decided to convert to Christianity for her children 's sake towards the end of the 1860s , when Marion was baptised . She didn 't believe in the Christian tenets , so she had a friend fill in her baptism application to ensure that the answers were correct . Evangelical work Baeyertz 's husband died on 6 March 1871 at the age of 28 , two days after a shooting accident . She turned to the Anglican church to help her and she experienced a full conversion to the religion . She put her children into boarding school and became an evangelist , visiting jails and hospitals to spread the religion , as well as door to door preaching to the Jewish areas of Melbourne . She did not manage to convert anyone , and ended up with her life threatened . Baeyertz joined the YWCA and was soon preaching to large crowds . By 1879 , she was the featured speaker for a campaign of sermons in Sandhurst , eventually converting 200 individuals . She then conducted a Christian mission to Ballarat , with crowds of 2 , 300 assembling to hear her talk . Emilia conducted a number of further missions around Victoria between 1880 and 1890 . In 1890 , she went to New Zealand to preach , before moving on to North America . She arrived in San Francisco in October 1890 , and spent two years giving sermons in conjunction with the YMCA in Los Angeles , San Francisco , and Boston in USA as well as Toronto and Ottawa in Canada . In 1892 , Baeyertz returned to the United Kingdom , preaching and conducting missions in Ireland , Scotland , and England . There she would preach to packed halls , sometimes to just women , earning 43 in a fortnight ( worth about 17 , 000 in 2014 ) . She remained in her London base until 1904 , when she returned to Australia . Emilia arrived in Perth in May 1904 , remaining there for a year before returning to Victoria . Towards the end of her life , she returned to England . She conducted a few missions before her death on 26 April 1926 in Surrey .
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2,524 | The second season of the Canadian American animated comedy television series Ed , Edd n Eddy , created by Danny Antonucci , originally aired on Cartoon Network from November 26 , 1999 , to December 22 , 2000 , and consists of 26 episodes . The series revolves around three adolescent boys collectively known as the Eds , who live in a suburban cul de sac . Unofficially led by Eddy , the Eds constantly scheme to make money off their peers in order to purchase their favorite confectionery , jawbreakers . However , their plans usually fail , leaving them in various predicaments . The first season was a success in Nielsen ratings , prompting Cartoon Network for a November 1999 premiere . While the first season itself received generally positive reviews , the second season proved to be an improvement in reception , garnering acclaim and earning two Leo Awards , while the first received one . The Complete Second Season DVD was released in Region 1 in 2007 . The Ed , Edd n Eddy DVD volume Edifying Ed Ventures , also featured season two episodes . Both DVDs were published by Warner Home Video . Many Cartoon Network compilation DVDs featured episodes from the season . It can also be purchased from the iTunes Store . It was written by Antonucci , Jono Howard , Mike Kubat , and Robert Leighton . Development Concept Ed , Edd n Eddy follows the lives of three adolescent boys who all share variations of the name Ed , but differ greatly in their personalities . In the pursuit of buying jawbreakers and fitting in with the other kids , dimwitted Ed and intellectual Double Dee aid the self appointed leader , Eddy , in his plans to scam the other children in their cul de sac out of their money during a perpetual summer vacation however problems always ensue . The other children mostly dislike or show indifference to the Eds , though they all share a common fear of the Kanker Sisters , a group of teenage girls who live in the nearby Park n ' Flush trailer park . The series takes place mostly within the fictional town of Peach Creek , and new locations were rarely introduced . Production and cast Danny Antonucci , a cartoonist known for his edgy adult work such as Lupo the Butcher and The Brothers Grunt , was dared by someone to unk a children 's cartoon . In 1996 , Antonucci pitched Ed , Edd n Eddy , which he conceived while designing a commercial , to Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon . After Cartoon Network agreed to give Antonucci creative control over the show , the series went into production and premiered its first season on January 4 , 1999 . According to Cartoon Network executive Linda Simensky , the first season did remarkably well in ratings ever since its premiere , becoming one of the top rated series on the network and prompting Cartoon Network to quickly order a second season for a November 1999 premiere , making it one of four seasons which Ed , Edd n Eddy was set to run . Antonucci stated that change in the characters from the first to the second season is very noticeable , due to the amount of development they 've went through . Antonucci directed the season , and co wrote the episodes with Jono Howard and Mike Kubat , although Robert Leighton was credited as a co writer for To Sir with Ed . The cast mostly remained the same as in season one Matt Hill , Samuel Vincent and Tony Sampson were cast as Ed , Double Dee , and Eddy , David Paul Grove as Jonny unk , Keenan Christenson as Jimmy , Janyse Jaud as Sarah and Lee Kanker , Kathleen Barr as Kevin and Marie , Peter Kelamis as Rolf , and Erin Fitzgerald as May Kanker , but Tabitha St. Germain , the voice of Nazz , was replaced by Fitzgerald . Reception Reviews and accolades The second season of Ed , Edd n Eddy was generally acclaimed by critics and marked an improvement in reception from the first season . In 2000 , the season won Danny Antonucci the Leo Award for Best Director of an Animated Production . In 2001 , Patric Caird was nominated for the Leo Award for Best Musical Score of an Animation Program or Series , for his work on the episode Ed in a unk . In his review of The Complete Second Season DVD , David Cornelius of DVD Talk considered the Eds adolescent equivalents of The Three Stooges , believing The series revels in the sort of frantic , often gross humor kids love so much , and there 's just enough oddball insanity at play to make adults giggle just as easily . Cornelius also concurred that the animation is colorful and intentionally bizarre bold lines forming the characters and backgrounds wiggle and morph in a delirious haze . This is animation that 's , well , really animated . Home media Two Ed , Edd n Eddy DVDs which featured a number of season 2 episodes were released by Warner Home Video in Region 1 from 2005 to 2007 . The DVD volume titled Edifying Ed Ventures was released on May 10 , 2005 , featuring three season two episodes out of a total six . The Complete Second Season was released on April 24 , 2007 . Both DVDs can also be purchased on the Cartoon Network Shop . The season is also available for download on the iTunes Store . Selected episodes from the season were also featured on several Cartoon Network compilation DVDs . Episodes Note All episodes directed by Danny Antonucci DVD release
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2,525 | The Kathiawari is a breed of horse from India , originating in the Kathiawar peninsula . Closely related to the Marwari horse , and resembling both that breed and the Arabian horse from which they descend , the Kathiawari was originally bred as a desert war horse for use over long distances , in rough terrain , on minimal rations . They are found in all colors except for black , and are commonly dun with primitive markings . Breeding diminished after India 's independence , and today there are very few Kathiawaris left in existence . Originally used as war horses and cavalry mounts , they are currently used as mounted police horses and for the sport of tent pegging . The breed registry and annual shows are organized by the Kathiawari Horse Breeders ' Association . Breed characteristics The best quality Kathiawaris are under 15 hands ( 60 inches , 152 cm ) horses over this height often appear coarse and deviate from the desired breed type . The breed is found in all colors , except for black . Chestnut is the color seen most often , followed by bay , gray and finally dun . Many dun horses exhibit primitive markings , which shows a possible connection to the Tarpan . Pinto patterns do exist , but are extremely rare . The breed has a concave facial profile , with a broad forehead and short muzzle . The neck and body are proportional and relatively short , while both the head and tail are carried high . Although well proportioned , many Western breeders consider them to be lacking in bone in the legs . However , soundness is an inherent characteristic of the breed . One of the breed 's most distinctive features is its ears , which curve inward to touch and sometimes overlap at the tips . The Kathiawari has the most extremely curved ears of any breed of horse . At some points in the breed 's history , breeders focused on the preservation of these curving ears , to the detriment of some other , more important , physical characteristics . Like many desert breeds , the Kathiawari can subsist on minimal rations and water and is more resistant to the heat than breeds developed in colder climates . As well as the usual gaits , the Kathiawari also performs a swift , lateral pace , called the unk . They are known as high spirited , intelligent and affectionate horses . They are quite similar to the Marwari horse , another breed from India , having much of the same history and physical features . The main difference between the Kathiawari and the Marwari is their original geographic origin Kathiawaris are from the Kathiawar peninsula while Marwaris are mainly from the Marwar region . Kathiawaris tend to have slight facial differences from the Marwari , and are slightly taller in general . The Kathiawari also resembles the Arabian horse , which contributed significantly during the development of the breed . History Although the earliest origins of the breed remain unknown , horses inhabited the western coast of India well before the Mughal Emperors of 1536 to 1857 . Beginning during the Mughal reign , and continuing during the British Raj , Arabian horses were imported to India and crossed with the native stock , creating the ancestors of the modern Kathiawari breed . The Kathiawari may have also been influenced by the Mongolian horse . Traditionally , noble households specialized in their own strain of horses , naming their lines of horses after a foundation mare 28 of these lines still exist . These noble houses selectively bred horses that could withstand extreme temperatures and minimal rations , carry a man with weapons and armor for long periods in rough terrain , and still be swift and nimble . They bred for wiry , sleek horses that were ideal for war , and Kathiawaris were noted for their loyalty and bravery in battle , often defending their riders even when wounded themselves . This breeding was maintained until India 's independence . Although still mainly bred in the Kathiawar peninsula , it is also found in the Maharashtra and Rajasthan states . The Kathiawari Horse Breeders ' Association maintains the breed registry . The Gujarat government maintains stud farms in eleven different locations one in Junagadh holds both mares and stallions and is tasked with preserving the breed , while the other ten hold Kathiawari stallions that are used for improving the local stock of other or mixed breeds . As of 2007 , only about 50 Kathiawaris were held by private breeders . Today , the unk region is renowned for its Kathiawari horses , often producing the most beautiful horses of the breed . In early 2010 , the UK based Friends of Marwari Kathiawari Horse asked for donations of used bits . These would be given to owners of horses , including Kathiawaris , in India in place of home made bits , which often have sharp edges that can injure the horse . Uses In the early 1800s , the Kathiawari was used by the Maratha and British cavalries , and was considered superior to other breeds in this capacity . The use by the cavalry was maintained until the end of World War I , but they are used little by the Indian army in modern times , despite being a native breed . Many Indian mounted police units make use of the Kathiawari . The Kathiawari is also used extensively for the sport of tent pegging . Annual breed shows are hosted by the breed registry .
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2,526 | Belize competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics , held in Beijing , People 's Republic of China from 8 to 24 August 2008 . Its participation in Beijing marked its eighth Olympic appearance under the name Belize and its tenth overall , as its first two appearances ( 1968 in Mexico City and 1972 in Munich ) were under the name British Honduras . The Belizean delegation in 2008 included four athletes three participated in track and field events ( Jonathan Williams , Tricia Flores , and Jayson Jones ) and one in taekwondo ( Alfonso Martnez ) . Belize did not medal in Beijing , and had not medaled before Beijing , but Jonathan Williams became the first Belizean athlete to advance past the first round of any Olympic event . Background Belize first participated in the Olympic games at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City and has appeared in every Summer Olympics since with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , represented by a total of 46 competitors . Belize was a British colony during the 1968 Mexico City Games and the 1972 Munich Games and participated under the name British Honduras . Between 1968 and 2008 Belize had no medalists . Jonathan Williams , Belize 's flag bearer in Beijing , was the first Belizean Olympian to advance past a preliminary round . Athletics Men 's competition German born runner Jayson Jones , who played football for Florida State University , represented Belize at both the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney and at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing . He qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens despite an injury , but chose not to attend and thus his appearance at Beijing marked his third qualification but second appearance at the Olympic games . At the Olympics Jones participated in the 200 meters dash . He was placed in Heat 6 during the first round of the event on 17 August competitors in his heat included American Wallace Spearmon , Norwegian unk Saidy Ndure , and Guinean unk Foday unk . Jones ran the event in 21 . 54 seconds , ranking sixth out of the eight athletes in the heat , scoring 0 . 14 seconds faster than unk , and 0 . 34 seconds behind Latvia 's Ronalds Arjs ( 5th place ) . Overall , Jones ranked 53rd place out of 66 athletes . He did not progress to the next round on 18 August . Former UCLA student Jonathan Williams took advantage of his parents ' Belizean citizenship to qualify on behalf of Belize 's Olympic team . Taking part in the men 's 400 meters hurdles dash , his participation in Beijing marked his first Olympic appearance . Williams completed his event in 49 . 61 seconds , placing fourth in a heat of seven , having been placed in Heat 1 in the first round on 15 August . Williams ran 0 . 02 seconds faster than fifth place finalist Kenji unk of Japan and 0 . 16 seconds slower than third place finalist unk unk of Brazil . Overall , Williams ranked 16th out of 26 athletes in the first round . He progressed to semifinals . In doing so , Williams became the first Belizean athlete to advance in an Olympic event . Williams participated in Heat 2 of the semifinal round on 16 August , facing athletes that included American Kerron Clement and Jamaican Danny unk . Williams ranked sixth in a heat of eight athletes , ahead of unk by 0 . 52 seconds but behind South African Alwyn unk by 0 . 48 seconds . He ranked 13th place out of 16 athletes and did not advance to finals . Women 's competition Former University of Belize athlete Tricia Flores participated on behalf of Belize at the Beijing Olympics as a long jumper . She was the only female to compete as a member of that year 's Belizean delegation . Flores ' participation at the Beijing Olympics marked her first appearance at any Olympic Games . Flores participated in the first qualifying heat on 18 August , where she competed against 21 athletes that included Brazil 's unk Higa Magi , the United States ' Grace Upshaw , and Sweden 's Carolina unk . Flores ranked 19th in the heat , finishing last ahead of Slovakia 's Jana unk and Ukraine 's unk Blonska , whose scores were not ranked . Overall , 42 athletes competed in women 's long jump qualifiers and 38 completed the event . Flores ranked 38th and did not advance to semifinals , having jumped 5 . 25 meters . Key Note Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q Qualified for the next round q Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR National record N A Round not applicable for the event Bye Athlete not required to compete in round Men Women Taekwondo Taiwan based athlete Alfonso Martinez was the sole representative of Belize in taekwondo , and in any sport other than a track and field event , at the Beijing Olympics . Martinez took part in the men 's under 58 kilogram category , otherwise known as flyweight . At the Olympics Martinez was placed in the first round 's seventh match , which took place on 20 August . His opponent was Juan Antonio Ramos , a taekwondo martial artist from Spain . In the course of the match Ramos scored two points on Martinez , while Martinez scored only one on Ramos . Thus Ramos defeated Martinez and advanced to the next round , while Martinez did not . Ramos ultimately placed fifth in the final round .
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2,527 | Put the Needle on It is a song performed by Australian singer Dannii Minogue , which was written by Minogue , Mathias Johansson , Henrik Korpi and Karen Poole for Minogue 's fourth album Neon Nights ( 2003 ) . It is the opening track , and was released as its lead single on 4 November 2002 . It reached the top twenty on the Australian , Irish and United Kingdom Singles Charts . In the UK it also topped the club charts . In 2003 , it was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association indicating shipment of 35 , 000 units . Put the Needle on It is a dance pop song which received mixed reviews from music critics , and its musical style was compared to United States pop singer , Madonna . Its music video , directed by Miikka unk , features Minogue in a studio surrounded with colourful neon lights and spinning on a human sized record player . Background and writing In 2002 , Minogue began writing and recording material for her fourth album , Neon Nights ( 2003 ) , with Mathias Johansson ( aka Mathias unk ) , Henrik Korpi , and previous collaborator Karen Poole in Stockholm , Sweden . During one of their sessions , they wrote Put the Needle on It , a song about sex . Minogue was determined to compose a dance music song to thank United Kingdom DJs . They had accepted her into that genre following the success of her previous year 's single , Who Do You Love Now . In the UK , it is difficult for artists to be accepted into the dance music scene because DJs are usually not interested in pop artists calling themselves dance artists because they 've done one remix of their song . Put the Needle on It is a mid tempo 1980s inspired disco song about sex disguised as a pop ditty about a record player . The song was composed as a collaborative effort between Korpi , Johansson , Poole and Minogue , although Minogue contributed most of the lyrics . The song is written in the common verse chorus form and features instrumentation from keyboards and synthesisers . In 2010 Turkish singer unk released a cover version in her native language called Sana unk unk ( English Not you brother ) . Reception Critical reception Put the Needle on It received mixed reviews from contemporary pop music critics . unk Leach of RT Entertainment compared the song 's musical style to American pop singer Madonna , while Amazon.com 's David Trueman wrote that the song utilises the funkier end of 1980s disco , with a contemporary edge that removes the cheese and dispels any notion that Minogue may be hanging on the coattails of her big sister ( Kylie Minogue ) . MusicOMH 's Alexis Kirke called the track a slow but inevitable grower which shows that Dannii 's dark song writing powers can compete right at the top of the charts . Chart performance Put the Needle on It was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 4 November 2002 . It reached number seven on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the Upfront Club Chart , becoming Minogue 's fifth song to top the club chart . Across Europe , the track performed moderately well , reaching the top twenty in Ireland and top thirty in the Netherlands It also reached number four on the Irish Dance Charts . Put the Needle on It peaked at number eleven on the Australian Singles Chart . In 2003 , the song was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association indicating shipment of 35 , 000 units . On the ARIA End of Year Charts for 2003 , the track appeared at number eleven on the Dance Singles Chart and at number eighteen on the Top Australian Singles Chart . Music video Put the Needle on It features a futuristic music video that was directed by Miikka unk in 2002 . The video features Minogue in a studio surrounded with colourful neon lights and spinning on a human sized record player . The video begins with a close up on a television screen showing only Minogue 's lips , singing the opening lines . A large , human sized record player is then shown , surrounded by large video screens repeating the opening scene of the video . Minogue , wearing a short black dress and a cropped hair cut , is then shown in a digital room , surrounded by many lights and occasionally four digital dancers . The final sequence of the video features Minogue in a purple dress , spinning on the large record player introduced at the beginning . As the video concludes , all of the scenes are inter cut and gradually fade . A music video for a remix version was also created using the Jason Nevins ' Club Creation Edit of the song . The remix video used only the scenes of Minogue in the digital room and spinning around on the record player , but they are arranged in a different order than how they appear in the original video . The music video was released commercially on The Hits Beyond special edition companion DVD ( 2006 ) and Dannii Minogue The Video Collection ( 2007 ) . The latter included a short film , Put the Needle on It ( Behind the Scenes ) , detailing the production of the track and its video . Formats and track listings Charts Personnel The following people contributed to Put the Needle on It Dannii Minogue lead vocals Karen Poole backing vocals Korpi unk production , arrangement Jonas unk engineering Niklas Flyckt mixing
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2,528 | Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri ( also referred to as Susie Bootja Bootja Napangardi , unk , or unk ) ( c . 1935 16 January 2003 ) was an Indigenous artist from Australia 's Western Desert region . Born south west of Balgo , Western Australia , in the 1950s Susie Bootja Bootja married artist Mick Gill Tjakamarra , with whom she had a son , Matthew Gill Tjupurrula ( also an artist ) . Susie Bootja Bootja 's painting career followed the establishment of Warlayirti Artists , an Indigenous art centre at Balgo . One of the area 's strongest artists , her work was characterised by an expressive style , and has been acquired by major Australian galleries , including the Art Gallery of New South Wales and National Gallery of Victoria . She died in 2003 . Life Susie Bootja Bootja was born circa 1935 near unk , or Helena Spring , south west of Balgo , Western Australia the country is called unk in her own language , a name that appears as the title of one of her art works . The ambiguity around the year of birth is in part because Indigenous Australians operate using a different conception of time , often estimating dates through comparisons with the occurrence of other events . While sources vary as to Susie 's skin name ( some indicating unk , others Napaltjarri ) , the similar birth dates , locations , and work history indicate that all are referring to the one individual . 'Napaljarri ' ( in Warlpiri ) or ' Napaltjarri ' ( in Western Desert dialects ) is a skin name , one of sixteen used to denote the subsections or subgroups in the kinship system of central Australian Indigenous people . These names define kinship relationships that influence preferred marriage partners and may be associated with particular totems . Although they may be used as terms of address , they are not surnames in the sense used by Europeans . Thus ' Susie Bootja Bootja ' is the element of the artist 's name that is specifically hers . Susie Bootja Bootja was of the unk language group . She married artist Mick Gill Tjakamarra at Old Balgo in the 1950s , and they had a son , Matthew Gill Tjupurrula ( born 1960 ) , who also became an artist . Susie Bootja Bootja died on 16 January 2003 . Art Background Contemporary Indigenous art of the western desert began when Indigenous men at Papunya began painting in 1971 , assisted by teacher Geoffrey Bardon . Their work , which used acrylic paints to create designs representing body painting and ground sculptures , rapidly spread across Indigenous communities of central Australia , particularly following the commencement of a government sanctioned art program in central Australia in 1983 . By the 1980s and 1990s , such work was being exhibited internationally . The first artists , including all of the founders of the Papunya Tula artists ' company , had been men , and there was resistance amongst the Pintupi men of central Australia to women painting . However , there was also a desire amongst many of the women to participate , and in the 1990s large numbers of them began to create paintings . In the western desert communities such as Kintore , Yuendumu , Balgo , and on the outstations , people were beginning to create art works expressly for exhibition and sale . Art centres were important to this widespread creation of art works . Career The Balgo community did not establish an art centre for more than ten years after their colleagues at Papunya , with artistic activities commencing when an adult education centre was opened in 1981 . However once Warlayirti Artists was set up , the community went on to become one of Australia 's most successful Indigenous art centres . Painting at the centre is a sociable , communal activity , and Susie Bootja Bootja would unk collaborate with other painters , including her husband . Susie Bootja Bootja was represented by Warlayirti artists at Balgo , where she was living and working in the 1990s . She was one of the strongest painters at Balgo . The work of Balgo artists such as Susie Bootja Bootja , and her fellow artists including unk unk and unk unk , are characterised by an expressive style , involving linked dotting and blurred forms and edges . Works by Susie Bootja Bootja are held by the Art Gallery of New South Wales , the National Gallery of Victoria , and the Flinders University Art Museum Collection . She is also represented in major private collections , such as Nangara ( also known as the Ebes Collection ) , the Holmes Court Collection and the Morven Estate . Works by both Susie Bootja Bootja and her husband were included in a 1991 exhibition ' unk Peintres unk de Balgo et Lajamanu ' in Paris , and in ' Daughters of the Dreaming ' at the Art Gallery of Western Australia in 1997 . Her paintings feature in Christine Watson 's 2003 book , Piercing the Ground Balgo Women 's Image Making and Relationship to Country . Susie Bootja Bootja helped choose the site for , and participated in , a major ceremony for a 1993 Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary film , Milli Milli . The ceremony , called unk Kutjarra ( Two men ) Dreaming , was performed with others including fellow artist Peggy Rockman Napaljarri . Collections Art Gallery of New South Wales Flinders University Art Museum Collection National Gallery of Victoria Holmes Court collection
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2,529 | Types Ib and Ic supernovae are categories of stellar explosions that are caused by the core collapse of massive stars . These stars have shed ( or been stripped of ) their outer envelope of hydrogen , and , when compared to the spectrum of Type Ia supernovae , they lack the absorption line of silicon . Compared to Type Ib , Type Ic supernovae are hypothesized to have lost more of their initial envelope , including most of their helium . The two types are usually referred to as stripped core collapse supernovae . Spectra When a supernova is observed , it can be categorized in the Minkowski Zwicky supernova classification scheme based upon the absorption lines that appear in its spectrum . A supernova is first categorized as either a Type I or Type II , then sub categorized based on more specific traits . Supernovae belonging to the general category Type I lack hydrogen lines in their spectra in contrast to Type II supernovae which do display lines of hydrogen . The Type I category is sub divided into Type Ia , Type Ib and Type Ic supernovae . Type Ib Ic supernovae are distinguished from Type Ia by the lack of an absorption line of singly ionized silicon at a wavelength of 635 . 5 nanometres . As Type Ib Ic supernovae age , they also display lines from elements such as oxygen , calcium and magnesium . In contrast , Type Ia spectra become dominated by lines of iron . Type Ic supernovae are distinguished from Type Ib in that the former also lack lines of helium at 587 . 6 nm . Formation Prior to becoming a supernova , an evolved massive star is organized in the manner of an onion , with layers of different elements undergoing fusion . The outermost layer consists of hydrogen , followed by helium , carbon , oxygen , and so forth . Thus when the outer envelope of hydrogen is shed , this exposes the next layer that consists primarily of helium ( mixed with other elements ) . This can occur when a very hot , massive star reaches a point in its evolution when significant mass loss is occurring from its stellar wind . Highly massive stars ( with 25 or more times the mass of the Sun ) can lose up to 10 5 solar masses ( M ) each year the equivalent of 1 M every 100 , 000 years . Type Ib and Ic supernovae are hypothesized to have been produced by core collapse of massive stars that have lost their outer layer of hydrogen and helium , either via winds or mass transfer to a companion . The progenitors of Types Ib and Ic have lost most of their outer envelopes due to strong stellar winds or else from interaction with a close companion of about 3 4 M . Rapid mass loss can occur in the case of a Wolf Rayet star , and these massive objects show a spectrum that is lacking in hydrogen . Type Ib progenitors have ejected most of the hydrogen in their outer atmospheres , while Type Ic progenitors have lost both the hydrogen and helium shells in other words , Type Ic have lost more of their envelope ( i.e. , much of the helium layer ) than the progenitors of Type Ib . In other respects , however , the underlying mechanism behind Type Ib and Ic supernovae is similar to that of a Type II supernova , thus placing Type Ib c between Type Ia and Type II . Because of their similarity , Type Ib and Ic supernovae are sometimes collectively called Type unk supernovae . There is some evidence that a small percent of the Type Ic supernovae may be the progenitors of gamma ray bursts ( GRB ) in particular , type Ic supernovae that have broad spectral lines corresponding to high velocity outflows are thought to be strongly associated with gamma ray bursts ( GRB ) . However , it is also hypothesized that any hydrogen stripped Type Ib or Ic supernova could be a GRB , dependent upon the geometry of the explosion . In any case , astronomers believe that most Type Ib , and probably Type Ic as well , result from core collapse in stripped , massive stars , rather than from the thermonuclear runaway of white dwarfs . As they are formed from rare , very massive stars , the rate of Type Ib and Ic supernovae occurrence is much lower than the corresponding rate for Type II supernovae . They normally occur in regions of new star formation , and have never been observed in an elliptical galaxy . Because they share a similar operating mechanism , Type Ib c and the various Type II supernovae are collectively called core collapse supernovae . In particular , Type Ib c may be referred to as stripped core collapse supernovae . Light curves The light curves ( a plot of luminosity versus time ) of Type Ib supernovae vary in form , but in some cases can be nearly identical to those of Type Ia supernovae . However , Type Ib light curves may peak at lower luminosity and may be redder . In the infrared portion of the spectrum , the light curve of a Type Ib supernova is similar to a Type II L light curve . ( See Supernova . ) Type Ib supernovae usually have slower decline rates for the spectral curves than Ic . Type Ia supernovae light curves are useful for measuring distances on a cosmological scale . That is , they serve as standard candles . However , due to the similarity of the spectra of Type Ib and Ic supernovae , the latter can form a source of contamination of supernova surveys and must be carefully removed from the observed samples before making distance estimates .
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2,530 | Delaware Route 100 ( DE 100 ) is a state highway in New Castle County , Delaware . The route runs from DE 4 near Elsmere to the Pennsylvania border near Montchanin , where it continues into Pennsylvania as State Route 3100 ( SR 3100 , Chadds Ford Road ) . The road runs through suburban areas of northern New Castle County . It intersects with DE 2 in Elsmere and DE 34 north of Elsmere before forming separate concurrencies with DE 48 and DE 141 from west of Wilmington north to Greenville . In Greenville , there is an interchange with DE 52 . North of Greenville , DE 100 continues by itself to the Pennsylvania border , intersecting DE 92 in Montchanin . DE 100 was first designated in the 1930s to run from DE 52 to the Pennsylvania border , where it originally connected to Pennsylvania Route 100 ( PA 100 ) . By the 1970s , it was extended south to DE 4 . The route was realigned to follow parts of DE 48 and DE 141 by 1990 . Route description DE 100 begins at an intersection with DE 4 southwest of Wilmington , heading north on the one way pair of Race Street northbound and South Dupont Road southbound . The one way pair , which carries two lanes in each direction , passes through suburban residential areas . Both directions of the route join , with the route continuing northwest as South Dupont Road , a four lane divided highway . DE 100 curves north and enters Elsmere , where it runs through industrial areas and comes to a bridge over CSX 's Philadelphia Subdivision . A short distance later , the route crosses DE 2 and becomes North Dupont Road , where it becomes an undivided road and passes over an East Penn Railroad line on a bridge . The road continues through wooded residential areas , leaving Elsmere and becoming South Dupont Road . The route reaches an intersection with the eastern terminus of DE 34 . Following this intersection , DE 100 passes to the east of a cemetery before reaching an intersection with DE 48 south of the Cab Calloway School of the Arts and Charter School of Wilmington . At this point , DE 100 turns northwest to form a concurrency with DE 48 on four lane undivided Lancaster Pike , passing through business areas before crossing the East Penn Railroad . The road continues through residential and commercial areas , widening into a divided highway as it comes to an intersection with DE 141 . Here , DE 100 splits from DE 48 by turning northeast to join DE 141 on four lane divided Centre Road . The road runs through industrial areas , curving north and becoming a freeway past the Barley Mill Road intersection . The freeway curves northeast and passes under the East Penn Railroad before coming to a partial cloverleaf interchange with DE 52 in Greenville . Past this interchange , the road curves east and the freeway ends , with DE 100 splitting from DE 141 at an at grade intersection by heading north on two lane undivided Montchanin Road . DE 100 continues north through wooded areas with fields and homes , crossing the East Penn Railroad line again . The road runs through Montchanin and passes to the east of the Wilmington Country Club and the Winterthur Museum and Country Estate before crossing the railroad tracks again . The route intersects the western terminus of DE 92 on the western edge of Brandywine Creek State Park . At this point , the road continues straight as DE 92 , with DE 100 turning north to remain on Montchanin Road . The road crosses under the East Penn Railroad again and curves northwest . DE 100 bends to the north again before reaching its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania border , where the road continues into that state as SR 3100 ( Chadds Ford Road ) . The Montchanin Road portion of DE 100 is part of the Brandywine Valley National Scenic Byway , a National Scenic Byway and Delaware Byway . DE 100 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 41 , 949 vehicles at the Barley Mill Road intersection along the DE 141 concurrency to a low of 2 , 040 vehicles at the Pennsylvania border . The portion of DE 100 concurrent with DE 141 is part of the National Highway System . History By 1920 , what is now DE 100 existed as a county road . The route north of Kennett Pike was proposed as a state highway by 1924 . The highway was paved by 1931 . By 1932 , the state highway had been completed from Elsmere north to the Kennett Pike while the remainder was still a county route . DE 100 was designated by 1938 to run from DE 52 in Greenville north to the Pennsylvania border , where it continued as PA 100 . The route was extended south to DE 4 by 1971 , following Dupont Road . DE 100 was realigned to bypass a portion of Dupont Road by following DE 48 and DE 141 by 1990 . In 2002 , the Montchanin Road portion of DE 100 was designated as part of the Brandywine Valley Scenic Highway in the Delaware Scenic and Historic Highways system it was designated a National Scenic Byway in 2005 . In 2003 , PA 100 was truncated in Pennsylvania . However , DE 100 remains unchanged . On February 24 , 2015 , the bridge carrying DE 100 over the East Penn Railroad in Elsmere was closed after concrete fell from the bridge deck onto the railroad tracks below . Emergency repairs took place and the bridge was expected to be reopened by the end of March . Major intersections The entire route is in New Castle County .
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2,531 | Strange Overtones is a song recorded by David Byrne and Brian Eno , written by the duo with Leo Abrahams . It was released on August 4 , 2008 by means of free download as the lead single from Byrne 's and Eno 's second collaborative studio album Everything That Happens Will Happen Today ( 2008 ) . Strange Overtones is an uptempo electronic gospel song , and its lyrics explore the themes of humanity overcoming technology that are central to the album . Strange Overtones was well received by critics , and was downloaded 40 , 000 times in its first three days of release . Recording and release While discussing the 2006 remix of My Life in the Bush of Ghosts at a dinner party , Eno suggested finishing some songs that he had written but that did not have lyrics . Byrne visited Eno 's studio to listen to the demos and the two decided to collaborate to finish writing the songs . They continued working on the tracks in New York City and London , with regular e mail correspondence to finish the composition . Multi instrumentalist and previous Eno collaborator Leo Abrahams performed guitar , percussion instruments , and piano in his London home studio and played guitar with Byrne on one occasion . Abrahams would continue working on the tracks in his home studio through May 2008 , with all collaborations being carried on via e mail . Strange Overtones is the first single off the album Everything That Happens Will Happen Today . The track was released for free on August 4 , 2008 , as a DRM free MP3 available only through the album 's website . This is part of the unorthodox Internet based marketing scheme the two used to promote the album , inspired by the success of Radiohead 's 2007 album In Rainbows and the self promotional strategies of Nine Inch Nails for the albums Year Zero , Ghosts I IV , and The Slip . In September 2008 , Jon Yeo created a music video for the track featuring the paintings of Eno . A live recording of the song also appeared on Everything That Happens Will Happen on This Tour David Byrne on Tour Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno , released on May 11 , 2009 . The song was also featured on the soundtrack album to Wall Street Money Never Sleeps , along with several other David Byrne compositions . Composition Eno has also said the album is about paint ing a picture of the human trying to survive in an increasingly digital world themes that are explored in this song . Strange Overtones has been described as a song about writing a song the subject of the song struggles to write innovative music , but is overheard by a neighbor using beats that are twenty years old . In terms of the genre of music , both Byrne and Eno have called it electronic Gospel the backing tracks are the kind of electronic music for which Eno is known , paired with hopeful and inspiring lyrics from Byrne this song in particular features an uptempo backing track . Eno had been thinking about Gospel for several years , but couldn 't write lyrics to hopeful songs . Eno considers the album S unk that combines something very human and fallible and personal , with something very electronic and mathematical sometimes . And they tried to make that picture of the human still trying to survive in an increasingly complicated digital world ... It 's quite easy to make just digital music and it 's quite easy to make just human music , but to try and make a combination is sort of , exciting , I think . Byrne considered his job as lyricist to bring more humanity to Eno 's instrumentals , which can be cold and academic . Reception The song was downloaded over 40 , 000 times in its first three days of availability . One of the earliest reviews for Strange Overtones was on the August 11 , 2008 , episode of NPR 's All Songs Considered . The Los Angeles Times called the track intimate and Stereogum echoed this by labeling it warm it also received a positive review from Rolling Stone . Pitchfork Media gave the song several unk , including a positive review in their discussion of Everything That Happens Will Happen Today and naming the song number 11 track of 2008 including appearances on eight editors ' end of the year lists and placing number 297 on the Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s . Pitchfork also solicited the opinions of musicians for their favorite albums and songs of the year and The Watson Twins proclaimed Strange Overtones one of the best songs of 2008 . unk 's Top 89 of 2009 featured the song on two editor 's lists . Mark Wheat of NPR named it one of the top 10 songs of 2009 . Ranking 60th for the year , this song was one of several from Everything That Happens Will Happen Today which appeared on The Village Voice 's Pazz Jop singles poll for 2008 Life Is Long placed 337 , My Big Nurse was 350 , Everything That Happens ended up at 748 , and I Feel My Stuff reached 942 . In addition , a vote was cast for Strange Undertones . Personnel Leo Abrahams guitars , bass guitar , unk unk , programming , co production David Byrne vocals , rhythm guitar , production , composition Brian Eno backing vocals , organ solo , unk piano , keyboards , programming , production , composition Steve Jones delay guitar Mauro unk bongo , conga , tambourine Seb Rochford live drums Robert Wyatt frame drum solo
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2,532 | Fantastic Story Quarterly was a pulp science fiction magazine , published from 1950 to 1955 by Best Books , a subsidiary imprint of Standard Magazines . The name was changed with the Summer 1951 issue to Fantastic Story Magazine . It was launched to reprint stories from the early years of the science fiction pulp magazines , and was initially intended to carry no new fiction , though in the end every issue contained at least one new story . It was sufficiently successful for Standard to launch Wonder Story Annual as a vehicle for more science fiction reprints , but the success did not last . In 1955 it was merged with Standard 's Startling Stories . Original fiction in Fantastic Story included Gordon R. Dickson 's first sale , Trespass , and stories by Walter M. Miller and Richard Matheson . Publication history and contents The first science fiction ( sf ) magazine , Amazing Stories , was launched in 1926 by Hugo Gernsback at the height of the pulp magazine era . It helped to form science fiction as a separately marketed genre , and by the mid 1930s several more sf magazines had appeared , including Wonder Stories , also published by Gernsback . In 1936 , Ned Pines of Beacon Publications bought Wonder Stories from Gernsback . Pines changed the title to Thrilling Wonder Stories , and in 1939 and 1940 added two more sf titles Startling Stories and Captain Future . Pines had acquired reprint rights to the fiction published in Wonder Stories as part of the transaction , and he instituted a Hall of Fame department in Startling Stories to carry some of this material . Captain Future also carried reprint material , but neither Startling nor Captain Future had room for some of the longer stories in the backfile . At the end of the 1940s a boom in science fiction magazines encouraged Pines to issue a new magazine , titled Fantastic Story Quarterly , as a vehicle for reprinting this older material . The original plan was for the magazine to carry no new fiction , but this policy was changed shortly before publication , and at least one new story was included in every issue . The initial schedule was quarterly . The magazine became popular with fans because of the access it gave them to old favorite stories , and it was immediately successful , soon becoming more popular than the other Standard Magazine science fiction pulps . The success led Standard to issue Wonder Story Annual in 1950 to provide an outlet for reprinting longer material . In late 1952 it switched to a bimonthly schedule , having changed its title to Fantastic Story Magazine the previous year , but this only lasted until the following year , by which time it was no longer doing well financially . It was back on a quarterly schedule starting with the Winter 1954 issue . The pulps were in rapid decline by the mid 1950s , and both Fantastic Story Magazine and Thrilling Wonder Stories were merged with Startling Stories in mid 1955 , though Startling itself ceased publication at the end of that year . The pulp format was intended to appeal to readers who were nostalgic for the early years of the science fiction pulp market . Sf historian Mike Ashley suggested that Pines was right to launch Fantastic Story Quarterly as a pulp in Ashley 's words , Early pulp fiction somehow never reads right in book form . You need the crumbling paper , the smell of unk , and the mixture of advertisements , illustrations and old pulp style text to create the right atmosphere . Most of the contents were reprinted from Wonder Stories , but occasionally material from other publishers appeared , such as A.E. van Vogt 's novel , unk , which had originally appeared in Street and Smith 's Astounding Science Fiction in 1940 , and which was reprinted in Fantastic Story 's Summer 1952 issue . New fiction included Richard Matheson 's Lazarus II , and Walter M. Miller 's A Family Matter . Fantastic Story also printed Gordon R. Dickson 's first sale , Trespass , a collaboration with Poul Anderson which appeared in the very first issue . In addition to fiction , there was an editorial page and a letter column . Illustrators whose work appeared in its pages included Virgil Finlay , Ed Emsh , and Earle Bergey . Bibliographic details The magazine was a quarterly for all but six issues , from November 1952 to September 1953 . The title changed from Fantastic Story Quarterly to Fantastic Story Magazine with the fifth issue , and remained under that title through the end of its run , though the magazine was still a quarterly at the time the title changed . The Fall 1952 issue was also dated September 1952 . There were seven volumes of three issues , and a final volume of two issues . The magazine was in pulp format and priced at 25 cents throughout its life it began at 160 pages and dropped to 144 pages with the Spring 1951 issue , then to 128 pages with the September 1953 issue , and finally to 112 pages for the last two issues . The publisher was Best Books , of Kokomo , Indiana , which was owned by Standard Magazines of New York . The editor was initially Sam Merwin Samuel Mines took over with the Winter 1952 issue , and the last two issues were edited by Alexander Samalman . A Canadian edition of the first four editions appeared from Better Publications in Toronto with the same contents as the U.S. editions .
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2,533 | Greens Ledge Lighthouse is a sparkplug lighthouse in Connecticut , United States , off the southwest end of the Norwalk Islands , Long Island Sound , near Norwalk , Connecticut . It is on north side of the west end of Greens Ledge , west of Norwalk Harbor a mile south of the entrance to Five Mile River at unk , and just over a mile southwest of Sheffield Lighthouse . Completed in 1902 , it was constructed by the Philadelphia Construction Company . The light is 52 feet ( 16 m ) tall and is made of five courses that make up its four stories . The lantern measures 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) in diameter . The Greens Ledge Light replaced the Sheffield Island Light . Originally , the light had a fifth order Fresnel lens , but a fourth order Fresnel lens was installed in May 1902 , just three months into its operation . Currently a VRB 25 is in use and it has alternating white and red flash every 24 seconds . The light was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Greens Ledge Lighthouse on May 29 , 1990 . Design In the 1890s , the lighthouse was first formally proposed to mark the Norwalk Harbor . In 1899 , the United States Congress appropriated 60 , 000 for the establishment of a light and fog signal at Greens Ledge . In 1900 , the Philadelphia Construction Company was contracted to construct the foundation and the superstructure . The design for this type of lighthouse was first realized in 1873 , from Major unk of the Lighthouse Board . The foundation form is made of identical curved iron plates with top inward pointing flanges that are bolted together and secured with knees . The assembled rings are lowered into the water and filled with concrete or stone , concrete for the Greens Ledge Light . A series of photographs from the work in 1901 shows the assembly of the three lower courses at Wilson 's Point , the lowering of the cylinder and the light in the fall of 1901 prior to a deposit of protective riprap . The 52 foot ( 16 m ) tall Greens Ledge Light was completed in 1902 and serves as a typical example of a sparkplug lighthouse . Located in 10 feet ( 3 . 0 m ) of water , the foundation flares out to support the deck the lighthouse is built on and includes a cavity for the lighthouse 's brick basement and cisterns . The four story structure of the lighthouse is assembled from five courses of curved iron plates . The interior is lined with brick to insulate and strengthen the tower and to provid e an anchorage for the winding cast iron stairs which rise on the periphery of each story , writes historian Dorothy Templeton . The plain prefabricated features underwent a period of development of which the Greens Ledge Light was part of a second phase . Templeton describes , the brackets which support the watchroom gallery and covered deck as having a simplified classical detailing and the rectilinear window sashes are enclosed in shallower , plainer cast iron surrounds . A deck encircles the light on above the first story , the watchroom and lantern . The original roofing and some cast iron stanchions of the decks are able to be seen atop the riprap . The cast iron door to the lighthouse faces south and at the time of nomination the windows were sealed with plywood . The first floor of the lighthouse serves as the kitchen . The second level has two rooms split by a partition with the smaller room being a bathroom . The third level was not divided , but did not have a description in the National Historic Register of Places survey . The fourth floor has six porthole windows and has had much of its woodwork removed and part of the cast iron floor and brick wall are exposed . The lighthouse 's lantern measures 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) in diameter . Once active , the Sheffield Island Light was discontinued . Service Originally , the light had a fifth order Fresnel lens , but a fourth order Fresnel lens was installed in May 1902 , just three months into its operation . The light characteristic was a fixed white light with a red flash every 15 seconds . In 1972 , the light was automated and the Fresnel lens was replaced with a modern optic . The light continues to serve as an active aid to navigation . In 1987 , a FA 251 was installed before the current lens , a VRB 25 was installed . The current light characteristic is an alternating white and red flash every 24 seconds . The white and red flashes can be seen for 18 nautical miles and 15 nautical miles , respectably . During its service , the tower began to tilt and the keepers moved all the furniture to one side of the tower . The problem was reported to have been exacerbated following the 1938 New England hurricane . Importance The light was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Greens Ledge Lighthouse on May 29 , 1990 . It is listed as significant as a typical example of a pre fabricated cast iron conical unk on a cast iron tubular foundation . The lighthouse served as a source of inspiration for Walter DuBois Richards , an artist , for over forty years . Since 1935 , swimmers have been competing annually in the Arthur J. unk Swim Race , a one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) race from the lighthouse to Bayley Beach in the unk section of Norwalk . List of keepers This list includes known keepers , but excludes assistants and non officers of the Coast Guard .
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2,534 | Last Post is a poem written by Carol Ann Duffy , the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom , in 2009 . It was commissioned by the BBC to mark the deaths of Henry Allingham and Harry Patch , two of the last three surviving British veterans from the First World War , and was first broadcast on the BBC Radio 4 programme Today on 30 July 2009 , the date of Allingham 's funeral . The poem , named after the Last Post ( the bugle call used at British ceremonies remembering those killed in war ) , makes explicit references to Wilfred Owen 's poem from the First World War Dulce et Decorum Est . It imagines what would happen if time ran backwards and those killed in the war came back to life their lives would still be full of possibilities and filled with love , work , children , talent , English beer , good food . The poem was generally well received , with one commentator saying that it was simply a damn good poem with rich imagery , cinematic movement and poignant ending . Another said that it was moving reversal of history and a fine poem . Duffy herself was quoted as saying that she wanted to honour the tradition of poets who were soldiers . Commission Carol Ann Duffy was appointed as Poet Laureate in May 2009 , the first woman to be appointed to the post . She was asked by the BBC Radio 4 programme Today to write a poem to mark the deaths of Henry Allingham and Harry Patch . The poem was read by Duffy on Today on 30 July 2009 , the day of Allingham 's funeral . Allingham , who served with the Royal Naval Air Service before becoming a founder member of the Royal Air Force , died on 18 July 2009 at the age of 113 Patch , the last surviving man to have fought in the trenches in the war , died on 25 July 2009 at the age of 111 . Their deaths left Claude Choules , who served in the Royal Navy during the war and who lived in Australia until his death in 2011 , as the last surviving British veteran . Duffy said that she felt that she should honour that great tradition of poets who were also soldiers , describing the poem as an attempt at healing and being at one with the world , and a tribute and blessing , even an apology , on behalf of poetry and all poets . She added that she had been thinking about Afghanistan and trying to unk new war poetry among contemporary poets . The poem was broadcast one week after Duffy published a selection of poems she had commissioned from poets such as Sean O 'Brien , Paul Muldoon and Daljit Nagra about the ongoing war in Afghanistan . Poem The poem takes its title from the bugle call used at British ceremonies remembering those killed in war , the Last Post . It begins with two lines from the poem Dulce et Decorum Est by the First World War poet Wilfred Owen The title of Owen 's poem is part of a line from the Roman poet Horace Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori ( It is sweet and fitting to die for one 's country ) . The phrase was inscribed over the chapel door at Sandhurst , the British military academy , in 1913 . The phrase is again referenced when Duffy writes Dulce No Decorum No Pro patria mori . The writer Will Heaven said that , whilst the poem denies that death in war is sweet and proper ( dulce et decorum ) , it does not deny that the soldiers died for their country ( pro patria mori ) . The heart of the poem depicts events if poetry could tell it backwards soldiers who died in the war coming back to life , lines and lines of British boys rewind back to their trenches . The poem imagines all those thousands dead are shaking dried mud from their hair and queuing up for home . Duffy pictures what would have happened to them if they had not died before adding , You see the poet tuck away his pocket book and smile . Erica Wagner , the literary editor of The Times , said that the poet Duffy refers to in the poem could be Owen , but could also be John McCrae , Isaac Rosenberg , or Charles Hamilton Sorley , or one of a number of other poets from the war . Wagner also noted that Harry Patch and Henry Allingham escaped death , but never the effect of that awful war . Reaction The poem received a generally favourable critical reaction . Wagner called it a moving reversal of history , a fine poem , and the latest in a noble line of work about the First World War that aspires to a kind of salvation . Heaven said that it was a poignant and beautiful tribute to Allingham . It has been called sombre yet supremely uplifting . The poem was also noticed in the United States . Jenna unk , a writer for The New Yorker , described it as another strong at bat , and said that the poem highlighted the power , but also the shortcomings , of poetry when writing about an imaginary , impossible event and also writing about writing about it . The American poet John Lundberg said that the poem was a surprising success , adding that not only was it accessible and a fitting tribute to those who served in World War I , but also simply a damn good poem with rich imagery , cinematic movement and poignant ending . However , Christopher Howse , a writer for the Daily Telegraph , took a different view of the poem 's merits , saying ( under the title Carol Ann Duffy falls short of Henry Allingham ) that Duffy 's verse form was open , to the point of invisibility .
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2,535 | Alex Ada is an American comic book series created by Jonathan Luna and Sarah Vaughn . The duo began work on the series in January 2013 , before publishing 15 issues through Image Comics between November 2013 and June 2015 . The series has since been collected into three trade paperbacks . Alex Ada centers upon the relationship between a lonely man and an intelligent android . The series received positive reviews from critics who compared it to other popular science fiction stories , although Luna 's artwork was sometimes criticized for being simplistic . Publication history Development Jonathan Luna had previously created comics with his brother Joshua , but was exhausted after six straight years of work . Inspired by a TED Talk , he decided to take a break from working . During his two years away from comics , he painted Star Bright and the Looking Glass , a fairy tale picture book that was proofread by his friend Sarah Vaughn and published in 2012 . While working on the picture book , Luna realized he missed telling a story panel by panel and decided to return to comics . He and his brother had decided to work on separate projects , so Luna pitched the idea of a young man who falls in love with a female android to Vaughn over dinner . Vaughn , who began writing and drawing romance comics in her youth , jumped at the opportunity . After initializing the concept in January 2013 , the two discussed the project for three or four months before creating an outline for the whole story . The original outline was for 12 issues , but it left room for improvisation and a few points were removed as the story progressed . They looked at past and present rights movements for inspiration for how one would progress and how people might respond to a movement for android rights . Luna wrote the first draft of issue one , then the two worked together to rewrite it . Luna began drawing around April . Alex Ada is the first comic Luna drew completely digitally . Because Luna needed to focus on art , Vaughn wrote the first draft of the remaining issues . She and Luna would discuss the draft , then she would rewrite it . Publication The first issue of Alex Ada was released November 6 , 2013 , and was Vaughn 's first published comic work . It was the 141st best selling issue of the month with estimated sales around 15 , 000 , which was more than any book Luna had done previously . During the course of publication , the series length was increased from 12 issues to 15 issues . Each issue was released approximately six weeks apart , with the final issue available June 18 , 2015 . Issue 15 was the 206th best selling issue of the month with estimated orders around 8 , 250 . The series has been collected into three trade paperbacks , each containing five issues . Plot Alex is a young man who is depressed after his fiance breaks up with him . Tired of seeing him unhappy , Alex 's grandmother sends him Ada , a Tanaka X 5 android which is capable of intelligent human interaction . The robot is initially incapable of self awareness , as each android has a program that blocks any potential free thought or consciousness . Alex decides to remove this program and grant Ada her own mental freedom , as he is uninterested in a partner who cannot truly interact with him . Because removing the program is illegal and carries harsh consequences for both Ada and Alex , they have to pretend Ada is not self aware . When a jealous love interest of Alex reports Ada as sentient to the FBI , Alex and Ada attempt to flee the country . When they are intercepted by the FBI , Ada gets shot by the police and Alex is arrested . He is convicted and sentenced to 25 years in prison , but Ada is not found to be sentient . During his time in prison , rights are granted to sentient robots . On Alex 's release , Ada is returned to him . She appears to be non sentient , but Alex discovers she locked her consciousness to protect him . He restores her freedom and is re united with her . Reception According to review aggregator Comic Book Round Up , critics gave the first issue an average 8 . 0 10 and the series as a whole 8 . 5 10 . During its publication , Alex Ada appeared on many best of lists created by comic news websites . Reviewing for Bleeding Cool , Zac Thompson and David Dissanayake made favorable comparisons to the 1982 film Blade Runner and the 2013 film Her . Dissanayake also noted the entertaining realism , as it feels like our world , full of technologies that ... will exist very soon . Comic Book Resources ' Sonia Harris also praised the series for its realism , writing the metaphor of artificially intelligent beings living out their secret lives , unsafe and insecure , yet potentially stronger and smarter than humans is potent . Dean Stell , a reviewer for Weekly Comic Book Review , said Luna and Vaughn created a wonderful and classically themed science fiction story . Writing for Bloody Disgusting , Lonnie Nadler said Luna 's work on facial expressions was the major highlight of his illustrations . Luna 's simplistic artwork is a frequent point of criticism among reviewers , although some call it appropriate for the setting . In addition to Luna 's painfully plain illustrations , Newsarama 's David unk also criticized the story 's pace .
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2,536 | The Alekseyev I 212 was a twin engined , jet fighter designed in the USSR in 1947 at OKB 21 ( OKB experimental design bureau ) . It was a two seat variant of the I 21 ( Istrebitel ' Fighter ) designed in response to a requirement for a very long range fighter issued by the unk Vozdushnye Sily ( VVS ) , ( Soviet Air Forces ) , in 1946 . Intended as an escort fighter , it was also designed for use as a night fighter and reconnaissance aircraft . Sources are unclear whether a prototype was built , but it is known that the aircraft never flew . Development After working as Lavochkin 's right hand man during World War II , Semyon Alekseyev was appointed as Chief Designer of OKB 21 at Gor unk in 1946 . The Council of the People 's Commissars directed Alekseyev , among others , to develop jet fighters using more powerful engines than the captured German examples and Soviet built copies . The OKB was tasked to design a single seat jet fighter that could meet the very demanding specification of a maximum speed of 980 km h ( 610 mph ) and a range of 3 , 000 km ( 1 , 900 mi ) with drop tanks . The OKB responded with the I 21 , which was planned to be built in several variants . Development of the I 212 , one such variant , began in 1947 as a twin engined , all metal , two seat jet fighter . The round , streamlined fuselage was optimized to reduce drag and house the considerable amount of equipment and fuel required by the VVS . It had mid mounted straight laminar flow wings and the engine nacelles were mounted in the middle of the wing , with the wing spars continued by banjo rings around the engines . The cruciform tail unit was swept at 45 . To save weight , the main load bearing structures of the airframe were constructed from V 95 aluminum alloy and high strength steel . Elektron ( a magnesium alloy ) was used for many components and castings . The aircraft used a tricycle undercarriage with the main wheels retracting into the fuselage . unk actuated air brakes were fitted either side of the rear fuselage . The pilot and gunner radio operator sat in tandem , back to back in a single pressurized cockpit , protected by armour plates to their front and rear , as well as by a bulletproof windscreen , seated on ejection seats . The aircraft was intended to use Klimov VK 1 engines , a derivative of the Rolls Royce Nene , but the Klimov engine was still under development , so Kuznetsov RD 45s were substituted instead . The aircraft carried a unk 1 radar for use by the gunner radio operator . Armament was to have been mounted in the nose and a remote controlled tail barbette , with variations of 20 mm ( 0 . 787 in ) Berezin B 20 cannon , or 23 mm ( 0 . 906 in ) Nudel 'man Suranov NS 23 cannon in a remote controlled barbette and 23 mm ( 0 . 906 in ) Nudel 'man Suranov NS 23 cannon , 37 mm ( 1 . 457 in ) Nudel 'man Suranov NS 37 cannon and 45 mm ( 1 . 772 in ) Nudel 'man Suranov NS 45 in the nose of the aircraft . A single hardpoint under each wing could carry a single 500 kg ( 1 , 100 lb ) bomb or a drop tank carrying 550 kg ( 1 , 210 lb ) of fuel . A prototype reportedly began taxiing tests on 30 June 1948 , but there is no evidence that it flew at any time , however , it is also unclear if a prototype was actually built . A training version designated UTI 212 was planned if the aircraft had gone into production . The I 217 variant , in two versions with forward swept and unk wings , did not proceed beyond the drawing board . Variants I 212 Initial version , never built . I 214 Proposed version with the tail barbette replaced with a rearwards facing radar and heavier forward facing armament . I 217 Project with forward swept and unk wings . UTI 212 Proposed training variant of the I 212 . Specifications ( I 212 RD 45 engines ) Data from The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875 1995 , Early Soviet Jet Fighters General characteristics Crew 2 Length 13 . 08 m ( 42 ft 11 in ) Wingspan 16 . 2 m ( 53 ft 2 in ) Wing area 33 m2 ( 360 sq ft ) Gross weight 9 , 250 kg ( 20 , 393 lb ) Max takeoff weight 10 , 500 kg ( 23 , 149 lb ) Powerplant 2 Kuznetsov RD 45 centrifugal compressor turbojet , 22 kN ( 5 , 000 lbf ) thrust each Performance Maximum speed 1 , 000 km h ( 621 mph 540 kn ) Range 2 , 300 km ( 1 , 429 mi 1 , 242 nmi ) Ferry range 3 , 100 km ( 1 , 926 mi 1 , 674 nmi ) Service ceiling 14 , 800 m ( 48 , 556 ft ) Rate of climb 30 m s ( 5 , 900 ft min ) Armament Guns 4x 23 mm ( 0 . 906 in ) Nudel 'man Suranov NS 23 cannon with 150 rpg . 2x 20 mm ( 0 . 787 in ) Berezin B 20 cannon in a remote controlled tail barbette . or 1 37 mm ( 1 . 457 in ) Nudel 'man N 37 cannon . 2 23 mm ( 0 . 906 in ) Nudel 'man Suranov NS 23 cannon . 2x 20 mm ( 0 . 787 in ) Berezin B 20 cannon in a remote controlled tail barbette . or 2x 23 mm ( 0 . 906 in ) Nudel 'man Suranov NS 23 cannon with 150 rpg . 1x 45 mm ( 1 . 772 in ) Nudel 'man Suranov NS 45 cannon with 40 rpg . 2x 23 mm ( 0 . 906 in ) Nudel 'man Suranov NS 23 cannon in a remote controlled barbette . Hardpoints 2 with provisions to carry combinations of Bombs 2x 500 kg ( 1 , 100 lb ) bombs . or Other 2x 550 kg ( 1 , 210 lb ) capacity drop tanks . Avionics unk 1 radar , Navigation aids and radios .
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2,537 | M 20 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that runs from New Era to Midland . It crosses through rural Lower Peninsula forest land between the two ends . The highway serves the college towns of Big Rapids and Mt . Pleasant , home of the main campuses of Ferris State University and Central Michigan University , both located near the trunkline . Originally in July 1919 , M 20 was routed farther north along a corridor now used by US Highway 10 ( US 10 ) . The M 20 designation was shifted south to the corridor it now follows . It previously connected to Bay City , and in 1958 , a freeway was opened from Bay City to Midland . The former M 20 along Midland Road , going through Auburn , was returned to local control at that time . In 1960 , the M 20 freeway became US 10 , moving M 20 's terminus to Midland . Prior to 1969 , M 20 extended on the west end to Muskegon before it was rerouted from White Cloud to New Era . Route description M 20 starts near Lake Michigan at the US 31 freeway in New Era where it runs east through the Manistee National Forest , crossing the North Branch of the White River near Ferry and the South Branch near Hesperia on the way to White Cloud . There it turns south along M 37 and then east along a new routing following Baseline and unk roads north of the Hardy Dam to meet the US 131 freeway at exit 131 near Stanwood . M 20 turns north , running concurrently along the US 131 freeway to Big Rapids and joins Business US 131 ( Bus . US 131 ) at exit 139 . The section along the freeway is listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a system of highways important to the nation 's economy , defense and mobility . Together Bus . US 131 M 20 runs along the Perry Street commercial corridor to State Street near the main campus of Ferris State University . The business loop turns north by the campus and at Michigan Street , M 20 turns eastward to cross the Muskegon River in downtown Big Rapids , north of the campus . M 20 zig zags southeast of town bypassing the Canadian Lakes area and turns due east through rural Remus in Isabella County and the Isabella Indian Reservation . In Mt . Pleasant , M 20 runs near the campus of Central Michigan University crossing the Chippewa River , and the trunkline joins Bus . US 127 along the Mission Street business area to Pickard Road . The highway turns east on Pickard and passes under the US 127 freeway near the Soaring Eagle Casino . From Mt . Pleasant to Midland , M 20 is designed as a four lane highway with a continuous center turn lane passing through rural forest land . M 20 picks up inclusion on the NHS from this point east . Once M 20 reaches Midland on Jerome Street , it crosses the Tittabawassee River north of the unk , a three legged bridge over the confluence of the Tittabawassee and Chippewa rivers . There it joins Business US 10 ( Bus . US 10 ) on a pair of one way streets Indian Street ( westbound ) and unk Street ( eastbound ) . The two streets pass by Dow Diamond , home to the Great Lakes Loons , the city 's minor league baseball team . Bus . US 10 M 20 then passes some Dow Chemical Company buildings and curves into a freeway stub connecting with the US 10 freeway on the east side of town . This short section of business loop freeway has two interchanges before terminating at one final interchange . At this junction , both Bus . US 10 and M 20 have a common eastern terminus . Traffic headed eastbound on the business loop defaults onto eastbound US 10 , and traffic destined for the business loop is fed from the westbound direction of the freeway only . History Previous designation On July 1 , 1919 , M 20 was routed from Ludington to Bay City , Michigan by way of Reed City and Clare . This routing was redesignated as US 10 on November 11 , 1926 . M 20 would be moved to a new routing . Current designation The M 20 designation was moved to a new alignment , roughly today 's current routing from Midland through Mt . Pleasant , Big Rapids and White Cloud continuing to Muskegon . The western terminus was extended to end at Muskegon State Park in 1932 . The last paving would be completed along M 20 in 1957 in Newaygo County . The eastern end of M 20 was converted to freeway between Midland and Bay City in 1958 . The former alignment along Midland Road , from Midland , going through Auburn , and ending at Euclid Avenue in Bay City , at the junction of what was then US 23 , was returned to local control at the time . US 10 was rerouted along this freeway section and the I 75 US 23 freeway in 1960 . M 20 was truncated back to Midland with the US 10 rerouting . The west end was rerouted through Muskegon to end at US 16 in 1961 . The former routing connecting to Muskegon State Park became a new M 213 until it was removed from the trunkline system in 1970 . M 20 was completely rerouted on the west end in 1969 from White Cloud replacing M 82 to US 31 in New Era . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) swapped jurisdiction of M 20 and B 88 with Mecosta and Newaygo counties . The swap was finalized on October 1 , 1998 . M 20 was rerouted south from Big Rapids , along US 131 from exit 139 to exit 131 at Stanwood . There M 20 replaced B 88 westward to M 37 . Major intersections All exits are unnumbered .
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2,538 | Disaster Transport ( formerly Avalanche Run ) was an enclosed steel bobsled roller coaster built by Intamin at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio , United States . It was notable as being the only indoor roller coaster at Cedar Point and the only bobsled roller coaster in the midwest at its debut . The name of the ride stems from Dispatch Master Transport . The origin of the name could still be seen in the ride 's logo in its later years . Before the ride was enclosed , the supports and outer sides of the track were painted blue . History Disaster Transport originally opened on May 11 , 1985 as Avalanche Run and was entirely outdoors . It was built next to the beach , on the former spot of Jumbo Jet and later , WildCat . Many other rides also had to be relocated . The original ride cost 3 . 4 million 1 . 9 million to manufacture and 1 . 5 million to install . Renovation In 1990 , unk Productions , Inc. was chosen to renovate the ride , completely enclosing it in a show building . The renovation included the addition of a space themed queue and ride along with special effect lighting and sound . The special effects and construction cost approximately 4 million . On the outside of the building , 12 E was written , which had caused numerous rumors as to its meanings . On August 3 , 2005 , it was revealed that it stood for the 12th ride designed by the unk employee , Eric . Not long after the initial changes to the ride in 1990 , the special effects were not maintained and began to deteriorate . Most of the effects at its closure , were not active , or had been covered up . Blacklight reactant paint lined the walls , mostly in the form of handprints or outlines of scenes . These gave a 3 D appearance when the rider wore special glasses purchased at the beginning of the queue . Closure On July 13 , 2012 , Cedar Point announced that Disaster Transport would close on July 29 , 2012 . It was the second roller coaster at Cedar Point to close in 2012 . A charity auction was held for the final riders , benefiting the Give Kids the World charity foundation . The last ride was given at 11 53 PM on July 29 , with the lights turned on . The ride started demolition on August 6 , using about 380 trucks to transport scrap materials . A portion of track , two cars and the main entrance sign will be donated to the National Roller Coaster Museum . Less than a month later on August 29 at around 9 30 AM , the last section of Disaster Transport was demolished . The 12E part of the building was the last section left standing . Ride experience Disaster Transport was a bobsled roller coaster , meaning the wheels were not attached to a track as on a conventional roller coaster . The cars resembling bobsleds operated within a steel trough , on which they were allowed to operate freely . This allowed the ride to swing from side to side when turning sharp corners , as an actual bobsled would . Guests would enter 10 passenger bobsleds , secured by a lap bar . After leaving the launch area , the bobsled traveled up the 63 foot tall ( 19 m ) lift hill at a 15 degree angle , which featured red and blue blinking lights on the sides . After reaching the top of the lift hill , it curved to the right , dropping 50 feet ( 15 m ) at a 27 degree angle and reaching a top speed of 40 mph ( 64 km h ) . After that , it curved to the left into a mid course brake run . After the mid course brake run , the bobsled turned left followed by several banked turns and curves and two more brake runs . One cycle of the ride lasted about 2 minutes and 32 seconds . Theme After the ride was renovated in 1990 , a new space theme was given . The story of the ride was the passengers had been to deliver cargo from a suborbital factory to a station in Alaska . Large screen projections , simulated lasers , mist , and recordings were added to the ride . In the queue , guests would go through three rooms including Rocket Recovery , Mission Control and Repair Bay . The original entrance to the ride was located next to Troika . During HalloWeekends , the park would change the entrance of Disaster Transport to under the lift hill , leaving the one next to Troika to be used for the Halloween Haunt . For the 2009 season , the entrance was permanently changed to under the lift hill . When the entrance was changed , the Rocket Recovery and Mission Control rooms were closed , leaving the Repair Bay the only room guests walked through . Building The building was also used as a storage facility for the park . During HalloWeekends , much of the original queue area was used to house a haunt attraction . It was first used in 1997 for the haunt , Cedar Point Cemetery . In 2000 , it was transformed into the Egyptian themed , Pharaoh 's Secret haunted house . In 2009 , it was transformed into Happy Jack 's Toy Factory , a haunted toy factory . The ride , though indoors , would close in any type of rain . Because of leaks in the structure , water pooled in the trough , warranting a shutdown . Typically , the ride would remain shut down after a period of rain as the crew would have to cycle several trains through the circuit in order for it to dry . Although the ride was enclosed , the storage track remained outdoors with a large door that opened when the storage track was needed .
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2,539 | Show Me How You Burlesque is a song recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera for the accompanying soundtrack album to the film Burlesque ( 2010 ) , which stars Aguilera . It was written by Aguilera , C. Tricky Stewart and Claude Kelly and was produced by Stewart . The song was released for digital download onto iTunes Store on February 4 , 2011 . Before being released , a demo version of the track , entitled Spotlight was leaked online . Show Me How You Burlesque received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised it as one of the best tracks from the soundtrack . The song charted on several record charts , peaking at number 70 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 8 in New Zealand . Aguilera performed Show Me How You Burlesque on the eleventh season of U.S. television dancing competition Dancing with the Stars in November 2010 . Background and composition In support of her sixth studio album , Bionic , Aguilera announced plans for the Bionic Tour . However , on May 24 , 2010 , the singer and tour promoter Live Nation both posted messages on their websites stating that due to excessive promotion of Bionic and preparing for her upcoming film debut in Burlesque , she felt she would need more time to be able to put together a show that her fans deserve to see . Aguilera stated that this was not possible to do in less than one month between the release of the album and the start of the tour as she would need more time to rehearse . On the accompanying soundtrack for the film , Aguilera had worked with Tricky Stewart . Stewart was the co writer and producer of two songs , Show Me How You Burlesque and Express , and also produced a number of tracks , including Something 's Got a Hold on Me , Tough Lover and But I Am a Good Girl . Before being officially released , in early 2010 , a demo version of the song , entitled Spotlight , was leaked online . On February 4 , 2011 , the single was released as a digital download on iTunes Store . Show Me How You Burlesque was written by Aguilera , Christopher Stewart and Claude Kelly , and was produced by Tricky Stewart . Its music incorporates pop and dance genres . Instrumentation comes from saxophone , trombone , trumpet and percussion . The track lasts for a duration of 2 59 ( two minutes and 59 seconds ) . Set on the freely tempo of 100 110 beats per minute , Show Me How You Burlesque was composed in the key of D major . Aguilera 's vocals on the track span two octaves , from the low note of F 3 to the high note of F 5 . Reception Show Me How You Burlesque garnered mainly positive reviews from music critics . An online blog network , Blogcritics , agreed that the track , alongside Express are the two best songs throughout the soundtrack . It also wrote , Both ' Express ' and ' Show Me How You Burlesque ' work better in the context of the movie , where the elaborate visuals help distract from their lack of melody and strong hooks . They are passable album filler tracks . Movie Exclusive called the song soulful and deemed it as one of the greatest testaments to how Aguilera is one of the greatest performers of all time . Alissa LeClair from Movie Buzzers was also positive toward the track , stated that Show Me How You Burlesque , among with But I Am a Good Girl , Express , and Guy What Takes His Time are materials that complement Aguilera 's talent , as well as shows how well the singer prepared to be a good dancer for the film project . Upon the release of Burlesque , Show Me How You Burlesque charted in several countries . In the United States , the song peaked at number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and remained for one week . On the Canadian Hot 100 chart of Canada , it peaked at number 92 . In Germany , Show Me How You Burlesque peaked at number 89 on the Media Control Charts . On January 23 , 2011 , the song debuted at number 23 on the Swiss Hitparade chart . The following week , it dropped to number 30 and continued to fall down on the chart , staying for a total of 5 weeks . On January 30 , 2011 , Show Me How You Burlesque entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 29 . It remained on the chart until February 13 . In New Zealand , Show Me How You Burlesque was a commercial success . On January 17 , 2011 , the song debuted at number 33 on the New Zealand singles chart . The following week , it climbed to number 8 , becoming the only song from the soundtrack to reach the top 10 . Live performance To promote Burlesque , Aguilera has performed several songs from the soundtrack live , including Show Me How You Burlesque . On November 23 , 2010 , Aguilera performed Show Me How You Burlesque during the season finale of the eleventh season of U.S. television dancing competition Dancing with the Stars . She performed in the sparkly gold costume with back up male and female dancers . Story Gilmore of Neon Limelight commented about the performance , The star brought the burlesque lounge to life in a spicy performance . He also praised Aguilera 's vocals and outfits during the show , writing She belted at the top of her talented lungs in true Christina fashion . Track listing Digital download Show Me How You Burlesque 2 59 Credits and personnel Source Charts Release history
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2,540 | The effects of Hurricane Charley in South Carolina included 20 million ( 2004 USD ) in damage and 135 , 000 power outages . Hurricane Charley lasted from August 9 to August 15 , and at its peak attained 150 mph ( 240 km h ) winds , making it a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . The storm made landfall in southwestern Florida at maximum strength , making it the strongest hurricane to hit the United States since Hurricane Andrew struck Florida twelve years before , in 1992 . Before the storm , Governor Mark Sanford declared a state of emergency as Charley approached its final landfall and issued a mandatory evacuation for residents on barrier islands and in coastal locations . About 180 , 000 people evacuated the Grand Strand . Peak winds in the state were clocked at 63 mph ( 101 km h ) at the Isle of Palms . The storm spawned winds of 58 mph ( 93 km h ) at Folly Beach and 51 mph ( 82 km h ) in downtown Charleston . Numerous trees , tree limbs and electrical poles were knocked down in those regions . Flash flooding was also reported with rainfall peaking at over 7 in ( 180 mm ) . There were no fatalities . Preparations Prior to the storm , a tropical storm watch was issued for locations from the Altamaha sound , Georgia to the South Santee River on August 12 . The next day , the watch was upgraded to a hurricane watch from the Altamaha sound to the South Carolina Georgia border . As Charley approached the region , a hurricane warning was issued for the entire area . A tornado watch was issued eastward from a line extending from Aiken to Lancaster County . Governor Mark Sanford declared a state of emergency as Charley approached landfall and issued a mandatory evacuation for residents on barrier islands and in coastal locations in Georgetown and Horry Counties . In Georgetown County , this order was focused on residents and tourists east of U.S. Route 17 , likewise for Horry County . 180 , 000 people evacuated the Grand Strand . unk in Beaufort and Charleston Counties were shut down , and bridges in Georgetown and Horry Counties were locked down . Hampton County requested 2 , 000 sandbags , that were provided by the Department of Corrections . The unk Correctional Institution also filled 30 , 000 sandbags for potential floods . State troopers directed traffic inland from Myrtle Beach . U.S. Route 501 used a lane reversal to allow for evacuations . Impact The first storm to make landfall in the state at hurricane intensity since Hurricane Hugo in 1989 , Hurricane Charley struck near Cape Romain , South Carolina as an 80 mph ( 130 km h ) hurricane , moved offshore briefly , and made its final landfall near North Myrtle Beach as a minimal hurricane with winds of 75 mph ( 120 km h ) . With the landfalling system , five tornadoes were reported in the state . However , only two were confirmed one moved through the Francis Marion National Forest , downing trees along its path . Storm surge ranged from 4 ft ( 1 . 2 m ) 6 ft ( 1 . 8 m ) , although only minor beach erosion occurred . A buoy situated 41 nmi ( 47 mi ) southeast of Charleston recorded 16 ft ( 4 . 9 m ) seas and 74 miles per hour ( 119 km h ) winds . Peak winds in the state were clocked at 63 mph ( 101 km h ) at the Isle of Palms . The storm spawned winds of 58 mph ( 93 km h ) at Folly Beach and 51 mph ( 82 km h ) in downtown Charleston . Trees , limbs and electrical poles were knocked down in those regions . Trees were blown onto U.S. Route 17 in Mount Pleasant , and awnings were torn off of a few structures . A total of 2 , 231 houses were damaged unk of these were severely damaged and 40 were destroyed . Two hundred and twenty one of those damaged were beach front structures on Sunset Beach . Businesses had broken windows , six hotels had roof and outer wall damage . This led to 30 million ( 2004 USD ) in hotel profit loss in Myrtle Beach , primarily along U.S. Route 17 . As dry air from northern sections of the state wrapped into the circulation of the storm , a band of convection developed along a frontal boundary stretching from Newberry northward . Widespread rainfall peaking at over 7 in ( 180 mm ) fell to the west of the storm 's track . In downtown Charleston , 2 . 09 in ( 53 mm ) of rainfall was reported , while in Hampton 1 . 53 in ( 39 mm ) of rain fell . However , the bulk of the rainfall remained offshore . With the soil still saturated from Tropical Storm Bonnie , some flooding in low lying areas of Charleston County occurred . Up to 1 ft ( 0 . 30 m ) of water accumulated on South Carolina Route 17 and on local streets . Flash floods were also observed in Mount Pleasant . High winds spread vegetative debris , clogging storm drains and caused further flooding . A bridge in Union County washed out following rainfall from Charley and Tropical Storm Bonnie . 135 , 000 customers were without power , and storm damage totaled 20 million ( 2004 USD ) . Following the storm , Progress Energy Carolinas assembled 1 , 200 tree and power line personnel to assist in damage recovery . Federal disaster funds were approved for the counties of Georgetown and Horry . The declaration covered damage to public property on August 14 15 . The funding covered state and local government costs for debris removal and emergency services related to the hurricane .
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2,541 | No. 77 Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) wing of World War II . It formed part of No. 10 Operational Group ( later the Australian First Tactical Air Force ) at its establishment in November 1943 , when it comprised three squadrons equipped with Vultee Vengeance dive bombers . No. 77 Wing commenced operations in early 1944 , flying out of Nadzab , Papua New Guinea . Soon afterwards , however , the Vengeance units were withdrawn from combat and replaced with squadrons flying Douglas Bostons , Bristol Beaufighters and Bristol Beauforts . The wing saw action in the assaults on Noemfoor , Tarakan , and North Borneo , by which time it was an all Beaufighter formation made up of Nos. 22 , 30 and 31 Squadrons . It was to have taken part in the Battle of Balikpapan in June 1945 , but unsuitable landing grounds meant that the Beaufighter units were withdrawn to Morotai , sitting out the remainder of the war before returning to Australia , where they disbanded , along with the wing headquarters , in 1946 . History No. 77 Wing formed the attack component of No. 10 Operational Group ( No. 10 OG ) , which was established on 13 November 1943 . The group was to act as a mobile strike force capable of supporting Allied ground and naval units while they advanced against the Japanese in the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , as distinct from the RAAF 's area commands in Northern Australia , which had a geographically based static defence function . Led by Wing Commander E.G. Fyfe , No. 77 Wing consisted of three flying squadrons operating Vultee Vengeance dive bombers , and various ancillary units . The Vengeances , which had only recently been acquired by Australia , equipped Nos. 21 , 23 and 24 Squadrons . They were to be protected on their attack missions by No. 10 OG 's fighter component , No. 78 Wing , operating Curtiss Kittyhawks . Headquartered at Nadzab , Papua New Guinea , No. 77 Wing only became fully operational on 18 February 1944 , following the arrival of Nos. 21 and 23 Squadrons from Lowood , Queensland . However No. 24 Squadron , which was already based in the theatre of operations , was able to carry out its first sortie on 17 January , bombing targets along Shaggy Ridge in support of the Australian 7th Division . Throughout February the Vengeances , escorted by No. 78 Wing Kittyhawks , concentrated on harassing the retreating Japanese 20th Division , and attacking enemy airfields in the Madang Province . In March , a decision was made to withdraw the dive bombers from operations due to their inferiority to newer equipment . Three RAAF squadrons No. 22 flying Douglas Bostons , No. 30 flying Bristol Beaufighters , and one other from No. 9 Operational Group flying Bristol Beauforts were assigned to the wing as replacements . Operating with its new squadrons and aircraft , No. 77 Wing took part in the Battle of Noemfoor , commencing in June 1944 . Wing headquarters relocated to Noemfoor Island in July , followed by Nos. 22 and 30 Squadrons the next month . This was No. 77 Wing 's composition on 25 October 1944 , when No. 10 OG 's name was changed to the Australian First Tactical Air Force , ostensibly to emphasise the formation 's impressive size and ambitious purpose . That month , the wing 's aircraft were credited with sinking 24 enemy transport ships and barges in support of the Allied landings during the Battle of Leyte . In November , the wing advanced to the island of Morotai , where it attacked Japanese airfields , shipping , and infrastructure on Celebes . By the end of the year , Wing Commander Charles Read had taken over command of No. 77 Wing , and the formation 's complement had been augmented by No. 31 Squadron , a Beaufighter unit previously based in Darwin , Northern Territory , as part of North Western Area Command . No. 22 Squadron was withdrawn to Noemfoor in December to re equip with Beaufighters upon its return No. 77 Wing became an all Beaufighter formation , operating three squadrons of the type . During the first week of January 1945 , No. 77 Wing 's aircraft undertook 142 missions against targets in Halmahera , Celebes , and Morotai . In May , the Beaufighters provided air cover during Operation Oboe One , the Battle of Tarakan . In the days leading up to Operation Oboe Six , the Battle of North Borneo , No. 77 Wing surgically attacked enemy targets at Labuan , sometimes within only 100 metres of Allied demolition teams laying charges to breach obstacles on the beach prior to the landings . Read personally led No. 31 Squadron into action during the battle on 10 June 1945 . He became the first RAAF pilot to land at the newly operational Tarakan airfield on 28 June . The following month , No. 77 Wing was to have taken part in the final Allied offensive of the Borneo Campaign , Operation Oboe Two , the Battle of Balikpapan . However Tarakan proved to be unsuitable for the Beaufighters to operate from , and they were withdrawn to Morotai , where they largely sat out the rest of the Pacific War . No. 71 Wing headquarters transferred to Deniliquin , New South Wales , in December 1945 , and was joined there by Nos. 22 and 30 Squadrons , both of which disbanded in August 1946 . No. 31 Squadron transferred from Morotai to Williamtown , where it disbanded in July 1946 . No. 71 Wing headquarters disbanded at Deniliquin in November .
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2,542 | Calitoxin , also known as CLX , is a sea anemone neurotoxin produced by the sea anemone unk parasitica . It targets crabs and octopuses , among other invertebrates . Two isoforms ( CLX 1 and CLX 2 ) have been identified , both of which are formed from precursors stored in the stinging cells of the anemone . Once the toxin is activated and released , it causes paralysis by increasing neurotransmitter release at invertebrate neuromuscular junctions . Along with several other toxins derived from anemones , CLX is useful in ion channel research . Certain structural aspects of calitoxin are dissimilar from sea anemone toxins that also target the sodium ion channels . Other toxins resembling calitoxin function in completely different ways . Source and discovery Calitoxin is a highly potent neurotoxin produced by the sea anemone unk parasitica , which is stored in the nematocysts of stinging cells ( cnidocytes ) . This sea anemone is a species from the unk family and is present along the European coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea . The name calitoxin is derived from the organism from which the toxin was isolated . The toxin was isolated by a team of researchers in Naples , Italy from animals collected in the Bay of Naples . The team isolated the polypeptide through a series of unk until the unk had lost toxic activity . The resulting pellet was purified using the techniques liquid chromatography , gel filtration , and unk . The team then sequenced the purified polypeptide chain . They also published details on the toxin 's effects in vitro on crustacean tissue preparations , including nerve and muscle . Their findings were published in the journal Biochemistry in 1989 . Structure and chemistry The formula for calitoxin is unk . It has a molecular mass of unk unk and an isoelectric point at pH 5 . 4 . The amino acid sequence is markedly dissimilar from other known sea anemones toxins . There are two known genes coding for two highly homologous unk CLX 1 and CLX 2 . Both originate from a precursor peptide of 79 amino acids where the C terminus determines whether it will be the mature CLX 1 or CLX 2 . The activated toxins consist of 46 amino acids with three disulfide bonds . Researchers suspect that the toxins are stored as precursors in cnidocytes . Under the effects of some triggering stimulus , the precursor is modified and released in the active form . The patterning of cleavage sites targeted during maturation of the peptide suggest that the active quaternary structure might be a unk . Calitoxin and other sea anemone toxins are used in studying ion channels , with potential applications in biomedical and physiology research . In the mature CLX , one base pair substitution is responsible for a single glutamic acid to lysine replacement in the coding region of CLX 2 , leading to the difference between the two isoforms . The structural organization of these two genes show a high degree of homology . This suggests that the two different peptides have the same biological function . This cannot yet be confirmed because only CLX 1 has been isolated from C. parasitica . Calitoxin has a very different sequence from another sodium channel binding sea anemone toxin , unk II , which is produced by the distantly related unk sulcata . A better understanding of these differences might offer insights about the function of particular amino acid residues . Despite markedly dissimilar gene sequences , CLX 1 affects crustacean axon potentials similar to two other classes of anemone toxins . Alternatively , certain aspects of the structure of the CLX genes are found in scorpion toxins as well as other sea anemone toxins that block potassium channels . Target and activity Calitoxin causes massive neurotransmitter release from the nerve terminals of the neuromuscular junction , which in turn causes a strong muscle contraction and even paralysis . The exact target of calitoxin has not yet been clarified since it has a similar action on the neuromuscular junction as unk sulcata toxins , calitoxin may slow down the inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels in motor neurons . Calitoxin has been tested for activity on the crab Carcinus unk . Purified toxin was injected into the hemocoel of the crab . The minimum dose of 0 . 2 g of toxin triggered muscle contractions in the crab , causing paralysis within 1 minute . The median lethal dose ( LD50 ) is unknown . Function in nature Sea anemones produce toxins , such as calitoxin , in their stinging cells ( cnidocytes ) . These cells contain organelles called nematocysts . When triggered , an envenomation response occurs . This can result in injury to target organisms , including capture of prey , defense against predatory organisms , or against aggressors from within their own species . In its natural setting , C. parasitica can establish a mutualistic relationship with the hermit crab unk unk . The sea anemone identifies shells inhabited by the hermit crab and attaches . C. parasitica provides protection for the hermit crab , by stinging or intimidating potential predators . Octopuses will avoid shells bearing C. parasitica . In return for the protection , the sea anemone gains an advantage in accessing a broader distribution of food sources , as the crab moves across the ocean floor .
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2,543 | Diamondback is a steel roller coaster designed by Bolliger Mabillard at Kings Island in Mason , Ohio , United States . The ride is located in Rivertown just behind International Street and the Eiffel Tower . When built in 2009 , it was the first hyper coaster to feature a splashdown and the first Bolliger Mabillard roller coaster at Kings Island . Diamondback was previously the biggest investment in Kings Island s history at 22 million ( ahead of The Crypt and Son of Beast , each of which cost 20 million ) until surpassed in 2014 by Banshee , an investment of 24 million . The coaster has a 230 ft ( 70 m ) lift hill with a 215 ft drop , featuring 10 total drops and a top speed of about 80 mph ( 130 km h ) . It is similar to Behemoth at Canada 's Wonderland in statistics , layout , and seating . History Construction of Diamondback began on October 11 , 2007 , with the removal of a tree . Swan Lake was drained and filled with concrete before opening day in 2008 , this turned out to be location for the splashdown element . Kings Island started teasing visitors during the Fourth of July weekend in 2008 with signs saying , Ride sally ride and Steep incline ahead . Diamondback was announced on August 6 , 2008 as the largest investment in Kings Island history . The ride was topped off with the 230 feet ( 70 m ) lift hill on October 30 . The last piece of track was installed on January 26 , 2009 . Diamondback started testing about a month later on February 26 . Diamondback officially opened on April 18 , 2009 . The unk rider was on July 20 , 2009 . On July 21 , 2014 , Diamondback gave its unk rider . The rider , Mike Brogan , was given a Diamondback gift package including T shirts , hats , keychains , coffee mugs , unk , and a large sign proclaiming his ride . First rider auction On February 3 , 2009 , Kings Island announced they would hold an auction for the first riders on Diamondback . The winners of the auction would be given a commemorative first rider ticket , a special gift from the park , and an admission ticket . All proceeds from the auction would go to A Kid Again non profit organization , formerly known as Adventures for Wish Kids . The first rider auction raised 102 , 000 . The first eight trains , or the first 256 seats were auctioned off . The average bid was 398 per seat . Ride experience Layout After the train leaves the station , it begins its ascent up the 230 feet ( 70 m ) chain lift hill . Once reaching the top of the hill , the coaster drops 215 feet ( 66 m ) at 74 over the Rivertown midway reaching speeds up to 80 miles per hour ( 130 km h ) . It then curves to the right up a 193 feet ( 59 m ) hill and down the drop into the ravine , curving again to the left . The ride then ascends a 131 feet ( 40 m ) camelback hill and drops , curving left into the hammerhead turn . After dropping out of the hammerhead , the train travels up a 129 feet ( 39 m ) hill ( which has a trim brake ) . After the fourth hill , the train turns into down into a 287 counter clockwise helix ( on ride photo camera is here ) and into the mid course brake run . After the short brake run the train drops down into the ravine , raising into a bunny hop hill , then into another bunny hop and into the final clockwise helix of 323 . After the final helix , the train passes over the Rivertown midway a second time and drops into the splashdown finale , slowing the train down and leading it into the final brake run . After braking , the train takes a left U turn and heads back into the station . One cycle of the ride lasts about 3 minutes . Splashdown Diamondback is the first hyper coaster to feature a splashdown . Scoops positioned at the back sides of the last car on each train send water soaring at heights of 50 ft ( 15 m ) as the train passes . The riders don t actually get wet in the splashdown . unk are used for a visual effect as well to slow the train down . The splashdown is located in the former Swan Boat pond . Trains Diamondback operates with three open air stadium style steel and fiberglass trains . The trains are the same prototype trains seen on Behemoth at Canada 's Wonderland , Intimidator at Carowinds and Shambhala Expedicin al Himalaya at PortAventura . Diamondback was the first roller coaster in the United States to feature the new trains . Each car seats four passengers , with two front seats set near the middle of the car and two rear seats set closer to the sides of the car . The front car of each train features a yellow orange snake head with long fangs , while the inside of the trains are black , red , and orange . Riders are restrained by a single T shaped lap bar and a seatbelt . There are three trains total , each train featuring a different fin color green , red , or brown . Under the sides of the last car on each train are the scoops for the splashdown at the end . Track The steel track is 5 , 282 feet ( 1 , 610 m ) in length and the height of the lift is approximately 230 feet ( 70 m ) . The supports on the first lift hill and part of the second hill are yellow while the rest of the supports are tan . All of the track pieces are red . The track was fabricated at the Ohio based Clermont Steel Fabricators . Awards Won the award for Best New Attraction in 2009 from unk
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2,544 | Dmocratie was a pre dreadnought battleship of the Libert class built by the French Navy . She had three sister ships Libert , Justice , and Vrit . Dmocratie was laid down in May 1903 , launched in April 1904 , and completed in January 1908 , over a year after the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought made ships like Dmocratie obsolete . She was armed with a main battery of four 305 mm ( 12 . 0 in ) guns , compared to the ten guns of the same caliber mounted on Dreadnought . Despite her out dated design , Dmocratie served with the French Mediterranean Fleet throughout her career , including during World War I. She participated in the Battle of Antivari in late August 1914 , and spent the majority of the war based on the coast of Greece , in Corfu and Mudros , to keep the Austro Hungarian and Ottoman navies bottled up in port , though she saw no further action . After the end of the war , she went into the Black Sea to assist in the enforcement of the terms of the Armistice with Germany . Dmocratie was stricken in 1921 and subsequently broken up for scrap . Design Dmocratie was laid down at the Arsenal de Brest shipyard on 1 May 1903 , launched on 30 April 1904 , and completed in January 1908 , over a year after the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought , which rendered the pre dreadnoughts like Dmocratie outdated before they were completed . The ship was 133 . 81 meters ( 439 ft 0 in ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 24 . 26 m ( 79 ft 7 in ) and a full load draft of 8 . 41 m ( 27 ft 7 in ) . She displaced up to 14 , 489 metric tons ( 14 , 260 long tons 15 , 971 short tons ) at full load . Dmocratie had a crew of between 739 and 769 officers and enlisted men . The ship 's propulsion system consisted of three vertical triple expansion engines with twenty two Belleville boilers . They were rated at 18 , 500 indicated horsepower ( 13 , 800 kW ) and provided a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km h 22 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 1 , 800 t ( 1 , 800 long tons 2 , 000 short tons ) . Dmocratie 's main battery consisted of four Canon de 305 mm Modle 1893 96 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of ten Canon de 194 mm Modle 1902 guns six were mounted in single turrets , and four in casemates in the hull . She also carried thirteen 9 pounder guns and ten 3 pounders , and had two 450 mm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . The ship 's main belt was 280 mm ( 11 . 0 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 350 mm ( 13 . 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower had 305 mm ( 12 . 0 in ) thick sides . Service history In August 1910 , the 1st Squadron of the Mediterranean fleet conducted a gunnery practice using the old ironclad unk as a target Dmocratie scored 22 . 7 percent hits , the second best performance in the squadron and surpassed only by her sister Justice . During a fleet exercise on 28 May 1914 , Dmocratie collided with the battleship Suffren when the latter vessel lost power . Suffren was only lightly damaged , with her port anchor and hawsepipe carried away . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Dmocratie was assigned to the 1st Division of the 2nd Squadron in the Mediterranean , along with Justice . The French fleet was initially used to cover the movement of French troops the XIX Corps from Algeria to metropolitan France . As a result , the fleet was far out of position to catch the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben . For the majority of the war , the French used their main fleet to keep the Austro Hungarian fleet bottled up in the Adriatic Sea . In 1914 she participated in the Battle of Antivari , where the battle line caught the Austro Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta by surprise and sank her . The French battleships then bombarded Austrian fortifications at Cattaro in an attempt to draw out the Austro Hungarian fleet , which refused to take the bait . The French operations in the area were hampered by a lack of a suitable base close to the mouth of the Adriatic the British had given the French free access to Malta , but that was hundreds of miles away . The Austrians also possessed several submarines , one of which torpedoed the dreadnought Jean Bart in December 1914 . This threat from underwater weapons greatly limited French naval activities in the Adriatic . As the war progressed , the French eventually settled on Corfu as their primary naval base in the area . Later in the war , Dmocratie was sent to Mudros along with her sister ships to reinforce the blockade of the Dardanelles . Shortly after the end of the war , Dmocratie , Justice , and a destroyer joined an Allied fleet ( including the British dreadnoughts HMS Superb and Temeraire and the Italian battleship Roma ) that was sent to the Black Sea port of Sevastopol . They oversaw the enforcement of the terms of the Armistice with Germany the Germans had previously seized Russian naval units and stationed occupation forces there under the terms of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk . The French contingent provided crews for a pair of Russian destroyers and two German U boats , and the other Allied ships similarly activated Russian and German vessels to secure the area . Dmocratie ultimately was stricken from the naval register in 1921 and sold to ship breakers .
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2,545 | Interstate 470 ( I 470 ) is a 13 . 72 mile ( 22 . 08 km ) loop highway that bypasses the downtown area of Topeka , Kansas . I 470 begins at an interchange with Interstate 70 in western Topeka and heads generally southeast , running concurrent with U.S. Route 75 ( US 75 ) . The concurrency with US 75 ends 5 . 74 miles ( 9 . 24 km ) later at the Burlingame Road interchange . I 470 becomes part of the Kansas Turnpike at its junction with Interstate 335 . From there , the highway heads generally northeast through the southeastern sections of Topeka . After traveling 7 . 03 miles ( 11 . 31 km ) as the Kansas Turnpike , I 470 reaches its eastern terminus with Interstate 70 . The highway has annual average daily traffic values as high as 43 , 000 west of Gage Boulevard to as low as 10 , 370 near the eastern terminus with Interstate 70 . As an interstate highway , Interstate 470 is a part of the United States National Highway System . The non turnpike portions of the highway are maintained by the Kansas Department of Transportation , while the turnpike portion is maintained by the Kansas Turnpike Authority . The Kansas Turnpike was opened in the 1950s , comprising the eastern portion of the route . In the late 1950s construction began on the western portion of I 470 , and on October 21 , 1960 , the western section of I 470 was dedicated and opened to traffic . In 1982 , Interstate 470 was designated as Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Highway . The routing of I 470 has not changed since the completion of the highway . Route description Free segment Interstate 470 begins on the west side of Topeka at an interchange with I 70 , US 40 , and K 4 . US 75 approaches the interchange from the east and joins I 470 . The two routes head southeastward along the western edge of the city . Along this stretch of the Interstate , there are three interchanges Huntoon Wanamaker , 21st , and 29th Fairlawn . Because of both the southeast to northwest alignment of the road and the proximity of two cross streets , the Huntoon Wanamaker and 29th Fairlawn interchanges are each made up of two half diamond interchanges , with entrances and exits on two different streets depending on direction . At the Huntoon Wanamaker interchange , traffic leaving eastbound I 470 is deposited onto Huntoon Street . Vehicles merging onto eastbound I 470 must access the entrance ramp from Wanamaker Road . The intersection of Huntoon and Wanamaker is adjacent to the freeway . The 29th Fairlawn interchange is constructed similarly to the Huntoon Wanamaker interchange , while the 21st Street interchange is a standard diamond interchange . Through southern Topeka , I 470 US 75 curve to the east southeast where they intersect Gage Boulevard . Further southeast , US 75 splits away from I 470 at a complex interchange with Burlingame Road . Just east of the US 75 interchange , a trumpet interchange provides access to Topeka Boulevard . Kansas Turnpike segment The highway then passes through a toll plaza and merges onto the Kansas Turnpike , starting the tolled portion of the highway . This junction also marks the northern end of I 335 . I 470 and the Kansas Turnpike head northeast towards I 70 . The tollway continues northeastward through southeastern Topeka , passing near to Lake Shawnee and eventually reaching I 470 's terminus at I 70 , which the turnpike carries east . Maintenance The non turnpike portion of the freeway is maintained by the Kansas Department of Transportation ( KDOT ) . As part of this role , KDOT surveys traffic on Kansas highways in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . In 2011 , KDOT calculated that as few as 10 , 400 vehicles used I 470 daily along the Kansas Turnpike near the I 70 interchange and as many as 41 , 300 vehicles used I 470 daily between the Gage Boulevard interchange and the 29th Street interchange . The portions of I 470 that are part of the Kansas Turnpike fall under the purview of the Kansas Turnpike Authority , which is responsible for operating and maintaining the Kansas Turnpike . Being part of the Interstate Highway System , the entirety of I 470 is listed on the National Highway System , a system of roads that are important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . History The section of I 470 that now runs along the Kansas Turnpike was opened in 1956 , and was the first part of I 470 to be built . After the founding of the Interstate Highway System that same year , several Interstate freeways were planned through Topeka , including I 70 and I 470 . Construction began on I 470 after I 70 's completion to Topeka . The segment of the I 470 freeway from the I 70 interchange to the Kansas Turnpike , most of which is concurrent with US 75 , was built by Koss Construction Company and was under construction until 1960 . On October 21 , 1960 , the western section of I 470 was dedicated by the state highway department and the Kansas Turnpike Authority and opened to traffic . Since completion of the freeway , the route has not been changed . In 1982 , Interstate 470 was dedicated as Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Highway . Exit list The exits on the Kansas Turnpike portion of I 470 follow the Turnpike 's mileposts . The entire route is in Topeka , Shawnee County .
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2,546 | The Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga was a series of military operations by Continental Army forces and New York militia against the Iroquois towns of Unadilla and Onaquaga in what is now upstate New York . In early October 1778 , more than 250 men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Butler of the 4th Pennsylvania Regiment descended on the two towns ( which had been abandoned because of their advance ) and destroyed them , razing most of the buildings and taking or destroying provisions . The raid was executed in retaliation for a series of raids on frontier communities led by Mohawk chief Joseph Brant and British supported Loyalists during the spring and summer of 1778 . Unadilla was located in what is now the Village of Unadilla , Town of Unadilla , Otsego County , and Onaquaga was located in what is now the Town of Windsor , Broome County . Background With the failure of British General John Burgoyne 's campaign to the Hudson after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , the American Revolutionary War in upstate New York became a frontier war . British leaders in the Province of Quebec supported Loyalist and Native American partisan fighters with supplies and armaments . During the winter of 1777 78 Mohawk leader Joseph Brant and other British allied Indians developed plans to attack frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania . In February 1778 Brant established a base of operations at Onaquaga ( present day Windsor , New York ) . He recruited a mix of Iroquois and Loyalists estimated to number between two and three hundred by the time he began his campaign in May . One of his objectives was to acquire provisions for his forces and those of John Butler , who was planning operations in the Susquehanna River valley . Brant began his campaign in late May with a raid on Cobleskill , and raided other frontier communities throughout the summer . The frontier settlers ' response to the raids was generally with impotence . The local militia were supported by some Continental Army regiments stationed in the area , but these forces generally could not muster in time to catch the raiders before they disappeared . New York Governor George Clinton and militia commander Abraham Ten Broeck considered operations against the principal bases in the Iroquois territory used by the raiders , Onaquaga and Unadilla , early in the campaign , but it was not until an attack by Brant on the settlement of German Flatts ( present day Herkimer ) on September 17 that an expedition was organized . In response to calls from Governor Clinton , General George Washington authorized the use of Continental Army forces , assigning the operation to Lieutenant Colonel William Butler ( no relation to the Loyalist Butlers ) of the 4th Pennsylvania Regiment . On September 20 Butler sent scouts to investigate conditions at the two towns . They returned with reports that Unadilla had a population of 300 and Onaquaga 400 . Expedition On October 2 Butler led a force of 267 men ( 214 Continentals and 53 state militia ) from Fort Schoharie up the Schoharie valley toward the two villages . Late in the day on October 6 the force reached the Unadilla area . Butler sent scouting parties out to take prisoners from outlying farms . As the force cautiously advanced toward the town , one of the scouts returned with a prisoner who reported that the community had been abandoned , with most of the inhabitants fleeing to Onaquaga . Butler detached some of his men to destroy the town while he marched with the rest toward Onaquaga . They reached the town late on October 8 , and found it abandoned also , apparently in great haste . Butler and his men spent the next two days destroying the towns . Butler described Unadilla as the finest Indian town I ever saw on the both sides of the River there was about 40 good houses , Square logs , unk stone Chimneys , good Floors , glass windows c . All the homes were burned , as was the town 's saw and grist mill , which was the only one in the area . Butler reported taking 49 horses and 52 head of cattle , and destroyed 4 , 000 bushels of grain . Operations were complicated by heavy rains that raised the water levels of the Susquehanna Butler 's men had to build rafts to cross some of the river 's tributaries to reach parts of the town . By October 16 the expedition returned to Schoharie . Aftermath While the raid was taking place , Brant and his force had been raiding frontier settlements in the upper Delaware River valley . The Indians in his force were especially upset at the destruction of the two towns , a sentiment echoed by Seneca warriors who joined with Brant in the ruins of Unadilla a few days later . This anger contributed to the severity of the actions when a joint British Seneca Mohawk force attacked Cherry Valley , and were reported to massacre 30 noncombatants . The severity of the frontier war in 1778 led to calls by the Continental Congress for a response . In 1779 General Washington organized a major Continental Army expedition into the Iroquois lands . Led by Generals John Sullivan and James Clinton , the Sullivan Expedition destroyed villages and crops , driving most of the British supporting Iroquois out of their lands . Despite its apparent success , the frontier war continued with renewed vigor in the following years .
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2,547 | Saskatchewan Highway 641 is a highway in the province of Saskatchewan , Canada , beginning at Highway 39 near Rouleau , and traveling north ending at Highway 15 at Semans . The highway intersects the Trans Canada Highway , Saskatchewan Highway 1 south of Pense and east of Belle Plaine , Highway 20 at Lumsden , and Highway 22 at Earl Grey . Local Improvement Districts were the precursors of rural municipalities which initially established and maintained roads in their area . Early settlers helped to construct and maintain the route and would get paid road improvement wages from the local rural municipality . The 8 kilometres ( 5 . 0 mi ) concurrency between Highway 20 and Highway 641 was constructed in 1927 following the removal of the Canadian National Railway line between Lumsden and Craven . The remainder of the road followed Dominion land survey township and range lines . Route description Highway 641 begins near Rouleau and extends north 22 . 1 kilometres ( 13 . 7 mi ) to the Trans Canada Highway Highway 1 intersection . The rural municipality ( RM ) of unk number 130 office is located in Rouleau and administers to a population of 245 . This area is part of the Regina Plain landscape area of the Moist Mixed Grassland ecoregion featuring mainly cereal crops in the dark brown soils . The RM of Pense is located between the city of Moose Jaw and the provincial capital city of Regina . At km 24 . 6 Highway 641 enters the village Pense . At km 25 . 4 , it intersects Saskatchewan Highway 730 . Highway 730 connects to Regina , Saskatchewan east of this intersection . Lumsden is located at the km 55 . 9 intersection with Highway 11 in the Qu 'Appelle Valley created by the Qu 'Appelle River . The town of Lumsden features the Lumsden Museum which is home to several restored heritage buildings . The Lumsden Trans Canada Trail Committee helped establish 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) of the Trans Canada trail . The trail has been groomed for walking , hiking , cycling , skiing , horseback riding , canoeing and snowmobiling . Craven , the home of the Craven Country Jamboree , is located at the Highway 99 and Highway 20 junctions . Highway 641 continues north for 11 . 5 kilometres ( 7 . 1 mi ) and then turns east 6 . 4 kilometres ( 4 . 0 mi ) before again continuing northerly . This final stretch of the highway is part of the Strasbourg Plain landscape area of the Moist Mixed Grassland ecoregion featuring small trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) bluffs around the occasional slough . Earl Grey is located at the intersection with Highway 22 . There are no localities located at the intersection with the secondary Highway 731 . Last Mountain House Provincial Park protects the heritage site of the Hudson 's Bay Company post Last Mountain House established in 1869 . The terminus of Highway 641 is at the Saskatchewan Highway 15 intersection at Semans . History Between 1897 and 1909 , municipal administration affairs were handled by Local Improvement District ( LID ) Number 165 . The LID changed its boundaries on December 13 , 1909 , and on January 1 , 1913 , the LID was renamed Pense No. 160 . During the 1940s work was undertaken on paving roadways , a man could earn 35 cents an hour or 5 . 07 today a man and two horses could be employed at a rate of 65 cents an hour 9 . 41 today , a horse drawn drag would earn 37 . 5 cents an hour 5 . 43 today , and if a farmer owned a tractor , a tractor drawn drag could earn as much as 50 cents per hour 7 . 24 today . The Saskatchewan Highway Act was established in 1922 , in compliance with the 1919 Canadian highway act . At the initial stages of the Saskatchewan Highway Act , 10 miles ( 16 km ) of provincial highways were gravel and the rest were earth roads . The road allowances were laid out as a part of the Dominion Land survey system for homesteading . Travel along the Provincial Highway 641 before the 1940s would have been traveling on the square following the township road allowances , barbed wire fencing and the Canadian Northern rail line . As the surveyed township roads were the easiest to travel , the first highway was designed on 90 degree , right angle corners as the distance traversed the prairie along range roads and township roads . There is a historical monument erected along the highway which states that the early railway was established along the east side of the Last Mountain Lake ( Long Lake ) in 1907 , and constructed on the west side in 1911 . The monument documents as well the Lady of the Lake sternwheeler which was used on Long Lake . Local historians clarify that the rail came to the east of the Lake in 1911 , and to the west in 1912 . The Lady of the Lake began as a sternwheeler , but was modified to a screw propeller . Also on the Lake the S.S. Qu 'Appelle , a luxurious steamer , towed a barge across the lake . Lumsden was initially served by the Canadian National Railway CNR , however the Canadian Pacific Railway CPR was built through Craven in 1910 . The new line brought freight to Lumsden infrequently and the elevator was torn down in 1927 , and the CNR track removed the next year . The highway went through where the CNR bridge had been built . Highway 20 is marked on an early 1926 and 1955 maps , but highway 641 is unmarked showing up as surveyed township and range roads only . Intersections
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2,548 | Hurricane Doria was an unusual and erratic hurricane that existed during September 1967 . The fourth named storm and hurricane of the 1967 Atlantic hurricane season , Doria developed on September 8 off the east coast of Florida . It meandered until attaining tropical storm status , at which point the storm accelerated towards the northeast . On September 10 , Doria intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . After moving out to sea , the storm turned westward towards the United States . A compact cyclone , Doria weakened to a tropical storm shortly before moving ashore in the Mid Atlantic States . The storm ultimately dissipated on September 21 . The storm , which ultimately made landfall near the Virginia North Carolina border , produced high winds along the coast from New Jersey through North Carolina . A small boat sank off the coast of New Jersey , killing three of its occupants . Overall damage was estimated around 150 , 000 ( 1967 USD ) , although the storm overall was considered beneficial . Meteorological history The origins of Hurricane Doria are traced back to an area of disturbed weather off the northeastern coast of Florida on September 4 . For several days , the low pressure system meandered as its central barometric pressure gradually fell . The storm is estimated to have organized into a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on September 8 . At the time , it was situated north of Grand Bahama Island . Drifting westward , the cyclone attained tropical storm intensity early the next day . Doria turned northeastward and accelerated as it moved away from Florida . On September 10 , the tropical storm achieved hurricane force . Cold air became entrained into the hurricane 's circulation by September 11 , causing it to weaken to a tropical storm . However , its forward motion slowed and it once again strengthened . The hurricane moved eastward , seemingly out to sea . However , an area of high pressure over New England began to steer Doria westward on September 13 . The hurricane continued to strengthen , and it is estimated to have peaked with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph ( 140 km h ) and a minimum air pressure of 973 mbar ( hPa 28 . 73 inHg ) . It maintained these winds for approximately 18 hours , before weakening slightly late on September 14 . In his 2007 book Hurricanes and the Middle Atlantic States , Rick Schwartz compared Doria to the 1933 Chesapeake Potomac hurricane , citing similar intensities , tracks , and forward speeds . On September 16 , the storm weakened to a tropical storm in a colder , drier environment . As it turned southward , Doria quickly weakened . Initial forecasts suggested the possibility for the storm to maintain its severity and move ashore between Maryland and New Jersey . Continually deteriorating , Doria made landfall near the Virginia North Carolina border , and moved south over land . It reemerged over open waters on September 17 , and at around the same time , it weakened to a tropical depression . It curved southeastward as a weak depression , and several days later it was still identifiable as a storm system south of the island of Bermuda . It dissipated on September 21 . Doria had an unusual and capricious track , described as one of the most erratic storms ever observed . Impact In advance of the storm , hurricane warnings were issued for much of the East Coast of the United States . For 19 hours , about 260 mi ( 420 km ) of shoreline was under an advisory . At least 400 people were evacuated from their homes in southern New Jersey and 6 , 600 from Ocean City , Maryland . Doria was a small storm , although it brought high winds and moderate coastal flooding to some areas generally light rainfall was also observed . In North Carolina , 6 . 09 in ( 155 mm ) of precipitation fell at unk . Flash flooding and the overflowing of storm sewers ensued in the southeastern portions of the state there were also losses to crops , especially corn , cotton , and tobacco . In Virginia , strong winds were reported along the coast , with gusts up to 60 mph ( 97 km h ) at Wallops Island . Along the east coast of the state , winds damaged trees , roofs , signs , and billboards . In Maryland , similar impact occurred in Ocean City , with damage sustained to signs and billboards and tore the roof of a prefabricated home a city boardwalk also sustained storm related damage . A station at the Indian River Inlet in Delaware recorded a tide 6 . 5 ft ( 2 . 0 m ) above normal the highest sustained winds reported on land association with the storm , 50 mph ( 80 km h ) , also occurred there . Atlantic City , New Jersey , recorded a peak gust of 39 mph ( 63 km h ) , with rainfall amounting to 0 . 53 in ( 13 mm ) . Damage from the storm was generally light . Off the coast of Ocean City , New Jersey , a cabin cruiser sank in 25 ft ( 7 . 6 m ) seas . Three of the vessel 's occupants , a mother and her two sons , drowned . In Massachusetts , some small boats sank at the harbors . At Ipswich Bay , 10 people required rescue after two boats capsized . Minor beach erosion was reported at Nantucket . Overall damage was estimated at 150 , 000 , which was considered minor . The storm 's passage was considered beneficial , due to adding sand to beaches and providing favorable rains .
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2,549 | Hurricane Danielle was the first of several Cape Verde type hurricane to form during the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season . Danielle was the fourth named storm and third hurricane of the season . Danielle formed on August 13 , 2004 in the far eastern Atlantic Ocean and remained over the central Atlantic , peaking as a strong Category 2 hurricane on August 16 before weakening over cooler waters becoming a remnant low on August 21 and dissipating on August 24 . Danielle never approached land , although it briefly threatened the Azores as it made the northerly turn . As a result , there was no impact caused by the storm . Meteorological history Hurricane Danielle began as a vigorous tropical wave over Africa . As the wave emerged into the Atlantic , it quickly became more organized due to favorable conditions , including low wind shear . The circulation consolidated and spawned Tropical Depression Four on the morning of August 13 south southeast of the Cape Verde islands . The system was over somewhat cooler water at first with sea surface temperatures around 79 F ( 26 C ) however , the low shear environment allowed the depression to continue to organize . Late that evening , the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Danielle . As Danielle tracked westward into the open Atlantic early on August 14 , the storm encountered warmer water southwest of Cape Verde and began to gradually intensify , becoming a moderate tropical storm with 50 mph ( 85 km h ) winds that morning . At that point , a bout of rapid intensification began to take place , and the storm was upgraded to Hurricane Danielle that evening as an eye began to form . Over a 24 hour period ending in the morning of August 15 , the pressure fell from 1004 to 978 mbar and the winds increased to 90 mph ( 145 km h ) , making it a high end Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson hurricane scale . Danielle levelled off somewhat in intensity after that round of rapid intensification , only gradually strengthening afterward due to structural changes in the storm related to the small wind field relative to the size of the eye . Nonetheless , Danielle became a Category 2 hurricane on the afternoon of August 15 as it approached the subtropical ridge which blocked the continued westward movement . Beginning late on August 15 , at about 35 W , Danielle began to recurve to the northwest and eventually north while continuing to gradually strengthen . Early on August 16 , the recurvature became more pronounced , and Danielle turned abruptly northward in the central Atlantic Ocean as an upper level trough opened up a large break in the ridge . That movement took it along the eastern side of the subtropical ridge , preventing Danielle from moving any farther west and becoming any threat to North America or the Caribbean . While moving northwest , Danielle strengthened a bit more , reaching its peak intensity of 110 mph ( 175 km h ) , just under Category 3 intensity , on the afternoon of August 16 . The northward movement also sent Danielle into somewhat increased shear , which allowed it to begin to weaken . However , the weakening was gradual at first as the waters remained fairly warm . The abrupt northerly turn meant that , for a while on August 17 , the Azores were threatened by Danielle in the long range forecast , as a weakened tropical storm or extratropical cyclone . Danielle weakened to a Category 1 hurricane on the evening of August 17 as shear continued to increase . Danielle began to turn to the northeast early on August 18 , and at that point , the weakening trend accelerated . Some of the deep convection was being removed from the system due to wind shear , and that morning , Danielle weakened to a tropical storm . The rapid weakening trend continued that afternoon , and Danielle weakened to a low end tropical storm with 45 mph ( 75 km h ) winds late that evening . However , the intensity levelled off early on August 19 and Danielle remained a tropical storm for the next couple days over moderately warm water of around 78 F ( just under 26 C ) while south southwest of the Azores . Intermittent deep convection continued to fire up , keeping the storm afloat for the next day and turning it away from the Azores . Danielle also changed direction and meandered slightly to the northwest , away from the Azores , due to very weak steering currents . After holding on as a minimal tropical storm , Danielle finally lost its deep convection due to high upper level vertical shear and was downgraded to a tropical depression on the afternoon of August 20 . The depression turned once again to the north , and continued to lose organization over cooler water . It degenerated into a remnant low on the afternoon of August 21 as the convection was completely sheared away from the center of Danielle . The remnant low remained in the open ocean , remaining devoid of any deep convection , until August 24 when it dissipated west southwest of the Azores . Impact , naming , and records Hurricane Danielle did not have any impact on land and no damage or fatalities were reported . No ships were reported to have come into contact with Danielle . When Danielle became a tropical storm at 24 . 8 W , it was the farthest east that a storm had received a name since Hurricane Alberto in the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season .
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2,550 | The Watermill at Opwetten ( Dutch unk unk ) is a watermill along the river Kleine Dommel , located on the unk 203 in Opwetten , Nuenen , unk en unk , in the province of North Brabant , Netherlands . First mentioned in the 11th century , the watermill burned down and was rebuilt in 1764 . There have been several buildings in the watermill complex . One building was a gristmill and sawmill , while another functioned as oil mill and fulling mill . The mill operated two undershot water wheels , including the largest water wheel in the Netherlands . The gristmill is still in functioning order and is used on a small scale , the building of the former oil and fulling mill now houses a restaurant . A tannery was located in a building in the back and up to 1910 an inn was located in the miller 's house . Vincent van Gogh lived nearby and made several paintings while in the area , including a painting of the mill in 1884 . The watermill was listed as a national monument in 1972 . History The gristmill was built in the early 11th century along the river Kleine Dommel , by monks of a Benedictine monastery in Sint Truiden , Belgium . In the 14th century the mill was owned by the lords and ladies of the unk unk and unk , and was a unk ( nl ) , meaning peasants in the locality were obligated to use this mill to grind their wheat . In 1664 the mill partially burned down . It was rebuilt and , in order to recover from the losses , the miller did not have to pay taxes for the next 15 years . In 1764 another fire destroyed the entire mill , according to an unk from the States General after the miller requested assistance . The mill was rebuilt with the addition of a second water wheel . The larger building was a gristmill and the smaller building an oil mill . In 1909 a sawmill was added to the larger building , and for a period the smaller building also acted as a fulling mill . A plaque placed on the miller 's house in 1973 to celebrate the 100th birthday of miller Gerardus van Hoorn commemorates both fires . Van Hoorn had known the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh , who lived in nearby Nuenen from 1883 until 1885 . Van Gogh painted several paintings around the mill , including an 1884 painting of the mill itself , Water Mill at Opwetten ( F48 ) . In a video interview in 1973 , Van Hoorn said that he had seen Van Gogh paint and had supplied him with bird nests for his paintings . The mill has had several names and during the first centuries it was known as the Saint Anthony Mill ( Dutch St. unk ) , named after a nearby chapel dedicated to saint Anthony the Great . From 1726 until it came into the possession of Gerardus van Hoorn in 1916 , the mill was known as Jan 's Mill ( Dutch unk ) . Description The Watermill at Opwetten is situated along the river Kleine Dommel . Diverted river water flows along a channel with force to drive two wooden undershot water wheels , connected to two buildings on either side of the channel . The buildings are made of painted wood on a brick foundation , with tiled roofs , and an extruding hatch covering the main entrance of the higher building . The gristmill , originally used to grind spelt , later ground bread wheat , and then a sawmill was added . It has a water wheel of 9 . 30 metres ( 30 ft 6 in ) in diameter , consisting of 44 paddles of 80 centimetres ( 2 ft 7 in ) width , which makes it the largest water wheel in the Netherlands . The gristmill is still in functioning order , and uses a pair of Cullen millstones from Mayen ( Cullen for Cologne , where such millstones were marketed from ) , and a pair of cast millstones , both 17 hands in diameter or 1 . 50 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) . Only some remainders are left of the sawmill , including one of only two watermill circular saws in the Netherlands . Inside the larger mill is a room for the assistants of the miller , where the names of millers and their assistants have been carved in the wood . The oil mill and fulling mill used a water wheel of 7 . 50 metres ( 24 ft 7 in ) in diameter and used 30 paddles with a width of 30 centimetres ( 1 ft 0 in ) . The oil mill was used to crush and press oil bearing seeds to extract vegetable oils , and the unk kneaded wool for hours or days in order to make it thicker . Both structures are completely gone , and only two edge stones posted outside remind of its former function as oil mill . It currently houses a restaurant . Modern day The mill was listed as a national monument ( nr unk ) on 14 June 1972 . The grounds are freely accessible . The gristmill is operated and open to the public on Sunday afternoon , and the restaurant is open every day of the week except on Mondays . The mill is located on the unk 203 in Nuenen , unk en unk , in the province of North Brabant , Netherlands . The next mill upstream is the unk unk on the Kleine Dommel . The next mill downstream is the unk unk on the Dommel . In 2011 , a full size replica of the mill was built at the unk Park in Nanjing , China . Together with replicas of three other Dutch monuments , it is part of the ' Van Gogh Friendship Park ' , in honour of the relationships between the sister cities of Eindhoven and Nanjing , and the sister provinces of North Brabant and Jiangsu . The mayor of Nanjing , Ji Jianye , visited the Watermill at Opwetten in 2012 , during his visit to Eindhoven .
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2,551 | Christ Church is a historic Episcopal church at 750 Main Street in Waltham , Massachusetts . The church is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts , and was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . The church was founded in 1848 , but a local hall was used for services until a wooden church was built in 1849 . The wooden structure eventually proved inadequate and a larger church designed by Peabody and Stearns was built of local fieldstone at the current location between 1897 and 1898 . The church contains stained glass windows produced by several noteworthy manufacturers , including Clayton and Bell , Charles Connick , Louis Comfort Tiffany , and Donald MacDonald . Eight rectors have served the church since its founding . History The community of Christ Church was founded in 1848 by Albert C. Patterson , an Episcopal clergyman and missionary who identified the growing industrial city of Waltham as an ideal place to build a church . The new Episcopal community met in Rumford Hall ( later Waltham City Hall ) until a Gothic wooden church was completed on Central Street in Waltham in 1849 . The land for the church and much of its funding was provided by founding member J.S. Copley Greene . Christ Church 's first rector was the Rev. Thomas F. Fales , from St. Paul 's Episcopal Church in Brunswick , Maine . Fales remained the church 's rector for more than 40 years , until retiring in 1890 . During this time , Christ Church 's membership grew from 15 members to more than 400 . At about the time Fales retired , the church outgrew the Central Street building . In 1892 , the parish bought land with the intent of building a larger church at 750 Main Street . In 1895 , the old church building was sold to a French Canadian Roman Catholic community . Christ Church held services in Waltham 's Maynard Hall until the new building could be completed . In 1896 , after four years of planning , the architectural firm of Peabody and Stearns was hired to design the new structure and construction began in the early months of 1897 . Philanthropist and Christ Church senior warden Robert Treat Paine , Jr. signed the contract for construction , and financed much of the building with his own fortune . Philanthropist sisters and Christ Church parishioners Harriet Sarah and Mary Sophia Walker also contributed significantly to the funding . The first service in the completed building was held on June 17 , 1898 . That Sunday , the retired Rev. Fales delivered the church 's inaugural sermon from the wooden pulpit that was his gift to the new building . The church is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts , and was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . Architecture and design Christ Church was designed by Peabody and Stearns , masters of American Shingle style architecture , and was constructed of native Waltham fieldstone in the English Country style . The inspiration for the church 's stone exterior came indirectly from architect H. H. Richardson , who was also a friend and Harvard classmate of Robert Treat Paine , Jr . When Paine remodeled and expanded his Waltham home in 1883 , it was Richardson who designed the residence that would become Stonehurst , a Shingle style mansion built of glacial stones quarried on site from Paine 's estate . Richardson died in 1886 and played no part in the planning of Christ Church , but it was his Stonehurst design that inspired Robert Treat Paine , Jr. to use the same stones from his property for the exterior of the church . The church features several stained glass windows of significance . The east window , by Clayton and Bell , was a gift from Robert Treat Paine , Jr. in memory of his wife , Lydia Lyman Paine , who died in 1897 during the construction of the church . At Paine 's request , his wife 's likeness was incorporated into the left panel of the window as a red clad figure kneeling before Christ . The west window , designed by Charles Connick , pays homage to Waltham 's manufacturing history . In addition to images of Ruth , Solomon , and Noah all industrious figures in the Bible the window features rivets , a bicycle wheel , a watch escapement , a Metz car , and other symbols that reference Waltham 's industrial character . Along the south wall is a signed Tiffany window , designed by Tiffany artist Frederick Wilson . The window depicts the Nativity , and was given to the church in 1908 by John H. Storer in memory of Frank Henry Perkins and Mary Ella Perkins . Also along the south wall is a window by noted Boston stained glass artist Donald MacDonald . This work , given in memory of Harriet K. Parmenter , depicts the Easter scene of the risen Christ revealing himself to Mary Magdalene . Rectors Since its founding , eight clergy have been elected by the Christ Church parish to serve as rector The Rev. Thomas F. Fales ( 1849 1890 ) The Rev. Herbert Noel Cunningham ( 1890 1895 ) The Rev. Hubert Wetmore Wells ( 1896 1900 ) The Rev. Francis Ellsworth Webster ( 1901 1930 ) The Rev. George O. Ekwall ( 1930 1960 ) The Rev. John S. Kromer ( 1961 1970 ) The Rev. William R. Mawhinney ( 1971 1999 ) The Rev. Sara H. Irwin ( 2009 present ) Note In the intervening years listed above , a priest in charge appointed by the bishop served as the leader of the church .
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2,552 | The BLT Cookbook is a cookbook about the preparation of bacon , lettuce , and tomato ( BLT ) sandwiches . It was written by Michele Anna Jordan and was published by William Morrow Cookbooks in the United States in June 2003 . Jordan is a food writer and has written for The Press Democrat The BLT Cookbook is her 14th published book . She researched the book for ten years and in the process she taste tested hundreds of variations on the sandwich , describing it as America 's most beloved sandwich . She instructs the reader on how to acquire and prepare the best ingredients for the sandwich . The book includes recipes with varying ingredients , though each recipe includes tomatoes . Many recipes in the book are not sandwiches , and include appetizers , soups , salads , and desserts . Jordan also suggests wines to accompany the sandwich . The book was positively received , and the National Pork Board highly recommended it . A review in The Detroit News said that the book includes mouthwatering recipes , and the San Francisco Chronicle called it a neat little book on the subject . The food editor for the Daily Herald wrote that the book 's recipes will surely shake up your next toasted meal . The Anchorage Daily News called it the definitive book on the BLT sandwich . Content summary The BLT Cookbook discusses the author 's love of the BLT sandwich , which according to Jordan is America 's favorite sandwich . The author wrote , There are times when the BLT just tastes right , primal and true , the best thing you could ever eat . The play of the salt and acid , the silk of the tomato against the salt crunch of the bacon ... It is sheer delight . She discusses ways the combination can be used in soups , appetizers , and salads . Recipes are provided for multiple versions of the BLT sandwich . Jordan writes that to make the best sandwich , one should select the finest ingredients . She recommends shopping at farmers ' markets for fresh tomatoes , a butcher for choice bacon , and a bakery for fresh bread . The author recommends mayonnaise brands Hellmann 's and Best Foods , and unk bacon from California . Jordan writes , For lettuce , remove the first outer leaf and then use only the next three layers . Further in , iceberg lettuce gets a little unk . The BLT Cookbook begins with a recipe for a mini cocktail selection of the BLT , followed by a larger version that the author recommends for large gatherings such as picnics . Non traditional presentations of the BLT combination include Tomatoes Stuffed with Bacon Risotto , Potato Soup with Tomatoes and Bacon and Tomato Bread Pudding . The author presents varieties of the BLT that omit one ingredient . The Fisherman 's BLT which uses seafood is an alternative to the standard sandwich and the unk comprises zucchini , lettuce and tomato . Jordan was inspired by a salmon sandwich she bought at Pike Place Market in Seattle to create a BLT sandwich with salmon . The Bacon , Leek and Tomato unk is a dish that does not use bread . All recipes presented in The BLT Cookbook include tomatoes . Towards the end of the book , recipes for bread pudding , strudel and tomato pie are included . Selected wines that Jordan recommends to accompany her dishes include a Rhone style red , unk , or pinot noir . Background Food writer Michele Anna Jordan has contributed columns published in the food and wine section of The Press unk and restaurant reviews for the San Francisco Chronicle . The BLT Cookbook is Jordan 's 14th book . She decided to write about the BLT sandwich after discovering it was a good remedy for morning sickness , and that others who frequented a food website shared her love of the BLT . Jordan spent ten years researching for the book , and spent a winter writing it . During her research , Jordan taste tested hundreds of variations on the BLT sandwich . In 2003 the author hosted two radio programs on unk FM , unk with Michele Anna Jordan and Red Shoes Rodeo . The year the book was published , Jordan crafted a 1 , 248 square foot ( 115 . 9 m2 ) BLT sandwich at the Kendall Jackson Tomato Festival . Reception The BLT Cookbook is highly recommended by the National Pork Board . Kate Lawson of The Detroit News wrote that the book offers mouthwatering recipes ranging from variations on the classic sandwich to soups , salads and pastas . unk unk of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote , Recipes for recommended basics like aioli and tomato unk round out the neat little book . Food editor of the Daily Herald Deborah Pankey wrote in her review of the book , While giving the titled trio its due respect , author Michele Anna Jordan introduces a host of other ingredients that will surely shake up your next toasted meal ( yes , she favors toast to help maintain the sandwich 's structure . ) The Cincinnati Post said , Jordan 's book presents practically all the possibilities for BLT combinations as she leaves the two slices of white toast far behind . Staff writer for ANG Newspapers Jolene unk wrote , Not simply a cookbook , the little handbook is a discourse on the sandwich that is elegant enough to coax even the most virtuous eaters to gobble pork fat and mayonnaise with abandon . T.C. Mitchell of the Anchorage Daily News said The BLT Cookbook is the definitive book on the sandwich .
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2,553 | Kathleen O 'Kelly Kennedy ( born 21 June 1986 ) is a 4 . 0 point Australian wheelchair basketball player who plays forward centre . She was part of the bronze medal winning Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing . Active in fund raising from an early age , O 'Kelly Kennedy took a group of children with missing limbs to the 2000 Paralympic Games in Sydney , where she saw the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , in action for the first time , and was inspired to take up wheelchair basketball . She entered the University of Illinois on a half scholarship in 2005 , and won three US National Championships with its Women 's team . By 2006 , she was part of the Gliders team that finished fourth at the World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Amsterdam in 2006 . She played professionally in Italy in 2010 11 with Sassari and with Elecom Roma in 2011 12 . Although not selected for the Gliders team that played at the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games in London , she won a Bronze Medal with Elecom Roma in the Men 's European Championships that year and returned to the Gliders line up for the Osaka Cup in 2013 and for the 2013 Asian Qualifiers in Thailand for the World Championships to be held in Canada on 19 29 June 2014 . Personal O 'Kelly Kennedy was born on 21 June 1986 . At birth one of her legs was shorter than the other , and her right foot was amputated when she was eighteen months old . She attended Melbourne Rudolf Steiner School and Luther College in the outer eastern Melbourne suburb of Croydon . She has regularly represented the Royal Children 's Hospital on television and in newspapers for the Good Friday Appeal . In 2000 , she was involved in fund raising to take a group of children with missing limbs to the 2000 Paralympic Games in Sydney , where they became a cheer squad . In Sydney , she saw the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , in action for the first time . She later founded a charitable organisation , Set No Limits and in 2013 helped establish the Red Dust Heelers Healing thru Wheeling program which has a focus on connecting Indigenous young people with disability to sport , education , employment and lifestyle opportunities . She has modelled for Vertically Blessed , a clothing company , and has gone by a number of nicknames , including Kat , Kitty , Blondie and Felix . Wheelchair basketball O 'Kelly Kennedy is a 4 point player who plays Centre Forward . She had played junior ' stand up ' basketball but after the Sydney games she was persuaded to try wheelchair basketball by family friend and Wheelchair Basketball Legend , Kevin Coombs and Paralympic athletic champions Don Elgin and Tim Matthews , who became her mentors . She joined the Victorian Women 's Wheelchair Basketball Team ( development ) in 2001 , and represented the state at the National Junior Basketball Championships in Ballarat , Victoria , in 2002 . This was also the year she became a member of the Victorian Women 's Wheelchair Basketball Team . In 2003 , O 'Kelly Kennedy became part of the Australian Development Team , and participated in her first overseas tournament , in New Zealand . She was part of the Victorian team at the National Junior Championships , Adelaide , and travelled to Toronto , Canada , for the Spitfire Tournament . She represented Australia for the first time at the Tri Nation Tournament in the United States in 2003 . After O 'Kelly Kennedy graduated from high school in 2004 , she received an offer of a half scholarship to University of Illinois , where she was coached by Mike Frogley . She was also awarded a scholarship from the Victorian Institute of Sport in 2006 and 2007 . She went on to win three US National Championships with the University of Illinois team , in 2006 , 2007 and 2008 . In one game she scored a career high of 42 points . In 2006 , O 'Kelly Kennedy was part of the national team at the Roosevelt Tournament in Warm Springs , Georgia , and was then at the World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Amsterdam in 2006 , where Australia finished fourth . She was part of the Gliders ' line up at the Osaka Cup in 2007 , where the Gliders finished second , at the Asia Pacific Beijing Qualifications Tournament in Sydney in 2007 , where the Gliders finished first , and at the Friendly Games held alongside that tournament , in which the Gliders finished second . She was also part the Gliders line up at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , where the Gliders defeated Japan in the bronze medal game , 53 47 . O 'Kelly Kennedy was recruited by Italian Men 's Professional League reigning champions , unk Elecom Roma , for the 2011 12 season , winning the Bronze Medal at the 2011 12 European Championships in Turkey . O 'Kelly Kennedy played for the Stacks unk Bears in the Women 's National League in 2012 , scoring a competition rare triple double in the Preliminary Final . In 2013 she played again with the Bears , with the team earning consecutive runner up medals . In February 2013 she also returned to the National team for the 2013 Osaka Cup , where the Gliders successfully defended the title they had won in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 , and for the Asian Qualifiers in Bangkok in November 2013 .
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2,554 | Nikephoros ( Greek ) , also Latinized as Nicephorus or unk , was the second son of Byzantine emperor Constantine V ( reigned 741 775 ) and Caesar of the Byzantine Empire . He was engaged in a plot against his half brother , Leo IV ( r . 775 780 ) , which cost Nikephoros his title , and was the focal point of numerous usurpation plots during the subsequent reigns of his nephew , Constantine VI ( r . 780 797 ) , and of Constantine 's mother , Irene of Athens ( r . 797 802 ) . He was therefore blinded and exiled to a monastery for most of his life , probably dying in the island of unk sometime after 812 . Biography Early life and first conspiracies Nikephoros was born in the late unk ( circa 756 758 ) to Emperor Constantine V and his third wife Eudokia . Nikephoros was Constantine 's third son overall , following the future Leo IV , who was born 750 to Constantine 's first wife Irene of Khazaria , and Christopher , who was born in circa 755 to Eudokia . Either Christopher or Nikephoros were possibly twin brothers to Eudokia 's and Constantine 's only daughter , unk . On April 1 , 769 , Eudokia was crowned as Augusta , and on the same occasion Christopher and Nikephoros were crowned and raised to the rank of Caesar , while their younger brother Niketas was made unk . Nikephoros had two other younger brothers , Anthimos and unk , who were also named unk at later dates . When Constantine V died in 775 , his eldest son Leo IV ascended the Byzantine throne . Soon , Leo caused a rift with his half brothers , when he confiscated a large amount of gold reserved for their use and distributed it to the army and the citizens of Constantinople as a unk . Then , in spring 776 , a conspiracy headed by Nikephoros and involving a number of middle ranking courtiers was discovered . Nikephoros himself was stripped of his rank , but otherwise not harmed , while the other plotters were tonsured as monks and exiled to Cherson in the Crimea . When Leo IV died in October 780 , his sole heir was the young Constantine VI , his son by the Empress Irene of Athens . Due to Constantine 's being underage , a regency was instituted under Irene , but this was not well received among leading officials . Not only was rule by a woman alien to the military dominated establishment of the time , but Irene was also a confirmed iconophile , an adherent of the veneration of holy images . This was regarded as heresy by the state sponsored doctrine of Iconoclasm , which was especially popular with the army and the officials loyal to Constantine V 's memory . A number of them , including the Postal unk ( foreign minister ) Gregory , the former strategos ( governor ) of the Anatolic Theme Bardas and Constantine , the commander of the Excubitors guard regiment , consequently favoured the rise of Nikephoros to the imperial throne . Barely a month and a half after Leo 's death , the plot was discovered . Irene had the conspirators exiled , and Nikephoros and his younger brothers were ordained as priests , removing them from the line of succession . To confirm this before the people , on Christmas Day 780 , Nikephoros and his brothers were forced to perform the communion service in the Hagia Sophia . Nikephoros and his brothers disappear from the sources until 792 , when the return of Irene to power ( after having been ousted in a military revolt in 790 ) , coupled with the disastrous defeat of Constantine VI at Marcellae against the Bulgars , caused widespread discontent among the troops . Some of the imperial guard regiments , the tagmata , proclaimed Nikephoros as emperor , but Constantine reacted swiftly he arrested his uncles , and while Nikephoros was blinded , the others had their tongues slit . They were then imprisoned at a monastery in Therapia . After 792 Nikephoros is no longer mentioned by name after 792 instead , the brothers are mentioned collectively . It is therefore questionable whether he is to be included in subsequent events , although traditionally ( including in reference works like the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium ) it is held that he did share in his brothers ' fate and died after 812 . After Empress Irene deposed her son in 797 , the brothers were visited at the monastery by some of their supporters and persuaded to seek refuge in the Hagia Sophia . If it had been hoped that Constantinople 's populace would be moved to proclaim one of them emperor , their hopes were dashed . No uprising in their support materialized , and Irene 's trusted eunuch advisor Aetios managed to extricate the brothers and send them to exile in Athens . There , they were again the subject of a conspiracy in March 799 , a certain unk , archon of the Slavs in unk in southern Thessaly , together with local troops from the theme of Hellas ( to which Athens belonged ) , planned to proclaim one of them emperor . The plot was foiled , but the brothers were again moved to unk in the Marmara Sea , and Nikephoros 's brothers were blinded as well . The brothers are mentioned for the last time in 812 , when a group of disgruntled soldiers tried to proclaim the brothers emperors in the aftermath of the fall of unk to the Bulgars . Emperor Michael I unk ( r . 811 813 ) , however , promptly dismissed the soldiers involved and moved the brothers to the island of unk , where they died sometime later .
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2,555 | Lucy Li ( born October 1 , 2002 ) is an American female amateur golfer . She currently holds records as the youngest qualifier for the U.S. Women 's Amateur and the U.S. Women 's Open . She is the second youngest qualifier for the U.S. Women 's Amateur Public Links , but the youngest ever to advance to match play in that event . Li was an age group winner at the inaugural Masters Drive , Chip , and Putt Championship in Augusta , Georgia . She is currently a student of Jim McLean . Background Born in Stanford , California , Li now lives in Redwood Shores . Her father , Warren Li , is a San Francisco Bay Area computer consultant and stockbroker . Her mother , Amy Zeng , is a former Hewlett Packard employee . Warren and Amy were raised in China and moved to the United States from Australia in 1998 . Warren has a Ph.D. in computer science , while Amy has a master 's degree in the field . Lucy was born in 2002 . She lived with her Aunt Tao Zeng four months per year to train in Florida near Trump National Doral Miami and McLean 's Golf School . Li is homeschooled . She performs some of her schoolwork through independent study in the months she is in Florida . Li took diving lessons at Stanford University and was platform diving from 10 metres ( 32 . 8 ft ) at age 4 . She was also active in gymnastics and music . Some sources claim that she began practicing at Mariners Point Golf Center at about age 4 or 5 , with informal coaching from her mother and Aunt . Other sources claim that she began playing golf at age 7 while watching her older brother Luke , a Princeton University student , who was hitting balls at a driving range . Li likes to tell the latter story , but Mariners Point head pro , Joby Ross , confirmed that at about 3 or 4 years old Li was very boisterous about her interest in the sport to the point of throwing tantrums when being asked to leave . At age 7 her parents called Jim McLean , who also coaches or has coached Lexi Thompson , unk Kerr , Keegan Bradley and Erik Compton , and arranged a visit to meet him at Doral . Afterwards , the family made summer living arrangements with her Aunt . Then , McLean began working with her . Li 's practice course is Cinnabar Hills in San Jose . Career Li holds record for youngest match play qualifier in U.S. Women 's Amateur Public Links history ( 10 years , 8 months , 16 days ) , surpassing Michelle Wie 's 2000 record by a mere 7 days . Li was the second youngest qualifier in May 2013 for the U.S. Women 's Amateur Public Links before becoming the youngest to advance to match play that June . The lone person younger than Li was unk unk , who qualified in 2008 . She is also the youngest U.S. Women 's Amateur qualifier , surpassing unk Stone 's 2012 record age of 10 years , 11 months and 2 days by beginning the first day of the tournament at age 10 years , 10 months and 4 days old on August 5 , 2013 . In 2014 , at the first ever Drive , Chip and Putt Championship on the Sunday preceding the 78th edition Masters Tournament at Augusta National Golf Club , she won the Girls 10 11 age division . The event was televised on the Golf Channel and was sponsored by the United States Golf Association , Professional Golfers ' Association of America and Augusta National to increase youth participation in the sport . Over 10 , 000 youth from over 110 sites participated in a qualification process that yielded 88 qualifiers from 8 age gender brackets from each of 11 regions . On May 19 , 2014 , she became the youngest ( age 11 ) to qualify for the U.S. Women 's Open , surpassing Thompson 's record ( 12 years , 4 months , 18 days ) from the 2007 Open . Notably , Li not only qualified , but she won her qualifying event by seven strokes at Old Course at Half Moon Bay Golf Links . Thompson missed the cut in 2007 with a 36 hole 168 total . Li was the second youngest to compete nine years prior to the introduction of qualification in 1976 , Beverly Klass played in the 1967 Open at age 10 years , 7 months , and 21 days . Although Li 's qualification was largely heralded , some were befuddled at the state of the sport when a sixth grader could even qualify for one of the most prestigious events of the year . Li , who had reached a 1 . 5 handicap by April , had a handicap better than threshold 2 . 4 , making her eligible to participate in qualifications . Li was 11 years , 8 months , and 19 days on June 19 , the opening round of the 2014 U.S. Women 's Open , held at Course No. 2 of Pinehurst Resort Country Club . Edel Golf designed custom clubs that Golf Digest described as unk out for Li to use in the Open . In the first round on Thursday , Li shot a 78 ( 8 ) , which had been the highest score that anyone who made the cut in the 2013 Open had tallied . She followed that up with a second 78 on Friday for 156 ( 16 ) and missed the cut by seven strokes . She then walked the course as a fan that Sunday . She scheduled an appearance in the July U.S. Women 's Amateur Public Links in DuPont , Washington next . Li shot 74 and 70 to qualify for match play where she lost to Alice Chen in sudden death of the first round after posting a stroke play equivalent of a 71 . She did not schedule any other USGA events in 2014 , deciding instead to play local events and be an 11 year old . In 2015 , she did not qualify for the 2015 U.S. Women 's Open .
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2,556 | Homer 's Triple Bypass is the eleventh episode in the fourth season of The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 17 , 1992 . In the episode , Homer Simpson suffers a heart attack when Mr. Burns shouts at him at work . Dr. Hibbert tells Homer that he needs a triple bypass , but the Simpson family resorts to a discount surgeon after learning how expensive the operation would be in a regular hospital . The episode was written by Gary Apple and Michael Carrington and directed by David Silverman . Plot After being warned by Marge about his unhealthy eating , Homer starts to feel chest pains . After several more instances of the chest pains , Homer has a heart attack . Homer is sent to the hospital , where Marge visits him . Dr. Hibbert informs Homer that he needs a triple bypass , which will cost him 30 , 000 . Upon hearing this , Homer has another heart attack , which increases the price to 40 , 000 . Marge and Homer try to figure out a way to pay for the operation . Homer goes to The Merry Widow Insurance Company , but is denied when he has a heart attack before signing the policy . Unable to afford surgery at the hospital , Marge and Homer see a commercial for Dr. Nick Riviera , an incompetent surgeon who will perform any operation for 129 . 95 . Leaving no other alternative , Homer decides to go for the cheaper service . During the operation , Dr. Nick realizes that he does not know what to do , mostly due to a video detailing the procedure being taped over with a show called People Who Look Like Things . Lisa , who is watching the operation in the amphitheater , uses her knowledge of cardiology to guide Dr. Nick . The surgery is successful , and Homer makes a full recovery . Production Homer 's Triple Bypass was not written by a member of the show 's regular staff , but instead Gary Apple and Michael Carrington . They were brought in as freelance writers because the show was suffering from a depleted writing team after the third season ended and the remaining members did not bother to do the episode . Carrington would provide voice work for later episodes , such as I Love Lisa ( as Sideshow Raheem ) , Homer and Apu ( as the head of the Kwik e Mart ) , and Simpson Tide ( as Homer 's drill instructor ) . The idea for the episode came from James L. Brooks , who pitched the idea of Homer having a heart attack . However , the writers disagreed with such a heavy topic as this . They decided to have a scene where Lisa and Bart visit Homer before his surgery and were unsure of how to do it , so they approached Brooks . Brooks made up the entire scene on the spot . Originally , the surgery was supposed to be performed by Dr. Hibbert , but it was later changed to Dr. Nick . In the original airing of the episode , Dr. Nick 's phone number was the number of a real legal clinic , whose lawyers made them change it to 1 600 unk . The episode 's production staff decided that David Silverman would be able to make the episode funny , so he was selected to direct it . He went all out and did his best to make Homer 's grimaces as humorous as possible , to keep the episode at least somewhat lighter in tone . Silverman added some special touches for example , when Homer has an out of body experience , his foot was still touching his body to signify that he was not dead . A doctor acted as a medical consultant for the episode . The episode was to have concluded with Homer eating a pizza in his hospital bed following the operation , and with Marge asking a nurse where the pizza had come from . This reflects the earlier flashback scene where Grampa Simpson watches Homer as an infant , chewing on a slice of pizza in the hospital . The scene was replaced with the family cheering Homer on while he is in intensive care . Cultural references The opening sequence of the episode is a parody of American television show COPS it was not in the original animatic and added later because the episode was too short to fit in its required 22 minute length . When Homer is performing a sock puppet show to Lisa and Bart , he uses Akbar and Jeff , both of whom are characters from Matt Groening 's weekly comic strip Life in Hell . Homer follows behind the house that was the birthplace of Edgar Allan Poe , which was placed in the episode by David Silverman . During this scene Homer starts to hear a heartbeat , a reference to Poe 's The Telltale Heart . The scene where Homer sings in a church as a boy is based on the film Empire of the Sun . Reception In its original broadcast , Homer 's Triple Bypass finished 16th in ratings for the week of December 14 20 , 1992 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 . 3 , equivalent to approximately 13 . 2 million viewing households . It was the highest rated show on the Fox network that week , beating Married ... with Children . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , authors of I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , called it a cautionary tale that gives Dr Nick his biggest chance to shine . They also praised the cloud goes up , cloud goes down line . IGN noted that the episode introduced fans to one of the show 's more endearing background players , Dr. Nick . Krusty 's line this ain 't make up is one of Matt Groening 's favorite lines from the show .
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2,557 | I Hate Boys is a song recorded by American recording artist Christina Aguilera for her sixth studio album , Bionic ( 2010 ) . The song was written by Aguilera , Ester Dean , William Tyler , Bill Wellings , J. J. Hunter and Jamal Polow da Don Jones , who also handled the production of the track . I Hate Boys is a glam rock and pop song , containing elements of urban pop and synthpop . Lyrically , it is a hate driven song about ridiculing bad boys . I Hate Boys was released as the second and final single from Bionic in New Zealand and Australia . It was serviced to Australian radio on June 28 , 2010 , and released as a digital single in Australia and New Zealand on September 3 . The song received mixed to favorable response from music critics some of them called it a girl anthem , but others felt it has too adolescent lyrics and called it a filler . Upon the release of Bionic , I Hate Boys debuted at number 51 on the Gaon International Singles Chart during the week of June 6 , 2010 . Background Initially , I Hate Boys was supposed to be produced by Le Tigre . Group member Johanna unk wrote about working with Aguilera on their official website While the giant sound of her stacked vocals and the pop sheen she lends to the tracks might seem at odds with Le Tigre 's aesthetic roots , it really works . The songs have a lot of elements we 're known for , like a garage guitar sound , schoolyard chants , new wave y synths , electro beats , and somehow it all sounds crazily right with Christina 's unbelievable voice . However , it was later revealed that the song was produced by Polow da Don and that Le Tigre only produced the song My Girls . Polow da Don talked about working with Aguilera in a Billboard interview , stating There 's two things you need to know about Christina Aguilera The first is that , as far as her singing goes , she 's a professionally trained animal . And the other is that she knows exactly , absolutely what she wants . After Not Myself Tonight , the song was released as the second single of the album in Australia and New Zealand . A digital single was released on the iTunes Store on September 3 , 2010 . Composition I Hate Boys was written by Aguilera , Jamal Jones , Ester Dean , William Tyler , Bill Wellings and J. J. Hunter , while production was handled by William Tyler Polow da Don . Don has worked with Aguilera on the previous singles Not Myself Tonight and Woohoo . I Hate Boys contains a sample from the 1973 track Jungle Juice , by UK electronic act unk unk from their album Go Moog . It is an uptempo glam rock and pop song with elements of synthpop and urban pop , featuring gang chants in the background . Lyrically , I Hate Boys is a hate driven song about ridiculing and insulting all bad boys . It begins with a drum beat similar to Katy Perry 's I Kissed a Girl ( 2008 ) , according to Idolator 's Becky Bain , which also wrote that it sounds almost directly inspired by the trash talk unk found in Avril Lavigne 's Girlfriend . Critical reception I Hate Boys received mixed reviews from music critics . In a positive way , Leslie Simon of MTV Buzzworthy wrote that the track is a fun , highly synth pop gum smacking , girls night out rally anthem . Melinda Newman of HitFix called it a pure pop infectious silliness . Daily Star described the song as a glam rock stomp with a deceptively simple chorus that will have schoolgirls singing at the top of their lungs . Mesfin Fekadu from Boston Globe praised the song , writing , The male bashing ' I Hate Boys ' has the right mix of energy and sass that Aguilera somewhat lacks throughout the album . The Scotsman wrote that the song is an electro glam that throwaway fun . Allison Stewart from The Washington Post referred to it as a tame , hand clappy pop song and compared the track to Gwen Stefani 's songs . TJ of Neon Limelight gave a mixed review , calling it sassy but would work better for an artist at least a decade younger than Aguilera , with its painfully adolescent lyrics . Becky Bain of Idolator wrote , It 's one of those pandering songs that will no doubt have young girls singing along , particularly the chorus , but it 's a lazy one that leaves rubs us the wrong way . Brad unk from MuuMuse named it a filler , including the noisy , childish chant . Greg Kot of Chicago Tribune commented that it 's the kind of trite glitter disco might 've dispensed , while comparing it to Spice Girls ' songs . Eric Henderson gave to the song a negative review , writing , Considering ' I Hate Boys ' is closer than I ever thought Christina would ever come to recording a Daphne Aguilera track , it 's ironically also one of many tracks on Bionic that sound tailor made to accompany the opening credits of Johnny Weir 's forthcoming reality show . Track listing Digital download I Hate Boys 2 24 Not Myself Tonight ( Laidback Luke Radio Edit ) 3 39 Credits and personnel Recording locations Recording No Excuses , Los Angeles , California Vocal recording The Red Lips Room , Beverly Hills , California Personnel Source Charts Upon the release of the album Bionic , I Hate Boys debuted at number 51 on the Gaon International Downloads Chart on the chart issue of June 6 , 2010 . Release history
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2,558 | Boletus abruptibulbus is a species of bolete mushroom in the family Boletaceae . Described as new to science in 2009 , it is found only in the Gulf Coast of the Florida Panhandle , where it grows on the ground in coastal sand dunes , one of only three North American boletes known to favor this habitat . The fruit bodies have convex brownish caps up to 8 cm ( 3 . 1 in ) in diameter , supported by solid yellowish to reddish stems measuring 3 5 cm ( 1 . 2 2 . 0 in ) long by 10 15 mm ( 0 . 4 0 . 6 in ) thick . The pores on the underside of the cap measure about 1 2 mm in diameter and are initially pale yellow before developing a greenish tinge in age . The mushroom 's spores , about 20 micrometers long , are unusually long for a member of the Boletaceae . The stem base is bulbous , a diagnostic feature for which the species is named . Taxonomy The species was described as new to science in 2009 by Beatriz Ortiz Santana , William Roody , and Ernst Both in the journal Mycotaxon . The holotype material was collected at St. Joseph Peninsula State Park in Florida in January 2005 . In 2007 , Roody and Both published a short description and color photograph of the species in their field guide Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States , but this was not a valid name as it lacked a Latin description . The specific epithet abruptibulbus refers to the abruptly ( unk ) swollen ( unk ) shape of the bulb at the base of the stem . Description The convex cap measures 30 80 mm ( 1 . 2 3 . 1 in ) in diameter . Slightly sticky when wet , the cap surface is shiny and smooth . Sometimes , the surface has flattened filaments ( formed from aggregated hyphae ) , and may develop cracks . The thin and easily detached cap cuticle is initially reddish brown to dark brown , later becoming cinnamon brown . The cap margin is curved inward when young , but becomes bent downward when mature . The white to very pale yellow cap flesh does not change color when exposed to air , and has a pleasant odor and mild taste . The tubes comprising the hymenophore on the underside of the cap measure 3 8 mm ( 0 . 1 0 . 3 in ) long and are pale yellow initially before developing a greenish tinge in age . The pore surface does not stain when it is bruised . The pores are roughly spherical or polyhedral at first , becoming angular to pentagonal in age , and almost gill like near the attachment to the stem . Pores are about 1 2 mm in diameter . The stem is solid ( i.e. , not hollow ) 3 5 cm ( 1 . 2 2 . 0 in ) long , 10 15 mm ( 0 . 4 0 . 6 in ) thick in the upper part , expanding to 2 2 . 5 cm ( 0 . 8 1 . 0 in ) at the bulbous base . It has pseudorrhiza ( cord like structures resembling a plant root ) that are 0 . 5 1 . 5 cm ( 0 . 2 0 . 6 in ) long . The stem surface is dry and smooth except for a powdery region near the apex . The top of the stem is yellow , but it gradually becomes reddish approaching the bulbous base . The stem tissue is pale yellow , although tunnels dug by insect larvae are reddish brown . A drop of dilute ammonia ( as a 12 NH4OH solution ) placed on the cap surface immediately turns dark red . If placed on the bulbous part of the stem base of a dried specimen , it will turn dark for roughly 15 seconds before starting to fade . The spores are smooth , spindle shaped , and measure 13 . 5 19 . 8 by 5 . 0 7 . 2 m rather large for a member of the Boletaceae . unk yellow or greenish yellow when mounted in a dilute potassium hydroxide , they are dextrinoid ( yellowish or reddish brown ) when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The basidia ( spore bearing cells in the hymenium ) are club shaped , hyaline ( translucent ) , four spored , and measure 28 . 8 42 . 3 by 7 . 2 11 . 7 m . The hymenium contains basidioles ( immature or aborted basidia ) , which are club shaped and measure 20 . 7 35 . 1 by 7 . 2 9 . 0 m . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the surface of the tubes ) range in shape from somewhat spindle shaped to cylindrical , and are hyaline , smooth , and thin walled , with dimensions of 41 . 4 61 . 2 by 7 . 2 10 . 8 m . Cystidia on the edges of the pores ( cheilocystidia ) are 31 . 5 49 . 5 by 7 . 2 13 . 5 m , spindle shaped to centrally swollen , hyaline , smooth , and thin walled . Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae . The bulbous base , large spores , and distinctive habitat are characteristic features that make this species readily distinguishable from other boletes . It has a coloration and cap texture similar to Boletus unk and B. unk , but the spores of these species are shorter ( 11 15 m and 11 16 m , respectively ) . Habitat and distribution The fruit bodies of Boletus abruptibulbus grow singly or in groups in sand . The species is known only from the Gulf Coast of the Florida Panhandle , where fruiting occurs on older sand dunes , particularly in areas where the habit changes from coastal scrub to oak pine woods . This latter habitat is characterized by the presence of the tree species Sand Live Oak ( Quercus unk ) , Myrtle Oak ( Q. unk ) , and Sand Pine ( Pinus clausa ) . Fruiting occurs from December to March . Boletus abruptibulbus is one of only three North American Boletaceae species that occur in coastal sand dunes the others are Leccinum arenicola , found in New Brunswick , Canada , and unk arenicola , described from Oregon .
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2,559 | Jan Dekert or Jan unk ( 1738 4 October 1790 ) was a Polish merchant of German descent and political activist . Starting in the 1760s , he rose to become one of the most prominent merchants in the Polish capital of Warsaw . He was an activist arguing for more rights for the burghers in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth while opposing Jewish merchants . As the representative of Warsaw , he was elected a deputy to the Sejms of 1784 and 1786 , as well as to the Great Sejm ( 1788 1892 ) . He was the mayor of Warsaw ( 1789 1790 ) , during which period he organized the Black Procession on 2 December 1789 ( a march of burghers who delivered a petition to the king ) . This was a major step towards the passing of the Free Royal Cities Act enfranchising burghers , as one of the reforms of the Great Sejm and part of the Constitution of the 3rd May , 1791 . Biography He was born in 1738 in the city of unk . The exact date , and information about his family are unknown , as any relevant documents have been lost . He likely had beyond basic education , and some sum of money when he left unk and traveled to Warsaw . In December 1756 , Dekert was admitted to the Warsaw youth Confraternity of Merchants ( unk unk unk unk ) . He started out as a clerk in a cloth store of Kazimierz unk ( or unk ) , in whose house he also stayed . In April 1761 he married his patron 's daughter , Ra unk . By 1762 he had taken over the cloth store , moved from the youth Confraternity of Merchants to the senior ( unk ) one , and become a full citizen of Warsaw . Some time before 1786 , Ra died , and Dekert married Antonina unk ( unk ) . He had several children from his two marriages , among them Jan Dekert , future bishop of Warsaw . Dekert 's rise to mayor began with his first official positions in the Warsaw merchant organizations in the 1760s . In the early 1760s he was among the steering group of the youth Confraternity , which he resigned in 1762 upon joining the senior one . There is some confusion regarding his exact positions and the dates he held them . According to Zienkowska , in 1767 he received a position ( unk ) in the magistrate of Warsaw . According to Jdruch , he became Alderman ( a position usually known in Polish as unk ) of Warsaw in 1769 , but this is contradicted by Zienkowska according to her , it was only in 1776 that he reached the rank of unk in the magistrate . He also served an elder ( unk Jdruch translates this as an alderman ) for the Confraternity of Merchants from 1771 to 1785 . Along with his political career , Dekert 's business enterprise was growing . He gathered enough savings to become a cofounder of the Company of Woolen Manufacture in 1766 ( unk unk unk ) . In 1775 the Sejm granted him a request to buy landed estates ( a privilege usually restricted only to the nobility ) . In 1776 he leased the Tobacco Monopoly ( or Company unk unk ) from the Polish Treasury ten years later , in 1786 , he leased a theatre in Warsaw . As the representative of Warsaw , he was elected a deputy to the Sejms of 1784 and 1786 , as well as to the Great Sejm ( 1788 1892 ) . In the meantime , in February 1789 , he was elected mayor of Warsaw he would be reelected in 1790 ( as a mayor of Warsaw , he succeeded Wojciech Lobert , and would in turn be succeeded by Jzef Micha unk ) . During the Great Sejm , together with Hugo Kotaj , Dekert organized the confederation of 141 cities and towns and was at the forefront of demanding the representations and enfranchisement of the burghers in the Sejm notably , he helped organize the Black Procession on 2 December 1789 ( a march of burghers who delivered a petition to the king ) . The burghers demanded similar privileges to those held by the nobles ( szlachta ) . Their demands included the right to buy and own land estates , the right to be represented in the Polish parliament ( Sejm ) and reforms to the urban law . The procession influenced the Great Sejm to create a Commission for the Cities ( unk w unk unk ) tasked with addressing those concerns during the works on the new constitution . He was a vocal critic of Jews , accusing them of unfair competition . He spend much of his fortune on political activism , and was nearly bankrupt by the time of his death . In February 1790 , despite his objections , he was pressured , through general public demand , into reelection for a second ( yearly ) term of office as the mayor of Warsaw . It is likely that major reasons he preferred not to have been elected were his ailing business operations and his worsening health . He led his last public debate on 31 April 1790 , and withdrew from politics afterward . He died on 4 October 1790 in Warsaw . He was buried in St. John 's unk , and his large funeral was paid for by the City of Warsaw . He died before the Free Royal Cities Act , enfranchising burghers , was passed in 1791 as one of the reforms of the Great Sejm , next to the Constitution of the 3rd May , 1791 . Legacy His contemporary , poet Franciszek unk unk , called him the leader of Polish burghers . In 1896 a plaque dedicated to him in St. John 's unk proclaimed him the first defender and representative of the burgher class in the Commonwealth . Jan Dekert is one of the characters in Jan Matejko 's painting of the Adoption of the Polish Constitution of May 3 , 1791 .
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2,560 | Jamaica competed in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Canada . They competed in one sport , unk , in both the two man and four man events and finished outside the medal places in both competitions . Athletes were recruited from the Jamaica Defence Force , which saw Dudley Stokes , Devon Harris and Michael White become the first members of the team . Caswell Allen was the fourth man , but was injured prior to the start of the Olympics and was replaced by Chris Stokes , who was only in Canada to support his brother and new team mate Dudley . The two man event took place first , with Dudley Stokes and White finishing in 30th position overall . American television stations aired footage of the four man Jamaican team , and despite crashing during the third run and finishing last overall , went on to inspire the 1993 film Cool Runnings . Background The Jamaica Olympic Association was formed in 1936 , but due to the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Olympics due to the Second World War , the first Games they competed in was the 1948 Summer Olympics in London . They have appeared at every Summer Games since , including at the 1960 Games in which they appeared as part of the combined team of the British West Indies . They have won medals at every Summer Games they have competed at , with the exception of the 1956 and 1964 Summer Olympics . Bobsleigh Businessmen George B. Fitch and William Maloney proposed the idea of a Jamaican bobsleigh team after seeing a local pushcart derby in Jamaica . The President of the Jamaica Olympic Association at the time supported the idea , and so preparations were made to hire athletes . Advertisements were placed describing dangerous and rigorous trials which would form the basis of the country 's first bobsleigh team . However , recruitment proved to be problematic and so the Jamaica Defence Force was asked for volunteers . This resulted in the first team of Dudley Stokes , Devon Harris and Michael White . These three were selected as part of the team in October 1987 , with team mate Casewell Allen added later . With funding provided by the Fitch and the Jamaica Tourist Board , training was conducted in Canada and Austria in preparation for the 1988 Winter Olympics . Sepp unk was recruited as a coach , and the team began to be featured in North American media with a comical angle . An agreement was reached with the Fdration International de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing in order to allow for entrance in both the four man and the two man events at the Games . Once in Calgary , the team conducted test runs on a frozen lake in order to get used to the conditions , but Allen fell and was injured . Chris Stokes , who was only in Canada in order to support his brother Dudley , was added to the four man team three days before the first run having never been in a bobsleigh before . The first event which Jamaica competed in was the two man bobsleigh , where Dudley Stokes and Michael White became Jamaica 's first Winter Olympians . In their first run , they finished in 34th position , ahead of the second New Zealand team , both of the pairs from Portugal , U.S. Virgin Islands and Mexico . They improved in the second run , moving up to 22nd place , but were in 31st place on the third run and finished only one place higher in 30th place during the fourth and final run . Overall the duo finished in 30th place out of the 41 teams competing . Following the elimination of the United States ice hockey team , American television stations needed to fill airtime and chose to focus on the Jamaican bobsleigh team in the four man event . The first run ended poorly , as when Dudley Stokes jumped into the bobsleigh , the push bar in the sleigh broke , resulting in the team coming in third from last in 24th place . On their second attempt , the team ranked second to last , due in part to White struggling to crouch down properly in his seat , remaining almost upright through the first corner . It was the events of the third run for which the team became best known . Stokes injured his shoulder prior to the race , but decided to continue with the run . The team set the seventh fastest start for all competitors . At the turn called the Kreisel , Stokes lost control of the bobsleigh and it careened into the wall of the track , and flipped over on top of the four athletes . The four team members climbed out and pushed the bobsleigh to the end of the track , before they carried it off . The team did not compete in the fourth run of the event , and subsequently were listed as not finishing the event and therefore were placed in the last place overall . Legacy The story of the Jamaican bobsleigh team at the 1988 Winter Olympics was turned into the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . However , the film was only loosely based on actual events , with real life coach Pat Brown later saying that the team had never experienced any of the animosity from the other teams as depicted in the movie . All of the team members returned for the 1992 Winter Olympics , however Harris only competed in the two man event , with his place in the four man team taken by newcomer Ricky McIntosh . Harris and the Stokes brothers would continue to compete at the Winter Games in the bobsleigh events until the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano .
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2,561 | Naruto Clash of Ninja ( unk unk unk , Naruto Gekit Ninja Taisen , lit . Naruto Great Ninja Battle ) is a 3 D cel shaded fighting game developed by Eighting and published by D3 Publisher and Tomy . It is based on the popular anime and manga series Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto , and the first installment of the Naruto Clash of Ninja video game series . In the game , players pit two characters from the Naruto manga and anime series against each other , using basic attacks and special techniques to defeat their opponent in one of the game 's modes . Clash of Ninja was originally released in Japan on December 19 , 2002 , and the game was subsequently released in North America on March 7 , 2006 , with the only major difference being the voice overs by the English voice actors from the Naruto anime . Critical opinions of the game have been mixed , with many praising the simple and easy to learn fighting system , with others lambasting the fighting system , and the lack of significant unlockable content . Gameplay Over the course of the game , the player controls one of a select few characters directly based upon their counterparts in the Naruto anime and manga . Clash of Ninja is a member of the fighting game genre the player pits their character against another character controlled by the game 's AI or by another player , depending on the mode that the player is in . The objective is to reduce the opponent 's health to zero using basic attacks and special techniques unique to each character that are derived from techniques they use in the Naruto anime or manga . For instance , Naruto Uzumaki is able to use his signature Shadow Clone Technique , and Rock Lee utilizes many of his Strong Fist style techniques . To use these techniques , characters have available a chakra bar , which depletes upon the execution of a special technique , and regenerates over time . In the game 's numerous modes , the player can choose from different styles of play . The game 's story mode follows the plot from the anime and manga , and a versus mode pitting two players against each other also included . Development The original Japanese version of Clash of Ninja , the first installment of the Clash of Ninja series , was developed by Eighting and published by D3 Publisher and Tomy , and released on December 19 , 2002 . On October 27 , 2005 , both Clash of Ninja and its sequel , Clash of Ninja 2 , were confirmed for a 2006 release in North America . The game has a total of ten characters that come from the Land of Waves arc and the start of the Chunin Exam arc of the series . Masato Toyoshima , one of the executives of Eighting , stated that the game was designed to appeal to both casual and hardcore gamers . The only significant difference made by Eighting in the development between the English variant and its Japanese counterpart were the voice overs , which were done by the English voice actors in the Naruto anime . Toyoshima claimed that the development team was especially proud that they were able to accomplish creating the cel shaded graphics that closely matched the scenes in the Naruto anime and manga . Reception Clash of Ninja has received mixed reactions from several video game publications . GameRankings gave it a score of 67 . 35 , while Metacritic gave it 72 out of 100 . In Japan , Famitsu gave the game a score of 31 out of 40 . The game sold well in North America , becoming part of Nintendo 's set of Player 's Choice games , which lowers the retail price to 19 . 99 if the game has sold at least 250 , 000 copies . The gameplay present in the game was subject to mixed opinions amongst critics . IGN lauded the game 's battle system as very balanced , amazingly quick , and still a lot of fun , but accepted that the battle designs were a bit basic . GameSpot provided a more negative review , deriding the game 's different modes as seriously boring and predictable , as well as criticizing the lack of significant differences in the playing style of the game 's characters . GameSpot characterized the voice acting as having some of the worst stereotypes of anime voice acting , and noted the lack of unlockable items and other incentives to continue play . G4 's X Play gave Clash of Ninja two out of five stars , lambasting the fighting engine as one of the laziest , most oversimplified engines ever seen in a 3D fighting game , and ridiculously basic . X Play also criticized the lack of a significant plot in the story mode and the lack of use of cutscenes or unlockable items . GameSpy commented on this , noting that considering the charm of the source material , the game is really a disappointment . The cel shaded graphics and audio received acclaim from reviewers , with GameSpot praising the game 's smooth , powerful looking animations , as well as extolling how powerful sound effects and a driving soundtrack contributed to the game 's overall feel . GameSpy noted that the game manages to shine in the visual department , making note of how the varied graphical details were fluid and precise and doesn 't ever slow down or become choppy . X Play , however , considered the graphics underwhelming , criticizing the lack of significant usage of animation and cinematic scenes , and remarking that the graphics follow the rest of the game 's lead .
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2,562 | The Accounting Review is a bimonthly peer reviewed academic journal published by the American Accounting Association ( AAA ) that covers accounting with a scope encompassing any accounting related subject and any research unk Accounting Review is one of the oldest accounting journals , and recent studies considered it to be one of the leading academic journals in accounting . The Accounting Review was established in 1926 . In its early decades , the journal tended to publish articles that would be of interest to accounting practitioners , but over time it shifted towards a preference for quantitative model building and mathematical rigor . In the 1980s the AAA began to publish two other journals , Issues in Accounting Education and Accounting Horizons , that were more relevant to accounting educators and accounting practitioners respectively , to allow The Accounting Review to focus more heavily on quantitative articles . Overview and history The Accounting Review is a bimonthly peer reviewed academic journal covering accounting , and is the flagship journal of the American Accounting Association . Its current Senior Editor is Mark L. unk ( University of Southern California ) . The journal 's scope encompasses any accounting related subject and any research methodology as of 2010 the proportions of papers accepted for publication across subject areas and research methods was very similar to the proportion of papers received for review . Submissions to The Accounting Review are reviewed by editorial board members and ad hoc reviewers . In 2009 , the journal received over 500 new submissions a year , and about 9 of the decision letters sent to authors were acceptances or conditional acceptances . Establishment to 1960s The Accounting Review , launched in 1926 by William Andrew Paton , is one of the oldest academic journals in accounting . The American Association of University Instructors of Accounting , which later became the American Accounting Association , originally proposed that the association publish a Quarterly Journal of unk , but the proposal did not see fruition , and The Accounting Review was subsequently born . Paton served as editor and production manager in the journal 's first three years . In the first few decades following the journal 's establishment , leading authors in The Accounting Review tended to write articles that would be of interest to accounting practitioners . The journal published articles that focused on accounting education and issues related to particular industries and trade groups , with many articles using anecdotal evidence and hypothetical illustrations . The longest serving editor during this period was Eric Kohler , an accounting practitioner Kohler served as editor from 1928 to 1942 . From the 1940s to the 1960s , The Accounting Review published articles of greater diversity , and leading authors during this period tended to have less practical accounting experience and more formal education . During this period , the three individuals that accounted for most of the editorial duties of the journal were A. C. Littleton ( 1944 1947 ) , Frank Smith ( 1950 1959 ) and Robert unk ( 1960 1962 ) , all of whom either had practical accounting experience , or were leading authors prior to 1945 , when the journal was oriented towards the accounting practice . 1960s to present In the 1960s , the journal shifted towards a preference for quantitative model building including econometric models and time series models , and accepted more articles by non accountants who contributed ideas from other disciplines in solving accounting related problems . Since the late 1970s , accounting professors have opined that the journal was sacrificing relevance for mathematical rigor , and by 1982 , accounting researchers realized that mathematical analysis and empirical research were a necessary condition for articles to be accepted . In the 1980s , the AAA began to publish two other journals , Issues in Accounting Education and Accounting Horizons . Issues in Accounting Education , first published in 1983 , was created to better serve accounting educators , while Accounting Horizons , first published in 1987 , focused more on issues facing accounting practitioners . This permitted the journal to focus more heavily on quantitative papers that became increasingly difficult for practitioners and many teachers of accounting to comprehend . Between the 1980s and the 2000s , with the rise of databases such as unk and EDGAR and software such as SAS , articles became mathematically more rigorous with increasingly sophisticated statistical analyses , and accounting practitioners comprised a decreasing proportion of authors in the journal . Impact According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal had a 2012 impact factor of 2 . 319 , ranking it 6th out of 89 journals in the category Business , Finance . Recent studies on accounting research and on doctoral programs in accounting considered The Accounting Review to be one of six leading accounting journals , and it is also one of the journals used by the Financial Times to compile its business school research rank . unk and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index , Current Contents Social Behavioral Sciences , and Scopus .
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2,563 | South Africa competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London with a team of 62 athletes . The South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee ( SASCOC ) , which is the National Paralympic Committee of South Africa , announced a team of 62 competitors for the 2012 Paralympics on 20 June 2012 . The team of 45 men and 17 women were accompanied by 45 managers , coaches and other support staff . SASCOC released the team 's schedule on 17 August 2012 . In a surprise announcement in London on 8 September the South African Minister of Sport and Recreation unk unk said that Paralympic medal winners and their coaches would receive the same performance bonuses that their Olympic counterparts were promised . The amounts initially promised were significantly lower . The minister said the original plan was discriminatory . Medallists The following South African competitors won medals at the games . Athletics South African track and field athletes won a combined 17 medals at the Games , four gold , seven silver and six bronze . Sprinter Oscar Pistorius , who carried the nation 's flag at the opening ceremony , was the most successful South African athlete winning individual gold in the T44 400 metres , gold in the 4 100 metres relay T42 46 , setting world records in both , and individual silver in the T44 200 metres . In the 200 metres event Pistorius set a new world record in his heat , but he was defeated in the final by Brazilian Alan Oliveira . After the race Pistorius raised an issue about the length of Oliveira 's blades , he later apologised for the timing of his remarks , but not the content of his complaint . The IPC confirmed the length of Oliveira s blades were proportional to his body and legal , but expressed willingness to engage with Pistorius about the issue . Key Note Ranks given for preliminary rounds are within the athlete 's heat only Q Qualified for the next round q Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or by position without achieving the qualifying target AF African record NR National record SB Seasonal Best PB Personal Best N A Round not applicable for the event Bye Athlete not required to compete in round DNS Did not start Withdrawn Men track Men field Women track Women field Management Team Manager Dion Bishop Coaches Suzanne Ferreira , Zelda Hansen , Hennie unk , Karin le Roux , Ampie Louw Team assistant Neels unk Helper unk du Preez . Cycling Key DNF Did not finish N A Round not applicable for the event Road Track Management team Manager Mike Burns Coach Ricky unk Mechanic Pieter Jansen . Equestrian A team of four represented South Africa in the equestrian competition , one man and three women , although Paralympic equestrian competition is not divided by gender . The competition consists of three dressage events , a championship test , a freestyle test and a team test . There are five competitor classes Ia , Ib , II , III and IV , with Ia being the most and IV the least impaired . Individual Team Indicates the three best individual scores that count towards the team total . Management team Manager Tracey Cumming Coach Chris unk Vet unk unk Grooms Enoch Cele , Anton unk , Elizabeth Newsome , Teri Smith Rowing Qualification Key FA Final A ( medal ) FB Final B ( non medal ) R Repechage Management Manager coach Marco unk Swimming Natalie du Toit , a veteran of three Paralympics and one Olympics , announced her retirement from competitive swimming after this event . South Africa 's first gold medal came from du Toit winning gold in the women 's 100 m butterfly S9 . Key Note Ranks given for preliminary rounds are within the athlete 's heat only Q Qualified for the next round q Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or by position without achieving the qualifying target AF African record NR National record N A Round not applicable for the event Bye Athlete not required to compete in round DNS Did not start Withdrawn Men Women Management team Manager unk unk Coach unk Toros Coach tapper Karin Hugo Tapper helper unk Meyer Wheelchair basketball South Africa 's men 's wheelchair basketball team were in Group A with Australia , Italy , Spain , Turkey and the United States . Competing athletes are given an eight level score specific to wheelchair basketball , ranging from 0 . 5 to 4 . 5 with lower scores representing a higher degree of disability . The sum score of all players on the court cannot exceed 14 . Men 's tournament Group stage 11th 12th place match Management team Manager Willie unk Coach Patrick Fick Assistant coach unk unk Technical coach Franck Belen Wheelchair tennis Management team Manager coach Holger unk Assistant coach unk unk . General team management The following people made up the team 's senior management Chef de Mission Pieter Badenhorst Project manager unk Maharaj Manager ( logistics ) Clifford unk Logistics unk unk Manager ( athletes services ) Chantelle Jardim Athlete services Dumisani unk Chief medical officer Wayne unk Chief physiotherapist Grace Hughes Doctor Paul unk unk Given unk , Edwin unk , unk Davids , unk Edwards , Dan unk , unk unk Classifier unk van der unk
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2,564 | Hasaan Ibn Ali ( born William Henry Langford , Jr . May 6 , 1931 1980 ) was an American jazz pianist and composer . Ibn Ali was strongly influenced by Elmo Hope , and his playing was rapid and intense , retaining a sense of rhythm even when his style became increasingly unconventional . Several recordings of his playing may exist , but only one The Max Roach Trio Featuring the Legendary Hasaan has been released . Ibn Ali built a reputation in Philadelphia , where he influenced musicians including John Coltrane , but he remained little known elsewhere . Life and career Hasaan Ibn Ali was born William Henry Langford , Jr. in Philadelphia on May 6 , 1931 . In 1946 ( aged 15 ) he toured with trumpeter Joe Morris 's rhythm and blues band . In 1950 he played locally with Clifford Brown , Miles Davis , J. J. Johnson , Max Roach , and others . Based in Philadelphia , Ibn Ali did freelance work and built a reputation locally as an original composer and theorist , in musicologist Lewis Porter 's words . The pianist played with Horace Arnold in New York City in 1959 , and again in 1961 62 , this time in a trio with Henry Grimes . According to Roach , on visits to New York , Ibn Ali went from club to club to play , and sometimes went to the drummer 's home in the middle of the night to continue playing , alone , on the piano there . Ibn Ali remained an obscure figure until his only released recording , The Max Roach Trio Featuring the Legendary Hasaan , which was recorded on December 4 and 7 , 1964 , and released six months later . The trio contained Roach and bassist Art Davis , and the album consisted of seven tracks , all written by Ibn Ali . The recording opportunity was initiated by Roach , who used his influence with the owner of Atlantic Records to secure the session for Ibn Ali . Alan unk , in his liner notes to the album , wrote For a while it appeared that it was Hasaan Ibn Ali 's destiny to be known to those who had heard of him at all as the extraordinary jazz pianist from Philadelphia who had never made a record . After the album , Ibn Ali returned to obscurity . According to music journalist Tom Moon , Ibn Ali was Described by ( usually tolerant ) jazz musicians as eccentric and or unstable . Saxophonist unk Pope , who was mentored by Ibn Ali , stated that the pianist was so advanced that musicians shied away from him . ... He was very dedicated , very sincere , but also very outspoken ... If he were in a club , and the pianist wasn 't making it , Hasaan would push him right off the bench and start playing himself . Ibn Ali had further studio sessions , with Pope , Art Davis and drummer Khalil Madi , on August 23 and September 7 , 1965 . However , the master tapes of the unreleased recordings were said to have been destroyed in a fire at the record label 's warehouse in 1976 . The Library of Congress has a 1964 recording of an Ibn Ali solo improvisation , recorded at Roach 's home . John Murph in JazzTimes described it in 2014 as Thoroughly modern with a whimsical rhythmic undertow and wayward melodic passages , it sounds like a new Jason Moran composition . Reckless with his health , Hasaan died young , commented writer Geoffrey Haydon in 2002 . The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz states that Ibn Ali died in Philadelphia in 1980 ( aged 48 or 49 ) . Playing style and influences A contemporary reviewer for The Glasgow Herald commented on Ibn Ali 's playing on the Atlantic album with Roach that One 's first reaction is astonishment at the blazing finger technique , ... and the complete individuality of his harmonics sic . AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow described Ibn Ali 's playing on the album as intense , somewhat virtuosic and rhythmic , yet often melodic in a quirky way . Drummer Sherman Ferguson said of Ibn Ali , he was a prime example of somebody that was very avant garde in some ways , but he was always musical . So people of all ages liked his music , even when he played out . ... He had that thing , where he had a natural feeling . He got to the thing where it swung no matter what he was doing . Saxophonist Benny Golson commented that Ibn Ali became very skilled at the modern sounds , and then went right past them into something very esoteric . He went way out there . I guess you could say his brakes didn 't work . Jazz critic Kenny Mathieson described Ibn Ali as An Elmo Hope acolyte with a rhythmic quirkiness that had him compared with Thelonious Monk and Herbie Nichols . Ibn Ali himself credited Hope with being his main inspiration by meeting Mr Hope it was like talking to and having acquaintance with the mystery of music , who explained not by the ruler or lip but with music . So from him I heard how to learn . Legacy Pope credits Ibn Ali with influencing saxophonist John Coltrane 's sheets of sound approach . Ibn Ali examined the possibilities of playing fourths , and of using chord progressions that moved by seconds or thirds instead of fifths , in playing a variety of scales and arpeggios against each chord features later used extensively in Coltrane 's playing . A home recording of Ibn Ali playing with Coltrane and others in 1952 may exist . Pope also commented that every important musician who came out of this area Philadelphia in the fifties and sixties , including McCoy Tyner , learned from him .
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2,565 | Extreme Spots is the first episode of the ninth season and the 179th overall episode of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on July 21 , 2012 . The series follows the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . In this episode , SpongeBob and Patrick try to do their best to join extreme sports team the Drasticals , no matter how extreme , dangerous , or ludicrous it gets . It will see the duo try their hand at sand motor biking , hang gliding , seashell surfing and even extreme bubble blowing . The episode was written by Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen , and was directed by Tom Yasumi . The episode features the guest appearance of Johnny Knoxville as the voice of Johnny Krill . Upon release , the episode drew 3 . 7 million viewers , and was met with positive reviews . Plot summary SpongeBob and Patrick are at the Sand Mountain where they see the Drasticals , doing extreme sports . A British fancy fish tells them about the Drasticals , and because he spoke in lisp , they have mistaken for extreme spots . Covered with jellyfish sting spots , SpongeBob and Patrick stand in front of the team , wanting the Drasticals to join them because of their extreme spots . Johnny Krill , the leader of the Drasticals , corrects them for sports and lets them try to be Drasticals . Johnny gives SpongeBob and Patrick tasks to do to pass , including unk and surfing , but they ended up to be terrible at it . Johnny decides that his team 's activities are too extreme for SpongeBob and Patrick . Eventually , SpongeBob tells Johnny various activities they can do that are extreme . SpongeBob and Patrick do ordinary activities , then the Drasticals make it extreme because Johnny was unimpressed . Johnny asks if SpongeBob and Patrick can do other activities and SpongeBob says there is one sport unk . And while they are doing it , the Drasticals catch jellyfish extremely . Later , the team got injured and are covered in jellyfish stings saying that the spots are way extreme . Production Extreme Spots was written by Luke Brookshier , Marc Ceccarelli , and Derek Iversen , and was directed by Tom Yasumi . Brookshier and Ceccarelli also functioned as storyboard directors . The episode was the first regular length episode to be produced in high definition . It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on July 21 , 2013 , with a TV Y7 parental rating . It was a part of the network 's The Super Spongy Square Games marathon which debuted sports themed episodes of the series . In addition to the regular cast , American stunt performer and Jackass actor Johnny Knoxville guest starred in the episode as the voice of Johnny Krill , the leader of an extreme sports team called the Drasticals and a champion of undersea extreme sports . The writing staff wrote the episode specifically for Knoxville . Executive producer Paul Tibbitt said Nickelodeon wanted to do a show about extreme sports and the first thing that came to mind was Johnny Knoxville , because there are few humans living that are as extreme as him . Knoxville accepted the role because he is a fan of the show . Knoxville said I got a lot of street cred in the office for doing SpongeBob . Everyone is psyched ... As soon as I was done recording this episode , I started begging them to let me come back and record another one . Knoxville asked if he needed to come up with a funny voice for his character . However , the producers said No , we want your voice . Knoxville claimed that it 's not easy providing a vocal cameo . He added It 's a different kind of work . Aside from providing vocal cameo , Knoxville also did a photo shoot with a SpongeBob plush toy for the episode . Knoxville said They loaded me up with a bunch of unk Every toy they ever made skateboards , wristbands , all kinds of great stuff . They just don 't quit with the perks . He added They the crews let me do my own stunts for this episode . It was amazing . On January 15 , 2013 , Extreme Spots became available on the DVD compilation SpongeBob SquarePants Extreme Kah Rah Tay along with fellow eighth and ninth season episodes Squid Defense , The Way of the Sponge , House Sittin ' For Sandy , The Krabby Patty That Ate Bikini Bottom , Squirrel Record , Face Freeze , and Demolition unk . Reception The premiere of Extreme Spots on July 21 , 2012 as part of The Super Spongy Square Games marathon scored 3 . 7 million total viewers , ranking as the most watched kids program among total viewers for the entire week . The episode , alongside Squirrel Record , Demolition unk , and Face Freeze , posted a double digit increase with kid demographic , averaging 5 . 57 million Kids 2 11 ( 50 ) from 2011 . Extreme Spots received positive reviews from critics . Paul Mavis of DVD Talk enjoyed the episode and said ' Extreme Spots ' gets big laughs from some very funny bits . He added that the stereotypical Britisher fish , complete with monocle and bad teeth , is a scream . In his review for the Inside Pulse , Joe Corey said that the episode is equally dangerous with the remaining episodes of the Extreme Kah Rah Tay DVD .
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2,566 | Aonchotheca forresteri is a parasitic nematode that infects the marsh rice rat ( Oryzomys palustris ) in Florida . Occurring mainly in adults , it inhabits the stomach . It is much more common during the wet season , perhaps because its unknown intermediate host is an earthworm that only emerges when it rains . The worm was discovered in 1970 and formally described in 1987 . Originally classified in the genus Capillaria , it was reclassified in Aonchotheca in 1999 . A. forresteri is small and narrow bodied , with a length of 13 . 8 to 19 . 4 mm in females and 6 . 8 to 9 . 2 mm in males . Similar species such as A. putorii differ in features of the alae and spicule ( organs in the male ) , the size of the female , and the texture of the eggs . Taxonomy Aonchotheca forresteri was discovered during a survey of the endoparasites of Florida marsh rice rats ( Oryzomys palustris ) by John Kinsella from 1970 to 1972 , and is one of several new parasite species in this study , which was done because there were no previous comprehensive studies of the endoparasites of the species . Together with Danny Pence , Kinsella described the worm in a 1987 paper as Capillaria forresteri the specific name honors Donald J. Forrester of the College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Florida . Kinsella and Pence described it as one of many species of Capillaria , a large and taxonomically difficult genus . They suggested that it may be closest to some other small species that live in the digestive systems of mammals , such as the very similar C. putorii , which is found in a variety of carnivorans in North America and Europe . In 1982 , Moravec had placed Capillaria putorii and a number of related species in a separate genus , Aonchotheca , and in 1999 unk and Bain transferred Capillaria forresteri and various other species to that genus from Capillaria . Thus , the species is now known as Aonchotheca forresteri . Description Aonchotheca forresteri is a small , narrow bodied worm . It is narrowest at the front and increases in width to about three fourths of its length . The cuticle , the surface layer , is smooth . Females are 13 . 8 to 19 . 4 mm long , averaging 16 . 9 mm , which makes them substantially longer than female A. putorii , and 55 to 70 ( average 62 ) m wide . The eggs are smooth , lacking the elaborate pattern on the surface seen in A. putorii , and are 53 to 58 ( 54 ) m long and 21 to 24 ( 21 ) m broad . The esophagus , the frontmost part of the digestive system , is 2 . 9 to 3 . 9 ( 3 . 6 ) mm long and is lined by 36 to 45 ( 40 ) cells known as unk . The vulva is located 66 to 105 ( 83 ) m behind the end of the esophagus and the anus is near the end of the worm , which is rounded . At 6 . 8 to 9 . 2 ( 7 . 7 ) mm , males are only about half as long as females . Their maximum width is 34 to 42 ( 37 ) m . The length of the esophagus is 2 . 3 to 3 . 0 ( 2 . 6 ) mm , of which the muscular pharynx makes up 260 to 315 ( 273 ) m , and is lined by 35 to 42 ( 37 ) unk . The back region of the worm is 4 . 5 to 6 . 2 ( 5 . 1 ) mm long . The back , or rectal , opening of the digestive tube is located near the end of the worm , and the length of the cloaca is 530 to 576 ( 550 ) m . Near the back end , there are two alae ( ridges ) at the sides ( laterally ) , which are 40 to 55 ( 46 ) m long these are located at 10 to 15 m from another , small ala at the tip . In A. putorii , the lateral alae are much longer and reach the ala at the tip . The spicule , a unk structure that functions in reproduction , is curved at the tip and hardened and has a length of 380 to 426 ( 406 ) m . It is smaller than that of the similar A. unk from North American chipmunks and larger than that of A. unk from various North American and European small rodents , but about as long as that of A. putorii , which however lacks the curved tip . Distribution and ecology Marsh rice rats from Paynes Prairie , Alachua County Cedar Key , Levy County and Lake unk , Highlands County , all in Florida , have yielded A. forresteri . In Paynes Prairie , the type locality , 82 of 178 animals examined were infected with 1 to 50 ( average 10 ) worms , but in Cedar Key only a single rat contained one worm . The worms were found in the front part , or fundus , of the stomach , with their front ends in the unk tissue and their back ends projecting into the inside . In Paynes Prairie , there was no significant difference in rate of infection between males and females , but only 4 of juveniles were infected , compared to 52 of adults . Most species of Capillaria occur in multiple hosts , but A. forresteri has been found only in the marsh rice rat , even though several other small mammals ( the round tailed muskrat , Neofiber alleni cotton mouse , Peromyscus gossypinus hispid cotton rat , Sigmodon hispidus and marsh rabbit , Sylvilagus palustris ) occur in Paynes Prairie . The rice rat eats more animal food than any of those , and perhaps A. forresteri has an intermediate host that is not eaten by the other species . A. forresteri is markedly more prevalent in the wet season ( spring ) than the dry season ( autumn ) , perhaps because rainfall patterns influence the habits of the rice rat in some way . One possibility is that the intermediate host is an earthworm or other oligochaete worm that moves to the surface when it rains .
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2,567 | Wild Pilgrimage is the third wordless novel of American artist Lynd Ward ( 1905 1985 ) , published in 1932 . It was executed in 108 monochromatic wood engravings , printed alternately in black ink when representing reality and orange to represent the protagonist 's fantasies . The story tells of a factory worker who abandons his workplace to seek a free life on his travels he witnesses a lynching , assaults a farmer 's wife , educates himself with a hermit , and upon returning to the factory leads an unsuccessful workers ' revolt . The protagonist finds himself battling opposing dualities such as freedom versus responsibility , the individual versus society , and love versus death . Ward simplified his approach after the more complex , novelistic story of his previous book , Madman 's Drum ( 1930 ) , returning to the simplicity of his first , Gods ' Man ( 1929 ) . Wild Pilgrimage achieves more fluid pacing and varied imagery than the first two books , incorporating the influence of art movements such as American Regionalism and Futurism . Synopsis A factory worker leaves his place of work to live a free life . He travels deep into the woods , where he witnesses a lynching . Deeper in the woods , he finds farm work , but it does not last long when discovered attempting to enact his sexual fantasies on the farmer 's wife , the man is forced off the farm . He finds refuge with a hermit , who allows him to stay in his cottage and teaches the man to grow fruits and vegetables . The man educates himself with the hermit 's books . He finds himself in a reverie in which he and the hermit battle a slave owning capitalist . The man returns to his former place of employment and rouses a workers ' rebellion . During the fray , he fantasizes that he decapitates his employer 's head when he raises it , he discovers the head to be his own . Awakening from the fantasy , he is felled in the midst of the battle . Background Born in Chicago , Lynd Ward ( 1905 1985 ) was a son of Methodist minister Harry F. Ward ( 1873 1966 ) , a social activist and the first chairman of the American Civil Liberties Union . Throughout his career , Ward displayed in his work the influence of his father 's interest in social injustice . The younger Ward was early drawn to art , and contributed art and text to high school and college newspapers . After graduating from university in 1926 , Ward married writer May McNeer and the couple left for an extended honeymoon in Europe . Ward spent a year studying wood engraving in Leipzig , Germany , where he encountered German Expressionist art and read the wordless novel The Sun ( 1919 ) by Flemish woodcut artist Frans Masereel ( 1889 1972 ) . Ward returned to the United States and freelanced his illustrations . In 1929 , he came across German artist Otto Nckel 's wordless novel Destiny ( 1926 ) in New York City . Nckel 's only work in the genre , Destiny told of the life and death of a prostitute in a style inspired by that of Masereel , but with a greater cinematic flow . The work inspired Ward to create a wordless novel of his own , Gods ' Man ( 1929 ) , which he followed the next year with Madman 's Drum , a story with a much more complicated plot and developed characters than the first . Ward returned to the simpler , more streamlined style of the first book with Wild Pilgrimage . Production and publication history The 108 prints for Wild Pilgrimage were larger than in Ward 's previous two books the original printing of the book itself measured 10 by 7 inches ( 25 cm 18 cm ) . The reality portions are printed in black ink , and the fantasy segments in orange . The book saw print in November 1932 , published by Harrison Smith and Robert Haas . Style and analysis Unlike Ward 's previous books , which had titles between scenes , Wild Pilgrimage provides the reader with no textual cues . In 1937 Irvin Haas called Wild Pilgrimage the book in which Ward became a master of his medium , praising in particular the quality of the clarity and richness of the artwork . Freedom and responsibility , individuality and society , and love and death are among the binaries the symbolic work abounds in . Cartoonist Art Spiegelman comments that Ward had mastered a fluid rhythm of pacing with his third book , unk a flow that minimized the need for the reader to spend time deciphering images before moving to the next page , while encouraging multiple readings and interpretations . At the same time , Spiegelman writes , the images reward a closer look on rereading . Ward 's images offer a diversity of textures , moods , detail , and composition , and mix in influence from movements such as American Regionalism and Futurism . The seeming homoeroticism in the artwork drew attention , such as the prominent rear shots of the protagonist , the sort of imagery that prompted Susan Sontag to note Ward 's work in her 1964 essay Notes on ' Camp ' . Writer Sarah Boxer found the prominence of such imagery distracting . Spiegelman defends the book against critics who smirk at the Ward 's artwork 's affinity with the fetishistic figures and landscape of Thomas Hart Benton and the homoerotic art of Tom of Finland , saying the book 's passion and even its off sexual unk are among its strengths , and calls it in some ways the most accessible and satisfying of Ward 's books .
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2,568 | The Yugoslav submarine Osvetnik ( Avenger ) was the first of the Osvetnik class diesel electric submarines built by Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire , Nantes , France for the navy of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( later Yugoslavia ) . She was launched in 1929 , and was built to a partial double hull Simonot design similar to the French Circ class . She was armed with six 550 mm ( 22 in ) torpedo tubes , one 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) gun , and one 40 mm ( 1 . 6 in ) anti aircraft gun , and could dive to 80 metres ( 260 ft ) . Prior to World War II she participated in several cruises to Mediterranean ports . During the German led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , she was captured by Italian forces at the Bay of Kotor . Initially designated N1 , her armament was changed and her conning tower modified . Due to her age and shallow diving depth , when she was commissioned into the Regia Marina as Francesco Rismondo her service was limited to training and experimentation . She was scuttled off the island of Corsica by the Germans shortly after her capture in September 1943 following the Italian surrender . Description and construction Yugoslav naval policy in the interwar period lacked direction until the mid 1920s , although it was generally accepted that the Adriatic coastline was effectively a sea frontier that the naval arm was responsible for securing with the limited resources made available to it . In 1926 , a modest ten year construction program was initiated to build up a force of submarines , coastal torpedo boats , torpedo bombers and conventional bomber aircraft to perform this role . The Osvetnik class submarines were one of the acquisitions aimed at developing a naval force capable of meeting this challenge . Osvetnik was built for the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( later Yugoslavia ) by the Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire company at Nantes , France . Her partial double hull design , was based on a Simonot design , similar to the French Circ class . Her Serbo Croatian name translates as Avenger . Along with her sister submarine Smeli , she had an overall length of 66 . 5 m ( 218 ft 2 in ) , a beam of 5 . 4 m ( 17 ft 9 in ) , and a surfaced draught of 3 . 8 m ( 12 ft 6 in ) . Her surfaced displacement was 630 long tons ( 640 t ) , or ( 809 long tons ( 822 t ) submerged , and her crew consisted of 43 officers and enlisted men . She had an operational depth of 80 m ( 260 ft ) . She had two shafts driven by two MAN ( Maschinenfabrik ) diesel engines ( when surfaced ) or two Nancy electric motors ( when submerged ) , and carried 25 tonnes ( 25 long tons ) of fuel oil . The diesel engines were rated at 1 , 480 bhp ( 1 , 100 kW ) and the electric motors at 1 , 000 shp ( 750 kW ) , and she was designed to reach a top speed of 14 . 5 knots ( 26 . 9 km h 16 . 7 mph ) under diesel power while surfaced , and 9 . 2 knots ( 17 . 0 km h 10 . 6 mph ) on her electric motors when submerged . She was armed with six 550 mm ( 22 in ) torpedo tubes ( four bow mounted , two stern mounted ) , one 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) gun , and one 40 mm ( 1 . 6 in ) anti aircraft gun . She had a surfaced radius of action of 3 , 500 nautical miles ( 6 , 500 km 4 , 000 mi ) at 9 knots ( 17 km h 10 mph ) , and 75 nautical miles ( 139 km 86 mi ) at 5 knots ( 9 . 3 km h 5 . 8 mph ) submerged . Service history Osvetnik was the first of her class , and the third submarine of the navy of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , which subsequently became the Royal Yugoslav Navy . She and her sister submarine Smeli arrived in the Bay of Kotor on 9 December 1929 . In 1932 , the British naval attach reported that Yugoslav ships engaged in few exercises , maneuvers or gunnery training due to reduced budgets . In September 1933 , Osvetnik and the British designed submarine Neboja cruised the southern part of the central Mediterranean . In August 1935 , Osvetnik visited Malta , this time in company with the British designed submarine Hrabri . In August 1936 , Neboja and Osvetnik visited the Greek island of Corfu . When the German led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941 , she was located in the Bay of Kotor on the southern Adriatic coast along with the three other submarines of the flotilla . On 10 April , Osvetnik and Hrabri received orders for an operation against the Italian enclave of Zara on the Dalmatian coastline , but the mission did not proceed . She was subsequently captured by the Italian XVII Corps at the Bay of Kotor . Still in good condition , she was taken as war booty , and initially designated N1 . She was refitted and modernised at Pola in the upper Adriatic , which involved the replacement of some of her armament and modifications to her conning tower . After these modifications , her displacement was 665 long tons ( 676 t ) ( 822 long tons ( 835 t ) submerged ) . She was commissioned by the Italians as the Bajamonti class Francesco Rismondo , named after Francesco Rismondo , a Dalmatian born Italian hero of World War I. Despite her submerged stability and good diving rate , her age and shallow diving depth meant that she was only used for training and experimentation . On 14 September 1943 , she was captured by the Germans at Bonifacio at the southern tip of the island of Corsica , and they scuttled her four days later . Books
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2,569 | Cuthbert ( died 26 October 760 ) was a medieval Anglo Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury in England . Prior to his elevation to Canterbury , he was abbot of a monastic house , and perhaps may have been Bishop of Hereford also , but evidence for his holding Hereford mainly dates from after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 . While Archbishop , he held church councils and built a new church in Canterbury . It was during Cuthbert 's archbishopric that the Diocese of York was raised to an archbishopric . Cuthbert died in 760 and was later regarded as a saint . Early life and Hereford Of noble birth , Cuthbert is first recorded as the Abbot of Lyminge , from where he was elevated to the See of Hereford in 736 . The identification of the Cuthbert who was Bishop of Hereford with the Cuthbert who became archbishop , however , comes from Florence of Worcester and other post Conquest sources . The contemporary record in the Anglo Saxon Chronicle says that Cuthbert was consecrated archbishop , where if he had been Bishop of Hereford , he would have been translated . No consecration is needed when a bishop is translated from one see to another . Given the nature of the sources , the identification of the bishop of Hereford with the archbishop of Canterbury , while likely , must not be regarded as proven . If Cuthbert was at Hereford , he served in that capacity for four years before his elevation to the See of Canterbury in 740 . He is credited with the composition of an epitaph for the tomb of his three predecessors at Hereford . The cathedral church of the see may not even have been located at Hereford by Cuthbert 's time . Whoever Cuthbert was prior to his election to Canterbury , he probably owed his selection as archbishop to the influence of thelbald , King of Mercia . A number of Mercians were appointed to Canterbury during the 730s and 740s , which suggests that Mercian authority was expanding into Kent . Canterbury Cuthbert was the recipient of a long letter from Boniface who complained about the lax morals of the clergy in the British Isles , and too much drinking of alcohol by the Anglo Saxon bishops . Cuthbert also sent letters to Lull who was Archbishop of Mainz and a native of England . During Cuthbert 's time as archbishop he no longer claimed authority over all of Britain , like his predecessor Theodore . Pope Gregory III in 735 had sent a pallium to the bishop of York , raising the see of York to the status of an archbishopric . As a sign of the enhanced status of York , Cuthbert only consecrated bishops south of the Humber and his synods were attended only by bishops from the south of England . Cuthbert presided over the Council of Clovesho in 747 along with thelbald of Mercia . This gathering mandated that all clergy should explain the basic tenets of Christianity to the laity , as well as legislating on clerical dress , control of monasteries , and the behavior of the clergy . It also mandated that each diocese hold a synod to proclaim the decisions of the council . Cuthbert sent his deacon unk to Pope Gregory III after the council with a report on the council and its resolutions . This action may have been taken in response to Boniface 's complaints about Cuthbert and thelbald to the papacy . The actions of the council were also gathered into a collection at Cuthbert 's command . After the council , Cuthbert continued to correspond with Boniface up until Boniface 's martyrdom in 754 , and then sent condolences to Boniface 's successor . Cuthbert held a second synod in 758 , but nothing is known of any enactments it made . He also built the church of St. John the Baptist in Canterbury , which was destroyed by fire in 1067 . He was buried in his new church . The new church was located on the west side of the cathedral , and was used as a baptistery . The church also became a burial site for many of the archbishops , and later was used for trials by ordeal . There is no explicit contemporary reference that states that these uses were intended by Cuthbert , but the fact that the church was dedicated to St. John the Baptist argues strongly that Cuthbert at least intended the new building as a baptistery . The burial practices of the archbishops did change after Cuthbert , but it is not clear whether this was intended by Cuthbert , as a Post Conquest Canterbury cartulary has it , or due to other reasons , unconnected with Cuthbert . Although Sonia Hawkes argues that the change in burial customs , which extended over most of Britain , resulted from Cuthbert 's mandating burial in church yards , instead of outside the city limits as had been the custom previously . However , the main evidence for this theory is a 16th century tradition at Canterbury and the archaeological evidence of a change in burial patterns . Although a change did occur , the archaeological evidence does not give a reason why this change happened , and given the late date of the Canterbury tradition , the theory cannot be considered proven . Death and legacy Cuthbert died on 26 October 760 , and was later considered a saint with a feast day of 26 October . He was buried in his church of St. John , and was the first Archbishop of Canterbury that was not buried in St Augustine 's Abbey . His letters to the Anglo Saxon missionaries on the European continent show him to have been highly educated .
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2,570 | Inolvidable ( Unforgettable ) is a song written by Julio Gutirrez in 1944 . It is considered one of the most popular boleros released during the Cuban musical movement led by pianists . The song has been recorded by several performers , including Roberto Carlos , Diego El Cigala , Fania All Stars , Eydie unk , Danny Rivera , Tito Rodrguez and Bebo Valds , among others . In the song , the protagonist kisses different lips looking for new sensations , haunted by the memory of a past love . The song has experienced popular acclaim , especially with the version recorded by Mexican singer Luis Miguel on his album Romance released in 1991 . This version peaked at the top of the Billboard Top Latin Songs chart in the United States , and the album was deemed as responsible for reviving the bolero genre . Background and composition Inolvidable was written by Cuban pianist Julio Gutirrez . Gutirrez was born in Manzanillo , Cuba , and at age six he played piano and at 14 he directed his own orchestra . In 1940 , the Orchestra Casino de la Playa toured eastern Cuba , and on that tour unk Valds met Gutirrez and suggested he should go to the capital ( Havana ) , where better opportunities would arise . Months later , Gutirrez moved to the capital , and was hired as a pianist in the orchestra Casino de la Playa . Inolvidable , written in 1944 , was released during the Cuban musical movement led by pianists , in which Gutirrez participated . Two songs composed by Gutirrez , Inolvidable and unk de Luna ( Crying Moon ) , were highly successful boleros in Latin America . In 1992 , a compilation album including an instrumental version of the song performed by Gutirrez was released . Musically Inolvidable is a bolero . According to Rodrigo Bazn , in his book Y Si Vivo Cien Aos ... Antologa del Bolero en Mxico , the song was not different from others that were released at the time about unhappy love , but differed from other popular genres that based their lyrics on the lack of love such as tango . With the song , Julio Gutirrez joined the list of prominent unk in Cuba . Lyrically , the song presents the protagonist kissing different lips and looking for new sensations ( He unk otras unk unk nuevas unk ) . Performers In 1963 , Tito Rodrguez recorded Inolvidable on his album From Tito Rodrguez with Love . The song became very successful , selling one and a half million units . Musical ensemble Fania All Stars released their first studio album Tribute to Tito Rodrguez in 1976 and included a cover version of Inolvidable . The album was originally intended to feature the group in a supporting role for Rodrguez , but resulted in a tribute album after the singer died from leukemia in early 1973 . Brazilian singer songwriter Roberto Carlos included his version of the song on the album unk Que unk Tudo Pro Inferno in 1975 . Puerto Rican Danny Rivera recorded a tribute album titled Inolvidable Tito A Mi Me Pasa lo Mismo Que a Usted , including a version of Inolvidable . The album received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Pop Performance . In 1988 , American singer Eydie unk had her version of the track on the album De Corazn a Corazn . Cuban pianist Bebo Valds and Spanish flamenco performer Diego El Cigala recorded the track for their collaborative album Lgrimas Negras . The album was produced in 2003 by Academy Award winner Fernando Trueba , sold 200 , 000 units in Spain and won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Traditional Tropical Album . Luis Miguel version Mexican singer Luis Miguel released the 1991 album Romance , which was produced by Miguel and Mexican singer songwriter Armando Manzanero , and included a selection of classic boleros . The success of the album revived the interest for bolero , even though the new musical arrangements of the songs make them unrecognizable . Romance received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Pop Album ( which it lost to Jon Secada 's Otro Da Ms Sin Verte ) , was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold seven million copies worldwide . The first single taken from the album was Inolvidable , a version that according to Carlos unk in his book Los unk del unk , guarantees the adoption of the past , and that the romantic sensibility is not dead . The track debuted in the Billboard Top Latin Songs chart ( formerly Hot Latin Tracks ) at number 30 in the week of November 23 , 1991 , climbing to the top ten three weeks later . Inolvidable peaked at number one on January 25 , 1992 , spending five weeks at the top of the chart . The song was number three on the Billboard Top Latin Songs Year End Chart of 1992 . In Mexico , the song and the following single ( No S T ) remained in the top of the charts for six months altogether . A live version of Inolvidable was included on the EP Amrica En Vivo in 1992 and as a part of a medley with the rest of the singles taken from Romance on the live album Vivo ( 2000 ) . The track was also added to the compilation album Grandes xitos in 2005 . Format and track listing Mexican Promo CD Single Inolvidable 4 19 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the Inolvidable liner notes . Luis Miguel co production , vocals Julio Gutirrez songwriting Armando Manzanero production Bebu Silvetti co production , arranging
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2,571 | Coprinellus impatiens is a species of fungus in the Psathyrellaceae family . First described in 1821 , it has been classified variously in the genera Psathyrella , Pseudocoprinus , unk , and Coprinus , before molecular phylogenetics reaffirmed it as a Coprinellus species in 2001 . The fungus is found in North America and Europe , where the mushrooms grow on the ground in deciduous forests . The fruit bodies have buff caps that are up to 4 cm ( 1 . 6 in ) in diameter , held by slender whitish stems that can be up to 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) tall . Several other Coprinopsis species that resemble C. impatiens may be distinguished by differences in appearance , habit , or spore morphology . Taxonomy and phylogeny The species was first described in 1821 as Agaricus impatiens by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in his Systema Mycologicum . In 1886 , Lucien Qulet transferred the species to unk ( a defunct genus now synonymous with Panaeolus ) and then to Coprinus a couple of years later in his Flore unk de la France . In 1936 , Robert Khner segregated the genus Pseudocoprinus from Coprinus , including species that did not have deliquescent gills ( that is , gills that melt into liquid ) , and he included Coprinus impatiens in this generic transfer . He later changed his mind about the taxonomic separation of Coprinus and Pseudocoprinus . Gillet transferred the species to Psathyrella in 1936 . In 1938 Jakob Emanuel Lange published the new combination Coprinellus impatiens . Despite the taxonomic shuffling , the species was popularly known as Coprinus impatiens until 2001 , when a large scale phylogenetic analysis resulted in the splitting of the genus Coprinus into several smaller genera , and the authors confirmed the validity of the generic placement in Coprinellus . The specific epithet impatiens is derived from the Latin word for impatient . A 2005 phylogenetics study proposed that C. impatiens was sister ( closely related on the phylogenetic tree ) to a large Psathyrella clade , and that consequently , the genus Coprinellus was polyphyletic . A later ( 2008 ) study suggested , however , that these results were due to an artifact of taxon sampling not enough species were analyzed to adequately represent the genetic variation in the genera . The 2008 study demonstrated that Coprinellus , including C. impatiens , was monophyletic , descended from a common ancestor . In their analysis , C. impatiens was most closely related to C. unk , C. bisporus , C. unk , and C. unk . Description The cap of the fruit bodies is initially egg shaped , then conical to convex before flattening out , reaching diameters between 1 . 8 to 4 cm ( 0 . 71 to 1 . 57 in ) . It has deep narrow grooves reaching almost as far as the center of the cap . The surface color is a pale buff , tawny or cinnamon towards the center , but the color loses intensity when the mushroom is dry . The flesh is whitish , thin , fragile and barely deliquescent ( auto digesting ) . The gills are initially buff , then turn grayish brown . They are either free from attachment to the stem , or adnexed , meaning only a small portion of the gill is attached . The stem is whitish , very slender , and more or less equal in width throughout its length , or slightly thicker at the base its dimensions are 7 to 10 cm ( 2 . 8 to 3 . 9 in ) by 0 . 2 to 0 . 4 cm ( 0 . 08 to 0 . 16 in ) thick . The stem surface of young specimens are pruinose appearing to be coated with a minute layer of fine white particles this eventually is sloughed off , leaving a smooth or silky surface . The odor and taste of the fruit bodies are not distinctive . The gills of this species do not unk with age , or barely do so the fruit bodies tend to become more fragile with age . The spore print is dark brown . The spores are smooth , ellipsoid or almond shaped , with a germ pore they measure 9 12 by 5 6 m . The spore bearing cells , the basidia , are four spored and unk ( the spores lie on several different levels , and mature at different times ) . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia found on the gill edge ) are roughly spherical , 20 35 m broad , or lageniform ( flask shaped ) , 36 64 by 10 15 m , with the apex often rather acute , about 3 5 m wide . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia found on the gill face ) are absent in this species . Similar species Coprinellus disseminatus resembles C. impatiens , but may be distinguished by its slightly larger fruit body , somewhat deliquescent gills , and tendency to fruit in smaller groups on the ground , rather than on or around rotting wood . Also , C. disseminatus has smaller spores than C. impatiens , typically 6 . 6 9 . 7 by 4 . 1 5 . 8 m . C. unk is similar to C. disseminatus but usually grows in groups on fallen branches , and has broader spores that measure 8 . 3 10 . 3 by 6 . 7 8 . 4 m . C. unk usually grows in small dense clumps , has narrower spores ( typically 9 11 by 4 . 5 5 . 5 m , and produces smaller fruit bodies . Habitat and distribution Coprinellus impatiens is found in North America and Europe ( including Germany , Poland , and the Ukraine ) including northern Turkey . In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States , it is found in Oregon and Idaho . Fruit bodies grow solitarily , or rarely in small bundles , on forest litter in deciduous forests , especially ones dominated by beech .
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2,572 | The Panama Creature ( also variously referred to as the Panama Monster , Panama ET Cerro Azul Monster , Blue Stream Monster or Blue Hill Horror ) refers to a creature photographed near the town of Cerro Azul , Panama , in September 2009 . After the creature was discovered and reputedly killed by a group of teenagers , photographs of the corpse were given to Telemetro , a Panamanian television station . The story and pictures circulated , and comparisons to the Montauk Monster were made . There was speculation about the identity of the creature , with suggestions including a hairless sloth , an alien species and a creature new to science . A biopsy performed by the National Environmental Authority of Panama on the remains a few days after the creature 's discovery concluded that the corpse was in fact that of a male brown throated sloth . The odd appearance had been caused by underwater decomposition , which had resulted in hair loss . Once identified , the corpse was buried . Events A group of four or five teenagers aged between 14 and 16 claim to have been playing near a cave in Cerro Azul , Panama when the creature emerged . They say that it approached them , and , fearing for their safety , they attacked the creature with sticks and rocks , killing it . They claim that they then threw its corpse into a pool of water before leaving the area . They later returned and took photographs of the creature 's corpse , before sending the pictures to Telemetro , a Panamanian television station . Virginia Wheeler , writing for The Sun , claimed that the discovery sparked fear and confusion in the town . According to some sources , subsequent photographs were taken of the creature after it had further decomposed however , doubts have been expressed about whether the later photos were of the same specimen . A few days after the photographs were taken , one of the teenagers gave a different account in an interview with Telemetro unk , saying I was in the river and I felt something grabbing my legs ... We took it out of the water and started throwing rocks and sticks at it . We had never seen anything like that . The photographs show a pale creature that is mostly hairless , with a rubbery body . It has revolting features a snub nose and long arms . Writers for the Huffington Post said that while the head is clearly animal , the torso is strange , while the limbs are reminiscent of thin human arms . Writers for unk compared it to both a small , portly version of the alien in E.T. the Extra Terrestrial and The Lord of the Rings 's Gollum 's long lost cousin . Speculation The story and the photographs circulated the Internet , including various cryptozoology blogs , with a great amount of speculation about possible explanations . A video showing the original photographs , as well as some footage of the further decomposed corpse , became very popular on the web , being one of the most viewed videos over the course of a day . In addition to its prevalence on the Internet , the story was covered on television and radio . Comparisons were drawn to the Montauk Monster found in Montauk , New York in June 2008 . A popular theory was that the Panama Creature was a sloth ( perhaps an albino ) that had somehow became hairless proponents of the hypothesis cited the hooked claw visible in one of the photographs . Science author Darren Naish , writing for ScienceBlogs , supported the sloth hypothesis , but had a difficult time explaining the creature 's hairlessness . The sloth theory was generally considered most credible in 1996 , similar photographs were taken of a creature found on the coast between Panama and Costa Rica that was later confirmed to be a sloth that had started to decay . Further Internet speculation led to some proposing that it was in fact a dolphin or a pit bull terrier , an example of a species previously unknown to science , or some sort of genetic mutation . Some Panamanian zoologists said that it appeared to be a fetus of some kind . In addition to naturalistic explanations , Billy Booth of About.com reported that there has been speculation that it is alien , and thereby the connection to UFOs , undersea bases , the whole ball of wax . unk The creature 's corpse was recovered four days after the encounter , and a biopsy was performed by the National Environmental Authority of Panama ( ANAM ) . The biopsy concluded that the corpse was in fact a male brown throated sloth , a species common in the area . Andr Sena Maia , a veterinarian who works at Niteri Zoo , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , explained that most people know how a dead animal looks like in a dry environment , and claimed that the body must have got stuck under the water , and the movement of the currents gave the false impression that it was alive . A necropsy revealed that severe trauma had been inflicted on the body of the sloth , and unk Ramos , a specialist from the ANAM Department of Protected Areas , estimated that the body had been in the water for about two days prior to discovery . The hairlessness was probably caused by the fact it was submerged in water , which can lead to acceleration of fur loss , resulting in smooth skin . A post mortem bloating further contributed to the unusual appearance of the corpse . After the sloth was identified , its body was buried by ANAM staff .
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2,573 | The Church of St Peter ( Bulgarian , tsarkva Sveti Petar ) or Church of Saints Peter and Paul is a small medieval Bulgarian Orthodox church located in the village of Berende in unk Municipality , Sofia Province , in westernmost Bulgaria . Most likely constructed and decorated in the 14th century , the Church of St Peter features simple stone architecture but contains a number of remarkable interior frescoes . Though located next to the village 's graveyard and often interpreted as a cemetery church , the Church of St Peter may have been in some way related to the Bulgarian royal court , as a now lost portrait with a caption most likely referencing Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander was once visible on one of its exterior walls . History The original researchers of the Church of St Peter , Karel korpil and Yordan Ivanov , ascribed it to the 13th century owing to a now lost exterior mural of a person on the west wall of the church , described by one source as an image of a Bulgarian tsar . The image bears the following caption in Middle Bulgarian Ivan Asen , in Christ our God faithful tsar and autocrat of all unk unk and Greeks . korpil and Ivanov identified the person mentioned in the inscription as Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria ( r . 1218 1241 ) . Beginning in the 1920s and the publications of Andr Grabar , however , the church and its art have been usually dated to the 14th century based on stylistic and architectural similarities to other works of that period . The formula of the exterior inscription is also considered to be similar to the inscriptions of Tsar Ivan Alexander ( r . 1331 1371 ) , who is known to have used the name Ivan Asen on several other occasions . Due to its location , the Church of St Peter is often described as a cemetery church . However , scholar Bistra Nikolova considers it improbable that an ordinary village cemetery church would have an inscription by a Bulgarian tsar . In her opinion , it is more likely that the church was constructed by a noble person related to the court of the Second Bulgarian Empire . The Church of St Peter has been protected as a national antiquity since 1927 . In 1966 , it was listed as an artistic monument of culture of national importance . However , as of 2011 , the frescoes have never during the church 's existence undergone restoration or conservation and remain threatened . In the lowest parts , up to 0 . 5 m ( 1 . 6 ft ) from the floor , the murals have been entirely erased by moisture . Moisture and the resulting salts have also damaged other decorated sections of the walls . Location and architecture The Church of St Peter is 800 metres ( 2 , 600 feet ) west of the village of Berende , near the banks of the unk River . Today , it lies within the old village graveyard . Not far from the church on the way linking it to the village is Mosta ( unk , The Bridge ) , a natural bridge rock formation . The church is a small and simple rectangular single nave building constructed out of crushed stone the walls range in thickness from 85 to 90 cm ( 33 to 35 in ) . It is accessible via an entrance on its west wall . The wooden door is 2 m ( 6 . 6 ft ) high and is topped by a shallow semicircular niche . Apart from that niche , the only other decorative feature of its architecture are the narrow windows placed on the apse and the south wall . The apse is unk and attached to the church 's east side . The church features a semicircular vault and its gabled roof is made of stone slates . In terms of length and width , the church measures 5 . 50 m 4 . 50 m ( 18 . 0 ft 14 . 8 ft ) . Interior and decoration The interior of the church houses an original wooden iconostasis in front of the altar . Carved in the second half of the 14th century , the iconostasis has a basic shape . It is constructed of thick beams and wooden boards , on which traces of painting are visible , and has three openings . The entirety of the church 's interior is covered with 14th century frescoes , which are described as particularly remarkable in a UNESCO publication . Among the notable mural portraits is that of church patron Saint Peter , whose larger than life image adorns the wall next to the iconostasis . Other frescoes include that of Jesus Christ painted to the right of the apse and that of Saint Alexius next to the entrance . The middle reaches of the walls feature images from the Holy Week , with frescoes depicting events from other major holidays above them . The conch of the apse boasts an image of the Mother of God portraits of various saints and scenes from the Ascension of Jesus and the Annunciation complete the decoration of the apse . Next to the apse is a mural of Saint Cyril of Alexandria , captioned as Saint Cyril the Philosopher , the 9th century missionary to the Slavs . Although the position and iconography of the portrait clearly identify it as an image of Cyril of Alexandria , the caption hints that the local population confused the two saints and Cyril the Philosopher was still well remembered at the time . Other images painted in the church include these of the Dormition of the Mother of God ( above the entrance ) , the Transfiguration of Jesus ( under the vault ) , John Damascene , Cosmas of Maiuma , Archangel Michael ( south of the entrance ) , Saint Constantine and Saint Helena ( right of the entrance ) .
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2,574 | The Masonic Hall in Taunton , Somerset , is designated by Historic England as a Grade II listed building . It was originally built in the early 19th century as St George 's Chapel , the first Roman Catholic chapel open for public worship in Taunton since the Reformation . The building , which forms the end of a terrace , features a series of prominent Ionic pilasters along the front and southern end . Opened in 1822 , St George 's Chapel served Taunton 's growing Catholic community for over 35 years , before they moved to a larger church which was completed in 1860 . After being rented out for a time , when it was known as St George 's Hall , the building was then sold in 1878 to a company acting on behalf of a group of Freemasons , who purchased it to provide a home for the Unanimity Sincerity Lodge . It now hosts nine different Lodges of the Freemasons . History Catholic chapel Prior to the Reformation , Taunton had three Catholic churches the Church of St Peter and St Paul , which was part of Taunton Priory , and was destroyed during the Dissolution and the Churches of St Mary Magdalene and St James , which both became Anglican . The Roman Catholic Church all but died in Taunton one book records that prior to the 19th century , there were no Papists in Taunton . In 1787 , a Mission Rector was sent to Taunton . Four years later , Catholic chapels were legalised , and the rector registered a chapel in a house on Canon Street . Upon his death in 1818 , a new rector was appointed Rev. Samuel Fisher . The new rector immediately began raising money for a permanent church , which was opened on 3 July 1822 . The building was located on The Crescent , and was dedicated to Saint George . The church seated 200 greater than the estimated 120 Catholic resident in Taunton . This new church , known as St George 's Chapel , was the first public Roman Catholic church in Taunton since the Reformation . Within 35 years , the congregation had swelled , and St George 's Chapel was no longer large enough to serve the Catholics of Taunton . The nearby Franciscan Convent purchased a plot of land adjacent to their own in 1858 , and St George 's Church was opened in April 1860 , to replace the chapel of the same dedication . Masonic Hall The chapel building was subsequently let out for various uses , and known as St George 's Hall . In 1878 , the hall was purchased by members of the Unanimity Sincerity Lodge of the Freemasons , and named the Masonic Hall it was consecrated by Henry Herbert , 4th Earl of Carnarvon , the Provincial Grand Master of Somerset Freemasons in January the following year . The Unanimity Sincerity Lodge had originally met in Ilminster after their constitution in 1788 , and moved to Taunton in 1797 , meeting at the London Inn . The owners of the building , though members of the Freemasons had purchased the property as a limited company , and also rented the building to other users Richard Huish 's School taught their girl 's classes from there , and the cellars were used by a wine merchant . After purchasing the building , the Masonic Hall Company , in addition to the necessary decorating , also commissioned a builder , William unk to carry out a number of structural changes the lobby was split into three rooms , to provide a robing chamber on one side , and a small waiting room on the other . Beyond the large main hall , what had been the vestry had a temporary partition removed , and a toilet added . The staircase down to the kitchen was moved , and in the kitchen itself a cooking range was installed . In the mid 1880s , an extension was made to the hall by the same builder a two storey building , of which the ground floor served as a warehouse . The extension replaced a previous building that had been deemed unfit for repair . The extension was completed at a cost of 337 and 10 shillings , slightly more than the initial estimate . By 1892 , the hall was no longer being used by the school , now known as Bishop Fox 's , for their girl 's lessons . Further renovations were carried out around that time at a cost of just over 180 . The hall continued to be let out for various social functions , and is currently home to nine lodges of the Freemasons Unanimity Sincerity Lodge , Lodge of St George , Taunton Deane Lodge , Queens College Lodge , Old unk Lodge , Taunton School Lodge , Richard Huish Lodge , Vivary Lodge and the Emergency Services Lodge . Architecture The Masonic Hall sits at the southern end of a terrace . It has a stucco front , with two pairs of Ionic pilasters the larger ones frame the building , and appear to support an overhanging cornice with a decorative dentil finish . The smaller pilasters are either side of a large doorway , and are topped by a pediment . The double wooden doors have six panels , and are fronted by six steps which are almost the same width as the building . On the southern side of the building , more Ionic pilasters rise the height of the building , spread between four large windows . The hall is designated by Historic England as a Grade II listed building , and is considered to form a group with Numbers 1 11 and 15 20 The Crescent , which are both similarly Grade II listed , and with the Grade II listed properties 21 and 22 The Crescent , Somerset County Club , Dragon Book Shop and Number 14 Bath Place .
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2,575 | Alien Rage is a science fiction first person shooter video game for Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) , and PlayStation 3 ( through PlayStation Network ) . Alien Rage was developed by the Bydgoszcz studio of Polish developer CI Games , then known as City Interactive , using Unreal Engine 3 . The game has single player and competitive multiplayer modes . In its single player campaign , players are put in control of an elite soldier named Jack . Jack is sent to destroy a mining facility and the aliens within it after the aliens turned against and killed the humans that they had shared the facility with . Announced as Alien Fear in April 2012 , the game was renamed to Alien Rage in May of the following year . The game was released on 24 September 2013 for Windows , 18 October 2013 for the Xbox 360 , and 21 October 2013 for the PlayStation 3 . Alien Rage was met with mixed to negative reviews upon release , with critics viewing the game as generic and prone to major glitches . Development Alien Rage was first announced in early April 2012 , under the name Alien Fear . The game was to be developed using Unreal Engine 3 by City Interactive 's Bydgoszcz Studio , and would have a cooperative gameplay ( co op ) mode . The first screenshots from the game were released two months later , in June 2012 . In May 2013 the game 's name was changed to Alien Rage , and two months later it was announced that the game would be released on the personal computer , Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 on 24 September 2013 . The game was eventually released on 24 September 2013 for Windows , 18 October 2013 for the Xbox 360 , and 21 October 2013 for the PlayStation 3 , with and ESRB rating of Mature . Gameplay Alien Rage is a first person shooter , in which players fight through several linear levels , killing a variety of aliens . At the end of every few levels , players fight a larger alien in a boss fight . Players score points by killing a large number of aliens in a short period of time , or by killing them in special ways , such as by using explosions or shooting them in the head . These points can be used to upgrade the player character , for example by boosting his resistance to damage or by increasing the amount of ammunition that he is able to carry . Players are able to carry two weapons at a time , and also have a pistol with unlimited ammunition . The player character can use both human and alien manufactured weapons in the game , and alien weapons use a cool down period instead of having to reload . Weapons in the game include assault rifles , sniper rifles , shotguns , rocket launchers , and miniguns . The game is intentionally difficult its easiest difficulty level is called challenging , and the next easiest difficulty level is called hard . The game also offers competitive multiplayer . There are two modes deathmatch and team deathmatch and a small number of maps . Cooperative gameplay , which was mentioned in the game 's initial announcement , did not make it into the final game . Plot Alien Rage takes place on an asteroid which humans and an alien species known as unk were jointly mining for Promethium , a highly efficient source of energy . After the unk turn on the humans and wipe the miners out , Jack , the player character , is sent to the mining facility to kill the aliens and destroy the facility . Reception Alien Rage received average to poor reviews upon release . At Metacritic , a video game review aggregator , the Windows version of the game received an average score of 52 out of 100 , based on 27 reviews , while the Xbox 360 version revived a score of 46 , based on 10 reviews . The game was heavily criticized for its lack of originality . Daniel Shannon of GameSpot remarked that If you have played a first person shooter made in the last 10 years , then you have already experienced most of what Alien Rage has to offer . , and continued that You 've seen these weapons before , and you 've shot these enemies before . Reviewers especially took issue with the lack of creativity in level design , which Destructoid 's Jim Sterling called tedious corridors full of identical , monotonous , brainless combat encounters . Hardcore Gamer 's Nikola unk commented that several of the levels he played through were visually indistinct from one another , before saying that level after level of redundant action and repetitive encounters ultimately drag the game down . Critics also noted that the game had a number of technical issues . Jim Sterling of Destructoid ran into two situations where glitches would not allow him to progress without restarting the level , while Sam Turner of The Digital Fix experienced dramatic drops in frame rate during gameplay , and crashed to desktop several times . The game 's multiplayer experience was received better than its single player campaign . Writing for Gaming Nexus , Jeff Kintner said that the multiplayer is fun , if a bit repetitive . While Kintner expressed a desire for additional , objective based , types of multiplayer , he praised the team deathmatch mode 's intensity . GameSpot 's Daniel Shannon also commented on the limited number of multiplayer options , but went on to say that For what it 's worth , the action is fast paced , and the maps are well designed for a balanced multiplayer experience .
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2,576 | Vargo Statten Science Fiction Magazine ( later Vargo Statten British Science Fiction Magazine , The British Science Fiction Magazine and The British Space Fiction Magazine ) was a British science fiction magazine which published nineteen issues between 1954 and 1956 . It was initially published by Scion Press , with control passing to a successor company , Scion Distributors , after Scion went bankrupt in early 1954 . At the end of 1954 , as part payment for a debt , Scion Distributors handed control of the magazine to Dragon Press , who continued it for another twelve issues . E.C. Tubb and John Russell Fearn were regular contributors , and Kenneth Bulmer also published several stories in the magazine . Barrington Bayley 's first published story , Combat 's End , appeared in May 1954 . The editor was initially Alistair Paterson , but after seven issues Fearn took the helm Vargo Statten was one of Fearn 's aliases , and the magazine 's title had been chosen because of his popularity . Neither Paterson nor Fearn had enough of a budget to attract good quality submissions , and a printing strike in 1956 brought an end to the magazine 's life . Publication history and contents In the early 1950s , British publisher Scion published dozens of science fiction ( sf ) novels by John Russell Fearn under the pseudonym Vargo Statten . These were very successful , and Scion decided to take advantage of the popularity of the name by issuing a monthly sf magazine . The first issue was dated January 1964 and was edited by Alistair Paterson . The target audience included long time fans Scion had notified established science fiction fan groups before the launch , so there was a letter column in the first issue , and a column by Vincent Clarke , a well known fan , covered fan news . Scion 's stated intention was to have at least 10 of the magazine devoted to the sf fan community , and also to publish only stories by British writers . Paterson 's editorial policy for the fiction was aimed at younger readers , which led him to return a story by Brian Aldiss with a request for a rewrite to make it more suitable for teenaged readers . Aldiss , then right at the start of his career , refused , and never submitted a story to the magazine again . The stories in the early issues were mostly written by Fearn , E.C. Tubb , and F. unk Fawcett , who also wrote gangster fiction for Scion . In early 1954 , Scion were fined heavily for publishing a pornographic gangster novel . Key Scion staff decided to restart the company under the name Scion Distributors , with Paterson continuing as editor . The magazine format was changed from pulp to digest with the May 1954 issue the first from the new company . Scion Distributors had also acquired Scion 's debts when they restarted the company , and this included a large debt to the printers , Dragon Press . Scion gave Dragon Press control of the magazine with the December 1954 issue as payment for the debt , along with the novels they had rights to and their contract with Fearn . Paterson resigned and Fearn took his place , insisting when he did so that his pseudonym be removed from the magazine 's title . It was renamed The British Science Fiction Magazine from the September 1954 issue . In the opinion of sf historians Philip Harbottle and Stephen Holland , the quality of the magazine began to improve significantly , with stories by E.C. Tubb , Kenneth Bulmer , Fearn himself , and Barrington Bayley , whose first story , Combat 's End , had appeared in the May 1954 issue . However , sf historian Mike Ashley suggests that despite Fearn 's efforts , only the E.C. Tubb stories , published under the pseudonym George Holt , were a noticeable improvement in quality . When the circulation began to fall , Dragon Press quickly cut Fearn 's budget in half , from 25 shillings to only 12 6 per thousand words . This was half the word rate on offer at other British science fiction magazines of the era , and left Fearn unable to compete for the best stories . Fearn printed material of his own that he had been unable to sell elsewhere , and was also able to save some money by reprinting stories of his that had originally appeared in the U.S. magazines . More money was saved by changing the format to paperback size , and simplifying and standardizing the cover design . The magazine struggled on until early 1956 , when a printers strike caused Dragon Press to fold . The last issue appeared in January 1956 . Bibliographic details The first seven issues were edited by Alistair Paterson , and the remainder by John Russell Fearn . The magazine was priced at 1 6 throughout its run . It was initially pulp sized and 64 pages long , but changed to digest format at 128 pages with the May 1954 issue , and then to a paperback size , also at 128 pages , from the February 1955 issue onwards . The title was initially Vargo Statten Science Fiction Magazine this changed to Vargo Statten British Science Fiction Magazine with the May 1954 issue , then to The British Science Fiction Magazine with the September 1954 issue , and finally to The British Space Fiction Magazine with the June 1955 issue . The publisher was Scion , Ltd. of London for the first three issues , then Scion Distributors , Ltd. of London for the next four issues , and finally Dragon Publications Ltd. of Luton for the remaining issues .
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2,577 | In music , homophony ( unk , unk , unk Greek unk , unk , from unk , unk , same and unk , unk , sound , tone ) is a texture in which a primary part is supported by one or more additional strands that flesh out the harmony and often provide rhythmic contrast . This differentiation of roles contrasts with equal voice polyphony ( in which similar lines move with rhythmic and melodic independence to form an even texture ) and monophony ( in which all parts move in unison or octaves ) . Historically , homophony and its differentiated roles for parts emerged in tandem with tonality , which gave distinct harmonic functions to the soprano , bass and inner voices . A homophonic texture may be unk , which means that all parts have the same rhythm . Chorale texture is another variant of homophony . The most common type of homophony is melody dominated homophony , in which one voice , often the highest , plays a distinct melody , and the accompanying voices work together to articulate an underlying harmony . Initially , in Ancient Greece , homophony indicated music in which a single melody is performed by two or more voices in unison or octaves , i.e. monophony with multiple voices . Homophony as a term first appeared in English with Charles Burney in 1776 , emphasizing the concord of harmonized melody . History European and German music Homophony first appeared as one of the predominant textures in Western music during the Baroque period in the early 17th century , when composers began to commonly compose with vertical harmony in mind , the homophonic basso continuo becoming a definitive feature of the style . The choral arrangement of four voices ( soprano , alto , tenor , and bass ) has since become common in Western music . Homophony began by appearing in sacred music , replacing polyphony and monophony as the dominant form , but spread to secular music , for which it is one of the standard forms today . In 20th century classical music some of the triad oriented accompanimental figures such as the Alberti bass a homophonic form of accompaniment have largely disappeared from usage and , rather than the traditional interdependence of melodic and chordal pitches sharing the same tonal basis , a clear distinction may exist between the pitch materials of the melody and harmony , commonly avoiding duplication . However , some traditional devices , such as repeated chords , are still used . Jazz and other forms of modern popular music generally feature homophonic influences , following chord progressions over which musicians play a melody or improvise ( see melody dominated homophony ) . African and Asian music Homophony has appeared in several non Western cultures , perhaps particularly in regions where communal vocal music has been cultivated . When explorer Vasco da Gama landed in West Africa in 1497 , he referred to the music he heard there as being in sweet harmony . While the concept of harmony in that time was not necessarily the same as the concept of homophony as understood by modern scholars , it is generally accepted that homophonic voice harmonies were commonplace in African music for centuries before contact with Europeans and is common in African music today . Singers normally harmonize voices in homophonic parallelism moving in parallel thirds or fourths . This type of harmonic model is also , implemented in instrumental music where voices are stacked in thirds or fourths . unk Parallelism is not restricted to thirds and fourths , however all harmonic material adheres to the scalar system the particular tune or song is based on . The use of harmony in sixths is common in areas where a unk scale system is used . For instance , the Fang people of Gabon use homophony in their music . In eastern Indonesia ( i.e. in the music of the Toraja in South Sulawesi , in Flores , in East Kalimantan and in North Sulawesi ) , two part harmonies are common , usually in intervals of thirds , fourths or fifths . Additionally , much music of the Middle East is generally homophonic , although polyphony is also an important texture , while Chinese music is generally thought to be homophonic , since instruments typically provide accompaniment in parallel fourths and fifths and often double the voice in vocal music , unk also being common in China . Melody dominated homophony In melody dominated homophony , accompanying voices provide chordal support for the lead voice , which assumes the melody . Some popular music today might be considered melody dominated homophony , voice typically taking on the lead role , while instruments like piano , guitar and bass guitar normally accompany the voice . In many cases , instruments also take on the lead role , and often the role switches between parts , voice taking the lead during a verse and instruments subsequently taking solos , during which the other instruments provide chordal support . Monody is similar to melody dominated homophony in that one voice becomes the melody , while another voice assumes the underlying harmony . Monody , however , is characterized by a single voice with instrumental accompaniment , whereas melody dominated homophony refers to a broader category of homophonic music , which includes works for multiple voices , not just works for solo voice , as was the tradition with early 17th century Italian monody .
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2,578 | Afterburn is a steel inverted roller coaster located at Carowinds amusement park . After more than two years of planning and construction , the roller coaster opened on March 20 , 1999 . The ride previously operated as Top Gun The Jet Coaster , before it was renamed Afterburn following Cedar Fair 's purchase of the park in 2006 . Designed by Bolliger Mabillard , Afterburn stands 113 feet ( 34 m ) tall and reaches speeds of 62 miles per hour ( 100 km h ) . It features a 2 , 956 foot long ( 901 m ) track and a nearly three minute long ride time . Afterburn has generally been well received , having been featured several times as a top 50 roller coaster in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards . History In early 1997 , Paramount 's Carowinds began consultations with roller coaster manufacturer Bolliger Mabillard about adding a new ride to their park . During 18 months of discussions , several designs and themes for the ride were developed , including theming it to the Godzilla franchise . In July 1998 , the park announced the addition of Top Gun The Jet Coaster for the 1999 season . At a cost of 10 . 5 million , it would be the single biggest investment in the park 's history . The announcement followed Paramount Parks adding Top Gun themed inverted and suspended roller coasters to several of their parks throughout the 1990s , including Paramount 's Great America , Paramount Canada 's Wonderland , and Paramount 's Kings Island . To construct the attraction at Carowinds , the park 's Bayern Kurve ride , Wild Bull , had to be removed . The park intended to keep the ride in storage for a potential relocation elsewhere within the park . The removal of Wild Bull shortened construction time because no trees or buildings had to be removed . Construction began in late July 1998 , with the first track arriving in August . Testing was completed in January 1999 . Top Gun The Jet Coaster soft opened to guests and media on March 16 , 1999 . Riders of the first cycle included NASCAR drivers Stanton Barrett , Tony Stewart , Jerry Nadeau , and Kenny Wallace . The ride officially opened to the public on March 20 , 1999 . On July 1 , 2006 , the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company announced their acquisition of all of the Paramount Parks , including Carowinds . The aforementioned Top Gun roller coasters at other parks were all renamed to Flight Deck by the 2008 season , with Carowinds ' installation being renamed to Afterburn . For the 2014 season , the ride 's 15th season , Afterburn will receive a new coat of paint . Characteristics The 2 , 956 foot long ( 901 m ) Afterburn stands 113 feet ( 34 m ) tall . The ride features a total of six inversions including a vertical loop , an Immelmann loop , a zero g roll , a batwing , and a corkscrew . Riders over 54 inches ( 140 cm ) achieve a top speed of 62 miles per hour ( 100 km h ) on the two minute forty seven second ride . Afterburn operates with two trains featuring eight cars . Each car seats riders four across , for a total of 32 riders per train . The theoretical hourly capacity of the ride is 1 , 380 riders . To match the original Top Gun theme , the ride 's area was designed to feel like a military base . The main queue was housed in a hangar with a two third scale unk Tomcat fighter . Guests enter the ride area by passing through the batwing element . Ride experience As the train leaves the station , a recorded message , Clear for Takeoff , is played . Afterburn then climbs its chain lift hill , reaching a peak height of 113 feet ( 34 m ) . After a small pre drop , the roller coaster train then drops to the right before entering its first inversion , a vertical loop . Riders then travel through an underground trench and enter an Immelmann loop which sends the train in the opposite direction . The train then drops towards the ground , climbs back up , and spins through a zero g roll , an inverting element where riders experience the feeling of weightlessness . Afterwards , the train dives back towards the ground and enters the two inversion batwing element which crosses through a tunnel underneath the park 's rear entrance . As Afterburn exits the batwing , it climbs through a camelback hill over the station before entering its final inversion , a corkscrew to the right . The train then begins a 270 degree climbing helix to the left , after which it reaches the ride 's brake run and returns to the station . Reception Afterburn has been well received . Arthur Levine of About.com stated the ride is among the best inverted coasters he 's ridden , giving the ride a 4 out of 5 rating . Levine praises the ride for the lack of headbanging that results from over the shoulder restraints ( unk ) on many roller coasters . The Coaster Critic describes the pacing and order of inversions as near perfect , giving the ride an excellent rating of 9 out of 10 . Afterburn has appeared in Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards several times . It debuted at position 18 in 1999 , before disappearing from the poll for the three years to follow . The ride returned to the poll , before hitting a low of 45 in 2012 . In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , Afterburn entered at position 12 in 1999 , before slowly declining to a low of 41 in 2012 . The ride 's ranking in subsequent polls is shown in the table below .
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2,579 | The One with the Rumor is the ninth episode of the eighth season of the American television situation comedy Friends , which aired on NBC on November 22 , 2001 . It continues the series ' annual Thanksgiving themed episode tradition , and guest stars cast member Jennifer Aniston 's then husband Brad Pitt in the uncredited role of Will Colbert , who reveals that he and Ross ( David Schwimmer ) were part of an I hate Rachel club . The two of them hated Rachel Green ( Aniston ) and got the exchange student from Thailand to join their club . Will revealed that they spread a rumor in high school that Rachel ( Aniston ) was a hermaphrodite . The episode was directed by Gary unk and written by Shana Goldberg Meehan . It was nominated for multiple Primetime Emmy Awards , but was criticized as insulting by a national intersex education group . Pitt admitted his appearance was mainly to promote his upcoming film , Spy Game . Plot Monica ( Courteney Cox ) tells her friends that she will not be cooking a turkey for Thanksgiving because of the large amount of leftovers it will create . Chandler does not eat turkey as a result of his dislike of all Thanksgiving foods ( a result of childhood trauma ) , unk ( Lisa Kudrow 's character ) is a vegetarian and Rachel was having an aversion to poultry from her pregnancy . This left only Monica , Ross and Joey to eat the enormous turkey . Joey ( Matt LeBlanc ) protests , and announces that he will eat the entire turkey himself if necessary . Monica agrees , and Joey finishes the nineteen pound turkey by the end of the episode . Monica tells Rachel that she has invited over an old high school friend of hers and Ross 's called Will Colbert ( Brad Pitt ) . Rachel does not remember him , and he reacts with total disgust when he finds out Rachel will be joining them for dinner . Throughout dinner , Will is hostile to Rachel . Will , like Monica , has lost a great deal of weight since high school and looks great . When Will keeps ignoring her advances and is continuously hostile , he reveals that she was horrible to him in high school . Will also eventually reveals that during high school , he and Ross initiated the episode 's titular rumor that Rachel is a hermaphrodite , which was spread throughout their entire high school , and even went so far as to reach Chandler 's high school . Rachel reacts tearfully , claiming she never hurt Ross in high school , until Monica reminds her that she started a rumor of her own that Ross made out with the school 's 50 year old librarian , though Ross shockingly reveals that this is in fact true , much to everyone 's amusement and disgust . Monica comforts Rachel , saying that despite the rumor , she was still the most popular girl in their high school , and reminds Ross and Rachel that they are having a baby together and that some things are more important than high school . Will feels betrayed that Ross had a relationship with Rachel but then that turns to a high five when he discovers that Ross knocked her up but did not marry her . Ultimately the characters settle their differences . The episode culminates in Joey finishing off the turkey wearing Phoebe 's turned Rachel 's maternity pants and getting the meat sweats . After being extremely full , Joey still had room for pie . Production It was reported by Entertainment Weekly that Pitt would don a fat suit for flashback scenes to his fat childhood , though this was unfounded as Will 's weight was merely referred to on screen . Pitt frequently visited Aniston at the studios before and after his appearance , though he did not go onto the set for fear of distracting the audience . When questioned about his appearance in the show , Pitt said it was to promote his upcoming film Spy Game , though added that he liked the series anyway . The episode was taped on November 2 , following four days of rehearsals . Reception As the series finale drew close in 2004 , Eric Deggans of St. Petersburg Times ranked Pitt as one of the worst guest stars in Friends unk reactions , overly exaggerated comedy , near palpable self consciousness despite his cred as a film actor , Pitt knew he was out of his depth on a sitcom stage . After five minutes ' viewing , the audience did , too . His work on set is admired by the main stars Schwimmer recalls Pitt was definitely ... going against type and LeBlanc called him really great on the show . USA Today rates Will 's line Look at her standing there with those yams . My two greatest enemies , Ross . Rachel Green and complex carbohydrates one of the best of the episode . The eponymous rumor drew criticism from the intersex community , a member of which wrote a strongly worded letter of complaint to NBC , calling the episode ignorant , insulting , degrading , and absolutely unprofessional . The member urged the network to learn about intersex individuals via the Society 's website and read an on air apology before future episodes . Primetime Emmy Award nominations Pitt was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his appearance in the episode . Additionally , Nick McLean was nominated for Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi Camera Series , while Stephen Prime was nominated for Outstanding Multi Camera Picture Editing for a Series , for their work on the episode .
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2,580 | Hard Ball ( also known as Negotiation ) is the fifteenth episode of NBC 's first season of 30 Rock . It was written by one of the season 's co producers , Matt Hubbard , and directed by one of the season 's supervising producers , Don Scardino . It aired on February 22 , 2007 in the United States . Guest stars who appeared in the episode were David Alan unk , Gregg Bello , Katrina Bowden , Kevin Brown , Grizz Chapman , Rachel Dratch , Keith Powell , Lonny Ross and Gregory unk . Tucker Carlson and Chris Matthews also appear as themselves in the episode . The episode focuses on Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) trying to clear her name after being misquoted in an interview for Maxim Magazine . Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) begins negotiations to Josh Girard 's ( Lonny Ross ) new contract . Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) becomes the newest member of Tracy Jordan 's ( Tracy Morgan ) entourage . Plot When Josh 's contract is due for renewal , Jack enters negotiation mode . Jack is looking to save money with the negotiations outcome , so Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) warns Josh to be careful . Later , thinking Josh is ill , Liz goes to order some soup and on her way , sees Josh . He meets with a producer from The Daily Show , which angers Liz , who decides to help Jack negotiate . When Josh and his agent return to negotiate , believing that an offer from the Daily Show was on the table , Jack promptly reveals that he was able to get the offer from the Daily Show pulled and thus leave Josh with no negotiating power . Jack then offers Josh the same terms as his previous contract , but Liz , upset that Josh was not made to suffer for his betrayal by speaking with another show , orders Josh to start doing the worm . Meanwhile , Jenna gets into trouble after she is misquoted in Maxim magazine , allegedly saying that she hates the troops . This happened due to Jenna unk the interviewer and thinking he meant theater troupes . The resulting outrage prompts Jack to get her an interview on Hardball with Chris Matthews to clear up the confusion over her comments . During the interview , Jenna confuses Osama bin Laden and then Senator Barack Obama , who was running for the Democratic Party nomination for President . A further attempt to clear Jenna 's name backfires when swastikas are accidentally brandished on the TGS with Tracy Jordan stage . Tracy allows Kenneth into his entourage , but in the process discovers that Grizz ( Grizz Chapman ) and Dot Com ( Kevin Brown ) have been allowing him to win at things such as Halo , Trivial Pursuit , and basketball . Tracy fires Grizz and Dot Com from the entourage , but the union between Tracy and Kenneth does not jell . Grizz and Dot Com come to the rescue after Tracy is surrounded by a mob outside 30 Rockefeller Plaza , which is protesting against the controversy caused by Jenna . Production Rachel Dratch , longtime comedy partner and fellow Saturday Night Live alumna of Fey , was originally cast to portray Jenna . Dratch played the role in the show 's original pilot , but in August 2006 , Jane Krakowski was announced as Dratch 's replacement . Executive producer Lorne Michaels announced that while Dratch would not be playing a series regular , she would appear in various episodes in a different role . In this episode , Dratch played Martha Blanch , the activist who is leading the protests , outside of 30 Rockefeller Center , against Jenna . Reception In the U.S. , the episode remained the lowest rated episode of the series , in total viewers , until the fifth season . This episode was viewed by 4 . 6 million viewers and received a rating of 2 . 4 5 in the key adults 18 49 demographic according to the Nielsen ratings system . The 2 . 4 refers to 2 . 4 of all 18 to 49 year olds , and the 5 refers to 5 of all 18 to 49 year olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . Hard Ball held 86 of 18 to 49 year old viewers who had viewed the Scrubs episode My Therapeutic Month which aired at 9 00PM EST , before Hard Ball at 9 30 . Julia Ward of TV Squad exclaimed that the episode 's three storylines were all brilliant . She praised Alec Baldwin , saying that his negotiation scenes were gold as was his line delivery . She felt that Baldwin 's great acting was not unique to this episode , and was what earned him the Golden Globe . Ward finished her review by saying that it was satisfying to see a show come together as 30 Rock had in the past few weeks settling into its rhythm and finding its feet . Eric Goldman of IGN felt that this episode did a very skillful job of juggling three different storylines , all of which delivered solid laughs . He thought that the crew of 30 Rock had figured out better uses for Jenna , and this episode offered some nice moments for her . He also enjoyed Tracy and Kenneth 's subplot , saying it was a decent one . Hard Ball was nominated for a total of three awards , winning one . Jeff Richmond was nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music for his work on this episode . Matt Hubbard , the writer of this episode , was also nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award in the category of Best Episodic Comedy . The episode was also submitted to voters for the Primetime Emmy Awards category Outstanding Comedy Series , which it won .
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2,581 | Hurricane Hernan was the second of three Category 5 hurricanes during the 2002 Pacific hurricane season . The twelfth tropical cyclone , tenth named storm and sixth hurricane of the season , Hernan originated from a tropical wave that formed in the Atlantic Ocean and crossed to the Pacific Ocean . The wave spawned a low pressure system which organized into a tropical depression on August 30 , a tropical storm on August 31 and a hurricane later that day . Hernan rapidly intensified and reached peak intensity as a Category 5 storm on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . Proceeding northwest , it maintained this strength for eight hours , but on September 2 it entered cooler waters and began to weaken . By September 6 it had degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure . Hernan was the second most intense hurricane of the season , and it maintained Category 5 status for the second longest time of the season , behind Hurricane Kenna . Although Hernan remained far from land , swells of 15 to 20 feet ( 4 to 6 meters ) caused minor beach erosion along the coast of Mexico . In addition , an associated remnant plume of moisture generated light shower activity in southern California as it tracked just offshore . Meteorological history On August 16 , a tropical wave left the coast of Africa . It traveled westward across the Atlantic Ocean , crossing over Central America and emerging in the eastern Pacific , where it merged with a pre existing intertropical convergence zone disturbance . The system gradually developed moderate convection , and on August 30 it had developed sufficient convection to be designated Tropical Depression 10 E. The depression produced persistent strong thunderstorms , primarily in two areas of deep convection located to the northeast and west of the center of circulation . Although the center was elongated , wind shear over the system remained light and outflow was good , which led forecasters to predict modest intensification . On the afternoon of August 30 , banding features became evident , and the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Hernan with sustained winds of 45 mph ( 72 km h ) . Further organization occurred , and the center of circulation became encircled by convective thunderstorms . On August 31 , the storm was upgraded to Hurricane Hernan as it moved northwestward about 400 miles ( 634 km ) southwest of Acapulco . Light wind shear and favorable ocean temperatures led to steady intensification of the storm , and satellite images indicated that an eye had developed late on August 31 . Minimum pressure lowered to 987 mb ( hPa ) , and the maximum winds increased to 100 mph , Category 2 on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . The storm quickly reached Category 3 , a major hurricane , and soon after , Category 4 . As it did so , its eye became ragged , while its lateral movement to the northwest rose to 17 mph around the southern periphery of a strong deep layer ridge over the United States . By September 1 , the hurricane reached its peak intensity of 160 mph ( 260 km h ) and a minimum pressure of 921 mb ( hPa ) . It had reached Category 5 , the second of three such powerful storms that would do so during the season . By September 2 , the storm 's convective thunderstorms warmed slightly , indicating weakening to just below Category 5 . An eyewall replacement cycle took place , and two eye structures formed as gradual weakening continued . By September 2 , the storm was downgraded to Category 3 just before it turned slightly to the west . The storm underwent another eyewall replacement cycle as winds decreased further . As the storm entered cooler waters , winds decreased to 100 mph ( 160 km h ) , below major hurricane intensity . Soon Hernan was downgraded to Category 1 , and the eye became cloud filled . On September 5 , Hernan was downgraded to a tropical storm as winds rapidly weakened to 45 mph ( 72 km h ) despite developing a new band of convection . That same day , the storm was downgraded to a tropical depression as it began to lose tropical characteristics . Strong wind shear developed , further dissipating the depression . On September 6 , the system degenerated into a remnant low pressure system which spawned a remnant plume of moisture that meandered off the coast of California , producing light showers . Impact and intensity Hurricane Hernan remained far from shore and caused little damage to land . It brought light wind to Socorro Island off the coast of Mexico . Rough surf caused minor impact in the open waters near the center of Hernan , waves generated by the storm were unofficially estimated to exceed 70 feet ( 21 meters ) . However , official buoys reported swells of 57 feet ( 17 meters ) . Along the coast of Mexico , waves reached 15 to 20 feet ( 4 to 6 meters ) , causing minor beach erosion . A portion of Hernan 's remnant moisture off the southern California coast produced light rainfall and slippery roads . Hernan had no known effects on shipping . When Hernan grew from tropical storm to Category 5 , it intensified at a rate of 1 . 73 mbar ( hPa ) per hour , just under the threshold for rapid intensification . However , for a 12 hour period from August 31 to September 1 , it deepened at 2 . 58 mbar ( hPa ) per hour , within the range of explosive deepening due to favorable conditions including light wind shear and warm water .
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2,582 | M 68 is an east west state trunkline highway located in the northern part of the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . The western terminus of the highway begins four miles ( 6 . 4 km ) east of the Little Traverse Bay of Lake Michigan and ends a few blocks from Lake Huron in Rogers City . M 68 skirts just south of Indian River and Burt Lake . The first incarnation of M 68 existed in the Upper Peninsula before being absorbed into M 35 . The current designation was created in 1936 . A segment of highway once used by US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) was incorporated into the trunkline as a discontinuous section in the early 1940s until it was later connected in 1946 . Route description M 68 starts in the community of Alanson 4 miles ( 6 . 4 km ) east of Little Traverse Bay in Emmet County . US 31 runs along Burr Avenue parallel to the former Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad line and depot in town . M 68 starts at an intersection between Chicago Street and Burr Avenue . The trunkline runs southeasterly from this intersection and on a bridge over the Crooked River . After leaving town , the highway curves to run due east through hilly terrain . After crossing the Cheboygan County line , the roadway meets the community of Burt Lake . It curves southeasterly along the shoreline of the lake of the same name . The roadway rounds the south end of Burt Lake and approaches the community of Indian River . South of Burt Lake State Park , the trunkline meets Straits Highway , the former routing of US 27 through Indian River . M 68 turns north along Straits Highway through downtown and then turns east toward Interstate 75 ( I 75 ) . It is along this section of M 68 that the roadway crosses the Sturgeon River . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) measured the highest annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) figures for M 68 along the section of highway west of Indian River . AADT is a measure of the average number of vehicles using a segment of roadway on any given day of the year , and for 2007 , MDOT measured it at 9 , 200 vehicles daily . After crossing I 75 at exit 310 , M 68 heads southeasterly , parallel to the Crumley Creek , out of town . The roadway continues through hilly terrain and crosses the Pigeon River on the route to Afton . M 68 merges with M 33 east of Afton . M 33 curves from the north toward the east . There is a small connector in this intersection to allow southbound M 33 traffic to turn west along M 68 instead of merging into the combined eastbound M 33 M 68 traffic . The two highways continue together in a concurrency through the wooded , hilly terrain to the unincorporated community of Tower , where they cross the Black River . It is east of this river crossing where the highway meets the southern end of F 05 , a County Designated Highway that runs along Black River Road . M 33 M 68 cross into Presque Isle County just west of Onaway . M 68 turns northwest along Washington Avenue , and M 33 turns south along Michigan Street . M 68 turns east on State Street through downtown and runs out of town to cross the Rainy River in rural Presque Isle County . East of the Ocqueoc River crossing , M 68 turns north along Millersburg Road . The highway later curves back to the east near Ocqueoc Falls Highway , home of a bridge that carried the highway before 1954 . M 68 continues to follow Hutchinson Road eastward over the Little Ocqueoc River and on to the Rogers City area . This section of highway had the lowest AADT levels in 2007 at 1 , 400 vehicles daily . The highway turns northeasterly after intersecting Airport Highway on the outskirts of town . Renamed as Erie Street , M 68 meets US 23 southwest of downtown . The highway continues along Erie Street until meeting Bus . US 23 , which runs along Third Street . This intersection marks the end of M 68 , four blocks from Lake Huron , 53 . 390 miles ( 85 . 923 km ) from its start in Alanson . History Previous incarnation The first highway to bear the M 68 designation was located in the western Upper Peninsula . It ran north from Rockland to Ontonagon and then westerly toward Silver City in 1919 . This roadway was redesignated by 1927 as a segment of M 35 . Current incarnation M 68 was designated along a segment of its current roadway in 1936 . The roadway connecting Alanson and Indian River was given the M 68 designation , while US 23 was routed between Rogers City and Afton . When US 23 was moved to its current lakeshore routing between Rogers City and Cheboygan in 1940 , M 33 was extended westerly from Onaway to Afton and north to Cheboygan over the former US 23 roadway . The Afton Onaway segment of M 33 and the remainder of the former US 23 east of Onaway was designated as a second segment of M 68 as well . The gap between these two segments was eliminated by July 1946 . Two realignments were made to the highways routing . The first bypassed a bridge over the Ocqueoc River in Presque Isle County in 1954 . This 50 foot ( 15 m ) bridge was built in 1920 at a cost of 8 , 849 ( equivalent to 588 , 744 in 2015 ) in the filled spandrel arch style . A second change in the routing between 1961 and 1962 moved the trunkline to a more direct connection between Indian River and Afton . This change also bypassed the last remaining gravel section of the highway . Major intersections
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2,583 | Hurricane Gilma was one of the most intense Pacific hurricanes on record and the second of three Category 5 hurricanes during the active 1994 Pacific hurricane season . Developing from a westward tracking tropical wave over the open waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 21 , the pre Gilma tropical depression was initially large and disorganized . Gradual development took place over the following day before rapid intensification began . By July 23 , the storm intensified into a hurricane and later a Category 5 storm on July 24 . As Gilma reached this intensity , it crossed into the Central Pacific basin , the fourth consecutive storm to do so . The storm peaked early on July 24 with winds of 160 mph ( 260 km h ) and a barometric pressure estimated at 920 mbar ( hPa 27 . 17 inHg ) . The following day , unknown factors caused the storm to suddenly weaken before increasing wind shear took over . The storm gradually weakened for the duration of its existence , turning slowly to the northwest . Late on July 28 , the storm brushed Johnston Atoll , bringing gusty winds and light rainfall to the region . Gilma persisted until July 31 at which time it was downgraded to a tropical depression and dissipated over open waters . Meteorological history Hurricane Gilma originated from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa and traversed the Atlantic Ocean during the second week of July 1994 . The wave was of little note until it crossed Central America and entered the Northeastern Pacific hurricane basin on July 15 16 . Convection began to increase however , the system remained disorganized . Tracking westward , gradual development took place , leading to the Dvorak classification being initiated on July 20 . Several hours later , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) designated the system as Tropical Depression Seven E. A strong ridge situated north of the depression steered the system steadily westward . This movement would remain the same throughout most of the storm 's existence . The depression was initially hard to locate due to its large size . Following an increase in organization , the depression intensified into a tropical storm early on July 22 , at which time it was named Gilma . Deep convection developed around the center of circulation throughout the day and banding features became apparent on the west and south sides of the storm . Only 24 hours after becoming a tropical storm , Gilma quickly intensified into a hurricane . Low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures , recorded up to 29 C ( 84 F ) by a ship near the hurricane , allowed the storm to undergo rapid intensification . This rate of intensification continued throughout most of July 23 , resulting in the system attaining Category 4 status on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . By this time , a small , well defined eye had developed within the center of the hurricane surrounded by very deep convection . On July 24 , the storm crossed 140 W , entering the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's ( CPHC ) area of responsibility . Upon entering the region , Gilma became the fourth consecutive cyclone to move into the CPHC region . Several hours later , Gilma attained its peak intensity as a Category 5 hurricane with winds of 160 mph ( 260 km h ) and a barometric pressure estimated at 920 mbar ( hPa 27 . 17 inHg ) . After maintaining this intensity for roughly 12 hours , the storm abruptly weakened . Within a few hours , maximum winds decreased by 45 mph ( 75 km h ) to 115 mph ( 185 km h ) , a low end Category 3 hurricane . The reason for the sudden weakening is unknown although the tropical upper tropospheric trough originally located over the storm , providing it with a favorable anticyclonic flow , shifted westward to the International Date Line . Additionally , the storm 's eye became obscured by cirrus clouds . After maintaining Category 3 intensity for 24 hours , the combination of increasing wind shear and degrading outflow , Gilma resumed its weakening trend . Late on July 27 , the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm as winds fell below the 74 mph ( 119 km h ) threshold . Although weakening , CPHC forecaster Sasaki noted that the storm may have re intensified slightly shortly after being downgraded . The following morning , the center of Gilma became devoid of convection , exposing the low level circulation . By this time , the weakening storm began a west northwesterly track , eventually taking the storm within 100 mi ( 160 km ) of Johnston Atoll late on July 28 . Gradual weakening continued to take place throughout the rest of the storm 's existence , leading to its downgrade to a tropical depression on July 30 . Several hours after being declared a tropical depression , the storm dissipated early on July 31 over open waters south of Midway Atoll . Impact The hurricane 's only impact was on Johnston Atoll . The island received light rain , wind gusts to near gale force , and some surf . No loss of life or damage was reported . Gilma 's name was not retired after the 1994 season , and it was used again in the 2000 and 2006 seasons . However , in 2007 , the Central Pacific Hurricane Center requested that the name Gilma , along with 14 other names , be retired as they have become memorable due to the threat of damage . That proposal was not accepted and the name Gilma remains on the list for 2012 .
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2,584 | Roger Gale ( 27 September 1672 25 June 1744 ) was an English scholar and antiquary as well as a member of Parliament for Northallerton . His father was an ecclesiastic and professor at Cambridge , which the younger Gale also attended . After his graduation , Gale briefly served as a diplomat in France , as well as holding a position as a reader at Oxford University 's Bodleian Library . On his father 's death in 1702 , Gale retired to his family estate , but was elected to Parliament in 1705 , where he served until 1713 . He then continued in public service until 1735 , when he once more retired to his estates . Besides his governmental career , Gale was a member of the Society of Antiquaries and the Royal Society , where he served as treasurer . Gale was known as a collector of manuscripts and other antiquarian items , writing a few published works on those subjects . He donated his manuscript collection to his alma mater in 1738 , and died in 1744 . Although contemporaries felt he was one of the foremost scholars of his age , later historians have been less convinced , contrasting his learning unfavourably with his father 's . Early life Roger Gale was the eldest son of Thomas Gale and Barbara Pepys . His father was Dean of York as well as a professor of Greek at Cambridge University , while his mother was a cousin of the diarist Samuel Pepys . Roger was born on 27 September 1672 at unk , Cambridgeshire . Thomas and Barbara had a younger son , Samuel Gale , who also became an antiquary , and a daughter , Elizabeth , who became William Stukeley 's as second wife . Gale was educated at St Paul 's School in London , where his father was in charge from 1672 to 1697 . He then went on to attend Trinity College starting in 1691 , earning his Bachelor of Arts in 1695 and a Master of Arts in 1698 . He then became a reader at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University on 6 March 1699 . Soon after this , probably in the later part of 1699 , he went with Charles Montagu , then the Earl of Manchester , on a diplomatic mission to France . His father died in 1702 , and Gale retired to his newly inherited estates at Scruton , Yorkshire . Public service In 1705 he was elected a member of Parliament ( MP ) for Northallerton in a by election . He remained an MP until 1713 , usually voting with the Whigs and working on committees concerned with regulating servant wages and the naturalisation of foreigners . After leaving Parliament , he was appointed to a commission dealing with stamp duties , then later was a commissioner of excise . He remained in that position until 1735 , when Robert Walpole had him removed to free the post for one of Walpole 's friends . Gale also served as the first vice president of the Society of Antiquaries , and was the treasurer of the Royal Society for a number of years . In 1736 he returned to his estates and retired from public life . Antiquary and writer Gale inherited his father 's library of manuscripts and books , which he eventually donated to his alma mater , Trinity College , in 1738 . Included in Gale 's donation was one of only two complete manuscripts of the Liber Eliensis , now known as Trinity College MS unk Gale also collected coins , and donated his collection to Cambridge University . In 1697 Gale translated Louis Jobert 's La science des unk into English , with the title of The Knowledge of Medals . This was designed as an instruction to the beginning coin collector , and also contained information to protect the new collector from fraud . Gale then in 1709 published his father 's work on the Antonine Itinerary , which Gale supplemented with his own notes and commentary . His last major published work was as the editor of a 12th century manuscript register of the Honour of Richmond that was contained in the Cotton library . He also contributed a number of essays on antiquarian topics to the unk Transactions journal put out by the Royal Society . Gale 's letters survive , and some were first published in the third volume of John Nichols 's Bibliotheca unk Britannica in 1790 . Later more appeared in Nichols ' Literary Anecdotes , and then finally his complete letters were published in three volumes by the Surtees Society along with letters from his brother Samuel and brother in law William Stukeley . Nichols in 1781 declared that Gale was one of the most learned men of his age , but later scholars have been less full of praise . D. C. Douglas , writing in the 1950s , contrasted Gale with his father , and felt that the younger Gale was given a greater reputation than he deserved . Notwithstanding Douglas ' opinion , Gale 's work did much to preserve important historical information , as he was a member of the new style of antiquary , who instead of working just with manuscripts , turned to the topography and other relics in the countryside . This group of antiquaries did much to record information that has since disappeared . Death and family Gale married Henrietta Roper , the daughter of Henry Roper of Cowling , Kent . She died in 1720 . They had one son , Roger Henry Gale , who was born in 1710 . Gale himself died on 25 June 1744 at his estates in Scruton , and was buried near the church there . There is no monument in the churchyard , as he stipulated in his will that he be buried in such a manner that no one would know exactly where he was buried .
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2,585 | MINDS ( Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore ) is a voluntary welfare organisation based in Singapore , that provides services for the intellectually disabled . They run four special schools and a centre called MINDSville Napiri which offers therapy and residential care . Other MINDS services include sheltered workshops , social enterprises , weekly activities , and trust fund management . Founded in 1962 , MINDS is among the largest charities in Singapore , with a staff of 420 helping 2400 beneficiaries . MINDS generates yearly expenses of 21 million Singapore dollars , as of 2005 . Two other organisations , the Association for Persons with Special Needs ( formerly the Association for the Educationally unk ) and Special Olympics Singapore , originated as MINDS projects . History In 1960 , the Singapore Children 's Society initiated several educational and training programmes for intellectually disabled children , leading to the formation of the Singapore Association for Retarded Children ( SARC ) in 1962 . Beginning with only two teachers and 26 students in a single classroom in Towner Road , the new association rapidly expanded over the 1960s , building special schools at Margaret Drive and Jurong , a sheltered workshop at Geylang , a residential home at Tampines as well as their main administration centre , Lee Kong Chian Centre . SARC started a subcommittee for services for those with less severe intellectual disabilities in 1971 and a youth volunteering group the year after the subcommittee was split into an independent organisation , the Association for the Educationally unk ( unk ) , in 1976 . In 1983 SARC launched the first early intervention programme in Singapore , prompting other organisations to follow suit and set up an adjunct subcommittee that became Special Olympics Singapore . Since the term retarded had acquired negative connotations and the organisation had started services for adults , SARC changed their name to the Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore ( MINDS ) in 1985 . In 1987 , the organisation benefitted by being primarily funded from The Community Chest of Singapore , and in 1993 MINDS became the largest voluntary welfare organisation in Singapore , with unk in second place . Relocation of the MINDS special schools , from premises of closed down primary schools to new buildings with customised facilities , began in 1998 . The association started their first social enterprise , a car washing service along Pasir Panjang Road , in 2001 . Their residential homes and training centres were merged into the MINDSville Napiri centre , which opened in 2007 , and the relocation programme was completed two years later . Activities MINDS runs four special schools for intellectually disabled students aged 4 to 18 , who are taught various life skills , such as personal grooming and money management . They are also taken on outings to learn how to handle common tasks , such as buying groceries and taking public transport . Students undergo physiotherapy , pre vocational training , as well as basic instruction in some mainstream academic subjects , including languages , mathematics , art , and science . To help the intellectually disabled gain employment , MINDS trains them for simple sorting and packing jobs at sheltered workshops , then negotiates contracts with potential employers for example , some were hired by Singapore Airlines to recycle headsets . The organisation also manages several social enterprises , including a thrift shop , a car washing service , a food catering company , and a performing arts troupe , that increase employment opportunities for the intellectually disabled . Under the MINDS Trusteeship Scheme , parents of the intellectually disabled can deposit their savings into a trust account , safeguarded by the public trustee , and after they die , MINDS ensures the money is used to fund caregiving of the beneficiary . Other MINDS services , including counselling , behaviour therapy and rehabilitation , are concentrated at their integrated service centre called MINDSville Napiri . The centre contains a nursing home for adults with high support needs , another home for intellectually disabled children from broken families , and a hostel , which provides flexible accommodation options for clients who need less intensive care . In addition , volunteers from the MINDS Youth Group conduct weekly educational , social , and recreational activities , such as swimming classes and singing sessions , for around 170 intellectually disabled people . Management MINDS is one of the oldest and largest voluntary welfare organisations in Singapore , with 420 staff , 2400 beneficiaries , and yearly expenses of S 21 million Singapore dollars . Their primary source of funding is the Community Chest of Singapore , with programme fees , their social enterprises , corporate sponsorships and public donations making up their secondary sources . The organisation is headed by President Conrad Campos and CEO Keh Eng Song , who lead a 15 member executive committee with four subcommittees that meet monthly to discuss problems and plan new programmes . MINDS has won several awards , including the 2001 President 's Social Service Award from the National Council of Social Service and the 2010 Singapore Health Award ( Gold ) by the Health Promotion Board .
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2,586 | Alexander Seropian ( born 1969 ) is an American video game developer , one of the initial founders and later president of Bungie Software Products Corporation , the developer of the Marathon , Myth , and Halo video game series . Seropian became interested in computer programming in college and teamed up with fellow student Jason Jones to publish Jones 's game Minotaur . The two became partners , and Bungie grew to become the best known Apple Macintosh game developer before being bought by Microsoft in 2001 . In 2004 , Seropian left Bungie and created Wideload Games , with the goal of streamlining game development . Wideload 's small core development team worked with outside contractors to produce Stubbs the Zombie and Hail to the Chimp . Wideload was acquired by Disney in 2009 . As part of the deal Seropian became vice president of game development for Disney Interactive Studios . In 2012 he left the position to start Industrial Toys , a company focusing on mobile games . Biography Early life Alex Seropian attended the University of Chicago , and joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity , where he would soon meet one of his future colleagues Jason Jones . Interested in computer programming , Seropian was pursuing a mathematics degree with a concentration in computer science as the Department of Computer Science did not offer undergraduate degrees at the time . He graduated in 1991 with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics . Before graduating , Seropian was living with his father , sleeping on his couch , and debating whether to get a job or create his own video game company . Seropian 's father advised him to take a job to get experience , but the next day Seropian decided to found his own company . My dad is a master of reverse psychology , Seropian said . Bungie Seropian 's first game was a self published Pong clone called Gnop . The Apple Macintosh exclusive game was free , although a few customers paid 15 for the game 's source code . In 1991 he founded Bungie and published his first commercial game , Operation Desert Storm . Seropian sold 2 , 500 copies of the game , assembling the game boxes and mailing them out from his bedroom . Seropian partnered with his Artificial Intelligence classmate Jason Jones to publish Jones 's nearly complete Minotaur The Labyrinths of Crete while the game sold only around 2 , 500 copies it required a then rare modem for network play it developed a devoted following . After publishing Minotaur , the two formed a partnership . For the next Bungie title , 1993 's Pathways Into Darkness , Seropian hired a third team member for graphics work . The game was the first three dimensional texture mapped game on the Mac and the first true first person shooter . By 1994 Bungie had grown to a staff of six and had moved into a rundown Chicago office a converted former religious school located in front of a crack house . Their next title , Marathon , began development as a sequel to Pathways but grew larger . On release it won several awards and established Bungie as the top Mac game developer . For the first game of the Halo series , Halo Combat Evolved , Seropian noted that the company had to incorporate new features such as surround sound and cinematics . Halo went on to sell more than 4 million units by 2004 and founded a media franchise encompassing sequels , books , and music . Seropian left Bungie in 2002 to spend time with his new family , but also due to frustrations with the game development process . Wideload Games Seropian founded his own studio in 2004 called Wideload Games , intended to be more streamlined than most video game studios . Calling the current method of game development broken , Wideload began with a staff of 10 , with the plan to outsource the lion 's share of development , to stay within budget . Seropian said that the idea came from figuring out that his decade old assumptions about how to make games did not necessarily apply to the future . Seropian turned to the film industry for cues , saying that it helped to look at an older industry that had been solving the same types of problems for a longer period than video games . The external development model allowed Wideload to focus on the creative aspect of a project and added flexibility in what types of projects the team could take on . Wideload produced two games , 2005 's Stubbs the Zombie in Rebel Without a Pulse and 2008 's Hail to the Chimp . On September 8 , 2009 Disney acquired Wideload . Seropian joined Disney to head its in house game development team , Disney Interactive Studios . The sale of Wideload was not originally planned Wideload and Disney began working on a title together , and as conversations turned to a broader scope and vision , the two companies discovered they had a lot in common , Seropian said . Seropian left Disney in February 2012 . Seropian also serves as DePaul University 's second game designer in residence DePaul is the first liberal arts university to offer a bachelor 's degree for game design . Industrial Toys In 2012 , Seropian founded a studio named Industrial Toys . The company plans to develop mobile games for core gamers . The first title by Industrial Toys , Midnight Star , was announced to be a sci fi shooter designed with touch based mobile platforms in mind , and debuted in February 2015 .
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2,587 | Tropical Storm Cristobal was the third named storm of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season . It formed on July 19 from a trough of low pressure off the Southeast U.S. Coast . In a marginally favorable environment , it attained minimal tropical storm status later that day . The storm remained offshore , and peaked as a strong tropical storm on July 21 while it passed east of Cape Hatteras . It accelerated northeast parallel to the East Coast and became extratropical on July 23 near Nova Scotia . Because it was a weak storm and never made landfall , Cristobal 's effects were mostly limited to moderate rainfall . The storm dropped 3 . 43 in ( 87 mm ) of rain in Wilmington , North Carolina , where minor flooding was reported . Additionally , the extratropical remnants contributed to rainfall on Nova Scotia which caused some street and basement flooding . Meteorological history On July 14 , 2008 a weakening surface trough extended across northern Florida , producing thunderstorms across the state . A weak low pressure area developed on July 15 near Tallahassee , which moved southeastward into the Gulf of Mexico . Late on July 16 it crossed onshore near Tampa , and development was not anticipated due to land interaction . Late on July 17 , however , convection increased in association with the low , and the system quickly became better organized . Late on July 18 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) remarked that a tropical depression was developing , with its convection becoming more concentrated around a circulation at 11 p.m. EST on July 18 ( 0300 UTC July 19 ) , it was classified as Tropical Depression Three , about 65 miles ( 105 km ) southeast of Charleston , South Carolina . Located between a ridge to its southeast and northwest , the depression moved slowly northeastward , and with a marginally favorable upper level environment , it attained minimal tropical storm status during the early afternoon of July 19 . Initially fairly disorganized with little deep convection , dry air in the mid to upper levels of the atmosphere prevented immediate intensification . However , late on July 20 thunderstorm activity increased . Cristobal remained a fairly weak tropical storm as it tracked adjacent to the Carolina coast , and the storm never made landfall . It reached peak intensity as a strong tropical storm on July 21 while it passed east of Cape Hatteras , and remained such over the warm Gulf Stream waters as convection became strong over the southern portion of the circulation . Beginning to enter cooler waters , the cyclone accelerated east northeastward on July 21 and July 22 . On the afternoon of July 22 , Cristobal began to weaken south of Nova Scotia . In the evening hours , satellite imagery indicated that the mid level center became separated from the low level center . The storm 's cloud pattern became disorganized , and by July 23 it had completed an extratropical transition . The National Hurricane Center issued its last advisory on the system at 5 00 am EDT ( 0900 UTC ) on July 23 . Preparations In anticipation of Tropical Storm Cristobal , a tropical storm warning was issued for coastal areas from the South Santee River in South Carolina to the North Carolina Virginia Border . The advisory was discontinued on July 20 as Cristobal pulled away from land . Flood advisories were declared for parts of North Carolina . National Weather Service forecasters advised against swimming due to high seas and potential rip currents . Environment Canada issued rain warnings throughout portions of Nova Scotia . Impact Prior to forming , the precursor low dropped light to moderate rainfall across the state of Florida . In Lake Wales , 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of precipitation was reported , most of which fell within the period of two hours . The sudden , heavy rainfall clogged storm drains , causing some street flooding . Up to 40 cars were pulled from flooded streets , some being submerged with 2 ft ( 0 . 6 m ) of water . Damages from the flooding was estimated at 10 , 000 . In Georgia , the storm produced 3 . 48 inches ( 88 mm ) of rain , while in South Carolina , 2 . 60 inches ( 66 mm ) was recorded . On July 20 , Cristobal skirted eastern North Carolina , resulting in minimal damage . Along the coast , water levels rose 1 foot ( 0 . 30 m ) above normal rough surf was also reported . Rainfall averaged 0 . 5 to 1 . 5 inches ( 13 to 38 mm ) , though the NEXRAD weather radar estimates indicated that isolated amounts exceeded 4 inches ( 100 mm ) . The storm dropped 3 . 43 in ( 87 mm ) in Wilmington , North Carolina , where minor flooding occurred . Because the bulk of the storm remained over open waters , winds along the coast ran about 25 mph ( 40 km h ) . While the center of Cristobal was more than a day away from the Canadian Maritimes , moisture extended ahead of the cyclone and became enhanced by a stalled frontal system . As a result , heavy rainfall fell along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia . At unk Point , 224 mm ( 8 . 8 in ) of rain was reported , while 145 mm ( 5 . 8 in ) fell at Sambro , near Halifax . The rain flooded basements and streets in the Cape Sable area . A sailor from Connecticut was rescued 250 km ( 160 mi ) to the southeast of Halifax when his ship capsized in stormy seas . The highest winds remained offshore , though a buoy recorded gusts to 58 miles per hour ( 93 km h ) .
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2,588 | Homer 's Odyssey is the third episode of the first season of The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 21 , 1990 . In this episode Homer becomes a crusader for citizen safety in Springfield , and is promoted to his current position as Nuclear Safety Inspector for the entire power plant . It was written by Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky and was the first Simpsons script to be completed , although it was the third episode produced . Plot Mrs. Krabappel takes Bart 's class on a field trip to the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant , where everybody watches as Homer crashes an electric cart into a cooling vent and is fired . Homer searches for a new job without success . Feeling like a failure , he writes a suicide note to his family and decides to end his life by attaching a boulder to himself and jumping off a bridge . Lisa finds Homer 's note and alerts the family . They hurry to the bridge to save him , but they are almost run over by a speeding truck . Homer pulls them to safety just in time , and he is suddenly filled with a new reason to live to place a stop sign at the dangerous intersection . After successfully petitioning the city council , Homer embarks on a public safety crusade that involves placing speed bumps and warning signs throughout the town . Unsatisfied with his own efforts , Homer takes on the biggest danger in Springfield , the nuclear power plant . After Homer rallies people to his cause , Mr. Burns decides to end the furor he is creating by offering him a new position as the plant safety inspector , along with a higher salary . Homer , torn between his principles and his livelihood , tearfully tells his followers that they must fight their battles alone from this point on and takes the job . Production Waylon Smithers made his first appearance in this episode , although he can be heard over a speaker in The Simpsons series premiere Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire . In his first visual appearance , he was mistakenly animated with the wrong color and was made an African American by unk unk , the color stylist . David Silverman has claimed that Smithers was always intended to be Mr. Burns ' white sycophant , and the staff thought it would be a bad idea to have a black sub unk character and so switched him to his intended color for his next episode . Smithers ' skin tone was later explained as an extreme tan . Blinky the Three Eyed Fish makes a brief cameo in this episode he later becomes of importance in episode four of the second season , Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish . Also notable is that Marge was originally called Juliette in this script as a homage to Romeo and Juliet . Homer 's middle initial , J , is mentioned for the first time in this episode . According to Matt Groening , it was a reference to Bullwinkle J. Moose . Additionally , the following characters made their first appearances in this episode Otto Mann , Chief Wiggum , Jasper Beardley , Sam Larry , Mr. Mrs. Winfield and Sherri and Terri . The episode 's title comes from the Greek epic poem Odyssey , traditionally attributed to the legendary poet Homer . On the bus , Bart sings John Henry was a Steel Driving Man , an American folk song about a 19th century hero of the working class , building railroads across the West Virginia mountains . Reception In its original broadcast , Homer 's Odyssey finished twenty eight in ratings for the week of January 15 21 , 1990 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 . 9 , equivalent to approximately 13 . 7 million viewing households . It was the highest rated show on the Fox network that week , beating Married ... with Children . Since airing , the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide stated that the story rather fizzles out at the end , but there are many good moments , especially in the power plant . Colin Jacobson at DVD Movie Guide said in a review that the episode is possibly the best of the first six shows and further commented that the episode suffers a little from an odd tone , as the characters hadn t become settled . Still , it seems surprisingly clever and witty In September 2001 , in an DVD review of the first season , David B. Grelck gave the episode a rating of 5 and calls it the first season at its worst and continues that it was notable for introducing Mr. Burns and ( a strangely African American ) Smithers , but otherwise boring and preachy . Home release The episode was released first on home video in the United Kingdom , as part of a VHS release titled The Simpsons Collection , in which it was paired with the sixth episode of the season , Moaning Lisa . In the United Kingdom , it was once re released as part of VHS boxed set of the complete first season , released in November 1999 . In the United States , the episode would finally see the home video release as a part of The Simpsons Season One DVD set , which was released on September 25 , 2001 . Groening , Archer , Kogen , and Wolodarsky participated in the DVD 's audio commentary . A digital edition of the series ' first season was published December 20 , 2010 in the United States containing the episode , through Amazon Video and iTunes .
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2,589 | State Road 404 ( SR 404 ) , the Pineda Causeway , is an east west divided highway currently running from Interstate 95 ( I 95 ) to SR A1A at Patrick Air Force Base , Florida , US . It was opened as a toll road in 1971 and classified as a state road two years later . The tolls were removed in 1990 . It was named after Pineda , a former village east of unk on U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) . With interchanges at US 1 ( SR 5 ) , South Tropical Trail ( County Road 3 , CR 3 ) , and South Patrick Drive ( SR 513 ) , the Pineda Causeway is ( along with SR A1A ) the primary access for Patrick Air Force Base and the southern end of Merritt Island . From US 1 to the eastern terminus , it is part of the Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway system . Route description From I 95 , the Pineda Causeway Extension passes between developments to its north and south . After an intersection with a local road , the route curves to the northeast and later resumes its eastward course , reaching Wickham Road . The route turns to the east and moves across the Florida East Coast Railway . East of the railway , the route crosses below US 1 . The eastbound lane has an exit ramp that connects to both directions of US 1 in contrast , the westbound lane has a dedicated exit for both US 1 northbound and a loop to US 1 southbound . The road continues to the east , crossing a small inlet and a small island before ascending over the Indian River with twin bridges . At the eastern end of the bridges , the route again crosses a small island and inlet before reaching a narrow portion of Merritt Island . There , the causeway intersects with CR 3 . The route crosses a series of islands , forming another twin set of bridges over the Banana River . After reaching land for the final time , the route enters South Patrick Shores . It has a partial interchange with SR 513 , with only an eastbound exit and a westbound entrance . After passing north of a housing development , the causeway ends at an intersection with SR A1A . Along the causeway east of the extension , the Florida Department of Transportation ( FDOT ) estimated that 37 , 500 cars drove on the route each day . As part of a pilot project , FDOT has painted the shoulders as bike lanes , thus allowing cyclists on a controlled access highway that had been closed to them . History Due to high traffic involving the Kennedy Space Center and Patrick Air Force Base in eastern Brevard County , local politicians in the early 1960s petitioned the United States Bureau of Public Roads for federal funding in creating a new causeway across the Banana River , between the Eau Gallie Causeway and SR 520 . Although the federal agency declined twice due to low traffic projections , local officials maintained the need for the proposed causeway . In November 1969 , after FDOT opened bids for various state construction projects , the Gregg , Gibson Gregg Inc. put out a 7 . 7 million estimate to build the causeway from US 1 to the eastern shore of the Banana River . Ultimately , the original Pineda Causeway was opened in 1972 , costing about 7 million to construct . In the previous year , the route 's interchanges with US 1 and CR 3 , as well as the bridges , were completed . In 1972 , the interchange with SR 513 was finished . On May 31 , 1973 , FDOT classified the bridge and causeway as State Route 404 . Initially it was a toll road , which funded the road 's maintenance . However , FDOT agreed in 1989 to remove the fee and pay for maintenance . In June 1990 , workers removed the toll along the Pineda Causeway , along with the Bennett Causeway to the north , at a cost of 745 , 000 . The interchange with U.S. 1 , which was first built in 1971 , was reconstructed in 1997 . In 1999 , the route became part of the newly created Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway , which was a series of roads around the Indian River Lagoon . In conjunction with a project to add additional lanes to I 95 , FDOT authorized funding in March 2008 to create an interchange with an extension of the Pineda Causeway . The two projects were estimated to cost 202 million upon completion . On May 2 , 2011 , the interchange with I 95 opened . FDOT also authorized 10 million to complete the extension from the interchange to its original routing . The overall cost of the extension was estimated at 27 million , of which the remainder not financed by FDOT was paid by impact fee and gas tax . Groundbreaking for the extension occurred on December 14 , 2007 , and the project was finished in May 2011 . This created a 1 . 9 mi ( 3 . 1 km ) extension of the highway after decades of planning once finished , it became a hurricane evacuation route . The project was expected to aid the local economy due to ease of travel from I 95 to the beach . The extension currently dead ends just west of the I 95 interchange this end will eventually connect to the St Johns Heritage Parkway Palm Bay Parkway . In October 2011 , five Brevard County commissioners voted to consider the option of purchasing right of way and creating an overpass for the causeway over the Florida East Coast Railway line , located just west of US 1 . Although there were no immediate plans for such a construction project , the vote allowed for the maintenance of funding , instead of FDOT transferring the money to other projects . Exit list The entire route is in Brevard County .
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2,590 | One Love is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez for her seventh studio album , Love ( 2011 ) . The R B song was written by Lopez , Anesha Birchett , Antea Shelton and Emile D 'Mile Dernst II , the song 's producer . One Love was initially written and presented to Lopez by A Plus ( Birchett and Shelton ) and D 'Mile to record , however , upon hearing the demo of the song , she was not pleased with its verses . Liking the chorus and idea of the song , Lopez wrote new verses to the song with the song 's original writers . One Love received generally positive acclaim from music critics , who cited it as a stand out track on Love . Critics made note of the song 's indirect manner , which according to them contains references to Lopez 's ex boyfriends and husbands , such as Sean Combs and Ben Affleck . Following the release of Love , it was revealed that Lopez 's first husband , Ojani Noa , intended to bring her to court over the song , claiming that it contained lyrics about him without his prior knowledge violating agreements made between the two following their divorce . Despite this , it has been noted that Noa is not referenced in the song and the lawsuit never transpired . Production and lyrical interpretation One Love is a R B song , with a length of three minutes and fifty four seconds ( 3 54 ) . It was written by Lopez , along with A Plus ( Anesha Birchett and Antea Shelton ) and the song 's producer Emile D 'Mile Dernst II . A Plus ( Birchett and Shelton ) and D 'Mile wrote and presented the song to Lopez , who loved the idea of it , but thought the track to be very generic . In response , she asked Why don 't we make it more ' me ' . Lopez then sat with them and wrote new verses for the song , going through every major relationship she had , asking the question is there one love . Lopez described the song as being about if we can ever have one true soul mate . She recorded her vocals for the song with Kuk Harrell at Record Plant Recording Studios , with additional vocal production from Josh Gudwin , Jim Annunziato and Birchett . John unk was responsible for Lopez 's vocal editing on One Love , which was later mixed by Mike Handz Donaldson at Chalice Recording Studios . Scott Shetler of Pop Crush noted that the song was indirectly about Lopez 's ex boyfriends and husbands . He commented that the song was obviously condemning several exes and wrote A logical reading of the lyrics , though , reveals that the bad boy is probably Lopez s former long term boyfriend and Bad Boy Records founder Diddy , while the guy J. Lo danced with until saying I do is her second husband Cris Judd , a professional dancer and choreographer . The lyrics go on to reference two more men , who would seem to be Ben Affleck ( went nowhere but kept the ring ) and Lopez s current husband , Marc Anthony ( he sang to me . ) Allison Stewart from The Washington Post said that One Love examines all of her high profiled relationships , and commented that Lopez is not trying to gin up controversy with these red meat tidbits about her personal life . She honestly thought you might be curious about Ben Affleck and whatever happened to that huge engagement ring he gave her all those years ago , during unk s dark reign . Critical response and lawsuit One Love received generally positive acclaim from music critics . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine stated that beyond One Love , Love doesn 't dig very deep into its titular query . Monica Herrera from Billboard wrote in her track by track review of Love ' One Love ' What 's wrong with a girl wanting everything Jennifer wonders over this slow roller , and responded with Nothing , when you 're a triple threat superstar . Robert Copsey from Digital Spy called the song generic , while Poppy Reid of The Music Network complimented the song for its lyrical content stating that apart from other songs on Love , Lopez is acting her age in One Love , the album she wrote herself . After the release of Love , it was reported that Lopez 's former husband Ojani Noa had filed a lawsuit against Lopez over One Love , claiming that it contained lyrics about him without his prior knowledge . Noa 's business partner Ed Meyer released a statement saying that the song violates agreements between Noa and Lopez in their divorce . He further stated that I have a conference with the attorney for J.Lo 's partners in the publishing rights for this song on Monday , as we will be adding the dispute over One Love to the lawsuits ... Any negative reference to Ojani Noa is prohibited by contract , and J.Lo would be in breach to Ojani Noa . Ojani Noa will be bringing a separate civil action over the song , as soon as the album is released , so as to avoid prior restraint , which we are accusing J.Lo of in our case . Scott Shetler from Pop Crush noted that Noa was not actually referenced in the lyrics of the song . Live performances Lopez performed One Love live on October 22 , 2011 at an anniversary concert for the Mohegan Sun casino in Uncasville , Connecticut , as part of a medley with her debut single If You Had My Love . Photographs of her past high profile relationships appeared on a backdrop as she performed . Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love . Charts
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2,591 | The Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance was an honor presented to male recording artists at the 45th Grammy Awards in 2003 and the 46th Grammy Awards in 2004 for quality rap solo performances . The Grammy Awards , an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 , and originally called the Gramophone Awards , are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position . Starting in 1991 , the Academy began to honor individual rap performances with the Best Rap Solo Performance category . In 2003 , the category was divided by gender with the introduction of the Female to accompany the award for Male Rap Solo Performances . The categories remained separated by gender until 2005 when they were combined into the genderless category originally known as Best Rap Solo Performance . American singers Nelly and Eminem received the awards for Best Male Rap Solo Performance . Background In 1991 , the Academy began to honor individual rap performances with the Best Rap Solo Performance category . The category name remained unchanged until 2004 when it was split into separate categories for Female and Male Rap Solo Performances . The categories remained separated by gender for one additional year . In 2005 , they were merged into the genderless category originally known as Best Rap Solo Performance . Female rapper MC Lyte has campaigned for the reinstatement of the female specific category and believes that it destroys hip hop culture to not have the perspective of a woman . Bill Freimuth , Recording Academy Vice President of Awards , claimed that the category was eliminated because there wasn 't enough competition essentially , due to the lack of the number of releases in that category . Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) executive Stephen Hill cited a similar reason for the elimination of the female categories by the BET Hip Hop Awards and VH1 's Hip Hop Honors , reflecting a lack of female representation in the hip hop music scene for several years . As of 2011 , the category name has not changed since 2005 . Recipients For the 45th Grammy Awards ( 2003 ) , Best Male Rap Solo Performance nominees included Eminem for Without Me , Jay Z for Song Cry , Ludacris for Rollout ( My Business ) , Mystikal for Bouncin ' Back ( Bumpin ' Me Against the Wall ) , and Nelly for Hot in Herre . Additionally Eminem was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Short Form Music Video for Without Me as well as Album of the Year and Best Rap Album for The Eminem Show . Ludacris ' Word of unk and Mystikal 's Tarantula were also nominated for Best Rap Album . Nelly also earned nominations for Album of the Year and Best Rap Album for the album Nellyville as well as Record of the Year and Best Rap Sung Collaboration for the song Dilemma ( featuring Kelly Rowland ) , for a total five . Regarding his nominations , Nelly commented It 's always good to be nominated , especially for something as big as the Grammys . Just the recognition itself is an award . But you want that little gold record player . You just want to take it home . The award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance was presented to Nelly at Madison Square Garden in New York City , though not broadcast on television . His performances of Hot in Herre and Dilemma alongside Rowland at the awards ceremony included pyrotechnics . In addition , Nelly received the Grammy Award for Best Rap Sung Collaboration . Nominees for the 46th Grammy Awards included 50 Cent for In da Club , Joe Budden for Pump It Up , Eminem for Lose Yourself , Ludacris for Stand Up , and Sean Paul for Get Busy . 50 Cent 's other nominations included Best New Artist and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group ( with Lil ' Kim ) , Best Rap Album for Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , and Best Rap Song for In da Club , for a total of five . Lose Yourself also earned Eminem nominations for Record of the Year , Song of the Year , Best Rap Song , and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . Ludacris was also nominated for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for Gossip Folks ( with Missy Elliott ) , while Paul was nominated for Best New Artist and received the award for Best Reggae Album for Dutty Rock . The award was presented to Eminem , who also received the award for Best Rap Song . Lose Yourself also earned Eminem an Academy Award for Best Original Song , marking the first rap song to receive the honor . In 2004 , the American Film Institute included the song at No. 93 on their list of America 's Greatest Music in the Movies list and Rolling Stone ranked the song No. 166 on their list of the The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Prior to the separate female and male categories , Eminem received the award for Best Rap Solo Performance in 2000 for My Name Is and in 2001 for The Real Slim Shady . Nelly earned nominations in 2001 for Country Grammar ( Hot Shit ) and in 2002 for Ride wit Me . Following the return to the genderless category , Eminem earned nominations in 2005 for Just Lose It , in 2006 for Mockingbird , and in 2010 for Beautiful . Eminem was presented the award for Best Rap Solo Performance in 2011 for Not Afraid .
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2,592 | Viralheat is a subscription based software service for social media management that helps clients monitor and analyze consumer created content . It was first released in beta in May 2009 . Viralheat raised 75 , 000 in seed capital in December 2009 and 4 . 25 million of venture capital from the Mayfield Fund in 2011 . Features Viralheat is a social media management tool with features for account management , monitoring , analytics and publishing . It tracks the number of mentions an individual or company receives on digital properties and analyzes factors such as influence , sentiment and language . The influence of a Twitter handle is measured based on followers , mentions , and retweets Sentiment is assessed as positive , negative or neutral . Viralheat 's Human Intent tool labels social media participants as leads if it assesses that they are likely to consider purchasing a corresponding product . The software 's analytics and monitoring can be filtered by location . Data from Viralheat can be exported into PDF files , Excel spreadsheets or onto a publicly available dashboard . The service charges users based on how many accounts , mentions and profiles they use . A free version can manage up to seven social media unk and developer accounts are free . In August 2012 , the company claimed to have 6 , 500 users , one third of which were using a paid version of the service . Viralheat also publishes free application programming interfaces ( APIs ) and two extensions for the Chrome browser . One extension adds a bar to the top of Twitter.com that displays a sentiment analysis of the mentions displayed on the page . A box is added to each tweet showing its assessed sentiment , which can be changed manually . Another extension called Flint adds a share button on the browser that can share content being viewed on the browser from sites like Twitter , Facebook or LinkedIn . History Viralheat was co founded by Raj Kadam and Vishal unk . The software was released in beta in May 2009 . That October location based filters were added . Additional updates were made to Viralheat 's user interface for reporting , alerts and importing . In December , the developer raised 75 , 000 in seed capital . In March 2010 , Viralheat added features to track Facebook shares , likes and comments . The company raised 4 . 25 million in series A funding from the Mayfield Fund in June 2011 . The Human Intent application was released in beta in July 2011 . Viralheat 's Chrome extension for sentiment on Twitter.com was released that September . On March 27 , 2012 , version 2 . 0 was introduced . Version 2 . 0 added the ability to publish content to social media websites through the Viralheat interface . In August of that year , Pinterest monitoring was added , which was followed by the Flint extension in November . In February 2013 , Viralheat released a redesigned analytics dashboard called Smart Steam as well as other user interface improvements and multiple account features . Flint 2 . 0 was released that March with support for Safari and Firefox . In December 2013 , Viralheat released enterprise pricing and multi user features . That same month , it appointed a new CEO , Jeff unk , as a result of its new focus on the enterprise market . Evaluations In 2009 , Mashable reported that Viralheat has more features than free services , with a lower price than most paid options . A contributor review in PRWeek in 2012 said Viralheat 's strengths were its sentiment analysis , simplicity , price and customer service , but that its filtering tools were a little rough around the edges . In March 2013 , Network World tested eight social media management tools . The reviewer found that Viralheat was the lowest cost , and supported more social media sites than competitors , but lacked the features to support multi user accounts needed for large ( enterprise ) customers . The reviewer also praised Viralheat for its user interface and easy cross posting across different social networks , but said its reporting and analytics were limited . For example , only three date ranges could be selected when generating a report . Reported uses The Viralheat software found there were 7 , 000 tweets mentioning Obama on May 25 , 2009 and 32 , 000 tweets for that week . On April 9 , 2010 , it assessed that 70 percent of comments about Tiger Woods were positive following his return to professional golf after a sex scandal in late 2009 . A sampling collected by the Viralheat software in July 2011 found that 79 percent of tweets about President Barack Obama were positive , while 54 percent of those on Speaker John Boehner were . Near Thanksgiving 2012 , 150 , 000 tweets were analyzed . Viralheat found that turkey stuffing was mentioned 38 , 000 times . During the debut of Bravo 's TV show Start ups Silicon Valley , the software determined that the character Hermione was mentioned on Twitter 350 times , while Sarah received 264 mentions . A March 2013 report published by Viralheat found that among major airlines American Airlines had the most positive sentiment on social media . It also found that the San Francisco Airport was the most frequently mentioned airport . During March Madness the same year , Viralheat Inc. ran an analysis with the software that found the most talked about team was the one from the University of Miami .
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2,593 | I Wanna Have Your Babies is a song by British recording artist Natasha Bedingfield . It was written by Steve Kipner , Andrew Frampton , Wayne Wilkins and Bedingfield for her second album , N.B. ( 2007 ) . The song 's musical style and production was inspired by hip hop music , and its lyrics discuss a woman 's battle to stop herself from rushing into relationships in an effort to find the right man to be the father of her children . The song was released as the album 's first single in the second quarter of 2007 . The track received mixed reviews from pop music critics , who generally found it to be less impressive than past singles . It entered the top forty in Germany , Ireland and The Netherlands , and became Bedingfield 's fourth United Kingdom top ten single release . Calvin Harris covered it in 2009 . Background and writing In 2006 , Bedingfield began writing and recording material with previous collaborators Steve Kipner , Andrew Frampton and Wayne Wilkins in Los Angeles , California . During one of their sessions , they penned I Wanna Have Your Babies , which was inspired by a year and a half of touring across the United States . Bedingfield had never been away from her family and friends for an extended period of time and realised how important relationships are . She wanted to write songs that matched who she was , commenting that her first album was about independence and opportunism . I m in a different place now . I 've been dating , searching for a partner , looking for Mr Right . In the song , Bedingfield discusses a woman 's fight to stop herself from rushing into relationships in an effort to find the right man to father her children . Bedingfield stated that she does not want to have children at this point in time , but that she is thinking about it . According to her , the song is about pacing yourself and taking everything slowly . Critical reception I Wanna Have Your Babies had a polarizing effect on music critics . Britain 's Channel 4 described it as a well thought out pop record , and Paul Taylor of the Manchester Evening News said it had a sing song melody and ragged hip hop beats . Tony Cummings called the song 's R B pop confection hugely catchy . Online magazine Drowned in Sound ridiculed the track , writing that it is polluting the airwaves with its beyond banal lyrics . The song 's music video was also described in the review as unforgivable . The BBC was equally unimpressed with the song , claiming it stole the melody of The Jackson 5 song I Want You Back . Chart performance I Wanna Have Your Babies was officially solicited to radio in the United Kingdom on 12 March 2007 . The song was released as a download on 2 April 2007 , two weeks before its physical release . It debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number twenty five on 8 April 2007 , on download sales only . A week after its physical release the song reached the top ten , rising from number fifteen to number seven . In Ireland the song debuted at number thirty six on the singles chart and peaked at number eight . I Wanna Have Your Babies proved popular on Irish radio , charting at number fourteen . The single had moderate success in Europe . After three weeks on the European Hot 100 Singles chart , the track peaked at number twenty three . The single reached the top fifty in Italy , the Netherlands and Sweden . In Australia , the song debuted on the singles chart at number fifty on 21 May 2007 . The track was more successful on the Physical Singles chart , debuting at number thirty seven . Music video The music video was directed by Dave Meyers and filmed in Los Angeles , California in January 2007 . The video opens with a scene of Bedingfield working out in a gym with a male instructor . Bedingfield and the instructor are then shown running through a park , when a baby stroller suddenly appears . Frightened , the instructor runs away from Bedingfield and the baby . She is next shown playing tennis and flirting with another man . The two are then shown riding on a boat with a toddler , in a race with another couple . The third scene features Bedingfield at a nightclub flirting with yet another man , before they are shown together at his home . In the final scene , she meets a man working at a coffee shop . They are shown in a play room with multiple babies . The video ends with Bedingfield hugging the coffee shop worker , who appears not to be deterred by her thoughts about having babies . Nadine Coyle , member of the pop group Girls Aloud , makes a cameo appearance in the nightclub scene . The complete version of I Wanna Have Your Babies featured in the music video has been released commercially through CD singles and digital downloads , and some include remixes by unk . The video debuted on Bedingfield 's official Bebo website on 6 March 2007 . On 21 May 2007 , the video debuted in North America on Bedingfield 's official U.S. website under the title Babies . The music video for I Wanna Have Your Babies was mocked in an article written by Anna Pickard and published in The Guardian . Pickard made fun of Bedingfield 's clean cut , straight toothed , good Christian girl image , writing that the video was an effort by Bedingfield and her management to be provocative to sell more records . Formats and track listings Charts Weekly charts
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2,594 | Espaa was a Spanish dreadnought battleship , the lead ship of her class . She had two sister ships , Alfonso XIII and Jaime I. Espaa was built by the SECN shipyard she was laid down in December 1909 , launched in February 1912 , and completed in October 1913 . She was armed with a main battery of eight 305 mm ( 12 . 0 in ) guns and had a top speed of 19 . 5 knots ( 36 . 1 km h 22 . 4 mph ) Espaa served in the 1st Squadron after her commissioning , along with her two sisters . Spain remained neutral during World War I , so the Spanish fleet did not see action during the conflict . Espaa provided gunfire support during the Rif War in the early 1920s . During these operations , she ran aground off Cape Tres Forcas , Morocco in August 1923 . The Navy was unable to raise the ship , and severe storms destroyed the wreck in 1924 , which led the Navy to abandon her . Technical characteristics Espaa was 132 . 6 m ( 435 ft ) long at the waterline and 140 m ( 460 ft ) long overall . She had a beam of 24 m ( 79 ft ) and a draft of 7 . 8 m ( 26 ft ) her freeboard was 15 ft ( 4 . 6 m ) amidships . Her propulsion system consisted of four shaft Parsons steam turbines and twelve Yarrow boilers . The engines were rated at 15 , 500 shaft horsepower ( 11 , 600 kW ) and produced a top speed of 19 . 5 knots ( 36 . 1 km h 22 . 4 mph ) . Espaa had a cruising radius of 5 , 000 nautical miles ( 9 , 300 km 5 , 800 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Her crew consisted of 854 officers and enlisted men . Espaa was armed with a main battery of eight 305 mm ( 12 . 0 in ) 50 guns , mounted in four twin gun turrets . One turret was placed forward , two were positioned en echelon amidships , and the fourth was aft of the superstructure . This mounting scheme was chosen in preference to superimposed turrets , as was done in the South Carolinas , to save weight and cost . Her secondary battery consisted of twenty 102 mm ( 4 . 0 in ) guns mounted in casemates along the length of the hull . They were too close to the waterline , however , which made them unusable in heavy seas . She was also armed with four 3 pounder guns and two machine guns . Her armored belt was 203 mm ( 8 . 0 in ) thick amidships the main battery turrets were protected with the same amount of armor plate . The conning tower had 254 mm ( 10 . 0 in ) thick sides . Her armored deck was 38 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) thick . Service history The Navy Law of 7 January 1908 authorized construction of Espaa . She was laid down at the Sociedad Espaola de Construccin Naval shipyard in Ferrol on 6 December 1909 . She was launched on 5 February 1912 , and completed on 23 October 1913 . After their completion , Espaa and her sisters , Alfonso XIII and Jaime I , the three battleships formed the 1st Squadron of the Spanish fleet . Spain remained neutral after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , so Espaa and her sisters were the only European dreadnoughts to avoid the war . In mid 1915 , Espaa crossed the Atlantic to represent Spain at the opening ceremonies for the Panama Canal . Since the major European navies were occupied with World War I , only Spain and Portugal sent ships to the ceremonies . In 1920 Espaa carried the Spanish representative to the quatercentenary of the discovery of the Straits of Magellan in Chile , in the process becoming the Spanish Navy 's first ship to pass through the Panama Canal . On 29 January 1921 she ran aground in Chilean waters off Puerto Montt on her return to Spain , though she was refloated with some difficulty . Her hull was dented badly for a length of 150 ft ( 46 m ) , and the rocks tore a large hole that was approximately 8 by 8 ft ( 2 . 4 by 2 . 4 m ) between frames 22 and 36 , and several smaller holes between frames 48 to 56 on the port side and 58 to 76 on the starboard side . Divers effected temporary repairs with concrete in Chile , followed by permanent repairs that were made in Balboa , Panama before she made her return voyage across the Atlantic . During this period , she was assigned to the Training Squadron , along with her two sister ships . Throughout the early 1920s , she provided fire support to the Spanish Army in its campaigns in Morocco during the Rif War . While conducting a bombardment off Cape Tres Forcas near Melilla on 26 August 1923 , she ran hard aground . The Spanish Navy hired two salvage companies to refloat the battleship , but both declined after they surveyed the wreck . Unable to raise her , the Spanish decided to remove as much weight as possible from Espaa in an attempt to lighten her to permit refloating . Her guns were removed and dropped overboard to be picked up later by the salvage vessel unk . The battleship 's armor , machinery , and ammunition stores were also removed to lighten her . Her hull was then sealed and partially drained in preparation for raising , but while waiting for the necessary equipment from Italy , several violent storms hit the ship and caused further damage . The battered hull could now no longer be raised , and in November 1924 , she broke in half and was abandoned by the Spanish Navy . The 305 mm and 102 mm guns recovered from Espaa were installed in coastal batteries , some of which remained in service until 1999 before they were retired from service . After the overthrow of King Alfonso XIII , his namesake ship Alfonso XIII , was renamed Espaa in April 1931 .
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2,595 | Hurricane Waldo was a Pacific hurricane that caused significant flooding in Kansas during October 1985 . After developing into a tropical depression on October 7 , it steadily intensified , becoming a tropical storm within a day . Waldo reached hurricane intensity on October 8 . After peaking as a moderate Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale , it re curved to the east , making landfall at peak intensity near Culiacan . Afterward , it rapidly dissipated . In all , Waldo caused moderate damage in Sonora . The remnants of the storm combined with a cold front over the Great Plains . Significant flooding and one death was recorded in Kansas . Many rivers and creeks overflowed its banks . Meteorological history Waldo originated from a developing disturbance first noted by Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center ( EPHC ) on October 5 based on data from ship reports . By 0000 UTC October 7 , a circulation became evident on satellite imagery . Based on this , the EPHC upgraded the system into a tropical depression about 300 mi ( 480 km ) west of the Mexican coast . Upon becoming a tropical cyclone , the depression began to turn to the northwest in response to a strong upper level trough over Baja California Peninsula . Passing over 86 F ( 30 C ) sea surface temperatures , the tropical cyclone intensified into Tropical Storm Waldo about 12 hours after developing . The storm began to intensify rapidly . Meanwhile , the tropical storm passed 92 mi ( 148 km ) east of Socorro Island . Tropical Storm Waldo then began to turn to the north and while located 130 miles ( 210 km ) south of Baja California Sur , Waldo was upgraded into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . After reaching hurricane status the strengthening cyclone attained Category 2 hurricane status on October 9 . Shortly thereafter , a ship reported a sea level pressure of 982 mb ( 29 . 0 inHg ) just outside the center of circulation . Meanwhile , Hurricane Waldo reached its peak intensity of 105 mph ( 165 km h ) . Four hours after Hurricane Waldo 's peak , the storm made landfall near Culiacan . The storm rapidly dissipated during the afternoon of October 9 , while the system was located inland over Mexico . The remnants of Waldo merged with a cold front and produced heavy rains across the Great Plains and Mississippi River Valley . Preparations and impact In parts of Sinaloa , people were evacuated and then granted refuge in shelters . In Los Mochis , the Mexican Army was put on standby in the event the Fuerte River flooded . While no deaths or injuries were reported , much farmland and 600 houses were destroyed . The Juarez River bursts its banks , flooding at least eight neighborhoods in Culiacn . Telephone service in Los Mochis , unk , and Guasave was cut when a communications tower was blown over . In Los Mochis , some schools and homes were destroyed and a few trees were uprooted . A total of 10 , 000 people were left homeless across the state . The peak rainfall total in Mexico from Waldo was 9 . 61 inches ( 244 mm ) in unk San unk heavy rain was also recorded along southern Baja California Sur . In the United States , heavy rainfall prompted flood watches for most of west Texas . The National Weather Service even noted the possibility of 12 in ( 300 mm ) of rain in some areas across the state . Waldo contributed to rain heavy enough to cause some flash flooding in the Permian Basin area of Texas . Flood waters rose , leaving motorists stranded . One motorist was stranded for 30 minutes before begin rescued by another car . Odessa , Texas received about 2 in ( 51 mm ) in a four and half hour period . Torrential rainfall was recorded in Texas , but the highest official rainfall total in the United States was 6 . 6 in ( 170 mm ) , recorded in Hobbs , New Mexico . Flash floods affected the southern one third of the state from rainfall associated from Waldo . Damage was estimated between 100 , 000 1 million ( 1985 USD ) , mostly to crops , roads , and buildings . With help from a cold front , Waldo contributed to major flooding in Kansas that forced many rivers and creeks to overflow their banks . A total of 4 . 5 inches ( 110 mm ) of rain fell in some locations . In the rural town of Raymond , a 52 year old man died from a heart attack while moving to higher ground due to rising floodwaters . Approximately 15 people were evacuated from their homes in Easton due to the overflow of the nearby Stranger Creek . Some of the evacuated resident slept at the nearby senior center for the night where the American Red Cross delivered items such as blankets , food , and clothes to the victims of the flood . In Kansas City , Waldo produced 1 ft ( 30 cm ) of water on roads , but none of the nearby homes received extensive damage . The Sedgwick County , the county fire department freed 35 trapped people from rising flood waters , six of which were rescued via helicopter . County workers were forced to use sandbags to prevent the dike along unk creek from breaking . The Salt Creek overflowed its banks subsequently , Highway 68 closed in Osage County . Within six days after the dissipation of Hurricane Waldo , the remnants had produced heavy rainfall as far north as Michigan with flooding recorded as far north as Iowa . Waldo 's rain were comparable to Atlantic Hurricane Gloria though the wind speeds were much lower .
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2,596 | In United States railroad terminology , a troop sleeper was a railroad passenger car which had been constructed to serve as something of a mobile barracks ( essentially , a sleeping car ) for transporting troops over distances sufficient to require overnight accommodations . This method allowed part of the trip to be made overnight , reducing the amount of transit time required and increasing travel efficiency . History Background and development Between December , 1941 and June , 1945 U.S. railroads carried almost 44 million armed services personnel . As there were not enough cars and coaches available to meet the massive need for troop transit created by World War II , in late 1943 the U.S. Office of Defense Transportation contracted with the Pullman Company to build 2 , 400 troop sleepers , and with American Car and Foundry ( ACF ) to build 440 troop kitchen cars . This new rolling stock was either converted from existing boxcars or built from scratch based on Association of American Railroads ( AAR ) standard 50 ' 6 single sheathed steel boxcar designs , and were constructed entirely out of steel with heavily reinforced ends . In some instances baggage cars were converted into temporary kitchen cars before ACF could complete its order . The cars were painted the standard Pullman Green and affixed with gold lettering . Along the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 's ( unk ) Surf Line , trains consisting of 10 12 former Southern Pacific interurban trailer cars , owned by the U.S. Maritime Commission but bearing unk markings , were fitted with conventional knuckle couplers at each end of the trainset and pressed into service to handle the additional passenger loads . Equipped with special Allied Full Cushion high speed swing motion trucks , Pullman troop sleepers were designed to be fully interchangeable with all other passenger equipment . The units came equipped with end doors similar to those found on standard railway cars , but had no vestibules . Loading and unloading of passengers was accomplished via wide doors positioned on each side at the center of the cars with built in trap doors and steps . Light and ventilation was provided by ten window units mounted on each side , each equipped with rolling black out shades and wire mesh screens . Troop sleepers , generally intended for use by enlisted personnel , were equipped with bunks stacked 3 high , and slept 29 servicemen plus the Pullman porter . Every passenger was provided with a separate Pullman bed , complete with sheets and pillowcases that were changed daily . The berths were laid out in a cross wise arrangement that placed the aisle along one side of the car , as opposed to down the center . Though the upper berths were fixed , the middle and lower sections could be reconfigured into seating during the daytime . Weapon racks were provided for each group of berths . Four washstands ( two mounted at each end of the car ) delivered hot and cold running water . The cars also came outfitted with two enclosed toilets and a drinking water cooler . Troop kitchens Troop kitchens , rolling galleys , also joined the trains to provide meal service en route ( the troops took their meals in their seats or bunks ) . As the cooking was performed by regular U.S. Army cooks , the cars were outfitted with two Army standard coal ranges . The cars were also equipped with a pair of 200 gallon cold water tanks and a 40 gallon hot water tank supplies were stocked on open shelves with marine type railings , a bread locker , a large refrigerator , and a series of built in cabinets and drawers . The cars served approximately 250 men each , and were typically placed in the middle of the train so that food could be served from both ends . Troop hospital cars , also based on the troop sleeper carbody , transported wounded servicemen and typically travelled in solid strings on special trains averaging fifteen cars each . Each had 38 berths for patients , 30 of which were arranged in the central section of the car in three tiers on each side . There was also a section with six berths which could be used for isolation cases as well as private compartments for special cases . Each unit was ice air conditioned and came fitted with a shower room along with a modern kitchen with the latest equipment . Afterlife and preservation Troop cars saw service through 1947 , after which many were sold by the U.S. Army Transportation Corps to the railroads and subsequently converted into mail cars , express service boxcars , or refrigerator cars , while others remained in sleeper configuration for use in maintenance of way ( unk ) service as bunk cars for the maintenance workers . Subsequent conflicts have not created the need for such an arrangement , partially due to the much smaller level of manpower involved but primarily due to the wider use of aircraft for long distance transportation of troops . Today , preserved troop sleepers can be seen in several railroad museums across the United States . Troop sleeper unk is on display at the B O Railroad Museum in Baltimore , MD . It was purchased as surplus by the Western Maryland Railroad and used on work trains as crew quarters . The museum has restored it to its original outside appearance . The inside has half the beds put back and the other half has displays about the B O RR during the war .
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2,597 | New York State Route 210 ( NY 210 ) is a state highway in Orange County , New York , in the United States . It runs north from the New Jersey state line where it continues south as Passaic County Route 511 ( CR 511 ) along the west shore of Greenwood Lake to the eponymous village of Greenwood Lake , where it ends at a junction with NY 17A . It was once much longer , as it originally extended east along NY 17A and CR 106 in Orange and Rockland counties to Stony Point when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . The route was truncated to its current length in 1982 . Prior to becoming NY 210 in 1930 , the road alongside Greenwood Lake was part of NY 55 , a route connecting New Jersey to Goshen , in the 1920s . Route description NY 210 commences at the New York New Jersey state line in the town of Warwick , where it connects to CR 511 in Passaic County , New Jersey . Like CR 511 in New Jersey , NY 210 is the primary lakeside roadway along Greenwood Lake , an interstate lake located roughly equally in New Jersey and New York . NY 210 heads north from the state line along the western edge of the base of a deep valley surrounding the lake to a community known as Indian Park , entirely situated on the steep incline leading away from the lake . The route continues on to the eponymous village of Greenwood Lake , located at the northern tip of the lake . NY 210 enters the village center from the west on Jersey Avenue . It follows the village street for four blocks to Windermere Avenue , where it turns to follow that street to the northeast . The route terminates nine blocks later upon intersecting NY 17A north of the village center . History Old roads From 1930 to 1982 , NY 210 extended eastward into Rockland County . This 20 mile ( 32 km ) extension was primarily made up of several highways that were previously part of a privately maintained road . On March 10 , 1824 , the New York State Legislature passed a law incorporating the Monroe and Haverstraw Road Company . The new company was tasked with building a turnpike from the hamlet of Monroe ( now Southfields ) east to the town of Haverstraw , where it ended at a fork in the road somewhere in the town . The turnpike company ceased to exist on April 28 , 1870 , when the legislature passed a law repealing the 1824 document that created the turnpike company . The highway was subsequently sold off in order to pay off the debts of the company and to finance repairs to bridges along the road . When Harriman State Park opened in 1910 , the Monroe Haverstraw highway was renamed Southfields Road . Three years later , a portion of the route became part of Seven Lakes Drive , a major highway built to traverse the park . In 1916 , Rockland County numbered its highways for the first time . The Rockland County section of the former Monroe and Haverstraw Road was designated as CR 416 at this time . From 1919 to 1920 , the highway was reconstructed and rebuilt to state standards . Designation In the late 1920s , what is now NY 210 was originally designated as part of NY 55 , a connector between NY 17 in Goshen and the New Jersey state line south of the village of Greenwood Lake . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 55 was incorporated into two longer routes NY 210 from New Jersey to Greenwood Lake and NY 17A from Greenwood Lake to Goshen . Initially , NY 17A ended in Greenwood Lake while NY 210 continued east to U.S. Route 9W ( US 9W ) on the banks of the Hudson River in West Haverstraw . From Greenwood Lake to Southfields , NY 210 was routed on modern NY 17A . The route continued east from there along Southfields Road to the eastern fringe of Harriman State Park , at which point it headed to West Haverstraw via Willow Grove and Letchworth Village roads , Suffern Lane , and Railroad Avenue . By 1933 , NY 17A was extended eastward along NY 210 to Southfields , completing the alternate loop of NY 17 , while NY 210 was realigned on its east end by 1938 to end at US 9W in Stony Point . Instead of following Willow Point Road , the highway remained on modern Gate Hill Road to the vicinity of Stony Point , where it entered the hamlet on Main Street . It was rerouted again between 1968 and 1973 to bypass Main Street to the south on Central Drive . On April 1 , 1980 , ownership and maintenance of the portion of NY 210 from NY 17 to the Orange Rockland county line was transferred from the state of New York to Orange County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . Two years later , the portion of the route within Rockland County was turned over from the state to the county . As a result , NY 210 was truncated to the former western terminus of its overlap with NY 17A in Greenwood Lake . The former routing of NY 210 is now designated as CR 106 in both Orange and Rockland counties . Accidents Over the years , at least two fatal accidents have occurred on the portion of NY 210 that runs alongside Greenwood Lake . On July 15 , 1940 , a Brooklyn couple was killed when their car struck a stone ledge near the lake . Two others were injured in the accident . On December 1 , 1968 , three were killed and one person was injured when two cars had a head on collision just north of the New Jersey state line . Major intersections The entire route is in Orange County .
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2,598 | Coeur Alaska , Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council , 557 U.S. 261 ( 2009 ) , is a United States Supreme Court case that was decided in favor of Coeur Alaska 's permit to dump mine waste in a lake . The case addressed tailings from the Kensington mine , an underground mine located in Alaska . The gold mine had not operated since 1928 , and Coeur Alaska obtained a permit in 2005 from the United States Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) to dispose of up to 4 . 5 million tons of tailings in Lower Slate Lake , which is located in a National Forest . The suit was filed by three environmental non governmental organizations and brought before the United States District Court for the District of Alaska who found in favor of Coeur Alaska . The District Court 's decision was overturned by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals before being brought before the Supreme Court , who also found in favor of Coeur Alaska . The ruling was praised by the National Mining Association for the economic benefit it provided . Environmental groups criticised the decision for the impact it would have on Lower Slate Lake , and the opportunity for its use as a precedent in the future . In March 2009 proposed legislation , the Clean Water Protection Act , was introduced in Congress to remove mining waste from the definition of fill material . Background In 2005 Coeur Alaska Inc . , a subsidiary of Coeur d 'Alene Mines , successfully applied for a tailings disposal permit from the USACE . The permit allowed Coeur Alaska to dispose of 4 . 5 million tons of tailings from the Kensington gold mine , 45 mi ( 72 km ) north of Juneau , into Lower Slate Lake . The mine operated in the early 20th century , but had been inactive since 1928 . The lake is 3 miles ( 4 . 8 km ) from the mine , within the Tongass National Forest . The discharge of material into waters of the United States is regulated under the Clean Water Act by either the USACE or the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , depending on what the material is . Discharge of fill material falls under the jurisdiction of the USACE discharge of other pollutants falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA . In 2005 Coeur was granted a permit to dispose of tailings into Lower Slate Lake by the USACE under section 404 of the Clean Water Act . The decision was based on the definition of fill material which had been revised in 2002 under the administration of George W. Bush . This new definition allowed some contaminants to be included in mine waste and still be classified as fill . The permit allowed Coeur to dump 4 . 5 million tons of a combination of waste rock and tailings into Lower Slate Lake over a period of ten years , causing the floor elevation of the lake to rise by 50 ft ( 15 m ) . After the USACE issued the permit , the Southeast Alaska Conservation Council , the Sierra Club , and Lynn Canal Conservation Inc. filed suit . The suit claimed that the permit was issued in violation of sections 301 ( a ) , 301 ( e ) , and 306 ( e ) of the Clean Water Act . The United States District Court for the District of Alaska found that the USACE was correct in its application of section 404 of the act , because the permit was for fill material , and therefore not covered under or in violation of sections 301 ( e ) and 306 ( e ) . In May 2007 the District Court 's 2006 decision was overturned by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals . The Circuit Court found in favor of the non governmental organizations , ruling that discharge of tailings was not permitted under the EPA 's New Source Performance Standard . Opinion of the Court The Supreme Court found in favor of Coeur Alaska by a vote of 6 3 , agreeing that the USACE is indeed the appropriate body to issue a permit to discharge mine waste into Lower Slate Lake . In her dissent , Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg stated that currently discharging pollutants into a lake is permitted provided there is enough material to raise the lake 's floor elevation , thereby turning it into a waste disposal site . Ginsburg voiced concern about the potential for pollution regulation to not apply to several industries ( mining included ) on the basis of this loophole . Subsequent developments The decision was praised by the National Mining Association , which stated that it would provide employment and greater economic certainty for all those involved in the project . Alaska Governor Sarah Palin also welcomed the ruling , calling it a green light for responsible resource development . The environmental groups that originally filed suit against Coeur Alaska were unhappy with the decision . Environmental groups stated that the proposed material includes aluminum , lead , and mercury ( among other metals ) , and that discharging into Lower Slate Lake will have a detrimental effect on the lake and surrounding waters . A representative from unk warned of the ruling being used as a precedent , allowing other companies to discharge pollutants into other rivers and lakes . Following the court 's decision share prices of Coeur d 'Alene Mines rose over 5 . In March 2009 a bill , the Clean Water Protection Act , was introduced in Congress by Frank unk and Dave Reichert . The Clean Water Protection Act would have changed the definition of fill material in the Clean Water Act . Under the new definition fill material would have excluded mine waste .
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2,599 | HMS Cambrian was a C class light cruiser built for the Royal Navy during World War I. She was the name ship of her sub class of four ships . Assigned to the Grand Fleet , the ship played only a small role during the war . Cambrian was assigned to the Atlantic and Mediterranean Fleets during the 1920s and was sent to support British interests in Turkey during the Chanak Crisis of 1922 23 . The ship was placed in reserve in late 1929 . She was sold for scrap in 1934 . Design and description The C class cruisers were intended to escort the fleet and defend it against enemy destroyers attempting to close within torpedo range . Ordered as part of the 1914 15 Naval Programme , the Cambrian sub class were a slightly larger and improved version of the preceding Calliope sub class Cambrian , the last ship of her sub class to be completed , differed from her sister ships as she had a more powerful armament . The ships were 446 feet ( 135 . 9 m ) long overall , with a beam of 41 feet 6 inches ( 12 . 6 m ) and a mean draught of 14 feet 10 inches ( 4 . 5 m ) . Displacement was 4 , 320 long tons ( 4 , 390 t ) at normal and 4 , 799 long tons ( 4 , 876 t ) at deep load . Cambrian was powered by four direct drive Parsons steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , which produced a total of 40 , 000 indicated horsepower ( 30 , 000 kW ) . The turbines used steam generated by six Yarrow boilers which gave her a speed of 28 . 5 knots ( 52 . 8 km h 32 . 8 mph ) . She carried 841 long tons ( 854 t ) tons of fuel oil . The ship had a crew of 368 officers and other ranks . Cambrian 's main armament consisted of three BL 6 inch ( 152 mm ) Mk XII guns that were mounted on the centreline . One gun was forward of the bridge and the last two were in the stern , with one gun superfiring over the rearmost gun . Her secondary armament consisted of six QF 4 in ( 102 mm ) Mk IV guns , three on each side , one pair abaft the bridge on the forecastle deck and the other two pairs one deck lower amidships . For anti aircraft defence , she was fitted with one QF 4 in ( 102 mm ) Mk V gun . The ship also mounted two submerged 21 in ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes , one on each broadside . The unk were protected by a waterline belt amidships that ranged in thickness from 1 . 5 3 inches ( 38 76 mm ) with a 1 inch ( 25 mm ) deck . The walls of their conning tower were 6 inches thick . Wartime modifications During 1917 18 , her pole foremast was replaced by a tripod mast that was fitted with a gunnery director . In January 1919 , Cambrian had her 4 inch guns removed and an additional 6 inch gun added abaft the funnels . At the same time , her AA gun was replaced by a pair of QF 3 in ( 76 mm ) 20 cwt anti aircraft guns . Sometime between 1919 and 1924 the ship received a pair of 2 pounder ( 40 mm ) Mk II pom pom guns on single mounts . Construction and career Cambrian , the fourth ship of her name in the Royal Navy , was laid down by Pembroke Dockyard in Pembroke Dock , Wales , on 8 December 1914 , launched on 3 March 1916 , and completed in May 1916 . She was commissioned into service that same month and was assigned to the 4th Light Cruiser Squadron of the Grand Fleet in which she served through the end of World War I and until 1919 . The squadron was generally tasked with screening the battleships of the Grand Fleet during the war . The ship did not participate in the inconclusive Action of 19 August 1916 with the rest of her squadron . The squadron was briefly detached from the Grand Fleet in March 1917 to fruitlessly patrol off the Norwegian coast when news of a blockade runner was received by the Admiralty . At the beginning of 1919 , Cambrian was refitted in Rosyth before she sailed for Devonport where she was visited by the Edward , Prince of Wales on 13 June . The ship was assigned to the North American and West Indies Station the following month , where she served until 1922 . Cambrian 's crew spent several days in August trying to tow off the schooner Bella Scott after she had run aground near Kingston , Jamaica and received a brief refit in Bermuda in March April 1920 . The Prince of Wales again visited the ship on 26 September in Dominica . On 25 January 1921 , she was inspected by Vice Admiral Sir William Pakenham at Bermuda and again on 17 June . The ship arrived at Plymouth , Massachusetts to participate in the Pilgrim Tercentenary celebrations on 31 July . She was part of the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet from August 1922 until June 1924 , and was detached to support British interests during the Chanak Crisis of 1922 23 . She escorted the seaplane carrier Ark Royal from the UK to Turkey from 27 September to 8 October and was later guard ship at Smyrna in December . The ship was decommissioned in June 1924 and began a refit that lasted into 1926 , during which her aft control tower and searchlight platform was removed , when she was recommissioned to serve in the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet where she participated in a fleet exercise in March 1929 . After transporting troops to China in 1929 , she was decommissioned in November 1929 and assigned to the Nore Reserve . She was recommissioned as the flagship of the Nore Reserve in March 1931 and was then decommissioned in July 1933 at Sheerness and listed for sale . Cambrian was sold for scrap on 28 July 1934 .
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