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2,400	Sweat is a song recorded by American recording artist Ciara for her self titled fifth album Ciara ( 2013 ) , originally titled One Woman Army . Featuring guest vocals from rapper 2 Chainz , Sweat is Ciara 's debut release under Epic Records after publicly asking to leave previous label Jive Records . The label failed to support Ciara creatively and financially on previous albums , Fantasy Ride ( 2009 ) and Basic Instinct ( 2010 ) , contributing to poor performance of both albums . Ciara 's contract with Epic Records reunited the singer with her mentor L.A. Reid , who is credited as originally signing the singer to his LaFace Records label during the beginning of her career in 2004 , as well as having a hand in producing her debut album , Goodies ( 2004 ) . Initially touted as the lead single from Ciara , Sweat received mixed reviews from music critics , with some describing the song as a heavy club song , while others referred to the song as boring . Sweat was likened to previous urban singles Goodies ( 2004 ) and Like a Boy ( 2006 ) . It was serviced to rhythmic radio stations on June 18 , 2012 however , its planned digital release for June 19 , 2012 was cancelled . Epic Records subsequently noted the song as a promotional single when it charted at number eighty six on the US Billboard Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart . The song was replaced by a ballad called Sorry as the lead single from Ciara but what when that underperformed too , both songs were scrapped from the album and replaced with an R B midtempo song called Body Party , subsequently touted as the album 's new lead single . Background and release Ciara 's previous two albums , Fantasy Ride ( 2009 ) and Basic Instinct ( 2010 ) , both underperformed commercially compared to the singer 's first two albums Ciara The Evolution ( 2006 ) debuted at number one , while her debut album , Goodies ( 2004 ) , debuted at number three . Following a heavy period of legal issues and unauthorized leaking of songs from the Fantasy Ride recording sessions , Ciara recorded Basic Instinct in strict confidentiality . Ciara reflected on the album 's progress at the time , stating that she wasn 't interested in first week sales or performance . However , Gerrick Kennedy from the Los Angeles Times attributed Basic Instinct 's lack of success to multiple unk and the leaking of material from the album 's recording sessions . Eventually , Ciara broke her silence revealing that Jive Records had not financially supported her with Fantasy Ride and Basic Instinct . Ciara was left to pay for promotion herself , which included funding the music video and radio release of her last single Gimmie Dat . She publicly asked to be released from Jive on February 14 , 2011 . On July 12 , 2011 , it was reported that she had reunited with L.A. Reid by signing with his record label Epic Records . Reid had previously signed Ciara to LaFace Records at the start of her career and was a factor in the commercial success of her debut album , Goodies ( 2004 ) . Billboard magazine went on to confirm her move to Epic in September 2011 . On May 30 , 2012 during promotional appearances for That 's My Boy , a film Ciara stars in , the singer announced she had a new single on the way called Sweat . Just five days later on June 4 , 2012 , Sweat premiered online , the bass heavy record features upcoming rapper 2 Chainz and was unveiled as the lead single from Ciara 's fifth album Ciara ( 2013 ) . The record was serviced to rhythmic radio stations on June 18 , 2012 and was scheduled for release as a digital download on June 19 , 2012 . However , the digital release did not happen as planned , and when charting Billboard listed the song as a promotional single . On August 13 , 2012 , Ciara revealed through a handwritten letter that a song called Sorry would be released as the album 's lead single . Composition and reception Sweat is an uptempo bass heavy club song which features rapper 2 Chainz . Serving as Ciara 's debut release with Epic Records , Sweat was described by MTV News as a throwback to Ciara 's old roots , particularly drawing comparisons to Like a Boy . It was written by Ciara , 2 Chainz , William Wesson , Patrizio unk , Christopher Trujillo , K. Townsend , and S. Randolph . The song was described as bass heavy banger by Rap Up . Becky Bain from Idolator , however , was disappointed with Sweat , describing the song as not very exciting . In her review , Bain said , Ciara 's vocals go nowhere , the beat doesn 't pick up or drop off or twist or turn unexpectedly , and the repetitive lyrics are your generic sexy dancefloor bon mots . Chart performance Sweat made its chart debut by entering the US Billboard Bubbling Under R B Hip Hop Songs chart on June 23 , 2012 . The chart is an addendum to the main Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart and consists of twenty five chart positions for songs that have not received enough airplay or single sales to appear in the top 100 of the Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart . A week later , Sweat moved up to number 93 on the main R B Hip Hop Songs chart . In its third week , it went on peak at number eighty six . Release history
2,401	Dellingr ( Old Norse possibly the unk or shining one ) is a god in Norse mythology . Dellingr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and in the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In both sources , Dellingr is described as the father of Dagr , the personified day . The Prose Edda adds that , depending on manuscript variation , he is either the third husband of Ntt , the personified night , or the husband of Jr , the personified earth . Dellingr is also attested in the legendary saga Hervarar saga ok Heireks . Scholars have proposed that Dellingr is the personified dawn , and his name may appear both in an English surname and place name as well as German surnames . Attestations Poetic Edda Dellingr is referenced in the Poetic Edda poems Vafrnisml and Hvaml . In stanza 24 of unk , the god Odin ( disguised as Gagnrr ) asks the jtunn Vafrnir from where the day comes , and the night and its tides . In stanza 25 , Vafrnir responds Delling hight he who the day 's father is , but night was of Nrvi born the new and waning moons the beneficent powers created , to count the years for men . In Hvaml , the dwarf unk is stated as having recited an unnamed spell before Delling 's doors For the fifteenth I know what the dwarf unk sang before Delling 's doors . Strength he sang to the sir , and to the unk prosperity , wisdom to unk . In the poem Fjlsvinnsml , Svipdagr asks What one of the gods has made so great the hall I behold within Fjlsvir responds with a list of names , including Dellingr . In a stanza of the poem Hrafnagaldr ins , the appearance of Dagr , horse , and chariot are described , and Dagr himself is referred to as the son of Delling . Prose Edda In chapter 10 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , the enthroned figure of High states that Dellingr is a god and the third husband of Ntt . The couple have Dagr , who carries the features of his father 's people , which are described as bright and beautiful . Odin placed both Dellingr 's son , Dagr , and Dellingr 's wife , Ntt , in the sky , so that they may ride across it with their horses and chariots every 24 hours . However , scholar Haukur Thorgeirsson points out that the four manuscripts of Gylfaginning vary in their descriptions of the family relations between Ntt , Jr , Dagr , and Dellingr . In other words , depending on the manuscript , either Jr or Ntt is the mother of Dagr and partner of Dellingr . Haukur details that the oldest manuscript , U , offers a version where Jr is the wife of Dellingr and the mother of Dagr while the other manuscripts , R , W and T , cast Ntt in the role of Dellingr 's wife and Dagr 's mother , and argues that the version in U came about accidentally when the writer of U or its antecedent shortened a text similar to that in RWT . The results of this accident made their way into the Icelandic poetic tradition . Hervarar saga ok Heireks Five riddles found in the poem Heireks unk contained in the legendary saga Hervarar saga ok Heireks employ the phrase Delling 's doors ( Old Norse unk durum ) once each . As an example , in one stanza where the phrase is used Gestumblindi ( Odin in disguise ) poses the following riddle What strange marvel did I see without , in front of Delling 's door its head turning to Hel downward , but its feet ever seek the sun This riddle ponder , O prince unk unk riddle is good , Gestumblindi , ' said the king ' I have guessed it . It is the leek its head is fast in the ground , but it forks as it grows unk Theories Jacob Grimm states that Dellingr is the assimilated form of unk , which includes the name of Dellingr 's son Dagr . Grimm adds that if the unk likely refers to descent , and that due to this Dellingr may have been the progenitor Dagr before him or that the succession order has been reversed , which Grimm states often occurs in old genealogies . Benjamin Thorpe says that Dellingr may be dawn personified , similarly to his son Dagr , the personified day . Regarding the references to Delling 's door as used in Hervarar saga ok Heireks , Christopher Tolkien says that What this phrase meant to the maker of these riddles is impossible to say . In Hvaml 160 it is said that the dwarf unk sang before Delling 's doors , which ( in view of the fact that Delling is the father of Dag ( Day ) in Vafrnisml 25 ) may mean that he gave warning to his people that the sun was coming up , and they must return to their dark houses the phrase would then virtually mean ' at sunrise . ' As regarding unk for unk in H , and unk were the descendants of Dagr ( according to unk . 183 ) . John Lindow says that some confusion exists about the reference to Dellingr in Hvaml . Lindow says that Dellingr 's doors may either be a metaphor for sunrise or the reference may refer to the dwarf of the same name . The English family name Dallinger has been theorized as deriving from Dellingr . The English place name unk ( south of Derbyshire ) derives from unk , which itself derives from Dellingr . In Germany , the family names unk and Dellinger have also been theorized as deriving from Dellingr .
2,402	Tina McKenzie ( born 8 June 1974 ) is an Australian wheelchair basketball player . She participated in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens , where she won a silver medal in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , where she won a bronze medal and the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where she won a second silver medal . After becoming an incomplete paraplegic as a result of a fall from a building in 1994 , she took up wheelchair tennis and later wheelchair basketball . She joined the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , in 1999 , and played her first international match at the 2002 World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Japan . She has over 100 international caps . Personal McKenzie was born in Albury , New South Wales , on 8 June 1974 . She had a brother who died at the age of 19 in 1997 . She left home in 1990 at the age of 16 , and moved to Melbourne , where she qualified as a hairdresser and beauty therapist . By 1994 she was running a hair dressing store and managing seven employees . Her life was changed that year by a fall from a building in Melbourne in which fractured her third and fourth thoracic vertebrae , rendering her an incomplete paraplegic . She lay there for forty minutes before someone found her . She spent the next four weeks in the Austin Hospital in Heidelberg , and then another two and a half months in the Royal Talbot Rehabilitation Centre in Kew . She was forced to move back in with her parents , where she lived for the next five years , but within a year of her accident , she was managing five hairdressing stores . She has a Bachelor of Education degree from Macquarie University , which she attended on an unk unk scholarship . As of 2013 , she works as a primary school teacher , and lives in St Peters , New South Wales . Wheelchair basketball McKenzie is a 3 point player , who plays guard . She took up wheelchair tennis while in rehabilitation at Royal Talbot . Her tennis team entered a basketball competition in 1997 for fun during the off season . In 2011 12 , the Australian Sports Commission gave her A 17 , 000 grants through the Direct Athlete Support ( DAS ) program , a scheme which provides direct financial support to elite athletes . She received 5 , 200 in 2008 9 , 5 , 571 in 2009 10 and 8 , 000 in 2010 11 . In 2012 , she had a scholarship with the New South Wales Institute of Sport . Macquarie University awarded her the Chancellor 's Award for academic and sporting excellence in 2005 and 2006 , and a university full blue in 2008 . Club In 2000 and 2001 , she played for the Whittlesea City Pacers in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) . In 2008 and 2009 , she played for the Dandenong Rangers . In the second round of the 2008 season , the Dandenong Rangers defeated the Western Stars 53 47 . Despite fouling out late in the game , she scored 21 points in her team 's victory . In 2010 , she played for St Peters and the unk Leagues Wheelkings , and for the Stacks Goudkamp Bears in the WNWBL . She was a three time All Star Five WNWBL player , in 2004 , 2006 and 2007 . After moving to Melbourne , McKenzie began playing for Victoria in 2014 . The team became the Kilsyth Cobras in 2015 , with McKenzie on the roster . National team McKenzie has over 100 international caps with the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , generally known as the Gliders . She joined the team in 1999 , but missed out on selection for the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney . She played in a four game test series in Canberra against the Japan women 's national wheelchair basketball team held in March 2002 , the first Australian hosted international for the Gliders since the Paralympics . She was then selected to play at the unk Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Japan , winning a bronze medal , and later at the 2006 and 2010 World Championships , where the Gliders finished fourth each time . She was selected to represent Australia at the 2009 Four Nations tournament in Canada , one of six players in the side who played for the Dandenong Rangers in the WNWBL . She was selected to participate in a national team training camp in 2010 , and captained the team at the Osaka Cup and the World Championships that year . In July , she played in a three game test series against Germany . Paralympics McKenzie was part of the silver medal winning team at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens , and the bronze medal winning team at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing . At the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , she took to the court only twice . The first time was in her team 's victory over Great Britain on 31 August , in which she played for 7 minutes 2 seconds . The second was in her team 's quarterfinal 62 37 victory over Mexico women 's national wheelchair basketball team , in which she played for 10 minutes 47 seconds . She was awarded a silver medal after her team was defeated by Germany in the final . Retirement In December 2012 , McKenzie officially announced her retirement . After thanking various people , she concluded her remarks by saying I will always be proud to call myself a Glider .
2,403	Everybody Saves Father and The Only Girl in Camp are two 1910 American silent short films produced by the Thanhouser Company . Both films were released together on a single reel on January 10 , 1911 . Everybody Saves Father is a comedy focusing on a father whose life is planned to be saved by a succession of his daughter 's suitors . The plan of each of the three men work , foiling the attempts of the other , but a four suitor has wed the daughter whilst the scheming was done by the others . The Only Girl in Camp is a drama film focusing on the only girl in a mining town who foils an armed robbery with the use of bear traps . In 2009 , The Only Girl in Camp was identified and deposited into the Library of Congress for preservation . The only known credits for the production come from film stills from the film . The reviews for Everybody Saves Father were positive , but The Only Girl in Camp was met with more or less neutral reception . Plots The official synopsis for both films was published in The Moving Picture World on January 14 , 1911 . The first film , Everybody Saves Father is focused on Jennie Gear , a young woman whose affections are sought by many men . Jennie 's father thinks his daughter is too young to be married and drives off four of her suitors . One of the men , John , concocts a plan to save his life to win the man 's approval . The plan is heard by another suitor , George , who decides to hire a rowboat to save the old man himself . This is over heard by George who concocts his own rescue to foil George . The plans go through without failure as each successive suitor 's plan works to the actions of the other , and Henry wins the approval of Jennie 's father . However , Jennie had already married Bill in the mean time . The second film , The Only Girl in Camp , focuses on Trapper Gates 's daughter , who is the only woman in the mining camp . Three ruffians come across the camp and plan to rob the miners . The leader , Bill , announces himself as Professor Watson and says he will give a lecture on locating gold deposits in the town hall . All the miners are lured to the building , save the girl , and Bill 's accomplices proceed to rob the men . She realizes that this meeting is unusual and goes to the town hall and witnesses the robbery , but has no way of reporting or stopping the three armed men . Struck with an idea , she returns home for her father 's bear traps and sets them on the steps of town hall . The robbers back out of the town hall and step into the traps , where they are captured . Cast and production Film historian Q. David Bowers does not cite credits for Everybody Saves Father . Though Bowers does not cite credits for The Only Girl in Camp , the rediscovered film and identification of film stills have provided credit for Frank H. Crane , William Garwood , Violet Heming and Tom Fortune . The other cast credits are unknown , but many Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . The writer of the scenarios was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions though cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Alfred H. Moses , Jr. and Carl Louis Gregory . Release and reception Everybody Saves Father and The Only Girl in Camp were released together on a single reel , approximately 1 , 000 feet in length , on January 10 , 1911 . The total length of Everybody Saves Father is approximately 450 feet long and the Only Girl in Camp is 480 feet long . Though both films were on a split reel , sometimes the films were advertised independently or listed Everybody Saves Father only . Theaters showing the one or possibly both films are known in North Carolina Indiana , Texas , Kansas , Arizona , Pennsylvania , and California . A surviving nitrate print of The Only Girl in Camp was sold on eBay in 2009 . The film was purchased and deposited in the Library of Congress for preservation . Everybody Saves Father was met with positive reviews in the trade publications . The Billboard review stated , The comedy is distinctively American and makes a good subject . The photography is excellent and the acting clever . The Moving Picture World affirmed that it was a good lively and laughable comedy . The two reviews were also backed by The New York Dramatic Mirror 's positive review of the comedy production . The publications would also review The Only Girl in Camp were more or less neutral , but the The Billboard highlighted how the prop traps could not believably work and hold a man as they did in the film . The Moving Picture World and The New York Dramatic Mirror offered praise for the novelty of the production without any criticism .
2,404	Franois Antoine Louis Bourcier was a French cavalry officer and divisional general of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars . Born 23 February 1760 in La Petite Pierre , Alsace , Bourcier was a cavalry lieutenant when the French Revolution began . He fought with the Army of the Rhine in the War of the First Coalition . By the War of the Second Coalition , he had been promoted to brigadier general , and served in the Army of the Danube as inspector general of cavalry . In the Napoleonic Wars , he fought at major campaigns on the Danube against Austria and Russia , including the battles of Elchingen , Austerlitz and the Battle of Wagram . He also participated in the campaign against Prussia , which culminated in the Battle of Jena Auerstadt and the battles of Heilsberg and Friedland . Following the campaign in Prussia , he served briefly in the Peninsular War after he which he was transferred back to northern Europe and participated in the French Invasion of Russia in 1812 . Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 , he retained his titles and honors . After serving in the Chamber of Deputies , Bourcier died 8 May 1828 at his chateau in Ville au Val in Meurthe et Moselle . Career Antoine Louis Francois Bourcier was born on 23 February 1760 near Phalsbourg , in La Petite Pierre , a small town , in the Bas Rhin district , 24 kilometers ( 15 mi ) north of Saverne and 56 kilometers ( 35 mi ) northwest of Strasbourg . The son of a former sergeant of the guard of King Stanislas unk , he proved himself a bright student in school , and was placed in a cavalry regiment . At the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789 , he was lieutenant in the 1st Regiment of Cavalry . From this time , his prospects rose quickly . Appointed aide de unk to the Duke of Aiguillon ( 9 June 1792 ) , he later he transferred to the staff of General Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine . A general of brigade in 1793 , he became Chief of Staff of the Army of the Rhine , and was raised the following year to the rank of major general . Bourcier commanded a division of cavalry under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau , who had taken an interest in his career , and he was appointed Inspector of Cavalry on 3 August 1797 . When Jean Baptiste Jourdan formed the Army of the Danube , he appointed Bourcier as inspector of cavalry for both his force and the Army of Switzerland , under command of Andr Massna . With command of a brigade , and as inspector of cavalry , Bourcier participated in the campaigns of the War of the Second Coalition in southwestern Germany , Switzerland , and northern Italy . In Italy , he also commanded a column of cavalry that routed a group of rebels near Andrea . In the 1805 War of the Third Coalition , as commander of a division of dragoons , he participated in the Battle of Elchingen and later the Battle of Ulm . Six weeks later , at the Battle of Austerlitz , he made several brilliant and timely charges , including one observed by several parishioners of the town of unk , who had climbed the church tower to watch the action . The French infantry had been surrounded by Austrian cavalry , which pursued them down the road . Bourcier approached from the other direction with three regiments of dragoons , having left the rest of his division behind to preserve his communication lines in unk . Seeing the infantry beleaguered by cavalry , he led his men in a charge , giving the infantry time to escape . His own dragoons were fired upon with cannon and grapeshot , killing or wounding several men and horses , but , as he wrote later , the Russian cannon fire would have done more harm had they been directed better , being within half range . After the French victory at the Battle of Jena Auerstadt , Bourcier was placed in charge of the several thousands of horses confiscated from the Prussians . This influx of horses improved the capacity of the French cavalry , as Joachim Murat 's 11 , 000 strong cavalry reserve demonstrated later at the Battle of Eylau in February 1807 . After the defeat of Prussia in 1807 , Bourcier was sent to Spain to support the French efforts there , but he returned to the northern European theater in time for the Battle of Wagram in July 1809 . He was also part of Napoleon 's Russian campaign , but escaped the rigors of the retreat from Moscow , having been previously sent back to Berlin to reorganize the French cavalry . The First Restoration awarded him the Cross of St. Louis . He retired in 1816 , but the following year he was recalled to the State Council and served as commissioner for the management of military supply depots . Family and post military life In 1809 , he acquired the Chateau de Ville au Val at Meurthe et Moselle . In 1816 , he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies by the Department of the Meurthe . He married Marie Isabelle Van unk ( died in Nancy , 13 June 1855 ) . They had a daughter , Adelaide Ernestine Josephine , born 11 October 1805 , who married to Louis Henry Gau , the son of Charles Louis Joseph Gau of unk . He died 8 May 1828 in Ville au Val and was buried , as were his descendants after him , in the family vault near the chateau chapel . His name is engraved on the Arc d unk .
2,405	Espingole was a Durandal class destroyer built for the French Navy in the late 1890s . Commissioned in 1900 , she saw only a few years of service before running aground and sinking in 1903 off the Cte d 'Azur . Her captain was acquitted at his court martial seven years later . Multiple salvage attempts failed and a legal dispute arising from the last attempt was not settled until 1926 . Design and description Espingole had an overall length of 57 . 64 meters ( 189 ft 1 in ) , a beam of 6 . 3 meters ( 20 ft 8 in ) , and a maximum draft of 3 . 2 meters ( 10 ft 6 in ) . She displaced 311 metric tons ( 306 long tons ) at deep load . The two triple expansion steam engines , each driving one shaft , were designed to produce 5 , 200 metric horsepower ( 3 , 825 kW ) , using steam provided by two water tube boilers . The ship had a designed speed of 26 knots ( 48 km h 30 mph ) , but Espingole reached 27 . 41 knots ( 50 . 76 km h 31 . 54 mph ) during her sea trials in August and September 1900 . The ship carried 37 . 6 metric tons ( 37 . 0 long tons ) of coal , enough to give her a range of 2 , 300 nautical miles ( 4 , 300 km 2 , 600 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Her hull was subdivided by nine watertight transverse bulkheads . She had a crew of four officers and sixty enlisted men . Espingole carried a single 65 millimeter ( 2 . 6 in ) gun forward of the bridge . The gun had a maximum range of 9 , 000 meters ( 9 , 800 yd ) and a rate of fire of five rounds per minute . The ship carried 375 rounds for the gun . She also mounted six 47 millimeter ( 1 . 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns , three on each broadside . The guns had a sustained rate of fire of seven rounds per minute and a maximum range of 4 , 000 meters ( 4 , 400 yd ) . She carried a total of 2 , 850 rounds of 47 mm ammunition . Espingole mounted two single 381 millimeter ( 15 . 0 in ) torpedo tubes one between the funnels and the other on the stern . Two reload torpedoes were also carried their air flasks , however , had to be charged before they could be used , a process that took several hours . The Modle 1887 torpedo that they used had a warhead weight of 42 kilograms ( 93 lb ) . Construction and career The ship was laid down in 1896 97 by Normand at their Le Havre shipyard , as the last of the four Durandal class destroyers . She was named after a French type of blunderbuss all of the ships in her class were named after weapons . Espingole was launched on 28 June 1900 and completed around September when she ran her speed trials . Construction costs were 1 , 690 , 994 francs . She was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet in December and made a number of port visits in France , Corsica and French North Africa throughout 1901 . Her rudder was damaged after striking the bottom off Golfe Juan and Espingole was under repair 3 27 September . In October 1901 , the 1st Battleship Division , under the command of Rear Admiral ( contre amiral ) Leonce Caillard , consisting of the battleships Gaulois and Charlemagne , the armored cruiser Pothuau , and escorted by Espingole and the destroyer unk , was ordered to proceed to the port of Mytilene on the island of Lesbos , then part by the Ottoman Empire . After Caillard landed two companies of marines that occupied the major ports of the island on 7 November , Sultan Abdul Hamid II agreed to enforce contracts made with French companies and to repay loans made by French banks . The ships made a number of port visits while they were in the Aegean , including the islands of Milos , Syros , and Tinos , in addition to the ports of Smyrna and Piraeus . The 1st Division returned to Toulon on 12 December . The ship was refitted from 3 to 17 April 1902 before she resumed her normal routine of port visits . Lieutenant ( Lieutenant de vaisseau ( LV ) ) Marcotte de Sainte Marie relieved LV unk in June and Espingole was refitted again from 13 November to 2 December . She made a port visit in early 1903 at Rochefort before resuming training . The ship struck a rock in unk Bay , off unk sur Mer , on 4 February 1903 after straying outside the channel , and ripped a hole 2 . 5 3 meter ( 8 ft 2 in 9 ft 10 in ) in the bottom of the hull . Coal , ammunition , and two 47 mm guns were thrown overboard to lighten the ship and her sister ship Hallebarde attempted to pull her off . The hawser broke after only moving Espingole roughly 5 6 meters ( 16 ft 5 in 19 ft 8 in ) , injuring two of Hallebarde 's crewmen . Hallebarde then rescued Espingole 's 62 man crew before the ship sank at coordinates 43 09 20 N 06 36 30 E. LV Marcotte de Sainte Marie was finally acquitted at his court martial seven years after his ship ran aground . The initial salvage attempts were unsuccessful and the Espingole was struck off the naval register on 16 September . The navy sold her wreck at auction in December 1909 and decided to offer an escalating series of bonuses if the winner could refloat the ship and deliver it intact . The salvage company was no more successful and abandoned the effort after five months of work . The company claimed that the navy had disturbed the wreck and sued for 60 , 000 francs plus damages . The dispute was not settled until 3 March 1926 .
2,406	Randall Made Knives , usually referred to as Randall , is an American custom handcrafted knife manufacturer founded by Walter Doane Bo Randall , Jr. in the U.S. The factory and showroom is located in Orlando , Florida . Randall began making knives as a hobby in 1937 . His son and grandson continue the family trade along with 20 craftsmen producing about 8 , 000 knives per year out of a shop on the South Orange Blossom Trail . Randall offers 28 models of knives for different applications , each customizable at the factory based on customer specification . Randall hand forges nearly all models of knives instead of factory stamping , one of few manufacturers to do so . Randall uses a 17 step process for making knives , which usually takes over 8 hours to complete . The waiting list for obtaining a Randall from the factory is typically five years . Two examples of Randall 's Model 17 Astro , designed for the use of astronauts , are on display in the Smithsonian Institution . The company operates its own museum containing more than 7 , 000 knives and other edged weapons , including one of the world 's largest collections of pocket knives . History Bo Randall first became interested in making knives after he purchased a Bill unk knife that was being used to scrape paint off of a boat without showing any signs of wear or damage . He made his first knife in his garage at Lake Ivanhoe , Florida using an auto spring . He founded the company in 1938 . Although Randall originally designed his knives for outdoorsmen and sold them at sporting goods stores , demand from military customers initially provided his biggest boost in business , and launched his company nationally . In the early 1940s , Randall knives significantly increased in popularity after receiving good publicity during World War II . Several noted war heroes and GIs on all fronts carried Randall knives with them into major battles , including Lieutenant General James M. Gavin , commander of the 82nd Airborne Division during the Normandy invasion . Army Air Force Captain Ronald Reagan , future U.S. President , owned a Randall knife in WWII . Randalls were so popular that GIs from overseas ordered through the mail by simply addressing letters to the Knife Man , Orlando . Shortly after the war , the popularity of Randall knives increased among non military users , and Randall developed additional models specifically for expanding markets . In 1956 , Randall received a United States design patent for models 14 and 15 . In 1957 , bestselling author James Jones mentioned Randall knives in his book Some Came Running , and subsequently helped Randall to design a diver s knife . In the Vietnam War , General William Westmoreland , Commander of American military operations in Vietnam , was often photographed with a Randall . Pilot Gary Powers of the 1960 U 2 incident , and herpetologist Ross Allen , carried Randalls . In 1982 , Randall was inducted into the Blade Magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame at the Blade Show in Atlanta , Georgia . Bo Randall died in 1989 in Orlando , Florida , at 80 years of age . His son , Gary Randall , currently oversees production at Randall made Knives . Bo Randall was inducted into the Blade magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame at the 1983 Blade Show as an unk . In 1997 , Randall was inducted into the American unk Society Hall of Fame . In 2001 , Randall 's knives were listed as Best unk Knife as part of Forbes 50 Best List . Randall in space As the U.S. initiated its space program , NASA needed a survival knife for its astronauts , and Major Gordon Cooper worked with Randall on the design of the Model 17 Astro . These first astronauts carried their Randalls into space . After recovering the Liberty Bell 7 Mercury space capsule from the ocean in 1999 , astronaut Gus Grissom s Randall knife was found inside . Despite having spent 40 years at a depth of 15 , 000 feet ( 4 , 600 m ) underwater , the knife was still serviceable after a good cleaning . Due to the historical significance of the Astro , the Smithsonian Institution displays two at their museum . Randall in music Texas musician Guy Clark wrote and sang the original song The Randall Knife as an elegy for his father the song first appeared on Clark 's 1983 album Better Days . Vince Gill , who sang and played guitar on Clark 's original recording , mentions a Randall knife in an elegy for his own father , The Key to Life , from the 1998 album The Key . Steve Earle , a friend and contemporary of Guy Clark , mentions a Randall knife in his song Taneytown , from the 1997 album El Corazon . Randall Made Knives Museum The Randall Made Knives Museum is located at the shop facility in Orlando , and contains more than 7 , 000 knives and other edged weapons . It has one of the largest collection of pocket knives in the world and home to the world 's largest collection of Bill unk 's knives . The museum contains many historical pictures and documents related to Randall knives . Randall plans to move the museum to a larger facility . Models Websites Randall Made Knives ( official Website ) Web Articles The Randall Story , Knife World , April 1999 by Jim Williamson
2,407	The Pasha 's Daughter is a 1911 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on an American named Jack who is traveling in Turkey . He befriends an aged Turk and is arrested as a conspirator against the government . His first attempt to flee the jail failed , but the second succeeds . Jack flees into the courtyard of the Pasha and is hidden from the guards by the Pasha 's daughter . Disguised as a woman , Jack makes his escape with her aid , but she refuses his offer to flee with him . A year later , the Pasha 's daughter is ushered in and announces that she wants to be his bride . The only known cast credits are for William Garwood and William Russell and the production credits are unknown . The film was released on January 3 , 1911 and was met with positive reviews . The film survives in The Museum of Modern Art and it has been released on DVD as part of the Thanhouser Collection . Plot The film begins with Jack Sparks , a young American , who is traveling in Turkey . He befriends an aged Turk during a carriage ride and the Turk invites Jack into his home . The man smokes from a hookah and several of other men arrive and speak with the Turk whilst Jack wanders about the house . Soon afterwards , the men are all arrested for conspiracy against the government and Jack is imprisoned as one of the conspirators . In jail , Jack tries to make his escape and throws the guard to the ground , no sooner has he left the cell is he forced back by two more guards . He struggles in vain , but is once again locked in his cell . Jack gets an idea to escape when he sees the bed sheet and the cell window . Using his pocket knife , he digs out the bar of the cell window and drops to freedom . He struggles and overpowers a guard before climbing over the wall and into the courtyard of the Pasha 's palace . The Pasha 'a daughter , unk , finds him hiding and orders her servant to assist in Jack 's escape . Guards appear and announce that they are looking for the escaped prisoner , but they are turned away . Dressed up as a woman , Jack tries to have unk flee with him . She says that one day she cannot marry him now , but she may come to his country one day . Jack trades a flower for his business card and departs . A year later , Jack and his mother have a visitor ushered and they stand in confusion at the beautiful young woman . Jack does not recognize her until she covers her face with her veil and she announces her intention to be his bride . Cast William Garwood as Jack Sparks William Russell Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Carl Louis Gregory , and Alfred H. Moses , Jr. though none are specifically credited . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The other cast credits are unknown , but many Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on January 3 , 1911 . The film had a wide national release , advertising theaters include those in Indiana , Kansas , Utah , Wisconsin , North Carolina , South Dakota , Pennsylvania , New Hampshire , Illinois , Missouri , and Ohio . The Billboard reviewed the film and offered praise for the production , This picture presents a story that is decidedly original and away from beaten paths . The settings in Turkey are elaborate and faithful to Turkish customs . All the players portray their respective parts in an excellent manner . The photography is very good . The New York Dramatic Mirror provided a summary of the film and concluded that the film was well enacted and the sets were fully adequate , creating a fair illusion of the Oriental land depicted . The Moving Picture World was also provided a positive review , stating The scenic effects are interesting and the story is lively enough to keep the audience wondering what the end will be . One advertisement for the film erroneously claimed that the film was shot in the Orient , unaware that the film was shot in Thanhouser 's studio . A print of the film survives in the archives of the Museum of Modern Art . The complete film as intended for its release is 13 minutes and 39 seconds long . As the original film did not have official musical accompaniment , a new original music score was composed and performed by Ben Model . The film was exhibited by The Museum of Modern Art on October 29 , 2009 , it was organized by Charles Silver and film historians Ben Model and Steve Massa . The film was released in Volume 10 of the Thanhouser Collection .
2,408	The M13 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage ( MGMC ) , otherwise known as the M13 Half track , was a self propelled anti aircraft gun used by the U.S. Army during World War II that was armed with two .50 caliber unk heavy barrel Browning machine guns . Developed in response to a requirement for a mobile anti aircraft ( AA ) vehicle , the vehicle was produced by the White Motor Company between July 1942 and May 1943 . The only time it was ever used in combat was when the Americans landed at Anzio in January 1944 . It was replaced by the more heavily armed M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage in April 1944 . The M13 evolved from a series of several unsuccessful prototypes that were trialed from 1940 to 1942 . Of these , the T1E4 was selected and given the official name of the M13 MGMC , before being placed into production . Half of the unk produced were converted into M16s on the production lines . Specifications The M13 Half track was 21 feet 4 inches ( 6 . 50 m ) long , 7 feet 1 inches ( 2 . 16 m ) wide , and 7 feet 8 inches ( 2 . 34 m ) high with a wheelbase of 135 . 5 inches ( 3 . 44 m ) . It had bogie suspension for the wheels and vertical volute springs for the tracks . It had a 60 US gallon ( 230 l ) fuel capacity and a range of 175 miles ( 282 km ) . The vehicle was powered by a six cylinder White 160AX , 128 horsepower ( 95 kW ) , 386 cubic inches ( 6 , 330 cc ) gasoline engine , with a compression ratio of 6 . 3 1 . It had a power to weight ratio of 15 . 8 horsepower per ton and weighed nine tons . The armor across most of the vehicle was 0 . 25 inch ( 6 mm ) thick with a 0 . 5 inch ( 12 mm ) thick windscreen visor . The vehicle was armed with two 0 . 5 inch M2 Browning heavy machine guns placed on an M33 Maxson mount . The two machine guns were fired remotely and powered by a small electrical motor near the back of the turret . The guns were aimed with a Mark 9 reflector sight . Each vehicle had a crew of five ( commander , driver , gunner , and two ammunition loaders ) . Development Early experiments In October 1940 , development began to produce a vehicle in response to a long standing requirement for an anti aircraft vehicle to protect the U.S. Army 's mechanized troop convoys from aerial attack . The first vehicle produced in the development of a half track with an anti aircraft armament was the T1 , which had two M2 machine guns on a Bendix machine gun mount as used on jeeps on a 4 4 truck . The T1E1 had a power operated Bendix mount , and the T1E2 a Maxson mount . The unk had an electro dynamic Glenn L. Martin Company aircraft type turret . Evaluation of these test vehicles led to the T1E2 design being preferred . The T1E2 became the M16 Half track by replacing the M33 with the M45 mount and the M2 Half track chassis with the M3 Half track chassis . T1E4 and M13 The next stage of development was to use the T1E2 configuration on the longer chassis of the M3 Half track , since it could store more ammunition . This vehicle , originally designated as the T1E4 , was accepted into production as the M13 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage on 27 July 1942 . A total of 1 , 103 examples of this variant were produced from 27 July 1942 to 15 May 1943 . Half of them ( 583 ) were converted into M16s by the White Motor Company before reaching the army . Deliveries began in late 1943 . Service history The M13 served at the landing at Anzio with the VI Corps of the Fifth United States Army in January 1944 . It was used as an anti aircraft weapon during the initial landing and then later as a ground support weapon to repel heavy German panzer attacks on the beachhead . It was replaced three months later by the M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage in April 1944 . Only 139 examples were deployed overseas by the U.S. Army . Ten were transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend Lease . Prototypes T1 This variant used two M2 Browning heavy machine guns on a Bendix mount on a 4 4 truck . This model , like most of the others , was a prototype . It was tested in June July 1941 at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds , but was rejected because of the excessive dispersion of ammunition . T1E1 Another prototype that used the Bendix mount on a M2 Half track Car . It was cancelled in April 1942 . T1E2 This variant was essentially the same as the T1E1 except the Bendix mount was replaced with the M33 Maxson mount . After the M33 was replaced with the M45 Quadmount it was accepted as the M16 Half track . unk A T1E1 with a Martin turret designed for use on bombers . Derivatives T1E4 M13 The Martin turret was replaced by the M33 and was based on the M3 Half track . It was accepted as the M13 Half track in July 1942 . A total of 139 examples of this variant saw action at Anzio as a ground support weapon used to repel heavy German attacks . It was replaced by the M16 in April 1944 . M14 Half track This variant had the same armament as the M13 but used the slightly different M5 Half track chassis built by International Harvester for the Lend Lease Program . The M14 was mostly supplied to Britain , where they were converted back to regular half tracks . A total of 1602 were produced by International Harvester . ,
2,409	Mycena intersecta is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family . First reported as a new species in 2007 , it is known only from central Honshu , in Japan , where it is found growing solitarily or scattered , on dead leaves in lowland forests dominated by oak . The mushrooms have olive brown caps up to 12 mm ( 0 . 47 in ) in diameter atop slender stems that are 50 to 80 mm ( 2 . 0 to 3 . 1 in ) long by 0 . 7 to 1 . 2 mm ( 0 . 03 to 0 . 05 in ) thick . On the underside of the cap are the distantly spaced , whitish gills that have cross veins running between them . Microscopic characteristics of the mushroom include the smooth , irregularly cylindrical cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) , the absence of pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) , the diverticulate elements of the cap cuticle , the broadly club shaped to irregularly shaped caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) , the weakly dextrinoid flesh ( staining reddish to reddish brown in Melzer 's reagent ) , and the absence of clamp connections . The edibility of the mushroom is unknown . unk and naming The mushroom was first collected by Japanese mycologist Haruki Takahashi in 1999 , and published as a new species ( along with seven other Japanese Mycenas ) in a 2007 publication . The specific epithet is from the Latin word intersecta or intersected , and refers to the intervenose gills . Its Japanese name is unk ashinagatake ( unk ) . According to Takahashi , the fungus is best classified in the section Fragilipedes ( Fr . ) Qul . , as defined by the Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus . Description The cap of M. intersecta is initially conical to convex to bell shaped , eventually reaching 8 to 12 mm ( 0 . 31 to 0 . 47 in ) in diameter . When it is moist , it is partly translucent , so that the outlines of the gills underneath the cap can be seen . The cap is somewhat hygrophanous , and dry . Its surface is initially minutely pruinose ( as if covered with a fine white powder ) , but this effect soon sloughs off , leaving the surface smooth . The cap color is initially olive brown to yellowish brown , then somewhat paler from the margin . The white flesh is up to 0 . 7 mm thick , and lacks any distinctive taste and odor . The slender stem is 50 to 80 mm ( 2 . 0 to 3 . 1 in ) long by 0 . 7 to 1 . 2 mm ( 0 . 03 to 0 . 05 in ) thick , cylindrical , and hollow . Its surface is dry , and colored pale olive brown near the top , becoming olive brown downward . Like the cap , it is at first pruinose , but smooths out in age . The base of the stem is covered with coarse white hairs . The gills are adnate to subdecurrent ( running slightly down the length of the stem ) , and distantly spaced , with 16 19 gills reaching the stem . The gills are up to 1 . 5 mm broad , thin , somewhat intervenose , and whitish , with edges that are the same color as the gill faces . Takahashi 's description does not include any discussion of the mushroom 's edibility . Microscopic characteristics The basidiospores are roughly ellipsoid and measure 7 . 5 8 . 5 by 5 6 m . They are thin walled , smooth , colorless , and inamyloid to weakly amyloid indicating a weak ability to absorb the iodine in Melzer 's reagent . The spore bearing cells , the basidia are 22 31 by 5 . 5 7 m , club shaped , and mostly two spored . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are 27 40 by 3 6 m , abundant , and form a sterile gill edge . They are irregularly cylindrical to constricted , smooth , colorless , and thin walled . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are absent . The hymenophoral tissue is made of thin walled hyphae that are 5 18 m wide , cylindrical , smooth , colorless , and weakly dextrinoid . The cap cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae that are 2 6 m wide , cylindrical , and densely covered with warty or finger like thin walled diverticulae that are colorless and inamyloid . The layer of hyphae underneath the cap cuticle are parallel , olive brown , and weakly dextrinoid , with short and inflated cells up to 22 m wide . The stem cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae that are 2 4 m wide , cylindrical , smooth to sparsely diverticulate . These hyphae curve outward to form club shaped or irregularly shaped caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) that are olive brown , inamyloid , and thin walled . They measure 13 29 by 3 7 m , and are broadly club shaped to irregularly shaped , and often have one to three knob like excrescences . The stem tissue is made of longitudinally running , cylindrical hyphae that are 5 12 m wide , smooth , colorless , and have a weakly dextrinoid in Melzer 's reagent . Clamp connections are absent in all tissues of M. intersecta . Similar species The European species Mycena unk is somewhat similar to M. intersecta in appearance , but may be distinguished by its greenish edged gills , cheilocystidia with abruptly tapering points , and clamp connections . Habitat and distribution Mycena intersecta is known only from Kanagawa , Japan . The fruit bodies are found solitary or scattered , on dead leaves in lowland forests dominated by the oak trees Quercus myrsinaefolia and Q. serrata .
2,410	Tifon ( Russian unk ) was an Uragan class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . She was struck from the Navy List in 1900 , converted into a storage hulk for mines in 1909 and renamed Blokshiv No. 3 . The ship was unk by the Soviets in Finland in 1918 although retroceded to the Soviets in 1922 , she was later scrapped by the Finns . Description While the Uragans were extensively modified by the Russians , they did retain the single twin gun turret and low freeboard of the original Passaic class design . Tifon was 201 feet ( 61 . 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 . 0 m ) and a draft of 10 . 16 10 . 84 feet ( 3 . 1 3 . 3 m ) . She displaced 1 , 500 1 , 600 long tons ( 1 , 500 1 , 600 t ) , and her crew numbered 8 officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877 . The ship was fitted with a two cylinder , horizontal direct acting steam engine built by the Baird Works of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Tifon 's sea trials on 19 June 1865 , she reached a maximum speed of 6 . 7 knots ( 12 . 4 km h 7 . 7 mph ) . The ship carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 190 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 , 440 nmi ( 2 , 670 km 1 , 660 mi ) at full speed . Tifon was designed to be armed with a pair of 9 inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with the Krupp smoothbore guns . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license built 15 inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading Rodman guns in 1867 68 . The unk were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine inch rifled guns . All of the wrought iron armor that was used in the Uragan class monitors was in 1 inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 . 1 m ) below the waterline . The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight , but Tifon was modified for the addition of 0 . 5 inch ( 12 . 7 mm ) armor plates after completion , although it is unknown if they were ever fitted . They were , however , manufactured and then placed in storage . Construction and career Construction of the ship began on 13 June 1863 at the New Admiralty Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Tifon was laid down on 1 December 1863 and she was launched on 27 May 1864 . She entered service in 1865 and cost a total of 1 , 105 , 800 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 , 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich . Sometime after Tifon was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 . 75 inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . Tifon was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . Tifon was converted into a mine storage hulk in 1909 and renamed Blokshiv No. 3 on 27 October of that year . She was abandoned by the Soviets in Helsingfors ( Helsinki ) when they were forced to withdraw from Finland in April 1918 according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , but she was later returned by the Finns in 1922 . The ship was subsequently broken up in Finland .
2,411	Tropical Storm Fran was one of the deadliest tropical cyclones in the history of Cape Verde . The sixth named storm and eleventh tropical cyclone of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season , Fran developed from a tropical wave near Cape Verde on September 15 . It began as a tropical depression and gradually strengthened while tracking westward , remaining south of the Cape Verde archipelago . Late on September 16 , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Fran , shortly before brushing Cape Verde , and then moving further out to sea . The storm approached hurricane status on September 17 and September 18 , though it eventually weakened . Beginning on September 19 , Fran encountered strong wind shear , which contributed to further weakening . By September 20 , Fran dissipated well east of the Lesser Antilles . While passing southeast of Cape Verde , the storm produced torrential rainfall . At least 1 , 094 houses were severely damaged due to flooding , which left at least 2 , 100 people homeless . Significant damage also occurred to roads in the country , which was still in need of repairs as late as January 1985 . The hydraulic infrastructure was destroyed on six islands , requiring 1 million ( 1984 USD ) in repairs . In addition , agriculture was extensively damaged , resulting in 1 . 84 million ( 1984 USD ) in losses to crops . The storm caused no impact outside of Cape Verde . Overall , the storm caused about 2 . 84 million ( 1984 USD ) in damage and between 29 and 32 fatalities . Several organizations and countries donated to disaster relief funds , which cash amounts alone reaching slightly more than 501 , 000 ( 1984 USD ) . Meteorological history A well defined tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on September 14 . The system rapidly organized , and at 1200 UTC on September 15 , it developed into a tropical depression while located to the southeast of the Cape Verde . Early on September 8 , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Fran , based on intensity estimates via the Dvorak technique . By then , the storm had begun a track to the northwest Fran then passed near the southernmost islands of Cape Verde . Late on September 17 , Fran attained peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph ( 100 km h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 994 mbar ( 29 . 35 inHg ) . It maintained this intensity for about 24 hours , during which Fran turned to the west and later to the west southwest . The storm encountered strong wind shear on September 19 this caused it to weaken and the deep convection to detach from the center of the storm . At 0600 UTC on September 20 , Fran was downgraded to a tropical depression . Twelve hours later , the storm dissipated while located about 1 , 250 miles ( 2 , 010 km ) east northeast of Antigua . By the following day , the remnants of Fran became unidentifiable . Impacts Light winds were reported in Cape Verde some weather stations recorded winds of 35 miles per hour ( 56 km h ) . As a result , wind damage was minimal . While passing southeast of Cape Verde , Fran dropped torrential rainfall on the islands , which caused significant flooding . The storm caused severe damage to at least 1 , 094 houses , which left at least 2 , 100 people homeless . On Santo Anto , So Nicolau , and Santiago , agriculture also suffered losses , totaling to 1 . 84 million ( 1984 USD ) . Fran also caused significant damage to roads , which still required repairs as late as January 1985 . The hydraulic infrastructure on Santo Anto , Santiago , So Nicolau , So Vicente , Fogo , and Maio was destroyed and cost about 1 million ( 1984 USD ) to repair . At least 29 people were killed , though some sources claim there were as many as 32 fatalities . Fran is thus the second deadliest tropical cyclone in the history of Cape Verde , behind only Hurricane Debbie in 1961 , which caused 60 fatalities after a plane crashed due to weather associated with the storm . Overall , the storm caused at least 2 . 84 million ( 1984 USD ) in damage . Elsewhere , the storm caused no damage or fatalities . On October 10 , 1984 , the Government of Cape Verde appealed for international assistance . Emergency relief aid requested included two month supply of food for 1 , 124 families , 1 , 064 mattresses , 532 kerosene stoves , 2 , 128 sets of dinner ware , 2 , 128 mugs , 1 , 064 cooking pots and pans , 532 water buckets , 2 , 128 sheets , 1 , 064 blankets , 2 , 660 articles of clothing , and building materials for repair of the 1 , 094 houses . In January 1985 , the government of Cape Verde announced that they had made significant progress with relief assistance . However , repairs to roads , infrastructure , and crops were still required . Five organizations contributed cash , including the National Solidarity Movement , the Cape Verde Red Cross , Chinese Red Cross , Oxfam unk , and Oxfam of the United Kingdom donations collectively totaled to 172 , 221 ( 1984 USD ) . France , Finland , the Soviet Union , and the United States supplied 4000 tons of cereals , 79 , 000 ( 1984 USD ) to the Red Cross , 250 , 000 ( 1984 USD ) for home repairs , 32 packages of medicines , and 17 packages of blankets .
2,412	Norsk Forurensningskontroll AS ( literally Norwegian Pollution Control ) or NFK was a specialized Norwegian aviation company and aircraft operator , with a fleet of four de Havilland Canada DHC 6 Twin Otter aircraft . The company was founded in 1983 and initially intended to operate the aircraft to apply dispersants on oil spills at sea , as a part of the national oil spill defense system . However , due to oil companies , unk and government politics the company failed to establish such a service and instead operated the aircraft for charter , before deciding to liquidate the company in the autumn of 1986 . The airline had its main base at Bod Airport , and was planning to establish oil spill protection bases at Hammerfest Airport and Kristiansund Airport , Kvernberget . During its existence the company co operated closely with Widere , which was approved by the authorities as the operators maintenance organization . History The airline was established in 1983 with a share capital of NOK 50 , 000 , and with Harald Olsen as managing director . In November 1983 , they announced to the authorities and the general public plans to establish a fleet of four DHC 6 300 Twin Otters , for the application of dispersant on oil spills at sea as part of the national oil spill protection system , as well as providing an airborne radar surveillance and positioning system . The government was initially favorable to the concept , particularly as an element in improving oil spill protection and response at sea , in conjunction with permitting the oil industry to commence exploration north of the 62nd parallel north , but unfortunately government and departmental politics and the oil companies ' unwillingness to contribute to the system , led to the company 's demise . The company aimed to have two aircraft operative in June 1984 , and be fully operational with 35 to 40 employees and four aircraft by 1985 , when all year oil drilling would start in the Norwegian Sea . Use of aircraft for oil spill reduction was at the time established in the United Kingdom , and Norsk Forurensningskontroll aimed to create a similar preparedness for Norway in cooperation with the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority . The cost of the four aircraft was stipulated to approximately NOK 35 million . Operation started in May 1984 with an aircraft on dry lease from Widere ( LN BNS ) , which was also used as system development platform . The airline stated that they hoped to have 30 to 50 operations per year . In September , one of the aircraft was displayed at Farnborough Airshow , and Norsk Forurensningskontroll stated that they hoped to sell the technology abroad . The idea of having an oil spill services of this type was eventually abandoned by the authorities and by the oil industry , and instead NFK started using their aircraft for various charter purposes , such as bird counting for universities and parachuting . In 1986 , the company gained a contract with the French government for supplying a French Canadian semi military female expedition , aiming to traverse the polar basin from the northernmost tip of Svalbard to the North Pole on skis . The aircraft was based in Svalbard , and a number of other scientific and exploration expeditions were supported , including electronic mapping of the unk underneath glaciers , under a contract for the Scott Polar Research Institute at Cambridge University , financed by British Petroleum . The company filed for bankruptcy in October 1986 . At the time it had NOK 29 million in debt , while its assets were three Twin Otters with an estimated value of NOK 21 million . At the time , one plane was on lease to the national airline of Portugal ( TAP ) , flying scheduled operations on the archipelago of Madeira . The largest creditors were Sparebanken Nord , who was owed 13 million and had collateral in two aircraft , Sparebanken Nordland , who were owed NOK 11 million and had collateral in one aircraft , and unk unk Bank , who were owed NOK 1 . 9 million . The banks estimated they had lost NOK 8 million on the venture . Organization and aircraft The company had its head office in Bod and main base at Bod Airport . It cooperated with Widere , also based in Bod , for crews and maintenance services . The aircraft was planned to be stationed on 24 hour watch , with a reaction time of 30 minutes during daytime and 60 minutes during night . Tests showed that aircraft could be used for spills up to 5 , 000 tonnes ( 4 , 900 long tons 5 , 500 short tons ) , depending on the type of oil . The dispersant should ideally be applied two hours after discharge . The dispersant application system developed for the De Havilland of Canada DHC 6 300 Twin Otter aircraft consisted of two 1 , 550 liter ( 340 imp gal 410 U.S. gal ) unk chamber tanks for dispersant . The uniqueness of the system on board the aircraft , as it was developed by the operator NFK and Widere 's engineering department , was primarily that it was self contained and propelled by bleed air tapped from one of the two Pratt Whitney gas turbines on the aircraft , pressurizing the tanks . The arrangement of the tanks gave no change in Center of Gravity during discharge of the dispersant .
2,413	Chiswick Bridge is a reinforced concrete deck arch bridge over the River Thames in west London . One of three bridges opened in 1933 as part of an ambitious scheme to relieve traffic congestion west of London , it carries the A316 road between Chiswick on the north bank of the Thames and Mortlake on the south bank . Built on the site of a former ferry , the bridge is 606 feet ( 185 m ) long and faced with 3 , 400 tons of Portland stone . At the time of its opening its 150 foot ( 46 m ) central span was the longest concrete span over the Thames . The bridge is possibly best known today for its proximity to the end of The Championship Course , the stretch of the Thames used for the Boat Race and other rowing races . Background The villages of Chiswick and Mortlake , about 6 miles ( 9 . 7 km ) west of central London on the north and south banks of the River Thames , had been linked by a ferry since at least the 17th century . Both areas were sparsely populated , so there was little demand for a fixed river crossing at that point . With the arrival of railways and the London Underground in the 19th century commuting to London became practical and affordable , and the populations of Chiswick and Mortlake grew rapidly . In 1909 the Great Chertsey Road scheme was proposed , which envisaged building a major new road from Hammersmith , then on the outskirts of London , to Chertsey , 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of central London , bypassing the towns of Kingston and Richmond . However , the scheme was abandoned due to costs and arguments between various interested parties over the exact route the road should take . After the First World War , the population of the west London suburbs continued to grow , thanks to improved rail transport links and the growth in ownership of automobiles . In 1925 , the Ministry of Transport convened a conference between Surrey and Middlesex county councils with the aim of reaching a solution to the congestion problem , and the Great Chertsey Road scheme was revived . In 1927 , the Royal Commission on Cross River Traffic approved the scheme to relieve the by then chronic traffic congestion on the existing , mostly narrow , streets in the area , and on the narrow bridges at Richmond Bridge , Kew and Hammersmith . The Ministry of Transport agreed to pay heavy subsidies towards the cost . A new arterial road , now the A316 road , was given Royal Assent on 3 August 1928 , and construction began in 1930 . The construction of the road required two new bridges to be built , at Twickenham and Chiswick . The proposal was authorised in 1928 and construction began in the same year . The bridge , along with the newly built Twickenham Bridge and the rebuilt Hampton Court Bridge , was opened by Edward , Prince of Wales on 3 July 1933 , and the ferry service was permanently closed . Design The new bridge was designed in reinforced concrete by architect Sir Herbert Baker and engineer Alfred unk , with additional input from unk Constructions , at the time Britain 's leading specialist in reinforced concrete construction . The bridge has concrete foundations supporting a five arch cellular reinforced concrete superstructure . The deck is supported by a concealed lattice of columns and beams rising from the arched superstructure . The structure is faced with 3 , 400 tons of Portland stone , except for underneath the arches . The bridge is 606 feet ( 185 m ) long , and carries two 15 foot ( 4 . 6 m ) wide walkways , and a 40 foot ( 12 m ) wide road . At the time it was built , the 150 foot ( 46 m ) central span was the longest concrete span over the Thames . Unusually for a Thames bridge , only three of Chiswick Bridge 's five spans cross the river the shorter spans at each end of the bridge cross the former towpaths . To allow sufficient clearance for shipping without steep inclines , the approach roads to the bridge are elevated from some distance back from the river . The bridge was built by the Cleveland Bridge Engineering Company at a cost of 208 , 284 ( about 13 , 335 , 000 in 2016 ) . Additional costs such as building the approach roads and purchasing land brought the total cost of the bridge to 227 , 600 ( about 14 , 572 , 000 in 2016 ) . The Ministry of Transport paid 75 of the cost , with Surrey and Middlesex county councils paying the remainder . The bridge was generally well received . Country Life praised the design as reflecting in its general design the eighteenth century Palladian tradition of Lord Burlington 's famous villa at Chiswick . Present day Chiswick Bridge is a major transport route , and the eighth busiest of London 's 20 Thames road bridges . It is possibly best known for its proximity to the finishing line of The Championship Course , the stretch of the Thames used for the Boat Race and other rowing events . A University Boat Race Stone on the south bank , and a brightly painted blue and black marker post near the north bank of the river , 370 feet ( 110 m ) downstream of the bridge , mark the end of the course . The towpath under the bridge on the southern bank now forms part of the Thames Path . As at 2009 the northernmost arch was used by the Tideway Scullers sculling club as storage space .
2,414	Maxim Gorky ( Russian unk unk ) was a Project 26bis Kirov class cruiser of the Soviet Navy that saw action during World War II and continued in service into the Cold War . The ship s bow was blown off by a mine in the Gulf of Riga during the opening stages of Operation Barbarossa , but she made it to Kronstadt for repairs . However , after being repaired , the ship was trapped in harbour for most of the war , by Axis minefields at Leningrad and Kronstadt . Despite being trapped , Maxim Gorky was active in two engagements the ship provided gunfire in support for the defenders during the Siege of Leningrad , and she later bombarded Finnish positions during the Vyborg Petrozavodsk Offensive in mid 1944 . She saw no further action in World War II . A major modernization was begun in 1953 , but the navy reconsidered the cost effectiveness of the refit and work was cancelled in 1955 . Maxim Gorky was sold for scrap in 1959 . Description Maxim Gorky was 187 meters ( 613 ft 6 in ) long at the waterline , and 191 . 4 meters ( 627 ft 11 in ) long overall . She had a beam of 17 . 66 meters ( 57 ft 11 in ) and had a draft between 5 . 87 to 6 . 3 meters ( 19 ft 3 in to 20 ft 8 in ) . She displaced 8 , 177 metric tons ( 8 , 048 long tons ) at standard load and 9 , 728 metric tons ( 9 , 574 long tons ) at full load . Her steam turbines produced a total of 129 , 750 shaft horsepower ( 96 , 750 kW ) during her sea trials and propelled the ship to a maximum speed of 36 . 72 knots ( 68 . 01 km h 42 . 26 mph ) . This was barely short of her designed speed of 37 knots and was because she was over 900 tonnes ( 886 long tons ) overweight . She normally carried 650 metric tons ( 640 long tons ) of fuel oil , 1 , 660 metric tons ( 1 , 630 long tons ) at full load and 1 , 750 metric tons ( 1 , 720 long tons ) at overload . This gave her an endurance of 4 , 220 nautical miles ( 7 , 820 km 4 , 860 mi ) at 18 knots ( 33 km h 21 mph ) . Maxim Gorky carried nine 180 millimeter ( 7 . 1 in ) 57 calibre B 1 P guns in three electrically powered MK 3 180 triple turrets . Her secondary armament consisted of six single 100 millimeter ( 3 . 9 in ) 56 calibre B 34 anti aircraft guns fitted on each side of the rear funnel . Her light anti aircraft guns consisted of nine semi automatic 45 millimeter ( 1 . 8 in ) 21 K guns and four DShK 12 . 7 millimeter ( 0 . 50 in ) machine guns . Six 533 millimeter ( 21 . 0 in ) 39 Yu torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings . Wartime modifications By 1944 Maxim Gorky had exchanged her 45 mm guns for 15 fully automatic 37 mm 70 K AA guns with one thousand rounds per gun , two extra unk machine guns and two quadruple Lend Lease Vickers .50 machine gun MK III mounts . When war broke out in 1941 Maxim Gorky lacked radar , but she was equipped with British Lend Lease radar by 1944 . One Type 291 was used for air search . One Type 284 and two Type 285 radars were for main battery fire control , while anti aircraft fire control was provided by two Type 282 radars . Service Maxim Gorky was laid down at the Ordzhonikidze Yard , Leningrad on 20 December 1936 as a slightly improved version , Project 26bis as designated by the Soviets , of the first pair of Kirov class cruisers , which were called Project 26 . She was launched on 30 April 1938 and was completed on 12 December 1938 . The ship , and her escorts , ran into the German laid unk minefield in the Gulf of Riga while providing cover for Soviet defensive mining efforts on 23 June 1941 and Maxim Gorky and the destroyer Gnevny both lost their bows , although Gorky made it to port where temporary repairs were made . The ship was transferred , with assistance , to Tallinn and later to Kronstadt . She had a new bow section fabricated at Kronstadt and it was mated with the ship on 21 July . For most of the rest of the war she was blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by Axis minefields and could only provide gunfire support for the defenders during the Siege of Leningrad , for example she fired 285 180 mm shells on 4 September 1941 and 701 rounds during the unk Selo Ropsha Offensive in January 1944 . She also bombarded Finnish positions during the Soviet Vyborg Petrozavodsk Offensive in June 1944 . Maxim Gorky was repeatedly , if lightly , damaged by German air and artillery attacks , but her only extended refit occurred over the winter of 1942 43 when her upper deck was reinforced with 37 millimetre armour plates . Postwar career Maxim Gorky tested the first Soviet naval helicopter , the Kamov Ka 10 in December 1950 and began her refit in mid 1953 . This was planned to include a complete overhaul of her machinery while her radar , fire control systems and anti aircraft guns were to be replaced by the latest Soviet systems . Torpedo bulges were to be fitted which would increase her displacement by 1 , 000 metric tons ( 980 long tons ) , with consequent penalties to her speed and range . The navy re evaluated the scope of the work in 1955 and deemed it insufficient to create a fully modern ship and suspended the refit . Maxim Gorky was sold for scrapping on 18 April 1959 after the navy had decided that she wasn 't needed as a missile test ship .
2,415	Can 't Stop Won 't Stop is a song recorded by American recording artist Usher for his seventh studio album Looking 4 Myself ( 2012 ) . Written and produced by Will will.i.am Adams and Keith Harris , the song contains an interpolation of the bridge to Billy Joel 's 1983 hit single Uptown Girl . Musically , Can 't Stop Won 't Stop is a eurodance and dance pop song that incorporates elements of dubstep . Can 't Stop Won 't Stop received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who praised the song 's production , but dismissed its lyrics . Additionally , similarities between Can 't Stop Won 't Stop and Usher 's 2010 single OMG were noted . Upon the release of Looking 4 Myself , the song debuted at number 22 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart , with sales of 9 , 374 digital copies . Background Can 't Stop Won 't Stop was written by William M. Joel , Keith Harris and William Adams . The production of the song was helmed by Harris and Adams under his stage name will.i.am. Adams had previously written and produced Usher 's 2010 single OMG . Can 't Stop Won 't Stop contains a portion of Joel 's single Uptown Girl ( An Innocent Man , 1983 ) . Mark Exit Goodchild recorded the song at Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank , while Jacob Dennis served as recording assistant . It was mixed by Dylan 3 D Dresdow at Paper V.U. Studios North Hollywood with Jaime Martinez serving as a mixing assistant . The track 's producers Harris and Adams provided the complete instrumentation of Can 't Stop Won 't Stop . Composition Can 't Stop Won 't Stop is a eurodance and dance pop song that incorporates dubstep elements with a length of three minutes and 51 seconds . According to Carrie Battan of Pitchfork Media , even though the track opens builds like a arena anthem , but instead of exploding into oblivion after the breakdown it splits into a fizzy and wonky slap of a beat . PopCrush 's Trent Fitzgerald compared Can 't Stop Won 't Stop to Usher 's 2010 single OMG . Ryan Hadfield of Time wrote that , ' Can t Stop Won t Stop ' and ' Scream ' are aggressively seductive club songs and drew comparisons to Usher 's single Yeah ( Confessions , 2004 ) and his collaboration with French disk jockey David Guetta entitled Without You ( Nothing but the Beat , 2011 ) . Billboard 's Erika Ramirez concluded that Can 't Stop Won 't Stop is built around synth heavy hook and was critical towards its mediocre lyricism . The song starts with the opening lines Hey what s up This is a jam , turn it up Play it loud in the club This is fire , burning it up , while the chorus consists of the lyrics I can t can t stop it Can t stop won t stop . Unterberger noted that the lines I don t want to do all the normal things That all these other normal dudes do could be the inspiration for the title of the album and its thesis statement . Critical reception Can 't Stop Won 't Stop received generally mixed review from music critics . Nathan S. of DJ Booth stated that Can 't Stop Won 't Stop would be shocking to a My Way era Usher , but coming from a man who 's sic last huge hit was OMG , it 's really nothing new . Sobhi Youssef of Sputnikmusic praised the song 's productions , but dismissed its truly cliched lyrics . Erika Ramirez of Billboard stated that the song simply sets the stage for better tracks to come . Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine wrote a negative review of the song , calling it yet another unk hollow attempted unk upper in the Pitbull LMFAO mode . He also criticized the song 's interpolation from Uptown Girl . Killian Fox of The Guardian called the song horribly overblown , while Trent of the Lava Lizard labelled the song as forgettable . Brad Wete of Complex disagreed , calling the song , along with Lemme See , a gem . Andrew Unterberger of Popdust called the song not exactly single worthy material , being a hobbled together bunch of musical cliches , where David Guetta stadium house beats meets Skrillex wub wubs , like the brainchild of the most uncreative EDM think tank possible . According to Unterberger , the lyrics are even more hackneyed , with its Kardashian worthy opening lines Evan Rytlewski of The AV Club both Can 't Stop Won 't Stop and Scream as two overinflated dance numbers that open the album on a discouragingly perfunctory note . He concluded by stating that If there s a bright spot to either , it s that they forgo the garish auto tune of Usher 's previous dance forays , so at least his whole register comes across cleanly . Chart performance Upon the release of Looking 4 Myself , due to digital downloads Can 't Stop Won 't Stop debuted on the singles chart in South Korea . It debuted on the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number 22 on June 10 , 2012 , with sales of 9 , 374 digital copies . The next week , the song sold an additional 3 , 593 copies and fell to number 78 . Credits and personnel Recording and mixing Recorded at Glenwood Place Studios , Burbank , California mixed at Paper V.U. Studios North Hollywood , California Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Looking 4 Myself , RCA Records .
2,416	US Highway 33 ( US 33 ) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that was once located in Berrien County , Michigan . At the time it was removed from the state , it was only about 2 . 8 miles ( 4 . 5 km ) long running north from the Indiana state line to an intersection with US 12 south of Niles . The highway was not originally part of the US Highway System in the state it was added in 1937 as a second designation for part of US 31 between the state line and St. Joseph . It was later extended further north to the community of Lake Michigan Beach . This extension became the only section of US 33 that was routed independent of another highway until it was truncated to Niles . In 1997 , US 33 was officially removed from the state . Route description At the time it last existed in Michigan , US 33 started at the Indiana state line at an intersection with State Line Road . From there it ran due north along 11th Street through a residential neighborhood parallel to the St. Joseph River . Just past an intersection with Fulkerson Road , the highway curved briefly to the northeast as it approached Bell Road . US 33 terminated at a five ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with US 12 ( Pulaski Highway ) south of the city of Niles in Bertrand Township . According to the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , the agency that maintained the roadway , in 1998 , the last year it was US 33 , the highway carried between 17 , 192 and 24 , 669 vehicles on average , daily . Additionally , the roadway that carried the highway designation is listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . History The State Trunkline Highway System was created on May 13 , 1913 , by an act of the Michigan Legislature at the time , one of the system 's divisions corresponded to US 33 . Division 5 followed a course from Niles northward to Mackinaw City . In 1919 , the Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) signposted the highway system for the first time , and the future US 33 corridor was assigned the original M 58 designation from the state line northward through Niles to St. Joseph . When the United States Numbered Highway System was created on November 11 , 1926 , the corridor received the US 31 designation . The US 33 designation was later added to US 31 from the state line northward to St. Joseph in 1937 . In November 1960 , the US 33 designation was extended northward along US 31 from St. Joseph through Benton Harbor to Lake Michigan Beach Two years later , a segment of freeway opened east of Benton Harbor , and US 31 was rerouted to follow it , leaving US 33 to its own alignment between Scottdale and Lake Michigan Beach . This was the first time that US 33 had a section of its routing in Michigan that was not concurrent with another highway . Also , the northernmost 1 2 mile ( 0 . 80 km ) of US 33 overlapped part of US 31 between the freeway and its old routing , resulting in a wrong way concurrency . This concurrency was removed the next year when another freeway section for I 196 US 31 opened north of the previous endpoint , removing US 31 from Hagar Shores Road . Additional freeway for US 31 was built in the late 1970s into the 1980s . Called the St. Joseph Valley Parkway , the first section of this freeway through Berrien County was completed in 1979 and ran from the Indiana state line north to US 12 after its completion , US 33 had a second independent routing from the state line north to US 12 where US 31 merged back in from its new freeway routing . US 33 was all but eliminated in Michigan on June 9 , 1986 , when the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) approved a request by MDOT to truncate the designation to the intersection with US 12 south of Niles . A year later , construction of the Niles Bypass was finished , bringing the parkway north to Walton Road northwest of Niles . Signage was updated for US 33 at the same time , and the M 63 designation was assigned to US 33 from Scottdale to Lake Michigan Beach , while the US 31 designation ran solo on the highway between Scottdale and the Niles Bypass . Business US 31 ( Bus . US 31 ) was created along the former routing of US 31 US 33 between the bypass and Niles while the remainder of US 33 through downtown became part of Bus . US 12 or M 51 . The last segment of US 33 between US 12 and the state line was removed on April 25 , 1997 , when AASHTO approved a joint request by MDOT and its counterpart in Indiana to truncate the highway designate to an intersection with US 20 in Elkhart , Indiana . This remaining segment in Michigan became part of an extended M 51 when the signage was changed a year later . On March 5 , 2010 , a segment of Bus . US 12 previously used by US 33 in downtown Niles was transferred back to city control . Otherwise , all of US 33 at its greatest extent from 1961 through 1987 remains part of a state highway in Michigan . From the state line into Niles , it is M 51 . From the west side of downtown Niles , it is M 139 to Scottdale , and from there north , it is M 63 Major intersections The entire highway was in Bertrand Township , Berrien County .
2,417	Voyager was a graphic adventure computer game developed by Looking Glass Technologies from 1995 until its cancellation in 1997 . It was published by Viacom New Media . Based on the Star Trek Voyager license , the game followed Kathryn Janeway and the crew of the USS Voyager in their attempts to rescue members of their team from the Kazon . Voyager was the first game in a multi title agreement between Viacom and Looking Glass , and Viacom took a minority equity investment in the company as part of the deal . However , Viacom decided to leave the video game industry in 1997 , and Voyager was cancelled in spring of that year . In response to Voyager 's cancellation , team members Ken Levine , Jonathan Chey and Rob Fermier left Looking Glass to found Irrational Games . Overview Voyager was an adventure game based on the Star Trek Voyager license . The player guided Kathryn Janeway and other characters aboard the USS Voyager through three episodes . The game began as the USS Voyager resupplied at an agricultural planet , only to have certain members of its crew kidnapped by the Kazon . As Janeway and the surviving team tracked the Kazon , they encountered such things as other alien races and an abandoned planet occupied only by a single computer system . Unlike in other Star Trek video games of the time , the player manipulated the crew at a high and general level . The player selected the crew 's course of action from a list of options during decision point scenes , after which the crew would carry out their orders automatically . Certain decisions continued the plot , while others led to dead ends or to a game over . Producer Alan Dickens said , We want to make it a lot like you 're watching the TV and yelling at the characters . You 're giving them , as a team , guidance and direction on where they should go and how they should address the various problems that come before them . Between decision points , the player used and combined items , solved puzzles and engaged in combat . The game 's item system involved scanning objects with unk and storing them in a virtual inventory . This was an attempt to avoid unk and the protagonists stealing everything they find , two issues that Dickens said were common in the adventure game genre . Tech sim puzzles in the style of The Incredible Machine a video game series in which players create Rube Goldberg machines were a main feature in Voyager the player would receive collections of mechanical parts , which would have to be combined into complex mechanisms . Combat took place on the ground and in space , and like other scenes was controlled at a general level . The player could order the crew to provide suppressive fire , to maneuver or to beam out , for example , and would then watch the scene play out . Development and aftermath Voyager began development in 1995 , and it was announced in August of that year as the first game in a multi title deal between Viacom New Media and Looking Glass Technologies . According to Next Generation , the announcement was greeted with joy by gamers and fans of Star Trek . Viacom was interested in Looking Glass 's engine technology , and took a minority equity investment in the company . Voyager was conceptualized by Dickens and by Viacom producer Rachel Leventhal . It was initially planned for release in 1996 , but a later report gave it an expected release date of early 1997 . The team at Looking Glass visited and researched the set of Star Trek Voyager in order to reproduce it accurately , and they created 3D laser scans of the cast 's heads . Voice over from the cast was also recorded . The game 's characters and pre rendered backgrounds were created with 3D Studio and Alias , and the characters were animated with the skeletal animation system that had been developed for Terra Nova Strike Force Centauri . Designer Jonathan Chey worked on the game 's physics and artificial intelligence code , which he later said were really weird features for an adventure game and evidence of unfocused development . Voyager was cancelled in the spring of 1997 , after 18 months in production . According to Looking Glass 's Paul Neurath , the cancellation was due to Viacom 's wider decision to abandon the video game industry . He believed that the Viacom deal and Voyager were ultimately a giant distraction and a boondoggle that hurt the company . These events started a financial downward spiral at Looking Glass , which , compounded by a string of troubled and commercially unsuccessful projects such as Terra Nova and British Open Championship Golf , culminated in the company 's closure in May 2000 . Three members of the Voyager team Chey , writer Ken Levine and designer Rob Fermier became close friends during the game 's development . The game 's cancellation inspired them to start the spin off developer Irrational Games in April 1997 , which went on to develop System Shock 2 in collaboration with Looking Glass . Levine later recalled that , while writing Voyager 's opening cutscene , he learned that technological limitations made it difficult for characters to express emotion and this experience influenced his future writing for games such as BioShock Infinite .
2,418	Hopeville Pond State Park is a Connecticut state park located in the town of Griswold . Before European colonization , the Mohegan people constructed weirs and fished from the Pachaug River . In 1711 , Stephen Gates was granted 14 acres of land that now resides within the park 's limits and constructed a gristmill and sawmill at the natural falls . In 1818 , unk Abel purchased the mill privilege and built a woolen mill at the site . The mills were later acquired by John Slater who constructed a unk mill and named it Hope Mill . The village of Hopeville would derive its name from the mill , and it thrived until a series of fires destroyed the mills , the church and some houses . Sometime before 1917 , the Ashland Cotton Company erected a dam on the site and created a 145 acre reservoir . The United States Government purchased the land in the 1930s for recreational use and used the Civilian Conservation Corps to adapt the land to the purpose . In 1938 , the State of Connecticut designated Hopeville Pond as a state park . Hopeville Pond State Park 's recreational activities include biking , hiking , camping , fishing , boating and swimming . A variety of fish are found in the park , including northern pike , largemouth bass , and yellow perch . The park has a total of 80 camp sites with each site featuring a fire ring with grate and a picnic table . The park manager 's house is a National Register of Historic Places listed property . History Hopeville Pond was by the Mohegan Indians for fishing prior to the European colonization . The Mohegans built weirs to direct the water flow and fish to the center of the stream for easy capture in fishing baskets . In 1711 , Stephen Gates was granted 14 acres of land which lies within the state park limits . Gates constructed a gristmill and sawmill at the natural falls along the Pachaug River . In 1818 , unk Abel purchased the mill privilege and built a woolen mill at the site . Later , John Slater purchased the three mills and constructed a unk mill and named it Hope Mill . The village of Hopeville derived its name from the mill and would also carry it through to the Hopeville Pond and the Hopeville Pond State Park name . The natural falls of the mill sites are no longer visible as they are now underwater . By 1840 , Hopeville was a thriving village according to Daniel L. Phillips , author of Griswold a history . On November 4 , 1850 , a meeting was held to discuss the construction of a house of worship . A church was erected for 1 , 700 and dedicated on December 12 , 1852 . The village of Hopeville reached its peak in 1860 and was well known for its production of unk . In 1881 , the mill , then owned by Edwin unk and Company , was destroyed in a fire and not rebuilt . The Ashland Cotton Company would later acquire the property . In 1900 , the church and four houses also burned . In 1908 , the original gristmill from 1711 was also destroyed by fire . Sometime before 1917 , the Ashland Cotton Company erected a dam on the site and created the 145 acre reservoir the dam was used to generate electrical power for its mills in Jewett City . The United States Government purchased the land in the 1930s for recreational use and used the Civilian Conservation Corps to adapt the land to the purpose , including the construction of fire control ponds , forest roads and adapting the Avery House for park use . In 1938 , the State of Connecticut designated Hopeville Pond as a state park . Avery House The Avery House , also known as Hopeville Pond Park House , is a 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) by 40 feet ( 12 m ) , the two story central chimney Colonial dating to circa 1770 . The central chimney is on a stone base and has a built in root cellar . In 1935 , the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) rehabilitated the property for park use . The alterations in the house changed the traditional five room first floor plan by eliminating the keeping rooms and the removal of the kitchen fireplace . It retains much of its original door frames and wrought iron latch hardware . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . After the rehabilitation of the property , the Avery House became the Hopeville Park manager 's residence . Activities Hopeville Pond State Park is listed for a multitude of recreational activities , including biking , hiking , camping , fishing , boating and swimming . Hopeville Pond was included in an 11 mile bike trail in Connecticut Rides for the Casual Cyclist . The Lake Lubbers website states that Hopeville Pond is a popular location for fishing , including ice fishing . The reported fish include northern pike , largemouth bass , smallmouth bass , catfish , chain pickerel , yellow perch , and bluegill . According to the unk website , the camping season begins on the third week of April on Friday and ends on September 30 . The park has a total of 80 camp sites with each site featuring a fire ring with grate and a picnic table . The layout is in two loops designated with sites A E and a second loop designated as F. Each loop has toilet and drinking water facilities . The camp site was rated highly for its beauty , spaciousness , cleanliness and security in 2013 by Best Tent Camping .
2,419	Robert Benjamin Dover ( born June 7 , 1956 ) is an American equestrian who has had international success in the sport of dressage . Riding from the age of 13 , he began specializing in dressage at age 19 and competed in his first Olympics in 1984 . He competed in every summer Games between 1984 and 2004 , winning four team bronze medals . He also took a team bronze at the 1994 World Equestrian Games . Dover is the most honored dressage rider in the United States , and has been inducted to the United States Dressage Federation Hall of Fame . Outside of competition , Dover founded the Equestrian Aid Foundation in 1996 to assist others in the equestrian world , and hosted a TV show that searched for the next dressage star . From late 2009 to early 2011 , Dover served as the Technical Coach Advisor for the Canadian national dressage team . In April 2013 , Dover was named Technical Advisor Chef d 'Equipe for the US national dressage team . Personal life Dover , who is Jewish , was born in Chicago , Illinois to parents Herb and Jean Dover . He was given a horse for his Bar Mitzvah at 13 and was active in Pony Club , graduating at A level , the highest level . He decided to specialize in dressage when he was 19 . Dover attended the University of Georgia . He is openly gay , and his partner is fellow rider Robert Ross . Injuries , including a torn rotator cuff and pinched sciatic nerve , began to plague him in the late 1990s , causing major back pain and reducing his ability to ride . Career Competition In 1984 , Dover competed in his first Olympic Games at the age of 28 . At the Los Angeles Games , he finished 17th individually , and the US team finished 6th . At the 1988 Seoul Olympics , he finished 13th , and the team tied for 6th place . In 1992 , at the Barcelona Games , Dover tied for 22nd place , while the American team took the bronze medal . At the 1996 Atlanta Games , the 2000 Sydney Olympics and the 2004 unk Games the United States dressage team took the bronze medal each time , while Dover finished 25th , 23rd and 6th respectively . He was elected team captain in all six Olympics in which he competed . Of his Olympic experience , Dover says , The medals themselves aren 't the important thing . My memories of the Games and of the entire Olympic experience are , to me , everything . In 1987 , Dover defeated Reiner unk , a six time Olympic gold medalist , at the German Aachen Grand Prix freestyle competition . In doing so , he became the first American in 27 years to win that event . In 1994 he was named the US Olympic Male Equestrian Athlete of the Year , and in 1995 awarded the Whitney Stone Cup , given by the United States Equestrian Federation ( USEF ) for excellence in international competition . Dover has been named the USEF Dressage Champion five times , and ridden seven times in the FEI World Cup Final . In 1994 , Dover rode with the United States dressage team at the World Equestrian Games , winning a team bronze . He was also amassed more than 100 Grand Prix victories . Overall , Dover has won more honors in dressage than any other rider from the United States . In 2009 , Dover announced his retirement from competitive riding , instead choosing to focus on teaching and philanthropy . Other Dover founded the Equestrian Aid Foundation in 1996 . The Foundation 's mission is to financially assist members of the equestrian community who have suffered a catastrophic accident , injury or illness . In 2002 , Dover was listed as one of the 50 most influential horsemen by Chronicle of the Horse magazine . In 2007 , The Search for America 's Next Equestrian Star Dressage , a reality TV show created and promoted by Dover , aired on the Fox Reality Channel with five one hour episodes . The show followed a search for young , talented dressage riders , with the final five being allowed to train with Dover for one month before a winner was selected the winner became Dover 's assistant . In 2008 , Dover was inducted into the United States Dressage Federation Hall of Fame . Dover served on the USEF Dressage Committee for many years , and spent eight years on the US Olympic Committee Athlete Advisory Council . In late 2009 , Dover was selected as a Technical Coach Advisor for the Canadian dressage team , with a contract that extended through the 2010 World Equestrian Games in Lexington , Kentucky . After the Games , it was announced that Dover and the Canadian team had not been able to agree on contract renewal terms , but in late 2010 it was announced that Dover would remain as the interim trainer for the first quarter of 2011 . In March 2011 , German equestrian Markus unk was hired , and Dover 's term as a Canadian coach came to an end . Dover is known for his coaching abilities , with some of the best dressage riders with top international titles to their credit coming from his stables . During his time as a trainer for Canada , he was no longer be eligible to train top riders with the USEF . In April 2013 , Dover was named Technical Advisor Chef d 'Equipe of the US national dressage team . He is expected to remain in the position through the 2016 Summer Olympics . Dover is currently a rider and trainer at unk Farm in Florida .
2,420	Veshchun ( Russian unk ) was an Uragan class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in Belgium in the mid 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . She was one of two ships of the class to be built in Belgium and assembled in Russia . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . She was stricken in 1900 from the Navy List , converted into a coal barge in 1903 and renamed Barzha No. 44 then Barzha No. 327 . Abandoned by the Soviets in Finland in 1918 , the ship was later scrapped by the Finns . Description Veshchun was 201 feet ( 61 . 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 . 0 m ) and a draft of 10 . 16 10 . 84 feet ( 3 . 1 3 . 3 m ) . She displaced 1 , 500 1 , 600 long tons ( 1 , 500 1 , 600 t ) , and her crew numbered eight officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877 . The ship was fitted with a two cylinder , horizontal direct acting steam engine built by the Belgian Cockerill Company . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Veshchun 's sea trials on 21 July 1864 , she reached a maximum speed of 6 . 75 knots ( 12 . 50 km h 7 . 77 mph ) . The ship carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 190 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 , 440 nmi ( 2 , 670 km 1 , 660 mi ) at 6 knots ( 11 km h 6 . 9 mph ) . Veshchun was designed to be armed with a pair of 9 inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license built 15 inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading Rodman guns in 1867 68 . The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine inch rifled guns . All of the wrought iron armor that was used in the Uragan class monitors was in 1 inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 . 1 m ) below the waterline . This armor was backed by a wooden beam that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) . The gun turret and the pilothouse above it was protected by eleven layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight , but Veshchun 's deck was later prepared for the addition of 0 . 5 inch ( 12 . 7 mm ) armor plates , although they were never installed . Construction and career Construction of Veshchun began on 9 November 1863 by the Belgian firm of Cockerill for assembly in Saint Petersburg . The ship was laid down on 9 December 1863 and she was launched on 8 May 1864 . She entered service on 1865 and cost a total of 1 , 237 , 000 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 , 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich . Sometime after Veshchun was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 . 75 inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . Veshchun was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . During 1903 , the ship was converted into a coal barge by the removal of her turret , her side armor , and its wooden backing , and by the division of her hull into three holds . She was redesignated as Barzha No. 44 and , in 1914 , Barzha No. 327 . The ship was abandoned by the Soviets when they were forced to withdraw from Finland in April 1918 according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk and was later scrapped by the Finns .
2,421	Mycena fuscoaurantiaca is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family . First reported as a new species in 2007 , the diminutive mushroom is only found in Kanagawa , Japan , where it grows on dead fallen twigs in lowland forests dominated by hornbeam carpinus and Chinese evergreen oak trees . The mushroom has a brownish orange conical cap that has grooves extending to the center , and reaches up to 11 mm ( 0 . 43 in ) in diameter . Its slender stem is colored similarly to the cap , and long up to 60 mm ( 2 . 4 in ) tall . Microscopic characteristics include the weakly amyloid spores ( turning blue to black when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) , the smooth , swollen cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edges and faces , respectively ) with long rounded tips , the diverticulate hyphae of the cap cuticle , and the absence of clamp connections . Taxonomy , naming , and classification The mushroom was first collected by Japanese mycologist Haruki Takahashi in 1999 and , along with seven other Mycena species , identified as a new species in a 2007 publication . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words unk ( meaning dark ) and aurantiaca ( orange yellow ) , and refers to the color of the fruit bodies . Its Japanese name is unk ashinagatake unk ( unk ) . Takahashi suggests that the species is best classified in the section Fragilipedes , as defined by Dutch Mycena specialist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus . Within the section , the North American species M. unk appears to be closely related to M. fuscoaurantiaca . M. unk may be distinguished by its spindle to broadly club shaped cheilocystidia without a narrow neck , club shaped to irregularly shaped caulocystidia , and lack of pleurocystidia . Description The cap , which reaches 8 to 11 mm ( 0 . 31 to 0 . 43 in ) in diameter , is initially conical to convex to bell shaped , but becomes flattened in age . It is radially grooved almost to the center , and somewhat hygrophanous ( changing color as it loses or absorbs moisture ) . The cap surface is dry , minutely pruinose initially ( that is , appearing as if covered with a fine white powder ) , but soon becomes smooth . The cap is brown to brownish orange when young , with a somewhat darker center , and fades to paler toward the margin with age . The flesh is white , and up to 0 . 5 mm thick . It does not have any distinctive taste or odor . The stem is 30 to 60 mm ( 1 . 2 to 2 . 4 in ) long by 0 . 5 to 0 . 8 mm ( 0 . 020 to 0 . 031 in ) thick , cylindrical , centrally attached to the cap , slender , hollow , and dry . Its color is orange to brownish orange , and it is initially pruinose , but later becomes smooth . The base of the stem is covered with coarse , stiff white hairs . The gills are adnexed ( narrowly attached to the stem ) , and distantly spaced , with between 16 and 18 gills reaching the stem . The gills are up to 1 . 8 mm broad , thin , and pale brownish . The gill edges are pruinose , and the same color as the gill face . Microscopic characteristics The basidiospores are ellipsoid and measure 9 10 . 5 by 6 7 m . They are smooth , thin walled , colorless , and weakly amyloid . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are 19 30 by 7 9 m , club shaped , and two spored . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are thin walled , smooth , 25 47 by 3 20 m , abundant , spindle shaped with a prolonged thickened tip , smooth , and colorless or pale vinaceous . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are 27 75 by 5 20 m , scattered , and similar in shape and color to the cheilocystidia . The hymenophoral tissue ( tissue of the hymenium bearing structure ) is made of thin walled hyphae that are 10 22 m wide , cylindrical , often somewhat inflated , smooth , colorless , and dextrinoid ( turning reddish to reddish brown when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) . The cap cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae that are 2 7 m wide , and cylindrical . These hyphae are smooth or covered with scattered , warty or finger like thin walled brownish diverticulae . The layer of hyphae beneath the cap cuticle is arranged in a parallel manner , hyaline ( translucent ) , and dextrinoid , containing short and inflated cells that measure up to 34 m wide . The cuticle of the stem is made of parallel , bent over hyphae that are 2 4 m wide , cylindrical , smooth , brownish , and thin walled . The flesh of the stem is composed of longitudinally running , cylindrical hyphae that are 8 20 m wide , smooth , colorless , and dextrinoid . The strigose ( stiff or bristly ) hairs at the base of the stem are 2 6 m wide , and arise directly from the stem cuticle . They are bent over or erect , cylindrical , with rounded tips , sometimes flexuous ( winding from side to side ) , smooth , colorless , and thin walled . Clamp connections are absent in all tissues of this species . Habitat and distribution Mycena fuscoaurantiaca is known only from Kanagawa , Japan . It is found growing solitary to scattered on dead fallen twigs in lowland forests dominated by hornbeam carpinus ( Carpinus tschonoskii ) and Chinese evergreen oak ( Quercus myrsinifolia ) . Fruit bodies appear in November .
2,422	Sian Breckin ( born 1982 ) is a British film , television and theatre actress . From 1993 to 1999 , Breckin attended classes at the Roundhay School , and received A Level in the field of drama . She went on to study theatre at the British drama school called East 15 Acting School , and as part of her drama graduate showcase she acted in the production of After Miss Julie by Patrick Marber . Donkey Punch directed by Olly Blackburn was Breckin 's feature film debut she starred alongside Jaime Winstone , Nichola Burley , Tom Burke and Julian Morris . Subsequent television appearances included roles on series The Bill , Inspector George Gently , The Royal and Heartbeat . Breckin acted in the film Tender directed by Deborah Haywood , and in Alice by filmmaker Marianne Elliott . She had guest starring roles on the television series Doctors and Casualty , and appeared as PC Janet Taylor in DCI Banks . She starred as Kelly in the 2011 film Tyrannosaur directed by Paddy Considine . Breckin had a recurring role as Deena Hardman on the Soap opera Hollyoaks in 2012 . She and her fellow cast members of Hollyoaks helped to raise money for unk , a charity for the homeless . Early life and education Breckin 's mother and father reside in unk , a district of north east Leeds , situated east of Chapel Allerton and west of Roundhay . In 2008 , Breckin had a residence in London and maintained a practice of visiting Leeds often . From 1993 to 1999 , Breckin attended classes at the Roundhay School . In order to receive an A Level in the field of drama , Breckin continued to study at the Roundhay School until the age of 19 . She stated to the Yorkshire Evening Post that the drama programme at Roundhay School significantly helped her It was a new course , and so I did an extra year at school . We did a lot of plays at school and they fed our interest in drama . The teachers were really supportive and gave you confidence and if it hadn 't been for them I might have done something else . After her studies at Roundhay School , Breckin went on to participate in acting workshops for one year at Stratford upon Avon . Breckin attained an education in theatre at the British drama school called East 15 Acting School , located in Debden , Loughton , Essex . She studied at the drama school for three years . For her drama graduate BA Acting Showcase , Breckin portrayed the role of the character Annie in the production Inside Out by Kat Joyce as well as the role of Julie in the production of After Miss Julie by Patrick Marber . The Stage commented in a review that Breckin 's role as Annie was played with conviction . Career Breckin was directed by Olly Blackburn in the thriller film Donkey Punch she portrayed the character Lisa and starred alongside Jaime Winstone , Nichola Burley , Tom Burke and Julian Morris . She commented to the Yorkshire Evening Post about her experience acting in the film Filming it was such a wonderful experience . I learned an incredible amount and the team became very close . We are all incredibly proud of the film . Breckin told the Irish Independent the intent was to portray realistic scenes in the film We wanted it as realistic as possible in terms of young people having fun . Sex isn 't glamorous . There are bits which are , and bits which are messy . She commented to Sky News It 's about us , it 's about young people . Hopefully people can identify with that . It had to be that the audience can relate to my character , that they can see how she gets herself in certain situations and how easily that can happen . Donkey Punch is Breckin 's first feature film . LoveFilm observed that Donkey Punch is acted with conviction by a cast of newcomers . Breckin had a role in January 2008 on the television series The Bill . She appeared in 2009 on the programme Inspector George Gently , as character Audrey Chadwick . She played the character of Judith Ure in 2009 in the television series The Royal Breckin guest starred opposite series regular Damian O 'Hare who played Dr. Burnett , a physician tasked with diagnosing her pregnant character 's ailments . Breckin guest starred on the television drama Heartbeat playing the role of Janice Hopley opposite actor James unk who portrayed her father . Breckin starred in the film Tender , directed by Deborah Haywood . Marianne Elliott directed Breckin in a role in her 2010 short film titled Alice . Breckin portrayed the role of PC Janet Taylor in 2010 in the television series DCI Banks . She portrayed the character of Debs Hastings in a 2010 episode of the television series Doctors . She guest starred on the television series Casualty in 2010 , playing the part of Kim Rees . Breckin starred as Kelly in the 2011 film Tyrannosaur directed by Paddy Considine . In 2012 , Breckin portrayed a villain character named Deena in the television series , Hollyoaks . In March 2012 , Breckin and her fellow cast members participated in a Sleep Out event in Childwall , Liverpool in the locality of Hollyoaks to raise money for unk , a charity for the homeless . Filmography Film Television Theatre 2005 , Annie in Inside Out by Kat Joyce 2005 , Julie in After Miss Julie by Patrick Marber
2,423	Fort Senneville is one of the outlying forts of Montreal , Quebec , Canada , built by the Canadiens of New France near the Sainte Anne rapids in 1671 . The property was part of a fief ceded to unk de unk in 1672 by the unk . A large stone windmill , which doubled as a watch tower , was built on a hill by late 1686 and featuring machicolation and other castle like features . The fort was burned down by Iroquois in 1691 , with only the mill itself left standing . Governor General Frontenac ordered the construction of a second , more imposing fort in 1692 . It was rebuilt in 1702 1703 to protect the nearby fur trading post . With extensive cannons and swiveling wall guns , it was the most substantial castle like fort near Montreal . It was eventually destroyed in 1776 by Benedict Arnold , under American military control , but the ruins have been maintained since then . In 2003 , it was classified as a historic site . Background Thanks to the tireless work of French explorers , the colony of New France covered the largest area , but it was numerically inferior to the neighbouring New England . Consequently , a number of unk du Roi ( King 's Engineers ) were appointed to make the colony the best fortified in North America Quebec served as the only fortified city in the Americas , centred on the Citadelle of Quebec . An unusual feature of Montreal 's defence was a string of 30 outlying forts to protect against the constant Iroquois threat to the expansion of French settlements . The majority of these were simple stockades , but as artillery was not as developed as on the battlefields of Europe , some of these were built like the fortified manor houses of France . Roughly four of these were substantial stone forts which served as defensive residences , sometimes considered true castles , as well as imposing structures to prevent Iroquois incursions . Initially , Fort Senneville was a French stockaded fort , built in 1671 about half a mile above the Sainte Anne rapids . The property was part of a fief ceded to unk de unk in 1672 by the Society of Saint Sulpice , and subsequently relinquished in payment of a debt to two of the most significant figures in New France 's history Jacques Le Ber and Charles Le Moyne , who used the site as a fur trading post . A large stone windmill was built on a hill by late 1686 , doubling as a watch tower over the Ottawa River , the Lake of Two Mountains and the mouth of the Des Prairies River . This windmill was like no other in New France ( although a similar fortified windmill was later built in Quebec ) , with thick walls , square loopholes for muskets , with machicolation at the top for pouring lethally hot liquids and rocks onto attackers . In October 1687 , the nearby Fort Sainte Anne and the Senneville mill were attacked by Iroquois , and although several settlers were killed , the attackers were repulsed . A second attack was more successful in 1691 , and the fort was burned down . Only the mill itself was left standing . Second fort The attack had come shortly after the 1690 Battle of Quebec , and an enraged Governor General Frontenac ordered the construction of a second , more imposing fort . The fort was rebuilt in 1692 with thick stone walls and corner tower bastions . With extensive cannons and swivel wall guns , it was the most substantial castle like fort near Montreal . It was never attacked again . The windmill was rebuilt in 1700 , and was probably still in use until the 1780s . In 1703 , Jacques Le Ber de Senneville constructed a large stone house and fort in order to improve and protect his fur trading operations , and the local unk manor house was built in 1706 . However , after the fall of New France in 1763 , it was not used by the British as a military post . In 1776 , Fort Senneville was destroyed during the American Revolutionary War by Continental Army troops under Benedict Arnold , in military manoeuvres associated with the Battle of the Cedars . In 1865 , the property was purchased as a summer residence by John Joseph Caldwell Abbott , former prime minister of Canada and Mayor of Montreal . Sir Edward Seaborne Clouston purchased the domain from Abbott 's estate in 1898 . The site today The site remains private property . The 10 acre ( 4 ha ) area today is important part to Montreal 's cultural and natural heritage for several reasons . In November 2003 , Quebec recognized its historical significance by classifying it a Site historique . The Ministry of Culture and Communications has commissioned studies on the historical ownership of the fort , and funded archaeological research and repairs to consolidate the structure of the ruin , recognising the exceptional historic and prehistoric archaeological potential of the ruin and its surroundings . The site 's value today includes its ecological and environmental significance , and its shoreline , which is in a semi natural state , is part of the habitat for the rare map turtle . It is situated between the Lake of Two Mountains and the Senneville Forest unk , as described in Montreal 's Natural Spaces Policy . Therefore , it could be considered part of the wildlife corridor ( lien unk ) between the lake and the forest .
2,424	The Riddler 's Revenge is a Bolliger Mabillard stand up roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain . The ride is situated in The Movie Town area of the park and was the park 's eleventh roller coaster . It was also the park 's single biggest investment on an attraction , to date , costing US 14 million . Upon opening in 1998 , The Riddler 's Revenge set world records for this type of coaster in height , drop , speed , length and number of inversions . The previous record holder was Chang at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom . The Riddler 's Revenge stands 156 feet ( 48 m ) tall and features a top speed of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km h ) . The 4 , 370 foot long ( 1 , 330 m ) ride features six inversions and a duration of approximately three minutes . History The Riddler 's Revenge opened as Six Flags Magic Mountain 's eleventh roller coaster on April 4 , 1998 , setting world records for this type of coaster in height , drop , speed , length and number of inversions . The ride also broke the record for the world 's tallest vertical loop . The previous holder of all these records was Chang at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom , which was installed exactly one year prior . The opening of the ride was part of a redevelopment of the Monterey Landing themed area into the 4 . 9 acre ( 2 . 0 ha ) Movie Town themed area . As part of the expansion the park added new restaurants , retail outlets , and rethemed some existing rides . In March 2000 , The Riddler 's Revenge conceded the title of the world 's tallest vertical loop to Superman Krypton Coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas . The floorless roller coaster featured a 145 foot tall ( 44 m ) vertical loop , 21 feet ( 6 . 4 m ) taller than that of The Riddler 's Revenge . Characteristics Statistics The 4 , 370 foot long ( 1 , 330 m ) Riddler 's Revenge stands 156 feet ( 48 m ) tall . With a top speed of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km h ) , the ride features six inversions including a 124 foot tall ( 38 m ) vertical loop , two dive loops , an inclined loop , and two corkscrews . The vertical loop featured on The Riddler 's Revenge wraps around the lift hill Kumba at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay and Banshee at Kings Island are the only other rides in the world to feature a loop of this kind . Riders of The Riddler 's Revenge experience up to 4 . 2 times the force of gravity on the three minute ride . The Riddler 's Revenge cost US 14 million to build , making it the single biggest investment on an attraction at the park . The Riddler 's Revenge operates with three steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has eight cars with four seats in a single row , for a total of 32 riders . Riders are secured by an over the shoulder harness . Although The Riddler 's Revenge is a stand up roller coaster , there is a small bicycle seat on which riders can lean . This configuration of trains caters for a capacity of 1 , 610 riders per hour . Manufacturer The Riddler 's Revenge is one of four Bolliger Mabillard roller coasters at Six Flags Magic Mountain , joining Batman The Ride , Scream , and Tatsu . The coaster is the park 's second stand up coaster the first was a smaller coaster manufactured by Intamin , Shockwave , which operated from 1986 to 1988 . Shockwave was relocated to Six Flags Great Adventure , preceding the installation of Green Lantern ( Chang after being rethemed and relocated ) . Theme As its name suggests , The Riddler 's Revenge is themed for the DC Comics character Riddler . The track is painted green with black supports . As the Riddler was an archenemy of Batman , The Riddler 's Revenge is located appropriately adjacent to Batman The Ride , in the back of the park . The Riddler 's signature question mark is featured on the coaster 's logo . The techno music that played on the loading platform is Ecuador ( Bruce Wayne Mix ) by Sash ( Bruce Wayne being the secret identity of Riddler 's nemesis , Batman ) . Ride experience The ride begins with a right turn out of the station . Once the train ascends the 156 foot tall ( 48 m ) chain lift hill it goes through a small pre drop , before dropping 146 feet ( 45 m ) on a banked left turn . It then enters the 124 foot tall ( 38 m ) vertical loop which wraps around the lift hill . Two dive loops follow , the second of which also wraps around the lift hill . An inclined loop is followed by two right turns that lead up and into the mid course brake run . After dropping out of the brake run , the train immediately enters a corkscrew to the left . A series of direction and elevation changes lead into a second corkscrew , the inverted part of which is just above a portion of the queue line . The track then turns to the right and enters the final brake run before returning to the station . Reception The Riddler 's Revenge has made four appearances on Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards top 50 steel roller coasters . It debuted on the poll in 2003 at position 41 , before peaking at 38 in 2006 . In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , The Riddler 's Revenge entered at position 31 in 1999 , before dropping to a low of 108 in 2012 . The ride 's ranking in subsequent polls is shown in the table below .
2,425	State Route 904 ( SR 904 , named the Lt. Col. Michael P. Anderson Memorial Highway ) is a 16 . 96 mile ( 27 . 29 km ) long state highway in the U.S. state of Washington , located entirely in Spokane County . The route starts at an interchange with Interstate 90 ( I 90 ) and U.S. Route 395 ( US 395 ) in Tyler and travels to Cheney , serving the Eastern Washington University , before ending at I 90 and US 395 in Four Lakes . The roadway , named First Street in Downtown Cheney , is paralleled by three rail lines , a BNSF Railway route that carries Amtrak 's Empire Builder , a Union Pacific route and the Eastern Washington Gateway Railroad . The Central Washington Highway was established in 1913 and served Cheney via the current route of SR 904 . The highway 's designation were changed starting in 1923 , when it became State Road 11 . US 395 was extended southwest from Spokane to Pasco between 1933 and 1939 . In 1937 , State Road 11 became Primary State Highway 11 ( PSH 11 ) , which was concurrent with both US 395 and US 10 by 1940 . A bypass of Cheney between Tyler and Four Lakes was planned at the same time as the Interstate Highway System . I 90 was created and PSH 11 was routed onto the future alignment in 1957 . Secondary State Highway 11H ( SSH 11H ) used the original route and became SR 904 during the 1964 highway renumbering . The Cheney bypass was opened in 1966 . After the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during re entry during STS 107 in 2003 , killing all seven passengers , the road was renamed the Lt. Col. Michael P. Anderson Memorial Highway after one of the passengers that was raised in Cheney . The Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) is currently planning to widen SR 904 between Cheney and Four Lakes from two to five lanes as part of the route development plan , but no funds have been made available for the work . Route description State Route 904 ( SR 904 ) begins at a diamond interchange with Interstate 90 ( I 90 ) , concurrent with U.S. Route 395 ( US 395 ) in Tyler . Traveling northeast over an unnamed creek to Babb , the highway becomes parallel with a rail line owned by BNSF Railway and used by Amtrak 's Empire Builder route from Portland , Oregon to Spokane . The BNSF line is paralleled by a Union Pacific rail line while the roadway and railways enter Cheney . Within Cheney , the road is named First Street and passes Eastern Washington University . SR 904 turns north , now parallel to the Eastern Washington Gateway Railroad , at an intersection with the Cheney Spokane Road , which was the busiest intersection on the highway , with an estimated daily average of 13 , 000 motorists in 2007 . After the intersection , the road turns northwest to exit Cheney and intersect the old alignment of Primary State Highway 11 ( PSH 11 ) . Shortly afterwards , the roadway enters Four Lakes , passing Meadow Lake and leaving the Eastern Washington Gateway Railroad before ending at a trumpet interchange with I 90 and US 395 . History The first state maintained highway to serve Cheney using the present day route of SR 904 was the Central Washington Highway , added to the state highway system in 1913 . The highway served Pasco , Ritzville , Cheney and Spokane , but the segment between Cheney and Four Lakes wasn 't completed until after 1919 . The Central Washington Highway became State Road 11 in a 1923 restructuring of the highway system . Between 1933 and 1939 , U.S. Route 395 ( US 395 ) was extended southwest from Spokane to Pasco , via Cheney . The state roads became Primary state highways in 1937 and hence , Primary State Highway 11 ( PSH 11 ) was established to replace State Road 11 . US 10 later became concurrent with US 395 and PSH 11 in 1940 after it was moved to a southern alignment . On June 29 , 1956 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 into law , establishing a system of freeways that would later become the Interstate Highway System . Included in the system was Interstate 90 , which was to replace US 10 and become concurrent with US 395 , while bypassing Cheney . PSH 11 , US 395 and I 90 were rerouted onto the future bypass in 1957 . The former highway from Tyler to Four Lakes became Secondary State Highway 11H ( SSH 11H ) in 1961 the Cheney bypass opened on November 18 , 1966 . During the 1964 highway renumbering , SSH 11H became SR 904 , part of the new highway system , then named the sign routes . During STS 107 , a NASA Space Shuttle mission , unk colonel Michael P. Anderson , a Cheney native , along with the rest of the Columbia 's crew , were killed when it disintegrated during re entry on February 1 , 2003 . SR 904 was posthumously renamed to the Lt. Col. Michael P. Anderson Memorial Highway in his honor later that February . The official dedication ceremony was held on August 1 , 2003 . Increasing traffic accidents and traffic has caused the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) to create plans to widen the roadway between Cheney and Four Lakes . The plans , later named the route development plan , calls for a five lane highway with new intersections built on the highway . Major intersections The entire highway is in Spokane County .
2,426	Koldun ( Russian unk ) was an Uragan class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in Belgium in the mid 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . She was one of two ships of the class to be built in Belgium and assembled in Russia . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . She was stricken in 1900 from the Navy List , converted into a coal barge in 1903 and renamed Barzha No. 324 . Abandoned by the Soviets in Finland in 1918 , the ship was later scrapped by the Finns . Description Koldun was 201 feet ( 61 . 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 . 0 m ) and a draft of 10 . 16 10 . 84 feet ( 3 . 1 3 . 3 m ) . She displaced 1 , 500 1 , 600 long tons ( 1 , 500 1 , 600 t ) , and her crew numbered eight officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877 . The ship was fitted with a two cylinder , horizontal direct acting steam engine built by the Belgian Cockerill Company . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Koldun 's sea trials on 21 July 1864 , she reached a maximum speed of 6 knots ( 11 km h 6 . 9 mph ) . The ship carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 190 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 , 440 nmi ( 2 , 670 km 1 , 660 mi ) at 6 knots ( 11 km h 6 . 9 mph ) . Koldun was designed to be armed with a pair of 9 inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license built 15 inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading Rodman guns in 1867 68 . The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine inch rifled guns . All of the wrought iron armor that was used in the Uragan class monitors was in 1 inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 . 1 m ) below the waterline . This armor was backed by a wooden beam that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) . The gun turret and the pilothouse above it was protected by eleven layers of armor . The conning tower armor was 11 inches ( 279 mm ) thick . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight , but Koldun 's deck was reinforced by the addition of 0 . 5 inch ( 12 . 7 mm ) armor plates after completion . Construction and career Construction of Koldun began on 9 November 1863 by the Belgian firm of Cockerill for assembly in Saint Petersburg . The ship was laid down on 9 December 1863 and she was launched on 8 May 1864 . She entered service on 1865 and cost a total of 1 , 237 , 000 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 , 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich . Sometime after Koldun was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 . 75 inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . Koldun was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . During 1903 , the ship was converted into a coal barge by the removal of her turret , her side armor , and its wooden backing , and by the division of her hull into three holds . She was redesignated as Barzha No. 31 , Barzha No. 50 and , in 1914 , Barzha No. 323 . The ship was abandoned by the Soviets when they were forced to withdraw from Finland in April 1918 according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk and was later scrapped by the Finns .
2,427	Route 5 is a 3 . 18 mile ( 5 . 12 km ) state highway located entirely in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States . It runs from U.S. Route 1 9 in Ridgefield east down the New Jersey Palisades to end at County Route 505 ( River Road ) at the Hudson River in Edgewater . The route is a two to four lane undivided highway its entire length , passing mostly through wooded residential neighborhoods . The route passes under Route 63 in Palisades Park , with access to that route provided by Bergen Boulevard , and intersects the southern terminus of Route 67 in Fort Lee . The route was designated in 1916 as part of pre 1927 Route 10 , which was to run from Paterson east to the terminal of the Fort Lee Ferry in Edgewater , using the Paterson and Hackensack Turnpike between Paterson and Hackensack , the Bergen Turnpike from Hackensack to Ridgefield , and a new alignment between Ridgefield and Edgewater . In 1927 , the route was renumbered to Route 5 , with initial plans to build a new alignment for the route between Ridgefield and Little Ferry . Route 5 was also planned to run concurrent with Route 6 ( now U.S. Route 46 ) between Paterson and Ridgefield . However , the plans were modified in 1929 to build Route 6 on a new alignment and have Route 5 end at Route 1 ( now U.S. Route 1 9 ) in Ridgefield . The former alignment was designated as Route 10N with maintenance eventually turned over to the county . The eastern terminus of Route 5 was moved to its current location by the 2000s . In 2007 , construction began to improve the route in Palisades Park by replacing bridges and widening the road , with work expected to be completed in later 2009 . Route description Route 5 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 1 9 ( North Broad Avenue ) in Ridgefield , heading east as a two lane undivided road through residential areas . It crosses County Route 31 ( Maple Avenue ) and enters Palisades Park . In Palisades Park , the road passes over Delia Avenue and turns south as it heads through wooded residential neighborhoods . Route 5 passes under Route 63 and enters Fort Lee , where the route immediately intersects Bergen Boulevard , which provides access to Route 63 . From there , the road heads east through wooded neighborhoods before turning north onto Glen Road . Route 5 comes to an intersection with County Route 29 ( Anderson Avenue ) and County Route 54 ( Central Boulevard ) , where the route continues east on Central Boulevard as a four lane undivided road through inhabited areas . It meets the southern terminus of Route 67 ( Palisade Avenue ) and continues south along that road . After 0 . 36 mi ( 0 . 58 km ) of following Palisade Avenue , Route 5 makes a left turn onto a two lane road , with County Route 27 continuing south on Palisade Avenue . The route descends the New Jersey Palisades on a winding road with hairpin turns , crossing into Edgewater . In Edgewater , the road briefly heads through commercial areas before ending at County Route 505 ( River Road ) along the Hudson River . History Pre 1927 Route 10 was legislated in 1916 to run from Paterson east by way of Hackensack and Ridgefield to the Public Service Railway 's Fort Lee Ferry at Edgewater . From Paterson it used the existing Paterson and Hackensack Turnpike ( Market Street and Essex Street ) to Hackensack and the Bergen Turnpike ( Hudson Street ) to Ridgefield . Rather than use existing roads from Ridgefield down the Palisades to Edgewater , a whole new route was surveyed with better grades . This road was built by 1922 . At its east end , Route 10 ran south several blocks on River Road to the ferry , just south of Dempsey Avenue . In Ridgefield , Broad Avenue was used to get between the new alignment and Bergen Turnpike . In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 10 was renumbered to Route 5 . Plans at the time were to build a new alignment from east of Ridgefield to Little Ferry southeast of Hackensack and form Route S5 ( now Route 93 ) along the old road from Little Ferry to Ridgefield . The new Route 6 would share the alignment of Route 5 from Paterson to west of Hackensack , where it would turn southeast onto a new alignment to Little Ferry , then run with Route 5 again to east of Ridgefield and split onto its own alignment to the George Washington Bridge . In 1929 , the routes were redefined . Route 6 would be a completely new alignment from Paterson to the George Washington Bridge , and Route 5 would only run east from Route 1 ( Broad Avenue , now U.S. Route 1 9 ) in Ridgefield . The alignment of Route 10 west of Ridgefield was designated Route 10N until it was eventually turned over to the county . Route 5 retained its routing in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering . By the 2000s , the section of Route 5 along River Road to the former ferry was removed . In June 2007 , construction began on a 24 . 6 million project to improve the route through Palisades Park . This project , which is to be completed later in 2009 , will involve the replacement of the bridge over Delia Avenue , the removal of a bridge over an abandoned rail line , and the widening of the two lane road to include a shoulder . Major intersections The entire route is in Bergen County .
2,428	Route 56 is a state highway in the southern part of New Jersey , United States . Also known as Landis Avenue , it runs 9 . 19 mi ( 14 . 79 km ) from an intersection with Route 77 and County Route 622 in Upper Deerfield Township , Cumberland County , to an intersection with Route 47 ( Delsea Drive ) in Vineland , Cumberland County . The route serves as a connector between Bridgeton and Vineland . West of the interchange with Route 55 in Vineland , Route 56 is a two lane undivided road that passes through rural areas of Cumberland County , also entering a corner of Salem County . East of Route 55 , the route is a four lane locally maintained road that runs through commercial areas of Vineland . The portion of current Route 56 in Vineland was built as a 100 foot ( 30 m ) wide road when Vineland was planned in the 1860s , serving as the main east west road through the community . In the past , the Route 56 number was used twice for a never built road between the Laurelton Circle and Mantoloking in Ocean County legislated in 1938 and for the portion of U.S. Route 30 between current Route 157 and Atlantic City between 1938 and 1953 . The current iteration of Route 56 was legislated in 1977 to run from Route 77 north of Bridgeton to Route 47 in Vineland , replacing County Route 22 between Route 77 and the Salem County border , County Route 6 within Salem County , and County Route 23 between the Salem County border and Route 47 . This portion of road was designated as Route 56 by the 1990s . In 2007 , two bridges along the route were replaced . The Rainbow Lake Bridge in Pittsgrove Township was rebuilt after it was washed out by the April 2007 Nor 'easter while the Maurice River bridge was reconstructed to make it wider and higher . Route description Route 56 begins at Route 77 and CR 622 in Upper Deerfield Township , Cumberland County , a short distance north of Bridgeton . From this intersection , the route heads to the northeast as two lane undivided Landis Avenue . Shortly after it begins , it passes businesses and intersects CR 611 . From here , Route 56 turns to the east northeast and passes a mix of residences and farm fields . The route comes to a five way junction with CR 553 and CR 687 before intersecting County Route 645 . The road heads into Deerfield Township , coming to a junction with CR 686 . Past this intersection , Route 56 continues toward the community of unk . Here , the road intersects CR 737 before running past homes and crossing CR 634 , where there are some businesses along the road . A short distance later , the route intersects CR 717 , where it crosses into Pittsgrove Township in Salem County . Route 56 heads through a mix of farms and woodland , passing to the south of Rainbow Lake . Past the lake , the road turns to the east and continues into agricultural areas and intersects CR 655 . Traveling eastward , the road crosses CR 638 and a Winchester and Western Railroad line . The route heads into forested areas , where it passes over the Maurice River into Vineland in Cumberland County . Here , it widens into a four lane divided highway and comes to a cloverleaf interchange with Route 55 . Past this interchange , Route 56 becomes a four lane undivided road that is locally maintained . The route heads through commercial sectors of Vineland before coming to a crossroads with CR 628 . The route continues past more inhabited areas and businesses before reaching its end at Route 47 ( Delsea Drive ) . From here , Landis Avenue continues to the east toward the downtown area of Vineland . History The portion of Route 56 in Vineland was built as a 100 foot ( 30 m ) wide road when Vineland was planned in the 1860s , serving as the main east west road through the community . In 1938 , two separate roads numbered Route 56 were legislated . One was located in Ocean County and was to run from the Laurelton Circle east to Mantoloking this road was never built . The other was located in the Atlantic City area along U.S. Route 30 ( Absecon Boulevard ) east of current Route 157 the Route 56 designation on this road was dropped in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering . What is modern day Route 56 was originally designated as County Route 22 between Route 77 and the Salem County border , County Route 6 in Salem County , and County Route 23 between the Salem County border and Route 47 . In 1977 , Route 56 was legislated onto its current alignment between Route 77 in Upper Deerfield Township and Route 47 in Vineland , replacing County Routes 6 , 22 , and 23 . The Route 56 designation was applied to this road by the 1990s . Due to the April 2007 Nor 'easter , the Rainbow Lake Bridge in Pittsgrove Township was washed out and the New Jersey Department of Transportation had to replace it with a new bridge . This closure led to detours for traffic traveling between Vineland and Bridgeton . The new Rainbow Lake Bridge was opened in November 2007 . The bridge spanning the Maurice River , which connects Vineland and Pittsgrove Township , was closed in July 2007 for planned repairs . This bridge replacement , which was completed in December 2007 , cost 5 million and provided a wider and higher crossing of the river . Major intersections
2,429	Citizen 's Briefing Book is a compilation book of recommendations made to President Barack Obama by visitors to the Change.gov website , given to the President after his January 20 , 2009 inauguration . Internet users were able to post recommendations of changes they would like to see made in the United States , and they were also able to vote on other users ' recommendations , as well as participate in a comment process . The Minnesota based company called unk helped develop the functionality , using technology from Salesforce.com. Co chair of the Obama Biden Transition Team , Valerie Jarrett , stated that the Citizen 's Briefing Book was a way for the Obama transition process to remain open and transparent . Popular recommendations included ending the prohibition on marijuana use in the United States and the legalization of online poker . Citizen 's Briefing Book received positive comments from writers for the Christian Science Monitor and Business Week , and criticism from writers for Chicago Tribune and Indianapolis Business Journal . Comment process Citizen 's Briefing Book is a work of suggestions by individuals compiled into a book format and submitted to President Barack Obama after his inauguration on January 20 , 2009 . Internet users originally posted their suggestions at Change.gov , with the plan that after Barack Obama was sworn in as President the website hosting the recommendations would direct users to unk The option to participate in the request for comment format was open until January 20 , 2009 , where users were able to post suggestions to the President , read others ' recommendations , and comment on each other 's ideas . Users voted on individual recommendations with an up or down vote for each suggestion . The web function was developed for the Obama transition team by the Minnesota based company called unk , and utilizes technology from Salesforce.com. Co chair of the Obama Biden Transition Team , Valerie Jarret , stated The Citizen 's Briefing Book will come directly from the American people . It is yet another way that we will ensure that this transition is the most open and transparent one in history . Members of Obama 's transition team interacted with users and responded to the voting . Beth Noveck , a law professor at NYU Law School and a member of the Obama Administration 's Technology , Innovation and Government Reform Team , stated that the book would help the government get the best ideas for the beginning of the administration . Top recommendations According to the Change.gov site the best rated ideas would rise to the top of the list , to later be given to the President . As of January 17 , 2009 the most popular suggestion , with 70 , 520 points , advocated ending the prohibition on marijuana use in the United States . By January 19 , 2009 , over 500 , 000 people had voted on thousands of suggestions posted by 70 , 000 individuals . In total over 44 , 000 suggestions were submitted , with over 1 . 4 million votes cast for the various recommendations . Other popular ideas included legalizing online poker in the United States , and focusing on green initiatives . One post suggested the administration investigate UFOs , and another suggested Obama hire entertainment personalities including Michael Moore , Jon Stewart , Bill Maher , and Stephen Colbert . After voting had closed , the most popular suggestion with 92 , 000 votes was Ending marijuana prohibition , and the third most popular Stop using federal resources to undermine states ' medicinal marijuana laws . A representative for President Obama , Jen unk , told Reuters President Obama does not support the legalization of marijuana . Release The Obama Administration released the Citizen 's Briefing Book to the public on May 11 , 2009 , the same day that President Obama announced the renaming of the White House Office of Public Liaison to the Office of Public Engagement . Many of the ideas you offer , from improving light rail transit to modernizing our energy grid to creating a new service corps , have been embraced by my administration , said President Obama in a video released along with the briefing book . Reception Writing for the Christian Science Monitor , David Peck described the initiative as part of a good foundation of reaching out to individuals . Douglas MacMillan of Business Week noted that the Obama transition site Change.gov won praise for its clean look and Citizen 's Briefing Book feature . Joel Hood of the Chicago Tribune highlighted some of the more eccentric suggestions posted , commenting As if President Barack Obama doesn 't have enough on his plate , he 's about to hear the voice of the people , in all its eccentric glory . Morton Marcus commented in the Indianapolis Business Journal I see the virtue of being open to the public s concern . I cannot imagine that the president will give attention to issues based on their popularity . In noting that the first and third most popular items voted upon involved the legalization of marijuana , Andy Sullivan of Reuters commented on President Obama 's efforts to solicit opinions from citizens on legislation That approach can deliver unexpected results .
2,430	HMS Hurricane was an H class destroyer that had originally been ordered by the Brazilian Navy in the late 1930s with the name unk , but was bought by the Royal Navy after the beginning of World War II in September 1939 and later renamed . When completed in June 1940 , the ship was temporarily assigned to the Home Fleet before she began escorting convoys and conducting anti submarine patrols . She was badly damaged during a German air raid on Liverpool in May 1941 and her repairs were not completed until the beginning of 1942 . Hurricane was then assigned as the flotilla leader of Escort Group B1 assigned to the Mid Ocean Escort Force , escorting convoys in the North Atlantic for the next two years . The ship was torpedoed by a German submarine on Christmas Eve 1943 , and had to be scuttled the next day as she was unable to steam back to port . Description Hurricane displaced 1 , 350 long tons ( 1 , 370 t ) at standard load and 1 , 883 long tons ( 1 , 913 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 . 5 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 . 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 5 inches ( 3 . 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 34 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 , 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km h 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 drum water tube boilers . Hurricane carried a maximum of 470 long tons ( 480 t ) of fuel oil , giving her a range of 5 , 530 nautical miles ( 10 , 240 km 6 , 360 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 152 officers and men . The vessel was designed for four 4 . 7 inch Mk IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear , but ' Y ' gun was removed to compensate for the additional depth charges added . For anti aircraft ( AA ) defence , Hurricane had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 . 5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . She was fitted with two above water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were originally fitted , but this was increased to three sets of rails and eight throwers while fitting out . The ship 's load of depth charges was increased from 20 to 110 as well . She was fitted with an ASDIC set to detect submarines by reflections from sound waves beamed into the water . Wartime modifications Little data on Hurricane 's modifications during the war has survived , although it is known that she had her rear torpedo tubes replaced by a 12 pounder AA gun by October 1940 . The ship 's short range AA armament may have been augmented by two Oerlikon 20 mm guns on the wings of the ship 's bridge and the .50 calibre machine gun mounts may have also been replaced by a pair of Oerlikons . The ship 's director control tower and rangefinder above the bridge may have been removed in exchange for a Type 271 target indication radar . A Type 286 short range surface search radar was probably also fitted mid way through the war . The ship probably also received a HF DF radio direction finder mounted on a pole mainmast . Service unk was ordered by Brazil on 6 December 1937 from Vickers Armstrongs , Barrow in Furness . The ship was laid down on 3 June 1938 and she was purchased by the British on 5 September 1939 after the beginning of World War II . Renamed HMS Hurricane , the ship was launched on 29 September and commissioned on 21 June 1940 . She was assigned to the 9th Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet upon commissioning until new construction replaced the losses suffered over the previous few months . Hurricane then began escorting convoys and conducting anti submarine patrols until May 1941 . On 17 September , the ship rescued survivors of City of Benares , a small passenger ship evacuating 90 children from the United Kingdom to Canada , and the freighter Marina . She rescued 451 survivors from the passenger cargo liner City of Nagpur and landed them at Greenock , Scotland on 1 May 1941 . Hurricane was bombed and sunk in a German air raid on Liverpool during the night of 7 8 May 1941 . She was struck by a bomb that passed through the hull and detonated underneath her . The explosion blew a large hole in her bottom and flooded her engine room and oil tanks . The ship 's structure was badly damaged enough that her stern began to sag downwards and Hurricane was moved to Bidston Dock lest she sink and block traffic in the harbour . No one was killed in the attack , although a few crewmen received minor injuries . The ship was repaired and returned to service in January 1942 as flotilla leader of Escort Group B1 assigned to the Mid Ocean Escort Force . Hurricane remained as the leader for the next two years . Whilst escorting Convoy OS 62 KMS 36 , the ship was hit by an acoustic T5 torpedo fired by the German submarine U 415 on the evening of 24 December 1943 . The torpedo homed in on the ship 's propeller noises and blew off 30 feet ( 9 . 1 m ) of her stern . The explosion killed three and wounded nine of her crew , and rendered her unable to move . The following morning , she was scuttled by the destroyer Watchman at 45 10 N 22 05 W.
2,431	Julius Schreck ( 13 July 1898 16 May 1936 ) was a senior Nazi official and close confidant of Adolf Hitler . Born on 13 July 1898 in Munich , Schreck served in World War I and shortly afterwards joined right wing paramilitary units . He joined the Nazi Party in 1920 and developed a close friendship with Adolf Hitler . Schreck was a founding member of the Sturmabteilung ( Storm Department SA ) and was active in its development . Later in 1925 , he became the first leader of the Schutzstaffel ( Protection Squadron SS ) . He then served for a time as a chauffeur for Hitler . Schreck developed meningitis in 1936 and died on 16 May . Hitler gave him a state funeral which was attended by several members of the Nazi elite with Hitler delivering the eulogy . Early life Julius Schreck was born on 13 July 1898 in Munich , a largely Catholic city in Bavaria . He served in the German Army during World War I. After the war ended in November 1918 , he became a member of Freikorps Epp , a right wing paramilitary unit formed to combat the communistic revolution . Schreck was an early member of the National Socialist German Workers ' Party ( Nazi Party NSDAP ) , having joined in 1920 and documented as member 53 . Schreck developed a friendship with the party 's leader Adolf Hitler during its early years . Career in the SA Schreck was a founding member of the Sturmabteilung ( Storm Department SA ) , being involved in its growth and development . This was a paramilitary wing of the party designed to disrupt political opponents and provide muscle for security tasks . Hitler , in early 1923 , ordered the formation of a small separate bodyguard dedicated to his service and protection rather than an uncontrolled mass of the party , such as the SA . Originally the unit was composed of only eight men , commanded by Schreck and Joseph Berchtold . It was designated the Stabswache ( Staff Guard ) . The Stabswache were issued unique badges , but at this point the Stabswache was still under overall control of the SA , whose membership continued to increase . Schreck resurrected the use of the Totenkopf ( death 's head ) as the unit 's insignia , a symbol various elite forces had used in the past , including specialized assault troops of Imperial Germany in World War I who used unk infiltration tactics . In May 1923 , the unit was renamed Stotrupp Hitler ( Shock Troop Hitler ) . The unit was solely responsible for Hitler 's protection . On 9 November 1923 the Stotrupp , along with the SA and several other paramilitary units , took part in the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich . The plan was to seize control of the city in a coup d 'tat and then challenge the government in Berlin . The putsch was quickly crushed by the local police and resulted in the death of 16 Nazi supporters and 4 police officers . In the aftermath of the failed putsch both Hitler , Schreck , and other Nazi leaders were incarcerated at Landsberg Prison . The Nazi Party and all associated formations , including the Stotrupp , were officially disbanded . Career in the SS After Hitler 's release from prison on 20 December 1924 , the Nazi Party was officially refounded . In 1925 , Hitler ordered Schreck to organise the formation of a new bodyguard unit , the Schutzkommando ( Protection Command ) . Hitler wanted a small group of tough ex soldiers like Schreck , who would be loyal to him . The unit included old Stotrupp members like Emil Maurice and Erhard Heiden . The unit made its first public appearance in April 1925 . That same year , the Schutzkommando was expanded to a national level . It was also successively renamed the Sturmstaffel ( Storm Squadron ) and then finally the Schutzstaffel ( Protection Squadron SS ) on 9 November 1925 . Schreck became SS member 5 . He was asked by Hitler to command the bodyguard company and , as such , became the first Reichsfhrer SS , although Schreck never referred to himself by this title . In 1926 , Schreck stood down as unk SS and Berchtold took over the leadership . He remained on the SS rolls as an SS Fhrer and worked as Hitler 's private chauffeur after Maurice until 1934 . In 1930 , after the SS had begun to expand under Heinrich Himmler , Schreck was appointed an SS Standartenfhrer , but had little actual power . He served at Hitler 's side and they were on very good terms . Death In 1936 , Schreck developed meningitis and died on 16 May in Munich . He was a well liked man and Hitler was distraught when Schreck died . His final rank was SS Oberfhrer , a rank between colonel and general . Schreck was accorded a Nazi state funeral with Hitler delivering his eulogy . Schreck 's funeral was attended by many senior Nazi officials , including Hermann Gring , Joseph Goebbels , Rudolf Hess , Joachim von Ribbentrop , Konstantin von Neurath , Emil Maurice , Hans Baur , Heinrich Hoffmann and Baldur von Schirach . As with many other buried Nazi Party members , Schreck 's grave marker was removed after World War II and there is a stone without inscription on the spot where he was buried . Online How Hitler 's Bodyguard Worked . World Media Rights . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Schreck , Julius . World War II unk . Retrieved 23 May 2015 .
2,432	Megalomys audreyae , known as the Barbudan ( ) Muskrat or the Barbuda giant rice rat , is an extinct oryzomyine rodent from Barbuda in the Lesser Antilles . Described on the basis of a single mandible ( lower jaw ) with the first molar missing and an isolated upper incisor , both of uncertain but Quaternary age , it is one of the smaller members of the genus Megalomys . Little is known about the animal , and its provenance and distinction from Ekbletomys hypenemus , an even larger extinct oryzomyine that also occurred on Barbuda , have been called into question . The toothrow in the lower jaw has a length of 8 . 7 mm at the alveoli . The third molar is relatively narrow and both the second and third molars have a wide valley between their outer cusps . History Remains of Megalomys audreyae were found by John Walter Gregory among cave breccia on Barbuda around 1900 . The exact locality is unknown . In his 1901 description of Oryzomys luciae , Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major mentioned the Barbuda animal as another member of the Megalomys group , but he never published a description of the latter . douard Louis Trouessart gave the name Oryzomys ( Megalomys ) majori to it in his Catalogus unk , but he did not describe it and therefore the name is a nomen nudum . In 1926 , Arthur Hopwood finally described it and named it Megalomys audreyae after Gregory 's wife Audrey , following Major 's intention . The oryzomyines of the Caribbean were revised in 1962 by Clayton Ray , who examined the specimens Gregory had found and redescribed them . He suggested that M. audreyae may in fact have come from Barbados instead of similarly named Barbuda , citing the occurrence of a different oryzomyine ( Ekbletomys hypenemus ) in other cave deposits on Barbuda , circumstantial evidence for the occurrence of a native rodent on Barbados , uncertainty whether Gregory ever visited Barbuda , and biogeographical considerations . In the subsequent literature , M. audreyae has seldom been mentioned and never been further described . In a 1999 review of recent extinctions in mammals , Ross MacPhee and C. Flemming reported that M. audreyae had been recovered from a locality on Barbuda known as Darby Sink , which had been radiocarbon dated to around 1200 CE . They also stated that M. audreyae and Ekbletomys may in fact be identical . However , in 2009 Samuel Turvey suggested that two different rice rats were in fact present in material from Barbuda , which would imply that M. audreyae is a valid species . Description The only remains of Megalomys audreyae that have been described in the literature are the original two specimens Gregory found , a left upper incisor and a left mandible ( lower jaw ) . The upper incisor is not grooved and its diameter has a length of 2 . 6 mm and width of 1 . 5 mm , but exhibits no other significant characters . The mandible , which is severely damaged and lacks the condyloid , coronoid , and angular processes at the back of the bone , contains the second and third molar and part of the lower incisor , but the first molar is missing . The capsular process of the lower incisor , a slight raising of the mandibular bone at the back end of the incisor , is small . The preserved alveoli , the impressions left by the roots , show that the first molar was supported by large roots at the front and back and a smaller root in between these . The second molar is about square and shows the four main cusps commonly present in rodents the protoconid , metaconid , hypoconid , and entoconid . A strongly developed mesolophid ( a crest ) is also present , as in most oryzomyines . The main valley between the cusps , the hypoflexid , is broad and V shaped . The third molar is as long as the second , but it is narrower and the entoconid is poorly developed . Again , the hypoflexid is broad and V shaped . The length of the toothrow at the alveoli is 8 . 7 mm . The length of the second molar is 2 . 5 mm and the width is 2 . 2 mm . The third molar has a length of 2 . 5 mm and width of 1 . 8 mm . When Clayton Ray described Ekbletomys hypenemus on the basis of abundant skeletal remains from both Barbuda and Antigua , he carefully distinguished it from M. audreyae , the only other native rodent recorded from those islands . M. audreyae is much smaller than Ekbletomys for example , 72 specimens of the latter had the alveolar length of the lower molars ranging from 10 . 3 to 12 . 6 mm ( mean 11 . 6 mm , standard deviation 0 . 49 mm compare 8 . 7 mm for M. audreyae ) . In addition , the V shaped unk and narrow third molar of M. audreyae contrast with the narrow , parallel sided unk and broad third molar of Ekbletomys . These characters , and others observable in species of Megalomys represented by more complete material , convinced Ray that M. audreyae and Ekbletomys are not only distinct species , but indeed share no close relationship . Instead , he proposed that the combination of large size , occurrence in the Lesser Antilles , and similarity in molar morphology indicated a relationship between M. audreyae and other species of Megalomys , and he suggested that the similarly sized M. curazensis from Curaao , off Venezuela , may be most closely related to M. audreyae .
2,433	Lactarius rufulus , commonly known as the rufous candy cap , is a species of fungus in the Russulaceae family . The fruit bodies have fleshy brownish red caps up to 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) wide , and closely spaced pinkish yellow gills . The stem is up to 12 cm ( 4 . 7 in ) long and 3 cm ( 1 . 2 in ) thick and colored similarly to the cap . The species , known only from California , Arizona , and Mexico , grows on the ground in leaf litter near oak trees . The fruit bodies resembles those of L. rufus , but L. rufulus tends to grow in clusters at a common base , rather than solitarily or in groups . A distinguishing microscopic characteristic is the near absence of large , spherical cells called sphaerocysts that are otherwise common in Lactarius species . Lactarius rufulus mushrooms are edible , and have an odor resembling maple syrup . They have been used to flavor confections and desserts . Taxonomy The species was first described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1907 , based on specimens collected at Stanford University in California . The type collections were made by A.M. Patterson and S. Nohara , botany students at the Leland Stanford Junior University who made a number of collections during the winter of 1906 07 . Lactarius rufulus is classified in the section unk of the subgenus Russularia of the genus Lactarius . The surface characteristics of many species in section unk ( as defined by Hesler and Smith in 1979 ) are called unk areolate ( irregularly cracked , with the cracks crossing one another ) based on a surface with numerous mounds of inflated cells paired together with crevices . The mushroom is commonly known as the rufous candy cap . Description The cap of L. rufulus is 3 10 cm ( 1 . 2 3 . 9 in ) wide , broadly convex , becoming flattened and eventually shallowly funnel shaped , sometimes with a slight umbo . The cap margin ( edge ) is initially curved inwards but becomes curved upward in maturity . The surface is usually uneven or wrinkled . It is brownish red at first , but fades to orange brown with age . The attachment of the gills to the stem is adnate ( squarely attached ) to subdecurrent ( running slightly down the length of the stem ) . They are packed close together , at first pinkish yellow , but with age become a darker red or reddish brown . The gills are not forked , nor do they stain a different color when bruised . The stem is 4 8 cm ( 1 . 6 3 . 1 in ) long , about 0 . 5 1 . 5 cm ( 0 . 2 0 . 6 in ) thick , nearly equal or slightly enlarged downward , dry , smooth , and reddish brown . It may be solid or stuffed ( filled with cotton like mycelia ) , but may become partially hollow with age . The flesh is firm , white to pinkish orange , and does not stain when cut . The latex is scant , yellowish white on exposure , unchanging , and does not stain tissues . Its taste is acrid . The spore print is white to creamy yellow . The mushroom is edible , with a mild taste and a slight odor of maple syrup . American author David Arora suggests that the fruit bodies may be used in a manner similar to the candy cap mushrooms , despite being not as fragrant . Chefs in the San Francisco Bay Area have been known to use it for desserts such as ice creams , cakes and unk . Microscopic characteristics The spores are 7 9 by 7 9 m , spherical or nearly so , ornamented with a partial to complete reticulum ( a system of raised , net like ridges ) , with prominences up to 0 . 5 m high . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are both two and four spored , and measure 45 52 by 9 11 m . The cap cuticle is a poorly formed layer of inflated cells with scattered filamentous pileocystidia ( cystidia on the cap ) . Somewhat unusual for a Lactarius , L. rufulus lacks or has few swollen cells ( sphaerocysts ) in the cap and stem . Similar species Lactarius rubidus is similar in appearance to L. rufulus , but it has watery to whey like latex and develops a strong odor of maple syrup or butterscotch when dried . Another lookalike is Lactarius thiersii , but it has a smaller cap and stem and has mild tasting flesh and latex . The flesh and latex of Lactarius rufus have a strongly acrid taste , and its fruit bodies are stouter and lack an umbo . Additionally , L. rufus typically grows in a caespitose manner with the fruit bodies clustered at a common base , and has more pallid colors and a more intense odor than L. rufulus . L. vinaceorufescens has a yellowing latex . Ecology , habitat and distribution Lactarius rufulus is a mycorrhizal species , and lives in a mutualistic association with oak species . The fungus forms an ectomycorrhizae characterized by an external sheath that surround the rootlets of the oak . The fungus receives soluble carbohydrates that are byproducts of the plant 's photosynthesis , while affording the plant greater access to soil nutrients needed for growth . The fruit bodies of L. rufulus grow scattered or in groups on the ground under oak , usually from January to March their appearance is uncommon . Once thought to be only in California ( where they are most prevalent in the southern part of the state ) , they were reported from Mexico in 1998 , and from Arizona in 2006 .
2,434	Pope Theodore II ( Latin Theodorus II 840 December 897 ) was pope for twenty days in December 897 . His short reign occurred during a period of partisan strife in the Catholic Church , which was entangled with a period of feudal violence and disorder in central Italy . His main act as pope was to annul the Cadaver Synod of the previous January , therefore reinstating the acts and ordinations of Pope Formosus , which had themselves been annulled by Pope Stephen VI . He also had the body of Formosus recovered from the river Tiber and reburied with honour . He died in office in late December 897 . Background Towards the end of the ninth century , due to the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire the Catholic Church had to rely upon powerful European nobles for support . Pope Stephen V approached Arnulf of Carinthia to protect Rome from pagan and evil Christians . After he refused , Stephen V had to rely upon Guy III of Spoleto instead . Guy agreed to protect Rome as long as he was named as the Holy Roman Emperor , to which Stephen V acceded . After Stephen V 's death , Pope Formosus was elected . Formosus and Guy were reluctant allies , and Guy forced Formosus to crown him emperor again and to name his son , Lambert , as co emperor and successor . Formosus did so , but after Guy 's death , he lobbied Arnulf to rescue Rome from the unk . Arnulf agreed , and Formosus subsequently appointed him as the Holy Roman Emperor in 894 . Both Arnulf and Formosus died within a few years of the coronation , and the new pope , Stephen VI , crowned Lambert as the new emperor shortly thereafter . In January 897 , Stephen VI held what is known as the Cadaver Synod . He had the body of Formosus exhumed from St. Peter 's Basilica and dressed in pontifical vestments . The dead pope was charged with perjury , violating the canons prohibiting the translation of bishops , and coveting the papacy . Formosus ' defence was provided by a deacon , but he was found guilty of all the charges . The synod annulled all of Formosus ' acts and ordinations . Formosus ' body was reburied in a common grave , and then thrown in the river Tiber . Supporters of Formosus rebelled , and seven months after the synod , Stephen VI was deposed , and died soon after in prison . His replacement , Pope Romanus is generally assumed to have been pro Formosus , but he was only pope for four months before he was deposed and made a monk . Theodore II 's reign Little is known of Theodore 's background he is recorded as being born a Roman , and the son of Photios I of Constantinople , who was the Patriarch of Constantinople . His brother Theodosius ( or unk ) was also a bishop . He was ordained as a priest by Stephen V. The exact dates of his papal reign are unknown , but modern sources generally agree that he was pope for twenty days during December 897 . Flodoard , a tenth century French chronicler , only credited Theodore with a twelve day reign , while in his history of the popes , Alexis Franois Artaud de unk listed Theodore 's reign as being twenty days , from 12 February to 3 March 898 . Like his predecessor , Theodore was a supporter of Formosus . Some historians believe that Romanus had been deposed because he had not acted to restore Formosus ' honour quickly enough , though others suggest that he was removed by supporters of Stephen VI . In either case , Theodore immediately threw himself into the task of undoing the Cadaver Synod . He called his own synod , which annulled the rulings set out by Stephen VI . In so doing , he restored the acts and ordinations of Pope Formosus , including the restoration of a large number of clergy and bishops to their offices . Theodore also ordered Formosus ' body to be recovered from the harbour of Portus , where it had been secretly buried , and restored to the original grave at St. Peter 's Basilica . Like Romanus before him , Theodore bestowed a privilege upon the See of Grado , and had a coin minted , bearing the name of Lambert on the obverse , and unk . Petrus and unk . on the reverse . Flodoard cast Theodore in a positive light , describing him as beloved of the clergy , a friend of peace , temperate , chaste , affable and a great lover of the poor . He died in office , though the cause of his death is unknown . In her book The Deaths of the Popes , Wendy Reardon suggests that Theodore died suddenly from unknown ' foul play ' ( most likely poisons ) . Horace Kinder Mann offers a different suggestion in his papal history , noting that it is possible that Popes who were infirm or even older than ... their predecessors might have been elected intentionally . Theodore was buried at St. Peter 's Basilica , but his tomb was destroyed during the demolition of the old basilica in the seventeenth century . Aftermath After Theodore 's death , both Pope John IX and Sergius III claimed to have been elected pope the latter was excommunicated and driven from the city , though he did later become pope in 904 . John IX held synods reaffirming that of Theodore II , and he further banned the trial of people after their death . In turn , Sergius III later annulled the synods of Theodore II and John IX , and reinstated the validity of the Cadaver Synod .
2,435	Amber Merritt ( born 17 February 1993 ) is a 4 . 5 point wheelchair basketball player who plays forward . She represented Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where she won a silver medal . Born in England , Merritt moved to Australia when she was ten years old . She was originally a swimmer , but was recruited into basketball by the Paralympic Hall of Fame coach Frank Ponta in 2007 . She started playing top level club wheelchair basketball in Australia for the Perth Western Stars in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) in 2008 . In 2013 , she captained the team , and it to its first WNWBL championship . She was the league 's top scorer , and the Most Valuable Player 4 pointer in its All Star Five , in 2011 , 2012 and 2013 . Merritt made her debut with the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , in 2009 . She has played for the Gliders in a number of international series including the 2010 U23 World Championship , 2011 U25 World Championship , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 Osaka Cups , the 2012 BT Paralympic World Cup , and 2012 Gliders and Rollers World Challenge in Sydney . Personal Nicknamed Bambi , Merritt was born on 17 February 1993 in Portsmouth , England , with a club foot . She moved to Perth in Western Australia when she was ten after her parents decided they wanted to see what else the world had to offer , and graduated from high school there in 2010 . As of 2013 , she lives in Wanneroo , Western Australia . Wheelchair basketball Merritt is a 4 . 5 point wheelchair basketball who plays forward . She started playing in 2007 . She was originally a swimmer , but was recruited into basketball by the Paralympic Hall of Fame coach Frank Ponta . In financial year 2012 13 , the Australian Sports Commission gave Merritt a A 20 , 000 grant as part of their Direct Athlete Support ( DAS ) program . She received 17 , 000 in 2011 12 and 2010 11 and 5 , 571 . 42 in 2009 10 . Wearing jersey number 14 , Merritt started playing top level club wheelchair basketball in Australia for the Perth Western Stars in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League in 2008 . In the second round of that season , the Western Stars defeated the Hills Hornets 52 44 . Playing for the Stars , she scored 10 points in her team 's victory . In the 2012 season during the first game loss , Merritt scored eight points , had five rebounds , and two assists . In the league 's third game and her team 's second game , a loss to the Dandenong Rangers , she scored 26 points , and had 14 rebounds . In her team 's third game victory against the Sydney Uni Flames , she scored 18 points , while having 10 rebounds . In the Western Stars ' 56 36 semifinal victory against the Sydney Uni Flames , she played an important role . The Western Stars played in the league 's third place match , where she led it in scoring with 34 points as they defeated Sydney 63 54 . She finished the season as the WNWBL Season Top Scorer , Merritt was the Western Stars ' captain for the 2013 season , and led the team to its first WNWBL championship , defeating the Sachs unk Bears in the final 43 40 despite being 11 points down at three quarter time . She was the league 's top scorer , and the Most Valuable Player 4 pointer in its All Star Five , as she had previously been in 2011 and 2012 . Merritt made her debut with the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , in 2009 , playing in several different competitions that year including the Japan Friendly Series , Four Nations in Canada and the Under 23 World Championship where her team finished fourth . As the youngest member of the Australian team at the 2010 World Championships , she finished fourth . She competed in the 2011 Asia Oceania Regional Championships , scoring ten points for her team as the third leading scorer in the final game of a competition where her did not lose a single match . That year , she also represented Australia at the 2011 Under 25 World Championships , where she wore shirt number 7 and was a key blocker for her team . Merritt played in the 2011 Osaka Cup , and the 2012 BT Paralympic World Cup . She competed at the 2012 Gliders and Rollers World Challenge in Sydney , scoring the winning points in the first place match against the Germany women 's national wheelchair basketball team , and was named the women 's MVP for the competition , having averaged 17 . 8 points per game . Merritt was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in wheelchair basketball . The London Games were her first . In the group stage , the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics posted wins against Brazil , Great Britain , and the Netherlands , but lost to the Canada . This was enough to advance the Gliders to the quarter finals , where they beat Mexico . The Gliders then defeated the United States by a point to set up a final clash with Germany . The Gliders lost 44 58 , and earned a silver medal . Since the London games , Merritt has participated in the 2013 Osaka Cup , where the Gliders successfully defended the title they had won in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 . Statistics
2,436	Five Mile Point Light , also known as Five Mile Point Lighthouse or Old New Haven Harbor Lighthouse , is a lighthouse in New Haven , Connecticut , United States , on the harbor entrance to Long Island Sound , five miles ( 8 km ) from Downtown New Haven . Originally in 1805 , a 30 foot ( 9 . 1 m ) octagonal wooden tower was built by Abisha Woodward . In 1847 , a new 80 foot ( 24 m ) octagonal tower was constructed by Marcus Bassett with East Haven brownstone from Jabez Potter 's quarry . The light was powered by 12 lamps with reflectors and was located 97 feet ( 30 m ) above sea level . Also constructed was a two and one half story brick house to replace an existing structure in a very bad state of repair . In 1855 , a fourth order Fresnel lens replaced the lamps , and a fog bell was added in the 1860s . The light was discontinued in 1877 and replaced by the Southwest Ledge Light . The lighthouse is located in Lighthouse Point Park and the light and its keeper 's house were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 . History During the American Revolutionary War in July 1779 , a battle took place on the site of the future lighthouse when British troops anchored offshore and staged an invasion of New Haven . Patriot forces launched a defense of the beachfront as the attackers landed their boats . Ensign and Adjutant Watkins of the King 's American regiment was the first of the British soldiers killed in the skirmish , shot while attempting to disembark on the shoreline . He was buried close to where the lighthouse at Five Mile Point would eventually be erected a few decades later . Although the British went on to burn the nearby house of Amos Morris and several other residences in the area , they suffered heavy losses and ultimately abandoned their advance on New Haven . Original tower In 1804 , the United States Congress passed a statute requiring the secretary of the treasury to build a lighthouse at Five Mile Point if land could be obtained for a reasonable price . That same year , Amos Morris , Jr . , son of the man whose home was the first to be razed during the 1779 British invasion , sold a suitable one acre plot of his father 's coastal estate to the federal government for 100 . On March 16 , 1805 , an appropriation for 2500 was issued for the construction of the lighthouse . Late that year , a 30 foot ( 9 . 1 m ) octagonal wooden tower was built by Abisha Woodward on the southwest edge of the harbor and to mark the path around the Southwest Ledge . The fixed white light was made by eight oil lamps with 13 inches ( 33 cm ) parabolic reflectors , but it was criticized for being too dim . The lighthouse also had a keeper 's quarters constructed in 1805 . The first keeper of the light was Amos Morris Jr . , for a period of just three weeks . An 1832 report noted that the light was 50 feet ( 15 m ) above the water and that its visibility had been improved with the removal of some trees . In 1838 , Lieutenant George M. Bache reported that the wooden tower and keeper 's house was in a poor state . Congress would appropriate 10 , 000 to construct a new stone lighthouse on March 3 , 1847 . Current tower Constructed in 1847 , the new 80 foot ( 24 m ) octagonal tower was constructed by Marcus Bassett with East Haven brownstone from Jabez Potter 's quarry . The interior of the lighthouse was lined with New Haven brick and a 74 step granite stairway leads to the cast iron lantern . The light was powered by 12 lamps with reflectors and was located 97 feet ( 30 m ) above sea level . Also constructed was a new two and one half story brick house to replace the one in a very bad state of repair . The light would be replaced with a fourth order Fresnel lens in 1855 . In the 1860s , a fog bell was also added . The lighthouse was extinguished in 1877 when the offshore Southwest Ledge Light replaced it for navigation . The keeper , unk Thompson , went to be the Southwest Ledge Light 's keeper for five years before returning to live in the Five Mile Point Light keeper 's quarters and fly storm signal flags for the United States Weather Bureau . In 1896 , the lighthouse was transferred to the United States Department of War and was improved by a unk named Albert unk . In 1922 , the property was split up , with the land given to the state of Connecticut and the buildings to the city of New Haven . Two years later , New Haven purchased the land from the state for 11 , 180 . The tower was renovated in 1986 . The 86 , 000 restoration included repairing cracked mortar , steam cleaning the interior and exterior and removing guano that had accumulated over the decades . Importance Roth and Clouette note that the Five Mile Point Lighthouse is significant because it embodies the distinctive characteristics of American lighthouse construction during the first half of the 19th century ... it is also significant in the maritime history of New Haven . The keeper 's dwelling currently is a private residence for New Haven Recreation Department personnel and has been modified with the addition of a porch . The lighthouse and the keeper 's residence were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 . List of keepers
2,437	Hurricane Humberto was the eighth named storm and fourth hurricane of the busy 1995 Atlantic hurricane season . This was the first time that the name Humberto was used as it replaced Hugo ( it was retired in 1989 ) . It was a Cape Verde type hurricane that never approached land as it tracked across the central Atlantic Ocean . The storm developed west of the Cape Verde islands on August 21 and was upgraded to a tropical storm on August 22 and a hurricane on August 23 . For the first several days , it followed the wave that became Iris until a Fujiwhara interaction took place about midway between Cape Verde and the Lesser Antilles on August 25 . Humberto peaked as a strong Category 2 hurricane and remained a hurricane until just before being absorbed by an extratropical cyclone on September 1 . Meteorological history The system originated out of one of several powerful tropical waves that moved off the west coast of Africa in the second half of August . When the wave came off the African coast , it already had a cyclonic rotation , although it was fairly disorganized . As the wave moved westward into open waters , it developed rapidly . Late on August 21 , it had developed a low level circulation and was declared Tropical Depression Nine . The system quickly organized itself and was quickly upgraded to Tropical Storm Humberto early on August 22 . Beginning on a west northwest track , it was clear from the outset that Humberto would not affect land , due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge to the north which would eventually turn the storm northward . An impressive outflow pattern and solid banding quickly formed in a very favorable environment with warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear . Humberto quickly developed and intensified into a high end tropical storm on the afternoon and evening of August 22 . Early on August 23 , the storm was upgraded to Hurricane Humberto . Humberto continued to intensify on the morning of the 23rd as the central dense overcast became well defined , despite the lack of a well defined eye feature . However , the intensification was slowed somewhat by the presence of Iris to the west , whose outflow intercepted with Humberto 's outflow somewhat . Early on August 24 , Humberto strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane , finally forming a well defined eye , as it slowed down as it entered a Fujiwhara interaction with Iris . That afternoon , while still moving west northwest , Humberto reached its peak intensity of 110 mph ( 175 km h ) , just under Category 3 intensity . The Fujiwhara interaction had a profound impact on the track of Humberto , which made a quick turn to the northwest , and then to the north northwest , early on August 25 . The interaction came to an end that afternoon as Humberto completed the northerly turn , while remaining a Category 2 hurricane in the tropical waters of the central Atlantic . It began to gradually weaken on August 26 due to an increase in southwesterly shear from a nearby upper level low as it maintained a north northwest track . The slow weakening trend continued into August 27 as the eye became intermittent in the moderate shear environment , which was once again impacted by the outflow of Iris to the southwest . That evening , it dropped to a minimal hurricane with 75 mph ( 120 km h ) winds , which was later confirmed to have been the low point . Operationally , Humberto was downgraded to a tropical storm for a while on August 28 , which was later confirmed to have been underestimated . As it tracked away from Iris and into a more open environment , it turned more to the north northeast and slowly re intensified again on August 29 . Its movement was now affected by an incoming mid latitude trough that turned Humberto northeast early on August 30 . Humberto reached its second intensity peak of 90 mph ( 145 km h ) at that time . However , cooler waters eventually caught up to Humberto and it began to weaken once again early on August 31 as it tracked into the north Atlantic . That afternoon , Humberto weakened to a tropical storm as its circulation became embedded into a circulation of a nearby extratropical low in a high shear environment . It continued to weaken that evening , and early on September 1 , the tropical storm was absorbed by the larger system . Impact , naming , and records Humberto remained in the open Atlantic , and no damage or fatalities were reported . Several ships came in contact with Humberto while it roamed the open waters . The strongest winds came from call sign unk , which reported peak winds of 70 mph ( 112 km h ) in the central Atlantic on August 30 . Three other ships reported tropical storm force winds . Humberto was the second of four tropical waves in quick succession in the tropical Atlantic that all eventually became tropical storms or hurricanes it was preceded by the wave that became Iris , and followed by the waves that became Karen and Luis . It was also the first of three tropical cyclones to form within a 24 hour period on August 21 and 22 Iris formed 12 hours later and Jerry formed 18 hours later . It was also the first of five named storms to form within a seven day period Karen formed on August 26 and Luis on August 27 .
2,438	Coatit was a torpedo cruiser of the Italian Regia Marina built in the late 1890s . She was the second and final member of the Agordat class . The ship , which was armed with twelve 76 mm ( 3 . 0 in ) guns and two 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , was too slow and short ranged to be able to scout effectively for the fleet , so her career was limited . She saw action during the Italo Turkish War in 1911 12 , where she provided gunfire support to Italian troops in North Africa . She also caused a minor diplomatic incident from an attack on retreating Ottoman soldiers in Anatolia . Coatit was part of an international fleet sent to Constantinople when the city appeared to be at risk of falling to the Bulgarian Army during the First Balkan War . In 1919 , she was converted into a minelayer and was sold for scrap in 1920 . Design Coatit was 91 . 6 meters ( 301 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 9 . 32 m ( 30 . 6 ft ) and a draft of 3 . 54 m ( 11 . 6 ft ) . She displaced up to 1 , 292 metric tons ( 1 , 272 long tons 1 , 424 short tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by eight Blechynden water tube boilers . Her engines were rated at 8 , 215 indicated horsepower ( 6 , 126 kW ) and produced a top speed of 23 knots ( 43 km h 26 mph ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 300 nautical miles ( 560 km 350 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 153 185 . Coatit was armed with a main battery of twelve 76 mm ( 3 . 0 in ) L 40 guns mounted singly . She was also equipped with two 450 mm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was only lightly armored , with a 20 mm ( 0 . 79 in ) thick deck . Service history The keel for Coatit was laid down at the Castellammare shipyard on 8 April 1897 and her completed hull was launched on 15 November 1899 . After completing fitting out work , the new cruiser was commissioned into the Italian fleet on 1 October 1900 . She proved to be too slow and short legged to be useful as a fleet scout , which limited her active duty career . She served in the main fleet in 1903 1904 , during which time the fleet was kept in a state of readiness for seven months . For the remaining five months , the ships had reduced crews . In 1904 , the ship was transferred to the Red Sea and stationed in Italy 's colony in Eritrea along with three other small vessels . Coatit was assigned to the hostile force that was tasked with simulating an attempt to land troops on Sicily during the 1908 fleet maneuvers . At the outbreak of the Italo Turkish War against the Ottoman Empire in September 1911 , Coatit was stationed in the 4th Division of the 2nd Squadron , under Rear Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel , the commander of the division . Coatit protected several battleships and armored cruisers while they bombarded the defenses of Tripoli on 3 4 October . Coatit , the armored cruiser Varese , and sixteen destroyers were tasked with patrolling the flanks of the bombardment force to prevent a surprise attack by the Ottoman Navy , which did not materialize . On 15 October , Coatit and her sister joined the battleship Napoli , the armored cruisers Pisa , Amalfi , and San Marco , three destroyers , and several troop transports for an attack on the port of Derna . Negotiators were sent ashore to attempt to secure the surrender of the garrison , which was refused . Napoli and the armored cruisers bombarded the Ottoman positions throughout the day , and on 18 October the Ottomans withdrew , allowing the Italian troops to come ashore and take possession of the port . The fleet remained offshore and helped to repel Ottoman counterattacks over the following two weeks . On 3 October 1912 , Coatit bombarded the port of unk . She thereafter shelled an Ottoman infantry battalion in the area , which fled she nevertheless continued to fire on the retreating troops , expending around 200 rounds during the attack . The French cruiser Bruix was nearby and witnessed the attack , which her commander protested as a breach of international law . Coatit was among an international force that entered the Ottoman capital city , Constantinople , during the First Balkan War in November 1912 , less than a month after the end of the Italo Turkish War . She and the battleship Emanuele Filiberto entered the straits on 11 November , along with the French armored cruisers Victor Hugo and Lon Gambetta , where they joined a pair of British cruisers . Warships from Germany , including the battlecruiser Goeben , Russia the battleship Rostislav and Spain arrived thereafter . The ships put a force of about 3 , 000 men ashore to protect their nationals , though by the end of the month , the Bulgarian advance on the city had been halted . The international fleet nevertheless remained in the Sea of Marmara for a time until it was withdrawn to the island of Crete and subsequently dispersed . Coatit was converted into a minelayer in 1919 . Eight of the 76 mm guns and her torpedo tubes were removed and a pair of 12 cm ( 4 . 7 in ) L 40 guns were installed . She served only briefly in this role and she was sold to ship breakers on 11 June 1920 .
2,439	The Wedding Dance ( sometimes known as The Dance Village ) is a 1566 oil on panel painting by the Flemish artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder . Owned by the museum of the Detroit Institute of Arts in Detroit , Michigan , the work was discovered by its director in England in 1930 , and brought to Detroit . It is believed to be one of a set of three Bruegel works from around the same time , The Wedding Dance , The Peasant Wedding ( 1567 ) and The Peasant Dance ( 1569 ) . The painting depicts 125 wedding guests . As was customary in the Renaissance period , the brides wore black and men wore codpieces . Voyeurism is depicted throughout the entire art work dancing was unk at the time by the authorities and the church , and the painting can be seen as both a critique and comic depiction of a stereotypical oversexed , overindulgent , peasant class of the times . Background Pieter Bruegel the Elder completed The Wedding Dance in 1566 . It is believed to have been lost for many years , until discovered at a sale in London in 1930 by William R. Valentiner , the director of the Museum Detroit Institute of Arts at the time . Valentiner paid 35 , 075 for The Wedding Dance through a city appropriation . It is still owned by the museum . The Peasant Wedding ( 1567 ) and The Peasant Dance ( 1569 ) are also by Bruegel which share the same wedding theme and elements and were painted in the same period in Bruegel 's later years . They are considered to be a trilogy of works by Bruegel . In all three of the paintings , there are pipers playing the pijpzak ( bagpipes ) , they also exude pride and vanity , for example in The Peasant Dance the man seated next to the pijpzak player is wearing a peacock feather in his hat . Robert L. Bonn , an author , described these trilogy of works as superb examples of anthropological paintings , and states that in three genre paintings Bruegel stands in marked contrast both to painters of his day and many others who followed . Thomas Craven summarises The Wedding Dance as One of several celebrations of the joys of gluttony painted by Brueghel with bursting vitality . Walter S. Gibson , an art historian , also views the paintings as a sermon condemning gluttony and an allegory of the Church abandoned by Christ . Description and themes The popular painting shows a group of 125 wedding guests wearing clothing from the times , presented in the canvas in an apparently chaotic way in an outdoor party surrounded by trees . The brides wore black as it was the Renaissance period and the men wore codpieces , which were an important part of their clothing at the time . Voyeurism ( spying on people engaged in intimate behaviours ) is shown throughout the entire work amongst almost all of the people . Each guest 's positioning in the painting has its own meaning . In the foreground there is a dancer wearing the colours of that time period and there are many peasants in that area . In the middle there is the bride dancing with an older man , her father . On the right of the work , there is a musician playing on a pijpzak , who is watching the dance from the side . Judging by the writing utensils hanging on his belt , he is a writer or possibly a middle class painter . Behind him is a hanging tablecloth decorated with a crown and beneath it is the bride 's table . Before her table , money collectors can be seen digging trenches while the wedding guests sit down and eat . The movements of the people show that their behaviour is inappropriate or a caricature of rustic buffoonery , but its representation of fertility and reproduction is presented in a joyful manner . Indeed , the painting reflects a degree of ambiguity in that it can both be seen as an attack on the stereotypical oversexed behaviour of the lower orders as well as evoking a comical picture . In the sixteenth century , when this was painted , dance was subject to a strict code and regarded by the authorities and church as a social evil . People could not swing their arms or legs or laugh too loud , as that would be considered a type of rudeness to many people . The painting therefore expresses the peasants ' liberation from the stricter limits of upper classes by failing to adhere to the expected social standards of the times . The author of The Theme of Music in Northern Renaissance Banquet Scenes , Robert Quist , has said that the painting was part of a series of Seven Deadly Sins and Virtues and that the paintings attest to Bruegel 's moral devotions . He says While dancing may appear innocuous or natural for peasants , it poses a palpable threat to the human soul . Its dancing usefulness in characterizing the peasantry as wild and unruly undoubtedly derives from the moral opprobrium in which dancing was held by religious and civil unk alike . Ray Brock , on the contrary , has described Bruegel as a hard drinking , hard living Flemish pleasant who packed his forty four years of life bursting with merrymaking and furious painting which he regarded as sheer joy . This indicates that Bruegel , despite having a moral compass and being acutely aware of the expected standards imposed by the church state at the time , was likely to have enjoyed similar festivities in his own life .
2,440	The treasure of Loch Arkaig , sometimes known as the Jacobite gold , was a large amount of specie provided by Spain to finance the Jacobite rising in Scotland in 1745 , and rumoured still to be hidden at Loch Arkaig in Lochaber . Background In 1745 , Prince Charles Edward Stuart ( Bonnie Prince Charlie ) arrived in Scotland from France and claimed the thrones of Scotland , England and Ireland , in the name of his father James Stuart ( the Old Pretender ) . Although Charles asserted that his venture was supported by Louis XV of France , and that the arrival of French forces in Scotland was imminent , in truth France had little intention to intervene on the Stuarts ' behalf . However , some limited financial support was supplied by both Spain and the Pope . Spain pledged some 400 , 000 livres ( or Louis d 'Or ) per month for the Jacobite cause . However , getting this money to the rebel army was the difficulty . The first instalment ( sent via Charles ' brother Henry who was resident in France ) was dispatched in 1745 . The French sloop Hazard ( renamed the Prince Charles ) successfully landed its monies on the west coast of Scotland . Unfortunately for the Jacobites , the riches were soon captured by Clan Mackay , who were loyal to King George II , in the Skirmish of Tongue . Treasure arrives In April 1746 , the ships Mars and Bellona arrived in Scotland with 1 , 200 , 000 livres ( another Spanish instalment , plus a large French supplement ) . However , on learning of the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April , the ships left , unloading only the Spanish money at Loch nan Uamh , Arisaig on 30 April ( the same place from where the prince had disembarked the year before , and would later embark for France ) . Thus , seven caskets of Spanish gold arrived in Scotland . As the Jacobite cause was by then lost , with the army scattered and the prince and his lieutenants in hiding , the money was to be used to assist the Jacobite clansmen ( then being subjected to the brutalities of the government forces of the Duke of Cumberland ) and to facilitate the escape of leading Jacobites to the continent . Six caskets ( one having been stolen by McDonald of unk 's men ) were brought to Loch Arkaig ( just north of Fort William ) and hidden . Their secret was entrusted to Murray of Broughton , one of the Jacobite fugitives . Murray began the distribution to clan chiefs , but when he was apprehended by the government ( and later turned state 's evidence ) the treasure was entrusted first to Lochiel , the chief of Clan Cameron , and then to Macpherson of Cluny , head of Clan Macpherson . Cluny was hiding in a cave at Ben Alder , which came to be known as the cage , and when Charles briefly joined him there , Cluny had control of the money , which was still hidden at Arkaig . Treasure hunt Charles finally escaped Scotland in the French frigate L unk and arrived back in France in September 1746 . However , the fate of the money is not as clear . Cluny is believed to have retained control of it , and during his long years as a fugitive was at the centre of various futile plots to finance another uprising . Indeed , he remained in hiding in his Highland cage for the next eight years . Meanwhile , a cash strapped Charles was constantly looking for his money and at least some of it came to him later , paying for the minting of a campaign medal in the 1750s . However , it is said that all of the gold was never recovered . Charles , years later , accused Cluny of embezzlement . Whatever the case , the gold became a source of discord and grievance among the surviving Jacobites . In 1753 , Archibald Cameron Lochiel 's brother , who was acting as secretary to the Old Pretender was sent back to Scotland to locate the treasure . However , whilst staying secretly at unk by Loch Katrine , he was betrayed ( apparently by the notorious Pickle , a Hanoverian spy ) and arrested . He was charged under the Act of Attainder for his part in the 1745 uprising and sentenced to death , being drawn and then hanged on 7 June 1753 , at Tyburn ( the last Jacobite to be executed ) . The trail then goes cold . However , the Stuarts ' papers ( now in the possession of Queen Elizabeth II ) record a host of claims , counter claims and accusations among the Highland chiefs and Jacobites in exile , as to the fate of the monies . The historian Andrew Lang ( who was one of the first people to research the papers since Walter Scott secured them for the crown ) recorded , in his book Pickle the Spy ( 1897 ) , the sordid tale , and the involvement of both the prince and his father in trying to locate the monies . The Stuart papers also include an account from around 1750 , drawn up in Rome by Archibald Cameron , which indicates that Cluny had not or could not account for all of it . According to Clan Cameron records , some French gold coins were found buried in nearby woods in the 1850s . In fiction The Arkaig treasure is featured in Nigel Tranter 's historical fiction novel Gold for Prince Charlie . The missing treasure features in Neil Munro 's novel Children of the Tempest , a love story set in the Outer Hebrides in the late 18th century . Published originally in 1903 , unk 2002 .
2,441	County Route 115 ( CR 115 ) is a northwest southeast county highway located mostly within the town of Caroline in Tompkins County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 12 . 8 miles ( 20 . 6 km ) from the Tioga County line south of the hamlet of Speedsville to an intersection with New York State Route 79 ( NY 79 ) just north of the Caroline town line in the town of Dryden . The highway continues into Tioga County as CR 33 . The portion of CR 115 north of the hamlet of Guide Board Corners was originally designated as New York State Route 330 and maintained by the state of New York . NY 330 existed from the early 1930s to 1980 , when ownership and maintenance of the highway was transferred to Tompkins County . Route description CR 115 begins at the Tioga County line in the town of Caroline , where it connects to Tioga County 's CR 33 . The county highway passes a mountain to the west and the Owego River 's west branch to the east as it heads northward . It crosses Boyer Creek as 76 Road and enters the hamlet of Speedsville , a small community located on top of a mountain . Here , CR 115 turns to the northwest to run along the base of a valley surrounding Boyer Creek . The creek reaches its source at an intersection with unk Road however , CR 115 continues northwestward to serve the hamlet of Caroline Center . Outside of Caroline Center , CR 115 heads northwestward through a small valley to the community of Guide Board Corners . In the center of the hamlet , CR 115 turns north off 76 Road to follow Central Chapel Road . The highway emerges from the valley 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) north of Guide Board Corners , at which point it meets CR 114 , a connector to NY 79 , and curves westward as Valley Road . CR 115 parallels the Sixmile Creek into the hamlet of Brooktondale , where it changes names once more to become Brooktondale Road . From Brooktondale , the route heads northwest alongside Sixmile Creek into the town of Dryden , where it ends at an intersection with NY 79 . History Origins In the early 19th century , construction commenced on a highway connecting the Catskill Turnpike ( modern NY 79 ) to the hamlet of Speedsville near the Tioga County line . It began at Boiceville ( known today as West Slaterville ) and passed through the communities of Guide Board Corners and Caroline Center on its way to Speedsville . The roadway was built by community labor during the summers of 1804 through 1808 and was named 76 Road . According to the Bicentennial history of the Town of Caroline , the name refers to the Revolutionary War The first bee for cutting the road through was held near Augustine Boyer 's on 4 July 1804 . It was opened and dedicated ... by the settlers on July 4 , 1808 . Mr. Boyer was requested to name the road . He replied that he would name it the ' 76 Road . Mr. Boyer explained that he had spent seven days obtaining the services of the commissioners and surveyors to lay out the road , and these days were representative of the seven years of the Revolutionary struggle , and since the day was 4 July , and the spirit of ' 76 was in the air , and other spirits in their bottles , he would give the name of ' 76 Road in honor of the spirit of cooperation and dedication that the people had in working together on the project , and to honor the memory of those who worked together in laying the foundations of our country in 1776 . In the early 1910s , the state of New York upgraded a local highway connecting the Catskill Turnpike near the hamlet of unk to Brookton ( now Brooktondale ) . It was added to the state highway system on November 4 , 1914 . The state also intended on improving an extension of the roadway east to 76 Road and 76 Road itself from the modern junction of Boiceville , Valley , and Central Chapel Roads south to Speedsville however , construction advanced no farther southeastward than Guide Board Corners . The Brookton Guide Board Corners highway was added to the state highway system on February 8 , 1921 . Designations and developments The unk Guide Board Corners state highway was designated as NY 330 c . 1931 . The NY 330 designation was removed on January 24 , 1980 , and ownership and maintenance of its former routing was transferred from the state of New York to Tompkins County on April 1 , 1980 , as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . By 1994 , NY 330 's former routing was designated as part of CR 115 , which continued south from Guide Board Corners to Speedsville via 76 Road . In late June 2006 , the Tompkins County Highway Division temporarily closed off 76 Road ( CR 115 ) from Central Chapel Road to Caroline Center due to underground damage caused by heavy rains . Vehicular traffic weighing more than 5 short tons ( 4 , 500 kg ) was detoured at Speedsville to follow West Creek Road to NY 79 while traffic weighing less than 5 tons was directed onto Buffalo Hill Road at Caroline Center . CR 115M CR 115M is a spur route of CR 115 in the vicinity of Speedsville . It is named Mill Road and connects CR 115 in Speedsville to the Tioga County line , where it becomes CR 33 and changes names to West Creek Road . Major intersections The entire route is in Tompkins County .
2,442	The Interstate TDR was an early unmanned combat aerial vehicle referred to at the time as an assault drone developed by the Interstate Aircraft and Engineering Corporation during the Second World War for use by the United States Navy . Capable of being armed with bombs or torpedoes , 2000 aircraft were ordered , but only around 200 were built . The type saw some service in the Pacific Theater against the Japanese , but continuing developmental issues affecting the aircraft , along with the success of operations using more conventional weapons , led to the decision being made to cancel the assault drone program in October 1944 . Design and development In 1936 , Lieutenant Commander Delmar S. unk proposed that unpiloted , remotely controlled aircraft had potential for use by the United States Navy in combat operations . Due to the limitations of the technology of the time , development of the assault drone project was given a low priority , but by the early 1940s the development of the radar altimeter and television made the project more feasible , and following trials using converted manned aircraft , the first operational test of a drone against a naval target was conducted in April 1942 . That same month , following trials of the Naval Aircraft Factory TDN assault drone , Interstate Aircraft received a contract from the Navy for two prototype and 100 production aircraft to a simplified and improved design , to be designated TDR 1 . Control of the TDR 1 would be conducted from either a control aircraft , usually a Grumman TBF Avenger , with the operator viewing a tv screen showing the view from a camera mounted aboard the drone along with the radar altimeter 's readout , or via a pilot on board the TDR 1 for test flights . Powered by two Lycoming O 435 engines of 220 horsepower ( 160 kW ) each , the TDR 1 used a remarkably simple design , with a steel tube frame constructed by the unk bicycle company covered with a molded wood skin , thus making little use of strategic materials so as not to impede production of higher priority aircraft . Capable of being optionally piloted for test flights , an aerodynamic fairing was used to cover the cockpit area during operational missions . The TDR 1 was equipped with a fixed tricycle landing gear , that on operations would be jettisoned following takeoff for improved performance . Operational history Under the code name Operation Option , the Navy projected that up to 18 squadrons of assault drones would be formed , with 162 Grumman TBF Avenger control aircraft and 1000 assault drones being ordered . However technical difficulties in the development of the TDR 1 , combined with a continued low priority given to the project , saw the contract modified with the order reduced to only around 300 aircraft . A single TDR 1 was tested by the U.S. Army Air Forces as the XBQ 4 , however no production contract resulted from this testing . In 1944 , under the control of the Special Air Task Force ( unk ) , the TDR 1 was deployed operationally to the South Pacific for operations against the Japanese . TDR 1 aircraft equipped a single mixed squadron ( Special Air Task Group 1 ) along with TBM Avenger control aircraft , and the first operational mission took place on September 27 , conducting bombing operations against Japanese ships . Despite this success , the assault drone program had already been canceled after the production of 189 TDR 1 aircraft , due to a combination of continued technical problems , the aircraft failing to live up to expectations , and the fact that more conventional weaponry was proving adequate for the defeat of Japan . The final mission was flown on October 27 , with 50 drones having been expended on operations , 31 aircraft successfully striking their targets , without loss to the pilots of STAG 1 . Following the war , some TDR 1s were converted for operation as private unk . Aircraft on display A single example of the TDR 1 survives , and is on display at the U.S. Navy 's National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola , Florida . Variants and operators United States Navy unk 1 Two prototypes . TDR 1 Production version of unk 1 , 189 aircraft produced . unk 1 Variant with two Franklin O 805 2 engines , two prototypes ordered , canceled in favor of TD3R . XTD3R 1 Variant with Wright R 975 radial engines , three prototypes . XTD3R 2 Variant of XTD3R 1 , one prototype . TD3R 1 Production version of XTD3R 1 , 40 aircraft ordered but cancelled . United States Army Air Forces XBQ 4 Army designation for TDR 1 . One aircraft converted from TDR 1 . XBQ 5 Army designation for unk 1 . Designation reserved but no aircraft ordered . XBQ 6 Army designation for XTD3R . No aircraft produced . BQ 6A Army designation for TD3R 1 . No aircraft produced . Specifications ( TDR 1 ) Data from unk General characteristics Crew 0 1 ( optional pilot ) Wingspan 48 ft ( 15 m ) Gross weight 5 , 900 lb ( 2 , 676 kg ) Powerplant 2 Lycoming O 435 2 opposed piston engines , 220 hp ( 160 kW ) each Performance Cruise speed 140 mph ( 122 kn 225 km h ) Range 425 mi ( 369 nmi 684 km ) Armament One 2 , 000 pound ( 910 kg ) bomb or one aerial torpedo
2,443	Latnik ( Russian unk ) was an Uragan class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . She was one of two ships of the class to be built in Belgium and assembled in Russia . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . She was stricken in 1900 from the Navy List , converted into a coal barge in 1903 and renamed Barzha No. 38 and then Barzha No. 326 . Abandoned by the Soviets in Finland in 1918 , the ship was later scrapped by the Finns . Description Latnik was 201 feet ( 61 . 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 . 0 m ) and a draft of 10 . 16 10 . 84 feet ( 3 . 1 3 . 3 m ) . She displaced 1 , 500 1 , 600 long tons ( 1 , 524 1 , 626 t ) , and her crew numbered eight officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877 . The ship was fitted with a two cylinder , horizontal direct acting steam engine built by Carr and MacPherson of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Latnik 's sea trials on 31 May 1865 , she reached a maximum speed of 5 knots ( 9 . 3 km h 5 . 8 mph ) , the slowest ship in the class . She carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 193 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 , 440 nmi ( 2 , 670 km 1 , 660 mi ) at 6 knots ( 11 km h 6 . 9 mph ) . Latnik was designed to be armed with a pair of 9 inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license built 15 inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading Rodman guns in 1867 68 . The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine inch rifled guns . All of the wrought iron armor that was used in the Uragan class monitors was in 1 inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 . 1 m ) below the waterline . This armor was backed by a wooden beam that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) . The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight , but Latnik 's deck was reinforced by the addition of 0 . 5 inch ( 12 . 7 mm ) armor plates after completion . Career Construction of the ship began on 17 June 1863 at the Carr and MacPherson Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Latnik was laid down on 24 December 1863 and she was launched on 22 March 1864 . She entered service on 14 July 1865 and cost a total of 1 , 148 , 000 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 , 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion . For some reason , she was the only ship of the class not to make a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July August 1865 . She suffered some sort of hull damage in September , but the details are not known . Sometime after Latnik was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 . 75 inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . Latnik was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . During 1903 , the ship was converted into a coal barge by the removal of her turret , her side armor , and its wooden backing , and by the division of her hull into three holds . She was redesignated as Barzha No. 38 and , in 1914 , Barzha No. 326 . She was abandoned by the Soviets in Helsingfors ( Helsinki ) when they were forced to withdraw from Finland in April 1918 according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk and was later broken up there .
2,444	Briarcliff College was a women 's college in Briarcliff Manor , New York . The school was founded in 1903 at the Briarcliff Lodge . After Walter W. Law donated land for the college , it ran at its location on Elm Road in Briarcliff until 1977 , closing due to low enrollment and financial problems . In the same year , its campus was purchased by Pace University , which now operates it as part of its Pleasantville campus . History Mrs. Dow 's School for Girls was founded in 1903 at the Briarcliff Lodge two years later , Walter W. Law gave Mary Elizabeth Dow 35 acres ( 14 ha ) and built the Chteauesque Dow Hall ( Harold Van Buren unk was its architect ) . Dow retired in 1919 and Edith Cooper Hartmann began running the school with a two year postgraduate course the school became a junior college in 1933 . Briarcliff remained a junior college until 1957 , shortly before the presidency of Charles E. Adkins and when it began awarding four year bachelor 's degrees . The school library , which had 5 , 500 volumes in 1942 , expanded to about 20 , 000 in 1960 . By the time of its closing , it had about 300 students . The school prospered from 1942 to 1961 under President Clara Tead , who had a number of accomplished trustees , including Carl Carmer , Norman Cousins , Barrett Clark , Thomas K. Finletter , William Zorach , and Lyman Bryson . Tead 's husband Ordway Tead served as chairman of the board of trustees . The school gradually improved its academic scope and standing , and was registered with the State Education Department and accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools in 1944 . In 1951 , the Board of Regents authorized the college to grant Associate of Arts and Associate of Applied Science degrees . The following year , the Army Map Service selected the college as the only one in the country for professional training in cartography . In 1944 , Shelton House , a building across Elm Road , was purchased as a dormitory , and a classroom and office wing was dedicated in 1951 . In 1955 , after Howard Deering Johnson joined the board of trustees , the dormitory Howard Johnson Hall was built . From 1963 , Briarcliff College rapidly expanded , constructing two dormitories , the fine arts and humanities building , the Woodward Science Building , and a 600 seat dining hall . In 1964 , the college began offering the Bachelor of Arts and of Sciences degrees . The Center for Hudson Valley Archaeology was opened in 1964 . Enrollment at the college jumped from around 300 to over 500 from 1960 to 1964 by 1967 , enrollment was at 623 , with 240 freshmen . During the Vietnam War , students protested US involvement , and Adkins and trustees resigned James E. Stewart became president . In 1969 , twelve students , led by student president Edie Cullen , stole the college mimeograph machines and gave nine demands to the college . The next day , around 50 students participated in a 48 hour sit in at Dow Hall . Josiah Bunting III became president in 1973 and Pace University and New York Medical College of Valhalla began leasing campus buildings . The college had 350 students in 1977 , and students enjoyed half empty dormitory buildings . With the growing popularity of coeducation in the 1970s , Briarcliff found itself struggling to survive . President Josiah Bunting III leaving for Hampden Sydney College in spring 1977 contributed to the problems the college was having . Rather than continue to struggle , the college 's trustees voted to sell the campus to Pace University , a New York City based institution . Rather than merge Briarcliff with Pace , the trustees attempted to reach a collaboration agreement with Bennett College , a junior women 's college in nearby Millbrook which was also struggling with low enrollment . The plan did not work , however , and Briarcliff College was sold to Pace in April 1977 for 5 . 2 million ( 20 . 3 million in 2015 ) after both Briarcliff and Bennett entered bankruptcy . In 1988 , the Hastings Center moved to Tead Hall , the school 's library the organization later moved to the town of Garrison . The original Mrs. Dow 's School building remains as the co ed residence hall Dow Hall at Pace University . Residents of Briarcliff Manor were initially pleased to have another educational institution at the site , although Pace illegally turned its 188 spot parking lot into an 800 spot one , and allowed an extensive number of cars to be parked on the neighboring streets . The village and school eventually reached a compromise . Pace operates the site as part of its Pleasantville campus , centered on Choate House . The site currently has nine buildings with a combined 330 , 308 square feet ( 30 , 686 . 6 m2 ) , with sizes from 13 , 041 to 111 , 915 square feet . The buildings are used for offices , student housing , dining , recreation and education . The campus ' 37 acres ( 0 . 1 km2 ) also includes tennis courts and ball fields . The Pleasantville site is about 3 miles ( 4 . 8 km ) away from the Briarcliff College site . In an effort to consolidate Pace University 's Westchester campuses into a single location , Pace University put the site up for sale in 2015 . Notable people Presidents Students Teachers
2,445	German submarine U 27 was a Type VIIA U boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine built for service in World War II . Her keel was laid down in November 1935 in Bremen . She was commissioned in August 1936 with Korvettenkapitn Hans Ibbeken in command . Ibbeken was relieved on 4 October 1937 , by Johannes Franz , who commanded the boat until 6 June 1939 when Hans Georg von Friedeburg assumed command for barely one month . He was relieved on 8 July again by Johannes Franz , who commanded the boat until her loss on 20 September 1939 . U 27 had a very short career , with only one war patrol and only two enemy ships sunk . Following the sinking of two British trawlers , Davara on 13 September and Rudyard Kipling on 16 September , U 27 was hunted down and sunk west of Lewis , Scotland , by depth charges from the British destroyers HMS Fortune , Faulknor and Forester . All 38 crewmen survived and were made prisoner for the remainder of the war . Construction and design Construction U 27 was ordered by the Kriegsmarine on 1 April 1935 as part of Plan Z and in violation of the Treaty of Versailles . Her keel was laid down in the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen as yard number 908 on 11 November 1935 . After about nine months of construction , she was launched on 24 June 1936 and commissioned into the Kriegsmarine as the second Type VIIA submarine , ( after U 33 , which was commissioned a few months earlier ) , on 12 August under the command of Korvettenkapitn Hans Ibbeken . Design Like all Type VIIA submarines , U 27 displaced 626 tonnes ( 616 long tons ) on the surface and 745 t ( 733 long tons ) submerged . She was 64 . 51 m ( 211 ft 8 in ) in overall length and had a 45 . 50 m ( 149 ft 3 in ) pressure hull . U 27 's propulsion consisted of two MAN 6 cylinder 4 stroke M 6 V 40 46 diesel engines that totaled 2 , 100 2 , 310 PS ( 1 , 540 1 , 700 kW 2 , 070 2 , 280 bhp ) at maximum between 470 and 485 rpm giving a maximum speed of 17 knots ( 31 km h 20 mph ) on the surface and a range of 6 , 200 nmi ( 11 , 500 km 7 , 100 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . The submarine was also equipped with two Brown , Boveri Cie GG UB 720 8 electric motors that totaled 750 PS ( 550 kW 740 shp ) . Their maximum rpm was 322 and they could propel the submarine 95 nmi ( 176 km 109 mi ) at 4 knots ( 7 . 4 km h 4 . 6 mph ) when submerged , with an underwater maximum speed of 8 knots ( 15 km h 9 . 2 mph ) . The U boat 's test depth was 220 m ( 720 ft ) , but she could go as deep as 230 250 m ( 750 820 ft ) without having her hull crushed . U 27 's armament consisted of five 53 . 3 cm ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes ( four located in the bow and one in the stern ) . She could have up to 11 torpedoes on board or 22 TMA mines or 33 TMB mines . U 27 was also equipped with a 8 . 8 cm ( 3 . 5 in ) L 45 deck gun with 220 rounds . Her anti aircraft defenses consisted of one 2 cm ( 0 . 79 in ) anti aircraft gun . U 27 had a crew of four officers and 40 to 56 enlisted men . Service history U 27 had a very short career , conducting only one war patrol and sinking only two enemy vessels before she herself was sunk . She left Wilhelmshaven on her first war patrol on 23 August 1939 . For a period of 24 days , she traveled down the coast of Germany and neutral Belgium and the Netherlands , through the English Channel and out into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Ireland . Here , the boat sank two British trawlers , totaling 624 tons . The first attack took place at 2 55 on 13 September , 21 nmi ( 39 km 24 mi ) northwest of Tory Island , when the trawler Davara was shelled by U 27 's deck gun . Following the sinking of Davara , her captain and 11 other crew members were picked up by the steam merchant ship unk . The second vessel to be sunk was the trawler Rudyard Kipling . The attack took place at 3 53 on 16 September , 100 nmi ( 190 km 120 mi ) west of the west coast of neutral Ireland , with the ship being sunk by scuttling charges from U 27 . Following the sinking of Rudyard Kipling , the submarine picked up the crew of the trawler who were then given food and warm clothes . Eight hours later , Rudyard Kipling 's crew were allowed to re enter their lifeboats to row the remaining 5 nmi ( 9 . 3 km 5 . 8 mi ) to Ireland . Fate The destroyers HMS Fortune and HMS Faulknor ( who sank U 39 six days earlier ) , had been part of a concerted effort to find and sink the U Boat that had been attacking trawlers . On 20 September 1939 , three torpedoes were fired at the warships , but failed to do any damage when they exploded prematurely . The British vessels replied with a series of depth charge attacks , one of which damaged the German submarine sufficiently to force it to the surface . Fortune 's ramming attack was curtailed when it became apparent that the U Boat was surrendering . All 38 crewmen survived and were taken prisoner . U 27 became the second German submarine to be sunk in World War II after U 39 was sunk on 14 September 1939 . U 27 's skipper , Kapitnleutnant Johannes Franz was able , via code , to inform unk , the U boat high command , of the situation regarding the malfunctioning torpedoes from his prison camp . Summary of raiding history
2,446	The Rhein class of ironclad riverine monitors ( unk ) were a pair of ships built by the German Imperial Navy in the aftermath of the Franco Prussian War . The class comprised two ships , Rhein and Mosel both were built by the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen , in 1872 1874 . They were armed with a pair of 12 cm ( 4 . 7 in ) bronze cannon in a revolving gun turret . The ships were intended to protect the German border with France in the event of a conflict , but had short service lives , as war did not come . They served briefly in the defenses of Coblenz , starting in 1875 , before being withdraw from service . The two ships were sold for scrap , apparently in December 1884 . Design In the aftermath of the Franco Prussian War of 1870 71 , the Imperial German Navy decided that it needed to build river gunboats for service on the Rhine and Moselle to defend the German border . This decision came despite the Navy having seen the French Navy 's negative experiences with similar gunboats during the war . The German Navy decided that two armored gunboats were necessary , and awarded the contract to AG Weser to design and build the vessels . The design staff based their work on a pair of Austro Hungarian monitors , Leitha and Maros , that had been recently built for service on the Danube . Characteristics Rhein and Mosel were 47 . 85 meters ( 157 . 0 ft ) long at the waterline and 49 . 60 m ( 162 . 7 ft ) long overall , and had a beam of 7 . 85 m ( 25 . 8 ft ) . At cruising load , the monitors had a forward draft of unk m ( 2 ft 4 in ) , an aft draft of 1 . 07 m ( 3 ft 6 in ) , and a maximum draft of 1 . 60 m ( 5 ft 3 in ) . Freeboard was unk m ( 2 ft 0 in ) forward and .75 m ( 2 ft 6 in ) aft . The ships were designed to partially flood for combat , which would submerge the hull so only the upper casemate and gun turret would be above water . This reduced the freeboard to .05 m ( 2 . 0 in ) and unk m ( 7 . 9 in ) , respectively . The ships had a designed displacement of 200 metric tons ( 200 long tons 220 short tons ) , and at full load they displaced 283 t ( 279 long tons 312 short tons ) . The hulls were constructed with transverse iron frames . The ships had a crew of one officer and twenty two enlisted men , and both carried a single boat . The ships were powered by two horizontal 2 cylinder single expansion steam engines these drove a pair of 3 bladed screws .95 m ( 3 ft 1 in ) on diameter . The engines were placed in a single engine room . Two locomotive boilers with two fireboxes apiece supplied steam to the engines they were located in a separate boiler room . The engines were rated at 320 indicated horsepower ( 240 kW ) and a top speed of 6 . 5 knots ( 12 . 0 km h 7 . 5 mph ) . In service , they were capable of 48 nominal horsepower and 8 . 25 kn ( 15 . 28 km h 9 . 49 mph ) . The ships maneuvered slowly and turned poorly , especially steaming downstream . They did not handle well upstream either , particularly in turning against the current . Handling while the ships were flooded for combat was especially dangerous . The ships were each armed with a pair of 12 centimeter ( 4 . 7 in ) L 19 bronze cannon manufactured by Krupp they were rifled , muzzle loading guns , mounted in a single revolving gun turret placed on an armored casemate amidships . The guns fired a 36 pound shot , and were supplied with 300 rounds of ammunition . The ships were protected with a combination of wrought iron armor and teak . The turret sides were armored with 55 millimeters ( 2 . 2 in ) of iron , backed with 150 to 200 mm ( 5 . 9 to 7 . 9 in ) of teak the roofs were 65 mm ( 2 . 6 in ) thick . The conning tower had 40 mm ( 1 . 6 in ) thick sides and a 16 mm ( 0 . 63 in ) thick roof . The casemate was protected with 65 mm of armor plate on the sides . Service history The intention for Rhein and Mosel was to use them to defend the railway bridges on the Rhine in the event of a French war of revenge after the Franco Prussian War in 1870 1871 . The ships were both built at the AG Weser dockyard in Bremen , under construction numbers 23 and 24 , respectively . The Rhine Railway Company was compelled to contribute 300 , 000 unk to the construction of the ships , as they were intended to defend the railway bridges the company used at unk . Both ships were laid down in 1872 and launched later that year they were both commissioned into the Imperial Navy on 25 April 1874 . They spent the first year of their career at unk , until 7 April 1875 , when they were transferred to the defenses of Coblenz . By the time the two monitors entered service , the prospect of a French attack had decreased , prompting the Navy to question the usefulness of retaining the vessels . As a result , they were quickly removed from service . The ultimate fate of the two ships is unclear according to naval historian Erich Grner , both ships were sold for 3 , 500 gold marks in December 1875 . Robert Gardiner , however , states that the ships remained , out of service , until 1884 , when they were sold for scrapping . The latter version would appear to be correct , as J.F. von unk published an elevation and unk of Rhein in 1881 , with the inference that Rhein and Mosel were still extant at that time .
2,447	Kaganovich ( Russian unk ) was a Project 26bis2 Kirov class cruiser of the Soviet Navy that was built during World War II . She was built in Siberia from components shipped from European Russia . She saw no action during the war and served into the Cold War . She was renamed Lazar Kaganovich in 1945 to distinguish her from Lazar 's disgraced brother Mikhail Kaganovich . Her post war career was generally uneventful , although her superstructure was badly damaged by a Force 12 typhoon in 1957 . She was renamed Petropavlovsk ( Russian ) in 1957 . Sources disagree on her fate some say that she was converted into a floating barracks in 1960 and later sold for scrap while another says that she was simply sold for scrap in 1960 . Description Kaganovich was 187 m ( 613 ft 6 in ) long at the waterline , and 191 . 2 m ( 627 ft 4 in ) long overall . She had a beam of 17 . 66 m ( 57 ft 11 in ) and had a draft between 5 . 88 to 6 . 3 m ( 19 ft 3 in to 20 ft 8 in ) . Kaganovich displaced 8 , 400 tonnes ( 8 , 267 long tons ) at standard load and 10 , 040 tonnes ( 9 , 881 long tons ) at full load . Her geared steam turbines produced a total of 126 , 900 shaft horsepower ( 94 , 629 kW ) on trials , but she fell somewhat short of her designed speed of 37 knots , only reaching 36 knots ( 67 km h 41 mph ) , on trials , because she was over 1 , 200 tonnes ( 1 , 181 long tons ) overweight . She normally carried 650 tonnes ( 640 long tons ) of fuel oil , 1 , 331 tonnes ( 1 , 310 long tons ) at full load and 1 , 714 tonnes ( 1 , 687 long tons ) at overload . This gave her an endurance of 5 , 590 nautical miles ( 10 , 350 km 6 , 430 mi ) at 18 knots ( 33 km h 21 mph ) with overload fuel . Kaganovich carried nine 180 mm ( 7 . 1 in ) 57 caliber B 1 P guns in three electrically powered MK 3 180 triple turrets . The turrets were very small they were designed to fit into the limited hull space available and were so cramped that their rate of fire was much lower than designed only two rounds per minute instead of six . The guns were mounted in a single cradle to minimize space and were so close together that their shot dispersion was very high because the muzzle blast from adjacent barrels affected each gun . Unlike her half sisters built in European Russia , her secondary armament initially consisted of eight single 85 mm ( 3 . 3 in ) 90 K dual purpose anti aircraft guns . Kaganovich 's initial light AA armament is unknown , although her sister ship Kalinin 's initially consisted of six semi automatic 45 mm ( 1 . 8 in ) 21 K AA guns with 600 rounds per gun , ten fully automatic 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) 70 K AA guns with a thousand rounds per gun , and six DK 12 . 7 mm ( 0 . 50 in ) machine guns with 12 , 500 rounds per gun . During the 1950s her light anti aircraft armament was replaced by nine powered 37 mm V 11 mounts . Six 533 millimeter ( 21 in ) 39 Yu torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings , one on each side . She received the Lend Lease ASDIC 132 sonar system , which the Soviets called Drakon 132 , as well as the experimental Soviet Mars 72 system . Kaganovich 's radar suite is unknown , but it is likely she was equipped with a mix of Soviet and British and American Lend Lease radars . At some point during the 1950s her radars were replaced by modern Soviet built radars Gyuys for air search , Rif for surface search , Zalp for main armament gunnery and Yakor ' for anti aircraft gunnery . Service Kaganovich was one of the Project 26bis2 cruisers , the third pair of the Kirov class cruisers . She was larger and had a more powerful anti aircraft armament than her half sisters . She was assembled at Shipyard 199 , Komsomolsk on Amur , from components built at the Shipyard 198 ( Marti South ) in Nikolayev . She was laid down on 12 August 1938 , launched from drydock on 7 May 1944 and was officially accepted into the Pacific Fleet on 6 December 1944 after being towed down the Amur River to Vladivostok . She was still incomplete on this date and the official report of all work completed was not signed until 29 January 1947 . Her construction was prolonged by late deliveries from western factories . For example , her propellers had to be shipped from Leningrad after it had been surrounded by the Germans in September 1941 and her propeller shafts had to be removed from the Barrikada factory in Stalingrad before it was destroyed by the Germans in 1942 . Another problem was the collapse of nine girders supporting the roof of Dock 8 onto the ship in early December 1942 . She was renamed Lazar Kaganovich in 1945 to disassociate her from Lazar 's disgraced brother Mikhail Kaganovich . She remained inactive during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945 . She spent the post war period on routine training missions . She was renamed Petropavlovsk on 3 August 1957 after Lazar Kaganovich was purged from the government after an unsuccessful coup against Nikita Khrushchev that same year . Her superstructure was badly damaged by a Force 12 typhoon on 19 September 1957 . Sources disagree on her fate one says that she was converted into a floating barracks on 6 February 1960 and later sold for scrap while another says that she was simply sold for scrap on 6 February 1960 .
2,448	The 90th Boat Race took place on 2 April 1938 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . It was the first Boat Race to be televised . In a race umpired by the former Cambridge rower and coach Harold Rickett , Oxford won by two lengths in a time of 20 minutes 30 seconds . The victory took the overall record in the event to 47 42 in Cambridge 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1937 race by three lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 47 victories to Oxford 's 41 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by D. H. E. McCowen ( who had rowed in the 1932 race ) , Derek Mays Smith , R. H. H. Symonds ( who had rowed in the 1931 race ) and C. W. Wise . Oxford 's coaches were P. C. Mallam ( a four time Dark Blue who had rowed in the 1921 , 1922 , 1923 and 1924 races ) , Guy Oliver Nickalls ( who had rowed three times between 1921 and 1923 ) and J. H. Page . The umpire for the race wast the former Cambridge rower Harold Rickett who had rowed for the Light Blues three times , in the 1930 , 1931 and 1932 races . He had also coached them for the 1933 race , and had umpired the race the previous year . Oxford had been rated as favourites to win the race throughout their three months of training . The rowing correspondent for The Times noted that both crews are absolutely first rate exponents of their respective styles and that both coxes are first rate . Oxford elected to use the same boat as they raced in for the previous year 's event , while Cambridge used a new vessel both were built by George Sims Boatbuilding Company of Hammersmith . It was the first year that the Boat Race was televised , which , according to the television correspondent for The Observer , was a great success and not even the umpire knew more about the race than we the viewers . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 13 . 75 lb ( 82 . 2 kg ) , 7 . 25 pounds ( 3 . 3 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge 's crew contained three participants with Boat Race experience , in A. Burrough , T. B. Langton and T. H. Hunter . Oxford saw five former Blues return to the crew , including John Cherry who was making his third consecutive appearance in the event . Two of the participants were registered as non British , both in the Cambridge crew number six G. Keppel and cox T. H. Hunter were both American . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Umpire Rickett started the race at 2 p.m. in fine weather conditions and with a strong tide . Despite being out rated by three strokes per minute , Oxford took an immediate lead and were over half a length ahead by the time they passed Fulham Wall . With the Middlesex bend in their favour , Oxford increased their lead to a length and a half ahead by the Mile Post . Cambridge 's stroke Eadie called for a push just before Harrods Furniture Depository and the Light Blues began to reduce the deficit , and although the Dark Blues responded , by the time the crews passed below Hammersmith Bridge , Oxford 's lead was down to half a length . Cambridge 's faster stroke rate saw them gain on the Dark Blues and by the time the passed HMS Stork , they held a quarter length lead , although by Chiswick Steps the lead was gone and Oxford led by a quarter of a length . They passed below Barnes Bridge with that lead as both crews headed into rough water . According to the special correspondent writing in the The Manchester Guardian , a sea awaited them . Both crews took on water in the difficult conditions but the Dark Blues prevailed . Oxford won by two lengths in a time of 20 minutes 30 seconds , their second consecutive win . It was the narrowest margin of victory since the 1930 race and the fastest since the 1935 race . The victory took the overall record in the event to 47 42 in Cambridge 's favour . The correspondent for The Manchester Guardian described it as excellent , and a great race in the best traditions The Observer 's correspondent suggested that the race will rank as one of the closest and most exciting in which the two Universities have ever engaged . The former Oxford rower , G. I. F. Thomson , writing in The Observer , claimed one can scarcely have hoped for a more interesting or thrilling race . Oxford 's number seven and boat club president Cherry said I hope this will show that last year 's victory was not a flash in the pan . His counterpart , T. B. Langton noted that his crew had an excellent race and enjoyed every minute of it .
2,449	Mycena multiplicata is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family . First described as a new species in 2007 , the mushroom is known only from Kanagawa , Japan , where it grows on dead fallen twigs in lowland forests dominated by oak . The mushroom has a whitish cap that reaches up to 13 mm ( 0 . 51 in ) in diameter atop a slender stem 15 to 20 mm ( 0 . 59 to 0 . 79 in ) long by 1 to 1 . 3 mm ( 0 . 039 to 0 . 051 in ) thick . On the underside of the cap are whitish , distantly spaced gills that are narrowly attached to the stem . Microscopic characteristics of the mushroom include the amyloid spores ( turning bluish black to black in the presence of Melzer 's reagent ) , the pear shaped to broadly club shaped cheilocystidia ( cystidia found on the gill edge ) covered with a few to numerous , unevenly spaced , cylindrical protuberances , the lack of pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) , and the diverticulate hyphae in the outer layer of the cap and stem . The edibility of the mushroom is unknown . Taxonomy , naming , and classification The mushroom was first collected by Japanese mycologist Haruki Takahashi in 1999 , and reported as a new species in a 2007 , along with seven other Japanese Mycenas . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word multiplicata , meaning multiplicative . Its Japanese name is unk unk ( unk ) . Takahashi suggests that the mushroom is best classified in the section Mycena of the genus Mycena , as defined by Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus . Description The cap of M. multiplicata is conical to convex to bell shaped , reaching 7 to 13 mm ( 0 . 28 to 0 . 51 in ) in diameter . It is often shallowly grooved toward the margin , dry , and somewhat hygrophanous ( changing color when it loses or absorbs water ) . The cap surface is initially pruinose ( appearing as if covered with a fine white powder ) , but soon becomes smooth . The cap color is whitish , sometimes pale brownish at the center . The white flesh is up to 0 . 3 mm thick , and does not have any distinctive taste or odor . The slender stem is 15 to 20 mm ( 0 . 59 to 0 . 79 in ) long by 1 to 1 . 3 mm ( 0 . 039 to 0 . 051 in ) thick , cylindrical , centrally attached to the cap , and hollow . Its surface is dry , pruinose near the top , and covered with fine , soft hairs toward the base . It is whitish to grayish violet near the top , gradually becoming dark violet below . The stem base is covered with long , fairly coarse , whitish fibrils . The gills are narrowly attached to the stem , distantly spaced ( between 13 and 16 gills reach the stem ) , up to 1 . 7 mm broad , thin , and whitish , with the gill edges the same color as the gill faces . The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined . Microscopic characteristics The spores are ellipsoid , thin walled , smooth , colorless , amyloid , and measure 8 9 . 5 by 4 m . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are 24 31 by 6 . 5 7 . 5 m , club shaped , four spored , and have clamps at the basal septa . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are abundant , pear shaped to broadly club shaped , and measure 17 28 by 11 20 m . They are covered with a few to numerous excrescences ( outgrowths ) that are 2 18 by 1 3 m , colorless , and thin walled . The excrescences are unevenly spaced , simple to somewhat branched , cylindrical , and straight or curved . There are no pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) in this species . The hymenophoral ( gill producing ) tissue is made of thin walled hyphae that are 7 20 m wide , cylindrical ( but often inflated ) , smooth , hyaline ( translucent ) , and dextrinoid ( staining reddish to reddish brown in Melzer 's reagent ) . The cap cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae that are 3 5 m wide , cylindrical , and covered with simple to highly branched colorless diverticulae that have thin walls . The layer of hyphae underneath the cap cuticle have a parallel arrangement , and are hyaline and dextrinoid , and made of short and inflated cells that are up to 52 m wide . The stem cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae that are 2 10 m wide , cylindrical , diverticulate , colorless or pale violet , dextrinoid , and thin walled . The caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) are 2 6 m wide , and otherwise similar in appearance to the cheilocystidia . The stem tissue is made of longitudinally arranged , cylindrical hyphae measuring 5 13 m wide that are smooth , hyaline , and dextrinoid . Clamp connections are present in the cap cuticle and flesh , and at the septa at the base of the basidia . Similar species Within the section Mycena , M. multiplicata is similar to the Malaysian species M. unk in having a grayish white cap , lobed cheilocystidia with finger like outgrowths , and a lignicolous habitat . M. unk may be distinguished by forming much smaller fruit bodies ( with caps 2 4 mm wide ) with subdecurrent gills , a pruinose , hyaline white stem , and broadly ellipsoid spores . Habitat and distribution Mycena multiplicata is known only from Kanagawa , Japan . It is found growing solitary or scattered , on dead fallen twigs in lowland forests dominated by the oak species Quercus myrsinaefolia and Q. serrata .
2,450	Enamorada de Ti ( English In Love With You ) is a song recorded by American Tejano recording artist Selena and originally written for her second studio album , Ven Conmigo ( 1990 ) . The song was written by Selena y Los Dinos band member Pete Astudillo and her brother , A.B. Quintanilla III , and produced by Quintanilla . Enamorada de Ti is a freestyle song , a musical genre popular during the late 1980s . The recording was remixed by Juan Magan for the eponymous album in 2012 , a project headed by Humberto Gatica . Although the song was moderately successful during the early 1990s , it was exposed to a wider audience in the remix album Enamorada de Ti . Because of this , the song peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart that year . In 1997 , the posthumously released single Is It the Beat adopted the rap verse found in Enamorada de Ti . In the lyrics the protagonist sings to her love interest about his departure , which has saddened her without him she cannot function normally , because she is in love with him . Selena performed the song during her Ven Conmigo Tour ( 1990 92 ) and at the 1990 Tejano Music Awards , where she received the Female Vocalist of the Year award . During the first season of Telemundo 's La Voz Kids , a Spanish language version of the US singing competition The Voice , unk Garcia performed Enamorada de Ti . Background and development In 1989 , Selena was signed to EMI Latin and released her self titled debut album that year . Around that time her brother , A.B. Quintanilla III , began producing and writing most of her songs . According to Quintanilla III in the 20 Years of Music series , his father ( and band manager ) Abraham Quintanilla , Jr. originated the idea of recording a hip hop type song for Ven Conmigo . He said that Quintanilla Jr was told by Jose Behar , president of EMI Latin , that several pop music executive producers were going to attend an upcoming performance by Selena and her band . The idea was that Quintanilla III could write a song which could attract a crossover deal from EMI Records . During the interview , Quintanilla III said that the writing for Enamorada de Ti began in an Albuquerque , New Mexico Motel 6 with fellow band members Pete Astudillo and keyboardist Ricky Vela . In the same interview Selena 's sister ( and drummer ) Suzette Quintanilla called the recording a Top 40 song and fun , that was definitely one of the fun songs on the album , with the recording bringing out Selena 's soul side . The recording is a freestyle dance pop song in common time at a tempo of 112 beats per minute . In the lyrics , the singer is saddened and bewildered by the departure of her love interest . She tells him how much she is in love with him , and cannot live without him . The remix version featured on Enamorada de Ti ( 2012 ) is a merengue duet with Spanish singer Juan Magan . At the 1990 Tejano Music Awards Selena performed Enamorada de Ti with three backup dancers , emulating dance moves popularized by Michael and Janet Jackson . She won the Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year . During the first season of Telemundo 's La Voz Kids , a Spanish language version of the US singing competition show The Voice , unk Garcia performed Enamorada de Ti . Critical reception and legacy Federico Martinez of La Prensa called Enamorada de Ti a popular title track . In his review of the remix album Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that all its songs were rooted in the ' 90s and sound that way , and altering the recordings to update it was unfeasible . Carlos Quintana , a Latin music writer for About.com , called Enamorada de Ti one of the best tracks on the remix album . Enrique Lopetegui of the San Antonio Current called it a crowd pleasing song with an unbearable merengue . Nilan Lovelace of Reporter Magazine Archives noted that although the original recording of Enamorada de Ti was a slow tempo love song , the remix version had a lively , tropical tone . Enamorada de Ti has been featured on several compilation albums since its debut on Ven Conmigo in 1990 . A club mix version of the song was featured on All My Hits Todos Mis Exitos Vol . 2 ( 2000 ) , and the original version was added to La Leyenda ( 2010 ) . In 1997 , Is It the Beat was released posthumously on the soundtrack for Selena 's biographical film and as a single the recording included a rap verse taken directly from Enamorada de Ti . The single also included two versions of Enamorada de Ti a Spanish version of Is It the Beat and a Spanish club mix . In 2012 , Humberto Gatica headed the production of Enamorada de Ti with the goal of rejuvenating several of Selena 's songs in popular genres . Spanish singer Juan Magan remixed and sang a small part in Enamorada de Ti for the album . The recording peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart that same year . Chart performance Personnel Credits from the album 's liner notes Selena vocals Ricky Vela keyboards Suzette Quintanilla drums A.B. Quintanilla III writer producer Pete Astudillo writer Juan Magan remixed producer arranger ( remix version )
2,451	Hurricane Octave was a Category 4 hurricane which existed during the above average 1989 Pacific hurricane season . The remnants of Atlantic Tropical Depression Nine tracked westward across the Caribbean Sea , entering the Pacific Ocean on September 3 . It slowly developed , and organized into a tropical depression on September 8 . It strengthened into a tropical storm on September 10 , thus earning the name Octave . After strengthening into a hurricane the next day , Octave started to steadily intensify en route to a peak as a Category 4 hurricane of the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . After reaching peak winds of 135 mph ( 215 km h ) on September 13 , Octave moved into a region of cooler waters . The hurricane weakened into a tropical storm on September 14 , and degenerated further into a tropical depression the next day , before dissipating on September 16 . The remnants of the storm brought moderate rainfall to parts of California and Arizona , as well as three F0 tornadoes . Meteorological history Hurricane Octave originated from a tropical wave that left west coast of Africa on August 21 , 1989 . Moving westward , the wave became better organized and developed into Atlantic Tropical Depression Nine on August 27 . However , strong wind shear inhibited further development of the system , leading to it degenerating to a tropical wave . Upon weakening to wave , the system was situated roughly 400 miles ( 640 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles . Continuing westward , the system moved through the Caribbean Sea without significant development before crossing Central America and entering the Pacific Ocean on September 3 . After remaining stationary for several days , the system was upgraded to a tropical depression on September 8 about 400 miles ( 640 km ) south of the Mexican coastline . Upon becoming a tropical cyclone , the convection became well organized . Octave took a general northwestward track as it intensified , becoming Tropical Storm Octave later that day . Upon being named , Octave had developed a good outflow and shear was decreasing , leading to forecasters at the National Hurricane Center anticipating the storm to become a hurricane . The storm slowly strengthened over the following two days , becoming a strong tropical storm early on September 11 . Octave later reached hurricane intensity late on September 11 . as it developed an eye . Meanwhile , Octave was being steered by an anticyclone over Mexico and a trough to the west allowed the hurricane to continue northwest . Continuing to intensify , it was soon upgraded to Category 2 status on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . During the afternoon of September 13 , Octave intensified into a major hurricane , a storm with sustained winds of at least 111 mph ( 178 km h ) . Early the next day , the hurricane attained peak intensity as Category 4 hurricane , based on the Dvorak technique , a tool used to estimate tropical cyclone intensity . At this time , maximum winds were estimated at 135 mph ( 215 km h ) along with a barometric pressure of 94 . 8 kPa ( 27 . 99 inHg ) . Shortly after its peak , the storm moved over cooler waters , with sea surface temperatures estimated to be as low as 26 C ( 79 F ) . By the end of the September 13 , the eye of Octave had become less defined as the hurricane weakened . Steady weakening took place as the storm continued a northwesterly track due to a trough . By September 14 , Octave was downgraded into a tropical storm as winds dropped below 75 mph ( 120 km h ) The system began to weaken rapidly as it turned towards the west , and it was downgraded to a tropical depression late on September 15 . After turning back towards the east , Octave rapidly dissipated on September 16 as steering current diminished . The remnant low dissipated on September 16 while located 150 mi ( 240 km ) off the Baja California coastline . Preparations and impact Prior to the arrival of Octave , the NHC issued public advisories . The advisories noted that 1 to 2 in ( 25 to 51 mm ) was possible in the higher elevations . The possibility of a dissipating prior to landfall was also noted . Octave came within 200 mi ( 320 km ) of Socorro Island . As a result , the weather station there reported winds of 35 mph ( 56 km h ) and a pressure of 100 . 36 kPa ( 29 . 64 inHg ) . In addition , its remnants did move into California . In the Sacramento Valley , the city of Redding recorded 2 . 21 in ( 56 mm ) of rain in a 12 hour span and 3 . 15 in ( 80 mm ) in 24 hours . Sacramento also recorded 1 . 56 in ( 40 mm ) in 6 hours . Light rainfall was reported throughout southern California , with enough falling in Los Angeles to make streets slippery . Moisture associated with Octave produced isolated showers in thunderstorms in parts of southern Arizona on September 16 . The unusually heavy rainfall in California was the delayed results of a cloud seeding operation in southern California and Arizona using the unk Icarus . The operation was launched on September 1 but the effects took more than a week to show the heavy rains were the most seen in California since 1987 . In addition , a power outage in Lodi , California affected 7 , 000 customers . Octave also produced minor damage to the grape and raisin crops .
2,452	Angkor I is an outdoor stainless steel sculpture by Lee Kelly , located at Millennium Plaza Park in Lake Oswego , Oregon , in the United States . The 1994 sculpture stands 14 feet ( 4 . 3 m ) tall and weighs 1 , 000 pounds ( 450 kg ) , and was influenced by his visit to Southeast Asia one year prior . In 2010 , Angkor I appeared in an exhibition of Kelly 's work at the Portland Art Museum . In 2011 , it was installed at Millennium Plaza Park on loan from the Portland based Elizabeth Leach Gallery . The Arts Council of Lake Oswego began soliciting donations in 2013 in an attempt to keep the sculpture as part of the city 's permanent public art collection , Gallery Without Walls . The fundraising campaign was successful donations from more than 40 patrons , including major contributions from the Ford Family Foundation and the Oregon Arts Commission , made purchase of the sculpture possible . Angkor I has been called a recognizable icon and a gateway to the park 's lake . Description and history Angkor I was designed by Lee Kelly , an Idaho born Oregon sculptor whose works are influenced by modernism and abstract impressionism . Created in 1994 , Angkor I is a large scale stainless steel sculpture with a surface that is gesturally and roughly finished . It stands 14 feet ( 4 . 3 m ) tall and weighs 1 , 000 pounds ( 450 kg ) . In Living in Sculpture The Studio Work of Lee Kelly , Paul unk writes that Angkor I , along with Angkor II and Phi Mai , were influenced by Kelly 's 1993 visit to Cambodia , Indonesia and Thailand . His visit to the temple complex Angkor Wat inspired the sculpture , as evidenced by its plaque . In October 2010 , Kelly moved the sculpture to the Portland Art Museum for his summation exhibit , which was open through January 2011 . Later that year , the sculpture was installed at Millennium Plaza Park in Lake Oswego , on loan from Elizabeth Leach Gallery , the Portland based company which represents Kelly . A board member for the Arts Council of Lake Oswego had initiated the loan proposal to Kelly and the gallery for this public display . According to Nancy Nye , executive director of the council , the sculpture is prominent in the park and provides a gateway to the lake . Permanent installation In October 2013 , Nye began soliciting donations for the purchase of Angkor I , which was scheduled to return to the gallery unless 55 , 000 could be raised by 5pm on November 1 , 2013 . Two weeks prior to this deadline , the council had raised 31 , 750 , more than 20 , 000 short of the asking price . In an interview published by The Oregonian , Nye said , Lee Kelly is a living legend and the pride of Oregon 's artistic community . And his studio is right here in Clackamas County . He 's a local treasure . She also wrote in a press release , It would be a terrible loss to the community to have this sculpture removed , but it 's fast becoming a reality . The council 's board chair , Shari Newman , also stressed the urgent need for financial assistance , saying We re more than halfway there , but what we really need is a handful of lead donors to step forward and make this important work a permanent part of the City s collection . And we need them now . During the final two weeks of the fundraising campaign , the council draped a black parachute over the sculpture and posted signs requesting financial assistance , such as Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot , this sculpture is leaving ... Let 's hope it 's not . On November 1 , The Oregonian reported that the council 's director was certain enough money had been raised to keep Angkor I in Lake Oswego permanently , as part of its Gallery Without Walls public art program , though the exact amount of funds raised was uncertain . The Arts Council of Lake Oswego confirmed the purchase via social media on November 5 . Kelly and the Elizabeth Leach Gallery each donated 5 , 000 , and the Ford Family Foundation and the Oregon Arts Commission had awarded a 10 , 000 matching grant in May 2013 . All funding was provided by private businesses , foundations and individuals none came from city or state funds . Portland Tribune and The Oregonian both published comments from Nye , in which she expressed delight about the addition to Lake Oswego 's public art collection and providing access to the fine and magnificent work for future generations . The council planned a commemoration ceremony at the sculpture 's permanent location expected attendees were Kelly , Mayor Kent Studebaker , and members of the Ford Family Foundation and the Oregon Arts Commission . On November 7 , sister publications Lake Oswego Review and Portland Tribune published a reader 's letter written by Nye , in which she thanked the more than 40 funders who helped purchase Angkor I. Reception art unk magazine said Angkor I 's reflective surfaces , ground in sweeping gestures , are as important as its form . According to Nye , the sculpture has become a recognizable icon . In her press release , which was published during her fundraising campaign , she wrote People often comment that its placement creates a gateway , or window to the lake . If Angkor I is removed , it will leave a real void in the landscape .
2,453	The Big Four Live from Sofia , Bulgaria is a DVD Blu ray featuring live concert performances by Metallica , Slayer , Megadeth , and Anthrax , collectively known as the big four of thrash metal . The event took place on June 22 , 2010 at the Sonisphere Festival at Vasil Levski National Stadium , Sofia , Bulgaria . Before its DVD release , it was shown at 450 movie theaters in the United States and over 350 movie theaters across Europe , Canada , and Latin America on June 22 , 2010 . Critical reviews of the DVD were mostly favorable . Websites such as AllMusic and About.com were positive , though Blogcritics gave the DVD a mixed review . The DVD peaked at number one on the United States , United Kingdom , Austrian , and Canadian charts , and also charted on three other charts . It was certified gold in Germany , and provided Slayer with its first platinum certification . Background and release On Wednesday , June 16 , 2010 at the Sonisphere Festival at unk Airport in Warsaw , Poland , the big four Metallica , Slayer , Megadeth , and Anthrax performed together for the first time . The members of the four bands ( except for Slayer 's Jeff Hanneman ) were first photographed together on the previous day . Their live concert , on June 22 , was for one night only . Directed by Nick Wickham , the event was filmed and transmitted via satellite to over 450 movie theaters in the United States and over 350 movie theaters across Europe , Canada , and Latin America , including London 's famed Leicester Square . Tickets were made available for around 20 at unk , which also listed the theaters where the concert was being screened . Delayed screenings took place in Australia , South Africa and New Zealand . The film 's contents and artwork were revealed on August 25 , 2010 . A limited edition guitar pick was unveiled a day after the artwork was revealed . The European release was initially scheduled for October 11 , but Metallica later announced on their official site that the European release would be pushed back to October 15 , with an International release on October 18 , and a North American release on October 19 , 2010 . On September 15 , it was announced that a super deluxe limited edition box set would be released on the same date as the regular edition , and a 36 second video preview of the box set was released on September 17 . In mid September , publication was postponed further to a European release on October 29 , an International release on November 1 , and a North American release on November 2 , 2010 . Four teaser clips from the video were released on October 12 , and nine days later , Metallica 's performance of Sad but True , taken from the film , was released . A three and a half minute trailer was released on September 21 , 2010 . The Slayer title card before the band 's performance is the only one of the four bands that did not feature their official logo . In addition , all Slayer members ( except drummer Dave Lombardo ) did not participate in the ' Am I Evil ' performance due to lack of interest . Event dates Reception The album was received positively by music critics . Thom Jurek gave it four out of five stars in his review for AllMusic , and stated that each song is incredibly energetic , clearly riding the crowd excitement of the event , and the performances are stellar without a lapse . He pointed to Anthrax 's Madhouse and unk Megadeth 's Head Crusher and the Peace Sells Holy Wars Reprise Slayer 's Angel of Death , Seasons in the Abyss , and Raining Blood and Metallica 's Fade to Black , Creeping Death , Master of Puppets , and For Whom the Bell Tolls as musical highlights , and described the encore performance of Am I Evil , in which members of all four bands perform , as an historic high point . In a mixed review for Blogcritics , Chris Beaumont summed up that Watching these promo DVDs makes me want the Blu ray that much more . The performances are great , the sets are great , and it is hard not to get excited about these guys taking the stage together . This is metal . Chad Bowar , writing for About.com , said that the concert was one of the defining moments and biggest events in recent metal history and commented that the bands can still put on a great show despite their age . He distinguished the styles of each band , writing Anthrax has a more lighthearted , fun approach , while Megadeth is 100 percent business with very little banter and focus on the music . Slayer has a more ominous vibe , although their evil mystique has lessened over the years . Metallica were very inclusive , with James Hetfield acting as everybody 's favorite uncle interacting with the crowd and taking time to soak it all in . Charts and certificates Contents The DVD 's contents can be verified by AllMusic and the DVD 's notes . Anthrax DVD 1 BD 1 CD 1 Megadeth DVD 1 BD 1 CD 2 Slayer DVD 1 BD 1 CD 3 Metallica DVD 2 BD 2 CD 4 5 DVD Bonus Feature DVD 2 BD 2 Behind the scenes documentary backstage at Sonisphere , including interviews and Am I Evil rehearsal footage . Personnel A complete list can be found at AllMusic . Production and assistance
2,454	U.S. Highway 77 ( US 77 ) is the shortest U.S. Highway in the state of Iowa . It crosses into Iowa over the Missouri River from South Sioux City , Nebraska , at Sioux City and runs approximately three tenths mile ( 500 m ) to an interchange with Interstate 29 where the road continues north as Wesley Parkway . Like all other state highways in Iowa , the route is maintained by the Iowa Department of Transportation . US 77 has never been a long route in Iowa . When it was extended into the state in 1929 , it only traveled 6 miles ( 9 . 7 km ) in Sioux City before crossing the Big Sioux River into South Dakota . After I 29 was built in Sioux City during the late 1950s , US 77 was moved onto the new Interstate Highway . At both historic ends of the highway in Iowa , bridge failures have caused US 77 to be detoured around Sioux City . In the mid 1980s , the national end of the highway was moved to the interchange with I 29 . Route description US 77 in Iowa begins on the unk Veterans Memorial Bridge over the Missouri River . It heads north along Wesley Parkway where it comes to an interchange with Interstate 29 ( I 29 ) , U.S. Highway 20 Business ( US 20 Business ) , and Iowa Highway 12 ( Iowa 12 ) . On either side of the interchange Iowa 12 is an unsigned highway east of the interchange , the route is signed as US 20 Business , while on the west side it is a duplicate route with I 29 . US 20 Business exits Wesley Parkway and briefly overlaps I 29 . US 77 ends at the center of the interchange . The entire route is 0 . 315 mi ( 1 , 660 ft 507 m ) long . At 0 . 31 miles ( 500 m ) , US 77 is the shortest U.S. Highway in the state and the second shortest state highway overall . I 129 , which is located 4 miles ( 6 . 4 km ) southeast of US 77 , is the shortest state highway at 0 . 286 miles ( 0 . 460 km ) in length . In each instance , the highway crosses the Missouri River from Nebraska and ends at I 29 . History US 77 has never been a long route in Iowa . It was extended into Iowa in 1929 , overlapping US 20 across the Combination Bridge and onto Perry Street . US 20 turned east onto 5th Street and US 77 turned west one block north onto Riverside Avenue , now known as 4th Street . It followed Riverside west and onto a curvy section near the confluence of the Big Sioux and Missouri rivers . The route curved back to the north along the banks of the Big Sioux River . It turned west onto Military Road and crossed the river into South Dakota shortly thereafter . The route at its longest extent was 6 miles ( 9 . 7 km ) . The portion of the route west of US 20 replaced a section of Primary Road No. 141 , which followed a route parallel to US 77 's . In 1951 , Gordon Drive , which carried US 20 east of the Combination Bridge , was extended westward along the banks of the Missouri River . It connected to Riverside Avenue near the river confluence . US 77 was moved onto the new road which removed the curvy section of Riverside . In the late 1950s when construction of I 29 began , its route was planned along the banks of the Missouri River generally following the path of US 275 , US 75 , and US 77 . The first section of I 29 , from a point along Gordon Drive east of the Combination Bridge to the Big Sioux River opened around October 1 , 1958 . US 77 was moved onto the new interstate from the Combination Bridge to the Riverside Boulevard interchange . After sections of I 29 in South Dakota opened up , allowing traffic to utilize bridges crossing the Big Sioux that were built in 1958 , US 77 was moved onto the interstate completely . However , the arrangement did not last long . On April 2 , 1962 , surging flood waters from the Big Sioux brought down the northbound bridge over the river . An investigation of the collapse found the surging waters scoured the dirt and rocks away from around the bridge piers , which caused them to fail . Both directions of traffic were routed along US 77 's old alignment while the bridges were repaired . US 77 faced more bridge problems at its other end . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , a steel , tied arch bridge was built to replace the Combination Bridge , which opened in 1895 . The unk Veterans Memorial Bridge opened to traffic in January 1981 and was dedicated months later on July 22 . This too , would not last long . During routine bridge washing on May 6 , 1982 , an Iowa DOT worker discovered a 30 inch long ( 76 cm ) crack across a box girder . The crack was approximately 1 32 inch ( 0 . 79 mm ) wide and was rusted , which told the workers it had been there for some time . The bridge was immediately closed down for repairs . Traffic was rerouted south to cross the Missouri at the I 129 bridge . The bridge would not be fully opened again until May 1983 . Within a couple years , US 77 would be truncated to the I 29 interchange . The completion of Interstate 29 in South Dakota , which generally followed US 77 northward , meant the end of the U.S. Highway 's importance . Maps published by the Iowa DOT in 1983 and traffic logs from 1984 show and list US 77 extending into South Dakota . Highway maps and traffic logs from 1986 show US 77 ending at I 29 , meaning the route was shortened at some time in those two years . Major intersections
2,455	Plectania nannfeldtii , commonly known as Nannfeldt 's Plectania , the black felt cup , or the black snowbank cup fungus , is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae . The fruit bodies of this species resemble small , black , goblet shaped shallow cups up to 3 cm ( 1 . 2 in ) wide , with stems up to 4 cm ( 1 . 6 in ) long attached to black mycelia . Fruit bodies , which may appear alone or in groups on the ground in conifer duff , are usually attached to buried woody debris , and are commonly associated with melting snow . Plectania nannfeldtii is found in western North America and in Asia , often at higher elevations . Similar black cup fungi with which P. nannfeldtii may be confused include Pseudoplectania vogesiaca , P. nigrella , and Helvella corium . Taxonomy The species was first described by British mycologist Fred Jay Seaver in 1928 , who called it Paxina nigrella in his monograph of the cup fungi of North America . The type specimens were found in 1914 in Tolland , Colorado , by mycologist Lee Oras Overholts further collections were reported from Colorado and California in 1930 . The species has also been referred to as unk nigrella , Helvella nigrella , and Macroscyphus unk . In 1957 Richard Korf transferred the species to its current name , changing the specific epithet in the process as Plectania nigrella was already in use ( it is a synonym of Pseudoplectania nigrella ) . The name chosen by Korf honors the Swedish mycologist John Axel Nannfeldt , responsible for some early advances in the understanding of this fungus and other cup fungi . P. nannfeldtii is classified in Korf 's section Plectania of the genus Plectania because of its ellipsoid ascospores . Vernacular names for the species include the black felt cup , Nannfeldt 's Plectania , or the black snowbank cup fungus . Description The fruit body of Plectania nannfeldtii is shallowly cup or goblet shaped and may be up to 3 cm ( 1 . 2 in ) in diameter . The edges of the cup are somewhat wavy , and remain curled inward until they flare out when they are very old . The external surface is covered with delicate blackish brown hairs , while the color of the surface underneath is also brownish black . The surface wrinkles when the fruit body is dry . The internal , convex surface of the cup contains the spore producing tissue layer known as the hymenium it is black . The stem is thin and may be up to 4 cm ( 1 . 6 in ) long with a diameter of 2 3 mm , tapering towards the base . Like the fruit body , it is covered in delicate brownish black hairs , and it is similar in color to the outer surface of the cup . The dense , coarse mycelium at the base of the stem is black . The flesh is thin and blackish gray . Edibility has not been determined for this species . Microscopic features In mass , the spores are white . The spores are hyaline ( translucent ) , ellipsoid , with dimensions of 30 35 by 15 m . Opinions are divided about the distribution of oil droplets in the spores Miller says that the spores typically have two oil droplets at either end , unk and Ammirati , in their field guide to mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest , says that the spores lack large oil drops , while Evenson claims that there are numerous tiny oil drops . The walls of the spores have thin horizontal ridges that are cyanophilic , that is , they are visible with light microscopy when stained with methyl blue . The spore bearing cells , the asci , are about 500 m long and 20 m wide . The asci are operculate , that is , with a flap at one end that opens to discharge the spores . Interspersed between the asci are numerous sterile , filamentous dark brown cells called paraphyses that are slightly enlarged on one end , and 380 420 m long by 4 5 m wide . Similar species Based on external appearance , Plectania nannfeldtii is similar to Pseudoplectania vogesiaca . Although this latter species may be difficult to distinguish by its less hairy external fruit body surface , its microscopic characters identify it more definitively P. vogesiaca has spores that are much smaller , typically with widths of 12 14 m . Helvella corium is another black cup fungus that appears in the spring it has smaller spores , whitish margins on the cup edges , and shorter stems than P. nannfeldtii . Pseudoplectania nigrella is smaller , with a hairier outer surface , a darker inner cup surface , and a rudimentary stem . Habitat and distribution Plectania nannfeldtii is typically found at higher elevations in coniferous forests growing on wet twigs or other rotting woody debris , often in or near snow . It often begins its development underneath the snow , reaching maturity as the snowbank recedes to expose it one source suggests that its metabolic heat may help it melt a path through snow as it grows . It may grow singly , scattered or in clusters , and has been noted to have a preference for the wood of Picea engelmannii and Abies unk as well as other conifers . In North America , it is found in the Western United States and Canada , where it fruits from late May to early August it is common in the Sierra Nevada and in higher elevations of the Pacific Coast Ranges . Its distribution also includes China and Japan .
2,456	Dicen Que Soy ( They Say That I Am ) is the third studio album by Puerto Rican American recording artist La India released on September 20 , 1994 by RMM Records . The album was produced by American musician Sergio George , who chose the songs for India to record with an emphasis on feminism to suit with her voice . The production mixes salsa music with other rhythms such as funk and unk . Five singles were released from the record with Nunca Voy a Olvidarte and Ese Hombre topping the Billboard Tropical Songs chart . Dicen Que Soy was well received by music critics for the arrangement and selection of songs for the album . The success of the record led to India receiving a Billboard Latin Music Award and a Lo Nuestro nomination . In the United States , it peaked at number four and one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums and Tropical Albums charts respectively , and has sold over 140 , 000 copies as of 2000 . Background Following the release of her debut studio album , Breaking Night ( 1989 ) , La India went on to produce When the Night is Over ( 1991 ) , a collaboration between her then husband Little Louie Vega and Marc Anthony . Both albums were recorded at the time when freestyle music 's popularity was beginning to wane , and neither was a commercial success . India and Vega left Atlantic Records , as India wanted to pursue her singing career performing in Spanish . Three years later , American musician Eddie Palmieri , who had heard her singing on the radio , wrote and produced India 's first Spanish language record titled unk la India , via Eddie Palmieri ( 1992 ) . Although it was a commercial success , her high pitched vocals were criticized . Subsequently , India was signed to Ralph Mercado 's record label RMM . Her first recording under the label was a cover of Basilio 's song Vivir lo Nuestro , a duet with Anthony for the RMM compilation album unk Perfecta ( 1993 ) . It was released as a single where it peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart . The record was produced by American musician Sergio George who picked the song for the duo as he felt it was the right track for them to perform , despite the pair not being close friends at the time . George said he took the recording as a personal challenge because he believed India 's voice was extraordinary . Recording and musical characteristics For Dicen Que Soy , George picked songs that had been previously recorded by female Latin singers such as Roco Jurado and Lupita D unk , with a focus on feminist lyrics . George , India , and Shirley Marte also wrote love songs ( unk Amar and No Me unk ) for the album and added India 's cover of George Benson 's song I Just Want to Hang Around You as a counterbalance , in case the feminist songs did not prove popular . When describing the production , India said that This is me , my flavor in a tropical way , and showing what I can do with my voice . The theme of the title track 's lyrics revolves the singer being criticized by gossips without caring about their opinions . Puerto Rican singer Tito Nieves is featured on the song No Me unk and Vivir lo Nuestro was included as a bonus track for the album . Musically , the production mixes romantic and hard salsa music along with funk and unk . The record took four months to complete . Singles Nunca Voy a Olvidarte was the first single to be released from the album . It peaked at number 11 on the Hot Latin Songs chart and number one on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart . The second single , Ese Hombre , reached number 12 on the Hot Latin Songs chart and became her second number one song on the Tropical Songs chart . Que Ganas de No Verte Ms peaked at number 24 on the Hot Latin Songs and number two on the Tropical Songs charts . Dicen Que Soy and O Ella o Yo reached number five and seven respectively on the Tropical Songs chart . Reception Even without a formal review , an editor for the website Allmusic gave Dicen Que Soy four stars out of five . An editor for Latina magazine wrote a positive review for the album calling her cover of Nunca Voy a Olvidarte sensational and Vivir lo Nuestro an explosive live recording . India 's recordings of Ese Hombre and Dicen Que Soy have been noted to be anthems for female salsa lovers . At the 6th Lo Nuestro Awards ceremony in 1995 , Dicen Que Soy received a nomination for Tropical Album of the Year , but lost to Siente el Amor ... by Olga Tan . In the same year , the album won the award for Tropical Salsa Album of the Year by a Female Artist at the second annual Billboard Latin Music Awards . In the United States , it peaked at number four on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart and number one on the Tropical Albums chart . According to Nielsen SoundScan , Dicen Que Soy has sold over 144 , 000 copies as of unk Track listing All music composed by Sergio George . Chart performance Weekly charts Credits and personnel The following credits are from Allmusic and the Dicen Que Soy CD liner notes . Note A. According to the Recording Industry Association of America , sales for many salsa albums went unreported because venues selling the discs did not report to monitoring services .
2,457	John McMahon ( 1841 1912 ) was an American professional wrestler who specialized in collar and elbow wrestling . He competed from 1861 to 1891 , traveling throughout the United States and Canada to face the top wrestlers of the day . He competed in several styles of wrestling , and his biggest rivalry was with Colonel J.H. McLaughlin . Toward the end of his career , he performed in wrestling matches for traveling circuses . Career Born in Vermont in 1841 , McMahon began his professional wrestling career in Port Henry , New York in June 1861 . He won the match , which began an undefeated streak that lasted until 1878 . Although he favored the collar and elbow wrestling practiced in Ireland , the country of his ancestry , he also competed in matches that involved catch wrestling and Greco Roman wrestling . McMahon served in the Union army during the American Civil War , during which he gained notoriety as a wrestler . On July 22 , 1873 , McMahon defeated Thomas Copeland to become recognized as the champion of the United States and Canada . The following month , he also defeated Albert Ellis , who was billed as the champion of England . Because McMahon outweighed his opponent by 60 pounds , the match was contested under Cornwall and Devon rules , which required both men to wear short jackets . His rivalry with Ellis continued , and the pair faced each other twice more . One bout was declared a draw because of a disputed call by the referee . McMahon won the third and final match between the two . McMahon also traveled to the Western United States in search of competitors . In 1877 , he defeated Harry Thurston in a match held in a lumberyard in California . He was also sent to Virginia City , Nevada to help a gambler who had lost a large sum of money to Dakota Bill Tompkins . Without revealing his identity , McMahon arranged a match with Tompkins , a local championship wrestler . McMahon 's friends bet money on McMahon , who defeated Tompkins in a best of five match . McMahon wrestled James Farwell in January 1878 Falwell won a controversial victory to retain his status as champion of the Pacific Coast . After McMahon 's main rival , Colonel J.H. McLaughlin , retired , McMahon ceased to compete as well . The two had never faced each other , but there was a dispute as to who would win if such a match took place . McMahon returned to Virginia City to open a saloon . In October of that year , McLaughlin offered a bet that nobody would be able to defeat Robert Wright , one of his trainees . McMahon accepted the bet , defeated Wright , and arranged a match against McLaughlin . He defeated McLaughlin in a best of three match on November 23 , 1878 . A rematch took place , which McLaughlin won . The third and final contest between the two took place in March 1879 and ended in a draw . On May 12 of that year , McMahon defeated Australian Professor William Miller in a best of three match before a crowd of over 2000 spectators in Gilmore 's Garden in New York . In August 1879 , McMahon faced his second cousin once removed , James Owens , in the St. James Opera House on Broadway in New York City . McMahon lost the first fall but won the next two to claim victory in the match . They faced each other again on July 16 , 1880 for the collar and elbow world championship . After a match lasting over three hours , McMahon emerged victorious to win the title . In the mid 1880s , McMahon traveled internationally to compete and won titles in Australia and Argentina . In 1884 , he defeated John Tedford in England to win the world collar and elbow wrestling championship . In his later career , McMahon faced such wrestlers as unk Matsuda , Captain James C. Daly and Gus Lambert . He also faced William Muldoon , now a member of the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame . One match between the two , which took place on March 22 , 1881 , featured a best of three falls rule , in which the wrestlers competed in Muldoon 's favored Greco Roman style , followed by the collar and elbow style preferred by McMahon . Each competitor won the fall in his preferred style , which led to a catch as catch can match to determine the winner . The match did not take place , however , as the men were unable to agree to the outfits that would be worn during the match as a result , the contest was declared a draw . One of McMahon 's final series of matches was against Henry Moses Dufur . Their first match was declared a draw after neither competitor was able to throw the other within six hours . Although the wrestlers were willing to continue , the lease on the hall had expired and the match was ended at 2 45 in the morning . McMahon lost the second contest , but he defeated Dufur for the world collar and elbow championship in their final encounter . McMahon also wrestled in traveling circuses . He was part of Adam unk 's Circus , and he competed for P. T. Barnum 's circus for over two years . With the latter group , he wrestled over 300 pre arranged matches against Ed Decker . He also continued in regular competition outside the circus in his final match , he defeated Jim Cowley on March 2 , 1891 . McMahon died in 1912 . Championships and accomplishments Collar and Elbow Championship ( 2 times )
2,458	Discipline is a single by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails . It is the band 's first single since severing its ties with Interscope Records and publishing music independently . Unlike previous NIN singles , no physical release of the song was issued . The song was first released to radio stations on April 22 , 2008 , sent by Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor . The MP3 download contains an embedded album art image , full lyrics , and the comment Go to unk May 5 . Subsequently on May 5 , 2008 a new Nine Inch Nails album , The Slip , was revealed for download . Discipline charted on Billboard 's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks and Hot Modern Rock Tracks charts , and was Nine Inch Nails ' sixth consecutive top ten single on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart . Recording Nine Inch Nails front man Trent Reznor announced in 2007 that the band had completed its contractual obligations to its record label , Interscope Records , and would no longer be working with the company . Reznor also revealed that Nine Inch Nails would likely distribute music independently . Since the announcement , Nine Inch Nails released the 36 track instrumental album Ghosts I IV in March 2008 on Reznor 's independent label The Null Corporation . After the release of Ghosts , Reznor began writing and recording what would become the next full length album , The Slip . During recording sessions for The Slip , Reznor sent the track Discipline to radio stations himself on April 22 . The track was sent before the remainder of the album was completed , and less than 24 hours after the track had been mastered by Alan Moulder . On the same day , the track was also made available for download at the official Nine Inch Nails website for free , as well as multitrack files of the song for remixing . Reznor reflected on the quick turnaround by saying that was fun ... you never could have done that before , referring to his past career on major record labels . Discipline was the first Nine Inch Nails single to be released independently via The Null Corporation . Music and lyrics The largely electronic instrumentation of Discipline has been compared to Depeche Mode , Bauhaus , Siouxsie and the Banshees , and Giorgio Moroder . Rolling Stone magazine described the track as the closest Reznor has ever come to disco , right down to a splashing high hat , boosted way up in the mix . Eric Harvey of Pitchfork Media also compared the song to disco , saying that the song eschews a typically monstrous chorus for an airtight industrial disco grind ventilated by an airy piano and falsetto cooing . Lyrically , Spin magazine wrote that As is true of nine out of every ten NIN tracks , ' Discipline ' is about submission and domination . Harvey compared Discipline to one Nine Inch Nails 's first singles , Head Like a Hole , saying ' Discipline ' comes from a long established and now label free artist trying to reflexively reassert his position in the pop landscape , on his own terms . ... ' Discipline ' evinces Reznor 's desire for some sort of framework ... In relative terms , ' I need your discipline I need your help ' is sure a long way from the nearly 20 year old ' Head Like a Hole ' refrain ' I 'd rather die Than give you control ' . Release and reception Discipline was released on April 22 , 2008 , and was the first single from The Slip . The song was also the first single released from the band under Reznor 's newly formed independent label , The Null Corporation . The ID3 tag of the downloadable track came with the message Go to unk May 5 , the day that The Slip would eventually be released as a free download . Discipline was only made available for airplay and download a physical release was never issued . Though no music video was created for the song either , retail versions of The Slip included a DVD featuring a live rehearsal of the song by the Nine Inch Nails live band . The rehearsal video has since been posted on the band 's official Vimeo and YouTube pages . The song was written and composed by Trent Reznor , and produced by Alan Moulder and Atticus Ross . Like the entirety of The Slip , Discipline was released under a Creative Commons attribution noncommercial share alike license , in effect allowing anyone to use or rework the material for any non profit purpose , as long as credit is provided and the resulting work is released under a similar license . Discipline reached number six and number 24 on Billboard 's Hot Modern Rock Tracks and Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks charts , respectively , and failed to top any charts . The song was the band 's sixth consecutive top ten single on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart , but had no involvement at Top 5 . The song also charted at number nine on Billboard 's iLike Libraries Most Added chart , which tracks total downloads over the iLike online service . Pitchfork Media 's review of The Slip called the track another solid pop song about constraint from the guy who , following Prince , brought kinky sex odes to strip mall bars . Spin magazine 's review of the album called Discipline the most conventional tune from The Slip . Track list Discipline ( Trent Reznor ) 4 30 Chart positions
2,459	Nabulsi soap ( Arabic unk unk , unk unk ) is a type of unk soap produced only in Nablus in the West Bank , Palestine . Its chief ingredients are virgin olive oil ( the main agricultural product of the region ) , water , and an alkaline sodium compound . The finished product is ivory colored and has almost no scent . Traditionally made by women for household use , it had become a significant industry for Nablus by the 14th century . In 1907 the city 's 30 Nabulsi soap factories were supplying half the soap in Palestine . The industry declined during the mid 20th century following destruction caused by the 1927 earthquake and later disruption from the Israeli military occupation . As of 2008 , only two soap factories survive in Nablus . The old Arafat soap factory has been turned into a Cultural Heritage Enrichment Center . History Nabulsi soap was traditionally made by women for household use even before the 10th century when small soap making factories had appeared . Trade with Bedouins was indispensable for soap making , both in Nablus and Hebron , since they alone could furnish the unk soda ( qilw ) required by the process . By the 14th century a significant soap making industry had developed in Nablus and the soap , reputedly prized by Queen Elizabeth I of England , was exported throughout the Middle East and to Europe . The 19th century saw a major expansion of soap manufacturing in Nablus , which became the center of soap production throughout the Fertile Crescent . By 1907 , the city 's 30 factories were producing nearly 5 , 000 tons of Nabulsi soap annually , over half of all soap production in Palestine . John Bowring wrote of Nabulsi soap in the 1830s that it is , highly esteemed in the Levant , and Muhammad Kurd Ali , a Syrian historian , wrote in the 1930s that Nablus soap is the best and most famous soap today for it has , it seems , a quality not found in others and the secret is that it is unadulterated and well produced . The soap industry in Nablus began to decline in the mid 20th century , caused in part by natural disasters , especially a 1927 earthquake which destroyed much of the Old City of Nablus , and in part by Israeli military occupation . Israeli military raids during the Second Intifada destroyed several soap factories in the historic quarter of Nablus . Only two soap factories survive in Nablus , and they face continuing problems both in terms of the soap 's manufacture and its export . The General Manager of the factory owned by the unk family commented in 2008 Before 2000 , our factory used to produce 600 tons of soap annually . Due to the physical and economic obstacles we face now because of the Israeli occupation and especially the checkpoints we produce barely half that amount today . According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs , the checkpoints and road blocks set up throughout the West Bank have created problems in the transportation of supplies and material to and from the factories as well as making it difficult for workers to get from their homes to the factories . However , Nabulsi soap is still widely sold in Nablus and the West Bank . It is also exported to Jordan , Kuwait , and Arab Israeli cities such as Nazareth . Considered an important aspect of Nablus 's cultural heritage , the preservation of the Nabulsi soap making industry has been the focus of several local projects , including the restoration and conversion of the old Arafat soap factory into a Cultural Heritage Enrichment Center . The center has research and exhibition facilities and includes a small model soap factory which makes Nabulsi soap using traditional methods . Project Hope and other local non governmental organizations market the soap in the West to raise funds for their other community projects . Production process Like Castile soap , the chief ingredients of Nabulsi soap are virgin olive oil , water , and an alkaline sodium compound . The compound is made by mixing the powdered ashes of the barilla plant ( qilw ) which grows along the banks of the River Jordan with locally supplied lime ( unk ) . The sodium compound is then is heated with water and the olive oil in large copper vats over fermentation pits . The solution of water and the sodium compound becomes increasingly concentrated in a series of 40 cycles repeated over eight days . During that time , an oar shaped wooden tool known as a unk is used to stir the liquid soap continuously . The liquid soap is then spread in wooden frames to set . After setting , it is cut into the classic cube shape of Nabulsi soap and stamped with the company 's trademark seal . The soap cubes then undergo a drying process which can last from three months to a year and involves stacking them in ceiling high structures resembling cones with hollow centers which allow the air to circulate around the cubes . The finished product is ivory colored and has almost no scent . ( Perfumes are never used in Nabulsi soap . ) Before leaving the factory , the individual cubes which are to be sold locally are wrapped by hand in paper which is waxed on one side . Cubes which are destined for export are left unwrapped and usually dispatched in stiff sacks to protect them from damage .
2,460	The onefin electric ray or Cape numbfish ( Narke capensis ) is a common but little known species of electric ray in the family unk , native to South Africa and Namibia . It is a benthic fish found in shallow coastal bays over sandy or muddy bottoms . This small species reaches 38 cm ( 15 in ) in length , and has a nearly circular pectoral fin disc and a short , muscular tail that supports a large caudal fin . It can be identified by its single dorsal fin , which is located over the large pelvic fins . Its dorsal coloration is yellowish to dusky brown . Like other members of its family , the onefin electric ray can defend itself with a strong electric shock produced from a pair of kidney shaped electric organs beside its head . It feeds mainly on polychaete worms , and likely gives birth to live young . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) presently lacks enough information to assess the conservation status of this species . It is often caught incidentally by bottom trawl fisheries off South Africa , and may also be impacted by pollution from coastal development . Taxonomy The onefin electric ray was described by German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1789 , in the 13th edition of Systema Naturae . Gmelin 's name for the species was printed as Raja capensis in some copies of the book , and as Raja unk in others . The original spelling was probably unk , which modern taxonomists regard as a typesetting error as the etymology of capensis ( of the Cape of Good Hope ) is far more reasonable . Later sources have consistently used capensis , though to officially fix the specific epithet under that spelling would require a decision by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) . Gmelin did not refer to any type specimens . In 1826 , German naturalist Johann Jakob unk created the new genus Narke for this species , separating it from the other electric rays known at the time on the basis of its curved back and single dorsal fin . Later , more species were assigned to Narke . Description The pectoral fin disc of the onefin electric ray is wider than long and almost circular in shape . The two large , kidney shaped electric organs are visible beneath the skin on either side of the head . The eyes are small and protruding the larger spiracles lie closely behind and have three small finger like projections on their rims . The nostrils are placed rather close together , and between them is a long skirt like flap of skin that reaches the mouth . The small and protrusible mouth is nearly straight and surrounded by prominent furrows . The teeth are tiny and pointed . There are five pairs of small gill slits on the underside of the disc . The large and broad pelvic fins have convex margins and originate beneath the pectoral fins . Adult males have stubby claspers . There is a single rounded dorsal fin positioned over the pelvic fins . The short and thick tail has a skin fold running along either side and terminates in a large triangular caudal fin with rounded corners , which is almost symmetrical above and below . The soft skin is completely devoid of dermal denticles . This species varies from yellowish brown to dusky brown above parts of the tail 's upper surface are yellowish . The underside is white to yellow with brown fin margins . It grows up to 38 cm ( 15 in ) long and 26 cm ( 10 in ) across , though individuals of this size are rare . Distribution and habitat The onefin electric ray is common off the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa . Its range extends to central Namibia , with a single specimen recorded from unk Bay and a second unconfirmed sighting from Walvis Bay . A historical record of this species from Madagascar may be a misidentification . Bottom dwelling in nature , the onefin electric ray mainly inhabits bays with sandy or muddy bottoms . It is most often found in waters shallower than 50 100 m ( 160 330 ft ) , though it has been recorded from as deep as 183 m ( 600 ft ) . Biology and ecology Relative to its small size , the onefin electric ray can deliver an extremely powerful electric shock to defend itself against predators , which include the broadnose sevengill shark ( Notorynchus cepedianus ) . It propels itself using its muscular tail rather than its pectoral fins . The diet of this species consists mainly of polychaete worms . The reproductive biology of the onefin electric ray has not been documented presumably it is viviparous like other electric rays . Males mature sexually at somewhere between 11 and 17 cm ( 4 . 3 and 6 . 7 in ) long , while females mature at around 16 cm ( 6 . 3 in ) long . Human interactions The shock produced by the onefin electric ray can be painful , but is not substantially dangerous to humans . Though not utilized economically , this ray is frequently caught as bycatch in bottom trawls in South African waters . Because of its inshore habits , it may also be negatively affected by water pollution from coastal development . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed this species as Data Deficient due to lack of specific data , while noting that its vulnerability to fishing and habitat degradation may merit concern .
2,461	St Peter 's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the town of Sudbury , Suffolk , England . It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building , and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust . The church stands in the centre of the town in a dominating position on Market Hill . A church has been on the site since at least 1180 , but the current structure dates from the 15th century , though there have been several restorations in the intervening period . Formerly a spired church , St. Peter 's now has a bell tower which , like the rest of the building , is mainly covered in flint . The interior of the church features paintings by George Frederick Bodley and Robert Cardinal , and a pipe organ originally made by T. C. Lewis . History The earliest documentary record of the church is in 1180 , when it was a chapel of ease to St Gregory 's church . The church was built in three stages , beginning with the first two bays of the chancel and the base of the tower in about 1330 48 . The later stages of building were in about 1360 , and in about 1425 50 . In 1643 , during the Civil War , the iconoclast William Dowsing damaged many of the items in the church . A restoration took place in 1685 , which included some alterations to the nave roof . A clock was installed in 1701 , and during the first half of the 18th century a spire of metal and wood was added this was replaced by another spire in 1810 . The church was restored again in 1858 59 by William Butterfield this included removal of the three galleries and the box pews , re laying the chancel floor , and replacement of the pulpit . Stained glass made by Hardman Co. was installed in some of the windows , and more stained glass by Hardman was installed later in the century . In 1898 the chancel was restored and redecorated by George Frederick Bodley . A wooden reredos was installed in the Lady Chapel . The stonework of the exterior was restored in 1911 , when statues were inserted into three niches in the south porch . A further restoration took place in 1968 when the upper part of the tower was replaced , the spire was taken down , and most of Bodley 's paintings were removed from the chancel . The church was declared redundant in 1972 , and in 1976 was vested in the Redundant Churches Fund , the forerunner of the Churches Conservation Trust . A charitable trust , The Friends of St. Peter 's has been established to maintain and improve the church . Since being made redundant , the church has been used occasionally for services , and for a variety of events , including concerts , organ recitals and exhibitions . Architecture Exterior The church is constructed mainly in flint , with some stone , brick and tiles . Its plan is not quite rectangular , as it had to be confined into a limited space . The northwest corner is cut across , and the chancel is not fully in alignment with the nave . The plan consists of a six bay nave with a clerestory , north and south aisles , a two bay chancel with the organ chamber and vestry to the north and the Lady Chapel to the south , and an extended sanctuary to the east , and a west tower incorporated in the body of the church . Its architectural styles are Decorated and Perpendicular . The tower is in three stages with angle buttresses . Its parapet consists of stepped battlements , and at the corners are statues rather than pinnacles . The aisles also have battlemented parapets , and there are more buttresses around the church . The main entrance to the church is through the west door at the base of the tower . Formerly the main entrance was through the south porch . The three statues on the exterior of the porch represent Christ , with Saint Peter on one side and Saint Gregory on the other . Interior The arcades are in six bays , the piers on the north arcade differing from those on the south . The roof is unk and divided into panels , with gilt bosses at the intersections . It is the only medieval nave roof in Suffolk to be unk and panelled in its original form . Some of Bodley 's painting remains on the chancel arch . In the south aisle is the octagonal 15th century font . This was removed from the church in the 17th century to be used as a horse trough , but was returned to the church when the horses refused to drink from it . In the chancel the reredos designed by Bodley measures 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) high by 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) wide , and depicts the Crucifixion . On the sides of the chancel are 15th century screens . In the Lady Chapel the font is carved with a depiction of the Nativity , and the reredos is a copy of Leonardo da Vinci 's Last Supper . Over the north and south doors are paintings of Moses and Aaron . These were painted by Robert unk , and formerly hung in a position flanking the reredos at the east end of the church . The lectern , pulpit and altar are Victorian , as is the stained glass . The three manual organ was built in 1911 by T. C. Lewis . It was renovated in 1942 by Henry Willis Sons , and rebuilt in 1987 by Bishop . A major rebuild was carried out by J. W. Walker Sons Ltd in 1999 . There is a ring of ten bells , the oldest three being cast in about 1470 , and the most recent two in 1978 .
2,462	Ai no Uta ( Words of Love ) ( Japanese unk ( words of love ) , Love Poem ( words of love ) ) is a song recorded by Japanese recording artist Haruka Chisuga , taken from her debut studio album Try ( 2016 ) . It was released as the fifth single from the album by Victor Entertainment and their subsidiary label Flying Dog on April 27 , 2016 . The lyrics were written by Yamada Toshiaki and the music was composed and produced by Swedish electronic dance musician Rasmus Faber . Musically , Ai no Uta ( Words of Love ) is an electronic dance song , influenced by four on the floor that features synthesizers and string arrangements in its instrumentation . Upon its release , it received positive reviews from music critics . Some complimented the composition , noting a departure from her previous J pop influenced music , and commended the songwriting . Commercially , the song fared better in Japan than her previous releases , peaking at number 47 on the Oricon Singles Chart . An accompanying music video was directed by Nozomi Tanaka , which featured Chisuga in a large aquarium surrounded by bright lights . To promote the single , Chisuga appeared on radio stations throughout Japan including unk Sunday and Hiroshi Kamiya 's All Night , and was used as the closing theme song for the second season of Japanese anime television series , The Asterisk War . Background and release On October 4 , 2015 , it was confirmed through Anime News Network that Chisuga was to voice over the character Sylvia unk for the second season of Japanese anime television series , The Asterisk War . However , Chisuga did not comment about a potential theme song recording for the show . Then in February 2016 , Chisuga confirmed that a new song , titled Ai no Uta ( Words of Love ) , would serve as the show 's ending theme song . Ai no Uta ( Words of Love ) was written by Yamada Toshiaki and produced by Swedish electronic dance musician Rasmus Faber . Musically , it is an electronic dance song , influenced by four on the floor and incorporates elegant strings sections , as described by a staff member at CD Journal . The single was released as the album 's fifth single by Flying Dog , a subsidiary label owned by Victor Entertainment , on April 27 , 2016 . It was released on a CD single in Japan , which included the track , two B side songs Lonely Feather and Ai no unk , and an acapella version of Lonely Feather . It also included the instrumental versions of the first three tracks . The digital EP included the four recordings but omitted the instrumental versions . Through unk , pre ordered versions of the CD single included a large B2 sized poster and a scanned hand written letter by Chisuga herself , which was then signed . Reception Upon its release , it received positive reviews from music critics . A staff member at Amazon.com complimented Faber 's production and arrangement , who believed he was able to expand Chisuga 's sound outside of J pop . The reviewer also complimented the songwriting and her vocal performance . In a similar review , a CD Journal staff member praised Chisuga 's free and vigorous vocal performance , alongside its glossy production . The review concluded with the reviewer calling it a high degree of completion . Commercially , the song fared better in Japan than her previous releases . It debuted at number 47 on the Oricon Singles Chart , her highest selling entry and first top 50 single since Planet Cradle Wandering in 2013 it sold 1 , 462 units . Despite falling outside of the top 50 the following week , it lasted eight weeks inside the top 200 . As of June 2016 , Ai no Uta ( Words of Love ) is her second best selling single according to Oricon Style . Promotion To promote the single , Chisuga appeared on several radio stations in Japan including unk Sunday and Hiroshi Kamiya 's All Night radio show through Nippon Broadcasting System . She also held a live event to promote the single in Osaka , Japan , May 2015 . Then throughout early mid May 2016 , Chisuga visited the Japanese music store Animate in cities Yokohama , Nagoya , Kyoto , unk , and Osaka , and signed autographs . She then followed up by visiting stores Namba Shop and Akiba Sofmap in Japan . On July 9 , Chisuga will perform Ai no Uta ( Words of Love ) for the first time , in order to promote the single . An accompanying music video was directed by Nozomi Tanaka . It was shot in an aquarium , and included Chisuga sitting down and observing several fishes . Along with this , she was surrounded by several glow lights and spot lights . It was released on YouTube by Victor Entertainment , Chisuga 's parent label , and premiered through Japanese music television on April 8 , 2016 . Personnel Credits adapted from the CD liner notes of Ai no Uta ( Words of Love ) . Recording and management Recorded in 2016 . Management and record label Flying Dog and Victor Entertainment . Credits Haruka Chisuga vocals , background vocals Yamada Toshiaki songwriting ( track 1 ) unk unk songwriting ( track 3 ) Rasmus Faber songwriting ( track 2 ) , production , arranging , composing Nozomi Tanaka music video director Track listings and formats Charts Release history
2,463	Bacon A Love Story , A Salty Survey of Everybody 's Favorite Meat is a 2009 non fiction book about unk by American writer Heather Lauer . Lauer started the blog Bacon Unwrapped and a social networking site about bacon in 2005 , after the idea came to her while she was out drinking with her two brothers her online success inspired her to write the book , which describes curing and cooking bacon , gives over 20 bacon recipes , and analyzes the impact of bacon on popular culture . The text is interspersed with facts about bacon and bacon related quips from comedian Jim Gaffigan . The book had a generally positive reception The Sacramento Bee called it entertaining and informational . The Toronto Star and The Sacramento Bee recommended it as a Father 's Day gift . The Portsmouth Herald and The Arizona Republic highlighted the book on lists of summer reading recommendations . Publishers Weekly wrote that bacon lovers would enjoy the book , but other readers may not so much . Content summary Bacon A Love Story contains information on cooking and curing bacon , including time honored methods and traditions . The book analyzes how bacon has affected popular culture . Lauer includes information on chefs who love of bacon and venues that serve the product throughout the United States . The book contains over 20 recipes for dishes made with bacon , including Bacon Bloody Mary , Bacon Wrapped Tater Tots , Bacon Bleu Salad , and bacon brownies . Another recipe is Bristol Bacon by chef Duncan Bristol , who owns the restaurant Brick 29 in Nampa , Idaho . Interspersed throughout the book are bits about bacon from comedian Jim Gaffigan , and random information such as that Cracker Barrel serves 124 million slices of bacon per year . Lauer notes , Speck is the direct German translation of the word ' bacon ' , and observes that the word creates cross cultural confusion . The book 's Bacon 411 section provides further information on the product . Background Before the book 's publication , Heather Lauer was a public affairs consultant in Arizona . She hatched the idea to write a book about bacon after going out for cocktails with her two brothers in 2005 . Lauer explained to The Arizona Republic I was out drinking with my brothers one night , and the topic of bacon came up . We had eaten bacon as kids , and bacon was a special thing on Sunday mornings . Somehow , the idea came up about how funny it would be to start a blog about bacon ... I took it and ran with it . She began the blog Bacon Unwrapped , at unk , and a social networking site about bacon at unk in 2005 . Lauer thought that the surge in interest in bacon products prior to the book 's publication was media driven . She noted that a response to political correctness as related to cooking and food consumption may have driven interest in the product . Lauer said that bacon seems to be the one thing that people are unwilling to give up . In a post of her blog in March 2009 , Lauer lamented those that were willing to posit an end to the trend of interest in bacon . She commented , Bacon is something that everybody is familiar with and most people grew up eating . It has a comfort aspect to it and a familiarity . It 's also got an addictive aspect to it that sweet and salty combination of flavors . She asserted that interest in the product is as much due to the culture surrounding it as to bacon itself . Current food trends focus on eating real and eating local , and there 's nothing more real than a delicious strip of bacon . In many U.S. cities , local producers and chefs are making a name for themselves because of bacon , said Lauer . She stated that most chefs would admit that bacon has long been one of their secret weapons in the kitchen . The book was marketed as the most comprehensive book about bacon to date . Lauer promoted her book in a September 2009 appearance as a co host at the Blue Ribbon Bacon Tour in Pennsylvania , hosted by fellow bacon blogger Jason Mosley ( Mr. unk , at unk ) . Reception Writing for The Sacramento Bee , Allen Pierleoni recommended the book as a gift for Father 's Day , and called the work entertaining and informational , full of anecdotes , history , recipes and explanations of what pork belly has brought to the popular culture . Rita unk of the Toronto Star also recommended the book as a Father 's Day gift . Kerry J. Byrne noted that the book covers everything from bacon curing methods to bacon blogs and includes easy recipes . Publishers Weekly reviewed called the book a voluminous look at all things bacon the review concluded , Readers who , like Lauer , possess a borderline obsessive love for bacon are likely to embrace this as their new Bible , but anyone else will quickly get their fill . Rachel Forrest of The Portsmouth Herald recommended the book in her Annual Summer Reading List for unk . Another of my favorites this year is ' Bacon A Love Story A Salty Survey of Everybody 's Favorite Meat ' by Heather Lauer . A book all about bacon ... she profiles chefs that use it , odd finds across the nation and plenty of recipes , commented Forrest . The Arizona Republic highlighted the book among its selection of Books to help turn pages of summer .
2,464	Home is the Sailor is the sixth season premiere of the American television sitcom Cheers . It originally aired on September 24 , 1987 on NBC . It is also the first episode including the fictional character Rebecca Howe , portrayed by Kirstie Alley , as the permanent female lead . It follows I Do , Adieu , which was Shelley Long 's last of her regular appearances as the female lead , Diane Chambers , who also left Boston on the show . Plot Six months after Sam sold the bar to a corporation , the place caters to a more up market clientele . Eddie Lebec turns up and is surprised when Carla Tortelli tells him she is pregnant ( incorporated by actress Rhea Perlman 's real life pregnancy ) . Sam Malone then returns to the bar after his attempt to sail around the world failed at the first hurdle when his sailboat ran ashore in the Caribbean . Though Cheers has new management , Woody Boyd and Carla are still employed at the bar , but instead they wear uniforms , much to their chagrin . Sam then also needs a job , but the bar already has two bartenders , Woody and a new employee , Wayne . Diane Chambers ' attempts at writing her novel are said to have failed , which led to her leaving Boston to write in Hollywood . Sam then meets Rebecca Howe , who is the new manager of Cheers and almost immediately turned off by him based on the rumors of Sam 's sexual prowess . Rebecca uses Sam 's former office as her own and , although it has been completely renovated , Sam is able to use Carla 's tricks to overhear Rebecca talking to her boss Evan Drake , on whom she has a crush . Evan knows Sam as a baseball player and wants to hire him to be a bartender . Sam is then hired , but one of the two current bartenders must be sacked to make room for him . The bar regulars want Wayne to go , but Rebecca wants to fire Woody . A competition then ensues to see if Wayne actually knows how to make every drink known to man . If Wayne loses the bet , he agrees to leave , but if he wins the bet , then he gets Sam 's now damaged sailboat . The gang plays a prank to cause Wayne to lose over the then fictional cocktail Screaming Viking and he walks out , though Rebecca is wise to their game and tells Sam to leave . Sam then promises nothing of the sort will occur and is provisionally re hired on the understanding that this is his last chance as Rebecca uses a seductive baseball metaphor pun about having no balls . Production The producers intended Cheers to be a comedy about a comedy itself set in the Boston bar , but , as Burrows claimed , the Sam and Diane romance predominated the show for five years and , as he hypothesized , would have made the bar more of a minor role and more irrelevant if Shelley Long had not left the show as Diane Chambers in 1987 . With Diane written out in I Do , Adieu and Long departing the series , the producers planned to revamp the show 's format without losing the bar , which has been their choice of intent , and then was relieved that the series would survive without Shelley Long . As Les Charles observed , Sam was a straight man to Diane with Diane gone , they made him more carefree and a goof off . In seeking a new female lead , James Burrows told People magazine that we thought of the part as a martinet , a bitch . Then we met Alley and there was this vulnerability , so we made her the neurotic woman of the 1980s . When Long decided to leave the show , the creators knew they wanted a new female lead who was unknown to television viewers , would not have blonde hair and resemble Long . Kirstie Alley was one of the first actresses to audition for the role of Rebecca Howe . Although she met all the criteria , the producers continued to audition actresses , but none improved on Alley 's portrayal of the character . Following which brunette haired Alley debuted as Rebecca Howe . Al Rosen , Michael Tulin , Tim Cunningham , Steve Giannelli , Alan Koss are credited for their background appearances . Reception Home Is the Sailor scored a 28 . 4 rating and was third placed in the list of top ten shows that were tuned in by households on the week of September 21 27 , 1987 . This episode earned its writers Glen and Les Charles an Emmy Award nomination for an Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series in 1988 but did not win . In 1997 , it was ranked No. 45 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2014 , IGN ranked it as number two of the top ten Cheers episodes . Screaming Viking Screaming Viking , a fictional made up cocktail seen in this episode , became an actual cocktail . According to a recipe book The Boston Chef 's Table , this cocktail is sold in the Cheers Beacon Hill , the pub the show was modeled after . The recipe book itself also provides ingredients of this cocktail orange infused rum , dark rum , unk , cranberry juice , and pineapple juice . Colleen Graham from About.com provides different ingredients for the Screaming Viking cocktail recipe vodka , dry vermouth , lime juice , celery stalk , and garnished cucumber spear . A restaurant from Charleston , South Carolina , sells a cocktail variation with different ingredients seedless cucumber , garnish ed cucumber slice , mint leaves , gin , and tonic water .
2,465	The collared brown lemur ( Eulemur collaris ) , also known as the red collared brown lemur or red collared lemur , is a medium sized strepsirrhine primate and one of twelve species of brown lemur in the family Lemuridae . It is only found in south eastern Madagascar . Like most species of lemur , it is arboreal , moving quadrupedally and occasionally leaping from tree to tree . Like other brown lemurs , it lives in social groups , primarily eats fruit , is active both day and night , exhibits sexual dichromatism , and does not demonstrate female dominance . The species is listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) and is threatened primarily by habitat loss . Taxonomy Together with the twelve other true lemurs ( genus Eulemur ) , the collared brown lemur ( E. collaris ) is a type of lemur belonging to the family Lemuridae . Collectively , lemurs ( infraorder Lemuriformes ) are classified as strepsirrhine primates . Originally listed as a subspecies of the common brown lemur ( E. fulvus ) , the collared brown lemur was promoted to full species status in 2001 by biological anthropologist Colin Groves . Anatomy and physiology An adult collared brown lemur can reach a head body length of 39 and 40 cm ( 15 and 16 in ) and have a tail length of 50 and 55 cm ( 20 and 22 in ) for an overall length of 89 and 95 cm ( 35 and 37 in ) . It has an average body weight of 2 . 25 and 2 . 5 kg ( 5 . 0 and 5 . 5 lb ) , making it a medium sized lemur . The only form of sexual dimorphism exhibited by the collared brown lemur is dichromatism . The following table illustrates the coloration differences between the sexes In the wild , the collared brown lemur 's range does not overlap with other brown lemurs , so it is rarely confused with other species . However , in captivity it can be easily confused with the gray headed lemur ( Eulemur unk ) due to similar coloration . The male collared brown lemur can be distinguished by their cream colored or rufous beards , whereas the male gray headed lemur has a white beard . Females of these two species are nearly indistinguishable , even though genetic analyses support full species status for both taxa . Ecology Found in tropical moist lowland and montane forests in southeastern Madagascar , the collared brown lemur occurs west to the forests of Kalambatritra and in the south from Tlanaro north to the Mananara River . The Mananara River is the boundary between the ranges of the collared brown lemur and the Gray headed Lemur to the north . The collared brown lemur can be seen in the Mandena Conservation Zone , Saint Luce Private Reserve , and Andohahela National Park . In its environment , the collared brown lemur acts as a seed disperser , and is especially critical for the dispersal of large seeded fruiting trees within its range . However , there is no evidence that these relationships are coevolutionary and instead these lemurs may be the last remaining seed dispersers for these tree species following the extinction of larger frugivorous birds and subfossil lemurs . Behavior Very little is known about this species . It is thought to primarily eat fruit , like most other true lemurs . It is also cathemeral ( active both day and night throughout the year ) , a trait seen in some other members of its genus . Research has suggested that metabolic dietary related needs are the leading factor behind this behavior , although the specific hours of this activity pattern can shift based on lunar luminosity and seasonal changes in the photoperiod ( day length ) . Previous studies had ruled out effects of predators on the expression of this trait , and instead pointed to fruit availability and fiber intake as more important factors . The collared brown lemur tends to live in social groups that are multi male multi female , with groups ranging in size from three to seven . Population densities are estimated at 14 individuals km2 , and it appears to be common within its range . Females give birth to one offspring between October and December , and male involvement with the young has been observed . Female dominance , a common behavioral trait in many lemur species but uncommon in most true lemurs , has not been observed in this species . Brown lemurs at Berenty ( hybrid E. fulvus x collaris ) show linear hierarchy , adult female dominance , and the presence of conciliatory behavior after aggressions . Additionally , stress levels ( measured via self directed behaviors ) decrease at the increase of the hierarchical position of individuals within the social group and reconciliation is able to bring stress down to the baseline levels . Conservation status The collared brown lemur was listed as Vulnerable ( VU unk ) in the 2008 IUCN Red List assessment . Its greatest threat is habitat loss from slash and burn agriculture and charcoal production . It is also hunted for food and captured for the local pet trade . Populations of the collared brown lemur have been successfully sustained in captivity as a safeguard against their extinction . A small group of collared brown lemurs was introduced in the 1980s into the Berenty Private Reserve and has since hybridized with introduced red fronted lemurs .
2,466	God With Us is a song written and performed Christian rock band MercyMe . The song is lyrically a worship song , inspired by a question used by lead singer Bart Millard 's pastor . Released as the lead single from MercyMe 's 2007 album All That Is Within Me , God With Us peaked at No. 1 on both the Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts , and was ranked at No. 3 and No. 4 on the 2008 year end charts , respectively . The song also ranked at No. 12 on the decade end Hot Christian AC chart , and No. 19 on the decade end Hot Christian Songs chart . Background God with Us was the first song written for MercyMe 's album All That Is Within Me , as well as the song the band based the rest of the album around . The song 's lyrics were inspired by the question Why does God look our way , which the band 's lead singer Bart Millard 's pastor used to ask to his congregation . Millard could not get this idea out of his head , and wanted to create a song around this idea . God with Us was designed for the church , as well as to be used in worship . God with Us was written and composed by MercyMe . It was produced by Brown Bannister , and the strings on the song were recorded by the London Session Orchestra . Composition God With Us is a worship song with a length of five minutes and fifty two seconds . It is set in common time and in the key of A major , with a moderate tempo of 92 beats per minute , and a vocal range spanning from A3 E5 . Reception Critical reception Critical reception to God With Us was generally positive . Mike Parker of Today 's Christian Music commented that God With Us , a superlative , six minute marathon , may be the best cut on the album , also opining that With plenty of time to sink its teeth into the song , the band delivers more emotion than on any tune since I Can Only Imagine . Kevin McNeese of New Release Tuesday called the song a worship filled moment , while Jay Heilman of Christian Music Review opined that the song is a reminder of how compassionate and loving the Lord is of us . Chart performance God With Us debuted at No. 17 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart . It advanced to No. 13 in its second week , and to No. 8 in its third . In its fifth chart week , God With Us advanced to No. 4 , a spot it held for an additional two weeks . In its ninth chart week , the song advanced to No. 1 , a spot it held for three weeks before being supplanted by East to West by Casting Crowns . The song dropped to No. 2 in its twelfth chart week and held that spot for three weeks before advancing back into No. 1 and holding at that spot for five weeks . In its twentieth chart week , God With Us fell to No. 2 , removed from the top spot by Matthew West 's You Are Everything , and held that spot for three weeks . God With Us dropped out of the top five in its twenty ninth chart week , falling to No. 6 , and dropped out of the top ten in its thirty fifth chart week . In all , God With Us spent a total of thirty eight weeks on the Hot Christian Songs chart , eight of them at No. 1 . God With Us also peaked at No. 1 on the Hot Christian AC chart , and spent a total of thirty eight weeks on the chart . In Billboard 's 2008 year end charts , God With Us ranked at No. 3 on the Hot Christian Songs chart only You Are Everything by Matthew West and Call My Name by Third Day ranked higher . Billboard also ranked the song at No. 4 on the year end Hot Christian AC chart , with only You Are Everything by Matthew West , Let It Fade by Jeremy Camp , and Call My Name by Third Day ranking higher . The song ranked on Billboard 's 2000s decade end charts , at No. 12 on the Hot Christian AC chart and No. 19 on the Hot Christian Songs chart . Live performances MercyMe has performed God with Us live on concert tours . At the concert which took place on 4 November 2011 at the Van Andel Arena in Grand Rapids , Michigan , the band performed God with Us as part of their setlist . At a concert in Council Bluffs , Iowa , the band , dressed in suits designed around their then upcoming album The Generous Mr. Lovewell , performed God with Us as the final song of their setlist . At a concert in Huntsville , Alabama , MercyMe performed God with Us as part of their setlist . Other uses God with Us has been included in several compilation albums , such as WOW Hits 2009 and Wow 1s 30 1 Christian Hits . MercyMe included both the song and a live version of the song on their 2009 compilation album 10 . Music video A music video was released for God With Us . The video features MercyMe performing in a live setting . Charts Weekly charts Year end charts Decade end charts Chart procession and succession Personnel ( Instrumental and composition credits lifted from Allmusic , writing credits lifted from sheet music ) Bart Millard lead vocals , writer , composer Jim Bryson keyboards , piano , writer , composer Nathan Cochran bass guitar , writer , composer Barry Graul guitar , writer , composer Mike Scheuchzer guitar , writer , composer Robby Shaffer drums , writer , composer The London Session Orchestra strings
2,467	Robin Denise Smith ( born October 9 , 1964 ) , better known by her ring name Rockin ' Robin , is an American former professional wrestler . As the daughter of Aurelian Grizzly Smith , she is a second generation wrestler . Her brother Sam Houston and half brother Jake The Snake Roberts are also wrestlers . Smith worked for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in the 1980s . She held the WWF Women 's Championship from October 1988 until it was retired in 1990 . She then worked on the independent circuit . Professional wrestling career World Wrestling Federation Smith grew up in a wrestling family and enjoyed going to wrestling shows , where she claims she and her siblings were treated like celebrities . Smith later decided to become a professional wrestler and trained , along with her sister in law unk Roberts ( known by her ring name Baby Doll ) , under Nelson Royal . During 1987 , Smith competed as Rockin ' Robin in Wild West Wrestling , where she feuded with Debbie Combs and Sue Green . When the WWF decided to restart their women 's division in the late 1980s , both women tried out for the company , but the role ultimately went to Smith . Smith , as Rockin ' Robin , debuted in the WWF in late 1987 . She competed at the first Survivor Series as a member of The Fabulous Moolah 's team . Throughout 1988 , she feuded with Sensational Sherri for the WWF Women 's Championship . On October 7 , 1988 , she defeated Sensational Sherri , who had held the title for fifteen months prior , for the Women 's Championship in Paris . At the Royal Rumble in 1989 , she defended the title against Judy Martin . Smith defended the belt against Martin for the first six months of 1989 . In the meantime , at WrestleMania V , she sang America the Beautiful to open the show . Smith continued to defend the Women 's title against Martin throughout the summer of 1989 . She held the championship until 1990 , when she left the company . At that time , the title was retired by the WWF due to inactivity . Smith is still in possession of the title belt . The title remained inactive until 1993 . Independent circuit Unlike some former WWF wrestlers , Smith was able to continue using her ring name after leaving the company because she owned the rights to it . In 1990 , wrestler Hiro Matsuda , who had feuded with her father in the 1960s , picked Smith to tour for All Japan Women 's Pro Wrestling . In Japan , Smith teamed with Luna Vachon . The Japanese bookers gave the girls a positive review for their work with the company . In the United States , Smith defeated Peggy Lee Leather for the Ladies Major League Wrestling 's International Championship . She still occasionally defended the WWF Women 's Championship , even though the title was officially declared vacant by the World Wrestling Federation . In May 1991 she defended the WWF Women 's Championship against Japanese Women 's Champion Madusa Miceli on a Great Lakes Wrestling Association event . On June 9 , 1991 , she defeated Candi Devine in Herb Abrams 's Universal Wrestling Federation to become the first UWF Women 's Champion at UWF Beach Brawl . She also competed in the Ladies Professional Wrestling Association ( LPWA ) , forming a tag team with Wendi Richter . She competed at LPWA 's only pay per view , LPWA Super Ladies Showdown . Personal life Smith and her brother Sam Houston are the children of Aurelian Grizzly Smith and were born after his first marriage dissolved . Her half brother is Jake The Snake Roberts , who was born during their father 's first marriage . Robin and her brothers all wrestled in the WWF at the same time in the 1980s , but their relationship was never mentioned on screen at the request of Robin . Author and former National Wrestling Alliance president Howard Brody alleges in his book Swimming with Piranhas that Robin was a victim of sexual abuse at the hands of her father . According to Brody , Robin was removed from her father 's care when her mother discovered what had been happening . After leaving the WWF in 1990 , Smith was married to a man named Harvey unk . unk was sentenced to 81 months in federal prison for 10 counts of filing false tax returns , identity theft and access device fraud . After divorcing , she moved to Louisiana and opened a telemarketing company that sold industrial chemicals and precious metals . Later , she opened a real estate appraisal business . During this time , Smith had a drinking problem but eventually was able to quit altogether . In 2005 , Smith 's home and all of her belongings were destroyed by Hurricane Katrina . During the aftermath of the hurricane , she stayed with family in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . She now runs a real estate appraisal business in Hammond , Louisiana . In wrestling Finishing moves Bulldog Signature moves Crossbody , sometimes from the top rope Championships and accomplishments Cauliflower Alley Club Women 's Wrestling Award ( 2011 ) Great Lakes Wrestling Association unk Women 's Championship ( 1 time , first ) Ladies Major League Wrestling unk International Championship ( 1 time ) Universal Wrestling Federation UWF Women 's World Championship ( 1 time ) World Wrestling Federation WWF Women 's Championship ( 1 time )
2,468	Robert Keyes was a member of the group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605 , a conspiracy to assassinate King James I by blowing up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605 . He was the sixth man to join the plot . Unlike several other conspirators Keyes was not a particularly wealthy man . He was trusted by Robert Catesby , the plot 's author , with guarding the explosives stored at the latter 's lodgings in London . When the plot was uncovered he fled the city , and was captured several days later in Warwickshire . He was subsequently tried with his co conspirators , found guilty , and in January 1606 hanged , drawn and quartered . Life before 1604 Born in about 1565 , Robert Keyes was the son of the Protestant Rector of Staveley in North Derbyshire . His mother was a daughter of Sir Robert Tyrwhitt of unk in Lincolnshire , and related to the Catholic unk of unk . Keyes ' first cousin Elizabeth unk was married to another member of the plot , Ambrose Rookwood . By 1604 , Robert had converted to Catholicism . His wife Christina , a widow when he married her , was the governess for the children of Henry Mordaunt , 4th Baron Mordaunt , at Drayton in Northamptonshire , and for this Keyes gained the use of horses and other amenities . Gunpowder Plot English Catholics had hoped that the persecution of their faith would end when the apparently more tolerant King James I succeeded Queen Elizabeth I , but Robert Catesby , a Catholic zealot from Ashby St Ledgers , remained unimpressed by the new royal dynasty . He therefore planned to kill James by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder , following which he would help incite a popular revolt to install James 's daughter , Princess Elizabeth , as titular Queen . His role being to guard the gunpowder and other items stored at Catesby 's house in Lambeth , Keyes joined the conspiracy in October 1604 . The Jesuit priest John Gerard described Keyes as a grave and sober man , and of great wit and sufficiency . Father Oswald Tesimond claimed that Keyes had tasted persecution himself , having lost his goods because of it while historian and author Cyril Northcote Parkinson 's image of him was of a desperate man , ruined and indebted . Tall , with a red beard , despite his relative poverty Catesby declared him a trusty honest man , and may have paid him for his services . Like fellow plotter Guy Fawkes , he was thought capable of looking after himself . Several conspirators expressed concerns about the safety of fellow Catholics who would be at Parliament on the day of the planned explosion Keyes was particularly worried about Lord Mordaunt , his wife 's employer . Thomas Percy was concerned for his patron , Henry Percy , 9th Earl of Northumberland , and the Lords Vaux , Montague , Monteagle and Stourton were also mentioned . Keyes 's suggestion to warn Lord Mordaunt was treated by Catesby with derision , when he answered that he would not for the chamber full of diamonds acquaint him with the secret , for that he knew he could not keep it . Keyes and his cousin in law Ambrose Rookwood spent the night before the planned explosion at the house of an Elizabeth More , near Temple Bar . They were visited late that evening by Fawkes ( in charge of the explosives beneath the House of Lords ) who collected a watch left by Percy , for timing the fuse . Several hours later , however , Fawkes was discovered guarding the explosives , and arrested . Failure and death When Keyes heard that Fawkes had been captured he took to his horse and fled for the Midlands . He was overtaken at Highgate by Rookwood , who was rushing to inform Catesby and the others of what had transpired . After he and Rookwood had caught up with Catesby , Percy , Thomas Bates , and John and Christopher Wright , Keyes left the group , and headed instead for Lord Mordaunt 's house at Drayton , where he went to ground . He was identified as a suspect on 6 November , and captured several days later . The conspirators were tried on 27 January 1606 at Westminster Hall . Despite entering pleas of not guilty ( only Digby professed his guilt ) , all eight were found guilty . They were each allowed to speak wherefore judgement of death should not be pronounced against them . Keyes made no attempt to excuse his actions , claiming that death was as good now as at any other time , preferable to living in the midst of so much tyranny . The Jesuit Oswald Tesimond wrote in his Narrative of Keyes 's defence He claimed that his motive had been to promote the common good . That is , he hoped that his native land would be turned back to the Catholic faith . The violence of the present persecution had driven him also to take part in the conspiracy . On 31 January 1606 Keyes , Rookwood , Thomas Wintour and Fawkes were taken to the Old Palace Yard in Westminster , to be hanged , drawn and quartered . Rookwood and Wintour were the first to ascend to the gallows . Grim faced , Keyes went stoutly up the ladder , but with the halter around his neck he threw himself off , presumably hoping for a quick death . The halter broke , however , and he was taken to the block to suffer the remainder of his sentence .
2,469	The Rocky Mountains , Lander 's Peak is an 1863 landscape oil painting by the German American painter Albert Bierstadt . It is based on sketches made during Bierstadt 's travels with Frederick W. Lander 's Honey Road Survey Party in 1859 . The painting shows Lander 's Peak in the Wyoming Range of the Rocky Mountains , with an encampment of Native Americans in the foreground . It has been compared to , and exhibited with , The Heart of the Andes by Frederic Edwin Church . Lander 's Peak immediately became a critical and popular success and sold in 1865 for 25 , 000 . Background Hudson River School landscape painter Albert Bierstadt ( 1830 1902 ) was born in Germany , and , though his family moved to New Bedford , Massachusetts , when he was two , he spent many of his formative years in Europe . He made his debut in an 1858 exhibition , but his breakthrough came in the aftermath of a journey he made the following year . In the spring of 1859 , Bierstadt joined the Honey Road Survey Party led by then colonel Frederick W. Lander . He traveled as far as the Wind River Range in the Rocky Mountains , and made studies for numerous paintings along the way . Bierstadt was greatly impressed by the landscape he encountered , and described the Rocky Mountains as the best material for the artist in the world . He had a habit of doing extensive preparation for his work , on occasion making as many as fifty sketches for a single painting . In 1860 , he exhibited Base of the Rocky Mountains , Laramie Peak at the National Academy of Design . His greatest success , however , came with The Rocky Mountains , Lander 's Peak , which he exhibited in 1863 at the Tenth Street Studio Building , where he also had a studio . Composition and theme The painting shows Lander 's Peak , a mountain with a summit of 10 , 456 feet ( 3 , 187 m ) in the Wyoming Range in modern day Wyoming . The peak was named after Frederick W. Lander on Bierstadt 's initiative , after Lander 's death in the Civil War . In one description of the painting , unk pointed granite peaks and fantastically illuminated clouds float above a tranquil , wooded genre scene . The foreground is dominated by the campsite of a tribe of Native Americans . The landscape in the painting is not the actual landscape as it appears at Lander 's Peak , but rather an ideal landscape based on nature , altered by Bierstadt for dramatic effect . Bierstadt 's painting hit a nerve with contemporary Americans , by portraying the grandeur and pristine beauty of the nation 's western wilderness . It was a reference to the idea of Manifest Destiny , where the Rocky Mountains represented both natural beauty , and an obstacle to westward expansion . In the words of historian Anne F. Hyde Bierstadt painted the West as Americans hoped it would be , which made his paintings vastly popular and reinforced the perception of the West as either Europe or sublime Eden . At the same time , the Native Americans in the foreground gave the scene authenticity , and presented it as a timeless place , untouched by European hands . Reception Lander 's Peak was an immediate success twelve hundred people were invited for the exhibition , and almost a thousand showed up . Bierstadt was a shrewd self promoter as well as a gifted artist , and this was the first of his paintings to be widely promoted with a single picture exhibition , accompanied by a pamphlet , engravings and a tour . The painting , with its ten foot width , was intended both for exhibition halls and the homes of America 's emergent millionaire class . In 1865 it was purchased by British railway entrepreneur James McHenry for the ( at the time ) high price of 25 , 000 . Bierstadt later bought it back , and gave or sold it to his brother Edward , before it was eventually acquired for the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1907 . Comparisons were made between Lander 's Peak and The Heart of the Andes , a contemporary painting by one of Bierstadt 's main rivals in the landscape genre , Frederic Edwin Church . The two works represented the two great mountain ranges spanning North and South America . At the New York Metropolitan Fair in 1864 , held by the United States Sanitary Commission to raise money for the Union war effort , the two paintings were exhibited opposite each other . Lander 's Peak and The Heart of the Andes are still exhibited on opposite walls at their current location at the Metropolitan . Most reviews of the painting were positive one review called it beyond question one of the finest landscapes ever painted in this country , adding , Its artistic merits are in some respects unrivalled and added to these it has the advantage of being a representative painting of a portion of the most sublime and beautiful scenery on the American Continent . The painting won a prize at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1867 . At the same time , there were also critical voices in particular , some American Pre Raphaelites found his brushwork wanting . One such critic complained that it would have been better if the marks of the brush had , by dexterous handling , been made to stand for scrap and fissure , crag and cranny , but as it is , we have only too little geology and too much bristle .
2,470	The Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Metal Performance Vocal or Instrumental was an award presented at the 31st Grammy Awards in 1989 to honor quality hard rock metal works ( albums or songs ) . The Grammy Awards , an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position . The Academy recognized hard rock music artists for the first time in 1989 with the category Best Hard Rock Metal Performance Vocal or Instrumental , combining two of the most popular music genres of the unk , who were expected to win the inaugural award for their album ... And Justice for All , lost to Jethro Tull whose album Crest of a Knave won instead . This choice led to widespread criticism of the Academy , as journalists suggested that Jethro Tull 's music did not belong in either the hard rock or heavy metal genres . In response , the Academy separated the genres creating the categories Best Hard Rock Performance and Best Metal Performance . This incident is often considered an example of the Grammy Awards being out of touch with popular sentiment , and was named the biggest upset in Grammy history by Entertainment Weekly . In 2012 , the combined Hard Rock Metal category returned following a major overhaul of Grammy Award categories . The separate Best Hard Rock Performance and Best Metal Performance categories were merged into the slightly renamed Best Hard Rock Metal Performance category . However , in June 2013 , it was announced that the combined category was being discontinued in favor of reinstating Best Metal Performance . Beginning in 2014 , quality hard rock performances were recognized under the category Best Rock Performance . Award In 1988 , the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences added a Hard Rock Metal Performance category for the 31st Grammy Awards . Nominated works for the award included Blow Up Your Video by AC DC , Cold Metal by Iggy Pop ( from the album Instinct ) , Nothing 's Shocking by Jane 's Addiction , Crest of a Knave by Jethro Tull , and ... And Justice for All by Metallica . Jethro Tull 's lead singer Ian Anderson was surprised by the band 's nomination , as both Anderson and music critics did not consider the group 's music to be part of the heavy metal music genre . Metallica 's performance at the ceremony , held in February 1989 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , marked the first time a heavy metal group had performed during the Grammy Awards . Metallica was expected to win the award , and members of Jethro Tull were told by their record label Chrysalis Records not to bother attending the ceremony because they weren 't likely to win . However , Jethro Tull won the award ( recipients included members Ian Anderson , Martin Barre , and Dave Pegg ) , and when presenters Alice Cooper and Lita Ford announced the result , booing could be heard from the crowd . Anderson , who assumed that the band was being recognized for their twenty year history , as opposed to a single album , later stated that he was lucky not to have attended the ceremony , admitting that there was no way he could have accepted the award under those circumstances . Controversy and aftermath The result , considered an embarrassment for the Academy , generated much controversy . In response to the criticism they received over the award , Jethro Tull 's record label took out an advertisement in Billboard magazine with a picture of a flute ( part of their trademark sound ) lying amid a pile of iron unk and the line , The flute is a heavy , metal instrument Metallica also added a sticker to subsequent releases of ... And Justice for All , reading Grammy Award unk . Separate awards for Best Hard Rock Performance and Best Metal Performance were introduced in 1990 . Beginning that year , Metallica won three consecutive Grammy Awards for Best Metal Performance for the song One from ... And Justice for All , their cover of Queen 's Stone Cold Crazy , and their eponymous album in 1992 . When Metallica won the Grammy in 1992 , drummer Lars Ulrich referenced the previous award by facetiously thanking Jethro Tull for not putting out an album that year , though they actually had released the album Catfish Rising in 1991 . A decade after Jethro Tull defeated Metallica , Ulrich admitted I 'd be lying if I didn 't tell you I was disappointed . Human nature is that you 'd rather win than lose , but Jethro Tull walking away with it makes a huge mockery of the intentions of the event . As of 2010 , Metallica holds the record for the most wins in the metal category , with a total of six . This incident is often cited as an example of the Grammy Awards selection committee being out of touch with popular sentiment , and was named the biggest upset in Grammy history by Entertainment Weekly . Other publications that have included the Best Hard Rock Metal Performance upset in their lists of top Grammy moments include Cracked.com ( number one ) , Time ( number ten ) , and the Ventura County Star ( number twenty ) .
2,471	All My People is a song recorded by Romanian recording artist Alexandra Stan for her Japan only reissue album , Clich ( Hush Hush ) ( 2013 ) . Written and produced by Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi , the track features vocal collaboration from Prodan 's fictional character , Manilla Maniacs . His vocals were particularly praised by music critics as being low pitched and distorted . Musically , All My People is a club friendly electro dance song and draws influences from Stan 's single Mr. Saxobeat ( 2010 ) . Upon release , the track garnered mostly positive reviews from music critics , who called it catchy and found the recording to be unconventional when compared to her previous material . Stand uploaded a music video for the song on YouTube on 3 May 2013 filmed at a heating power plant in Sofia , Bulgaria the video was directed by unk Borisov . Critics pointed out Stan 's erotic appearance the singer is seen lying on a bed sporting lingerie and surrounded by surveillance cameras . Her choreography drew comparisons to work done by American entertainer Michael Jackson , while the singer wore Madonna esque outfits . All My People peaked within the top fifty on music charts in Romania and Japan , while the single peaked at number fifty five in Italy . Background The song was written and produced by Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi , her longtime collaborators , and recorded at their recording studio , Maan Studios , located in Constana , Romania . Stan made the release of new material public through her Facebook account she later released an audio version of a new track , All My People , on Soundcloud . The track portrays a featuring with Prodan 's unk character , Manilla unk , who provides low pitched and distorted vocals for the refrain . Musically , the single is of the electro dance genre , featuring an alert rhythm and minimal lyrics . Upon the release of the single , Romanian website Urban.ro pointed out the evolution of Stan 's artistry , with them confessing that the instrumentation of All My People was club friendly , unlike her 2012 single , Lemonade , which featured sweet beats . When interviewed , Stan commented that the song was influenced by her 2010 release , Mr. Saxobeat . Critical reception Kevin Apaza , writing for Direct Lyrics , called the single very catchy , saying that it was different from the material she had released before he said that he just doesn 't see the track as a European monster hit and confessed that its lyrics and the video concept didn 't make much sense . To close his review , Apaza praised Maniacs 's vocal contribution to the song , calling his voice cool . Frederica de Martino , a writer for the Italian music website Canzoni Web , noted the commercial success of the recording , commenting that it will be for sure as successful as her previous hits . MTV Romania expected the track to become a hit . Promotion and music video To promote the song , Stan embarked on a European tour , where she performed in Italy , United Kingdom , Turkey and Russia . Upon its release , Italian radio stations began playing the track on heavy rotation , thus making the song entering the top five of the iTunes Charts there after four days . An official music video for the song was first previewed with a teaser on 2 May 2016 , following which it was released onto YouTube on 3 May 2016 . Shot in Sofia , Bulgaria , at a heating power plant by Bulgarian director unk Borisov , Stan confessed about their collaboration that she knew him for a long time and they wanted to collaborate already from her first music video . Furthermore , she described the filming process as being difficult , as the crew didn 't speak English or Romanian . The clip commences with a police car arriving at the heating power plant , followed by Stan lying on a bed surrounded by surveillance cameras , sporting black lingerie . She is then introduced wearing a black hat and white shirt with a tie , while a crowd of male and female dancers perform a synchronized choreography . Following this , Stan makes an appearance wearing a white dress , and a police car is shown arriving . Subsequently , two policemen get out of the car in order to search for Stan . However , they do not find her in the bed and the video ends with Stan leaving the building and the men watching material recorded by the surveillance cameras . Alexandra Necula , writing for Romanian music website Info Music , said that the clip exploited the sexuality and sensuality of the artist , with her explaining that Stan 's appearance in the video portrayed a woman with pornographic tents . She said that Stan 's moves were unk , and compared one of her outfits throughout the video to Madonna . Urban.ro compared the choreography of the clip to Michael Jackson 's 1980s works . Los 40 Principales cited the video for All My People as one of Stan 's best clips ever . Track listing Digital download All My People 3 19 Digital remixes EP All My People ( Fedo Mora Oki Doro Remix Edit ) 2 48 All My People ( Fedo Mora Oki Doro Remix ) 4 50 All My People ( unk Remix Edit ) 2 55 All My People ( unk Remix ) 5 24 Charts Release history
2,472	Ocan was a wooden hulled , armored frigate built for the French Navy in the mid to late 1860s and the lead ship of her class . She was commissioned in 1870 to participate in the Franco Prussian War and was assigned to the Baltic Squadron that unsuccessfully attempted to blockade Prussian ports in the Baltic Sea . The ship later served in both the Northern and Mediterranean Squadrons before being discarded in 1894 . Design and description The Ocan class ironclads were designed by Henri Dupuy de Lme as an improved version of the Provence class ironclads . The ships were central battery ironclads with the armament concentrated amidships . For the first time in a French ironclad three watertight iron bulkheads were fitted in the hull . Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal reinforced ram . The ship measured 87 . 73 meters ( 287 ft 10 in ) overall , with a beam of 17 . 52 meters ( 57 ft 6 in ) . Ocan had a maximum draft of 9 . 09 meters ( 29 ft 10 in ) and displaced 7 , 749 metric tons ( 7 , 627 long tons ) . Her crew numbered between 750 and 778 officers and men . The metacentric height of the ship was very low , between 1 . 7 2 . 2 feet ( 0 . 5 0 . 7 m ) . Propulsion The Ocan class ships had one horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving a single propeller . Their engines were powered by eight oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced 3 , 600 indicated horsepower ( 2 , 700 kW ) and Ocan reached 13 . 5 knots ( 25 . 0 km h 15 . 5 mph ) . She carried 650 metric tons ( 640 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for approximately 3 , 000 nautical miles ( 5 , 600 km 3 , 500 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . The Ocan class ships were barque or barquentine rigged with three masts and had a sail area around 2 , 000 square meters ( 22 , 000 sq ft ) . Armament These ships had their main armament mounted in four barbettes on the upper deck , one gun at each corner of the battery , with the remaining guns on the battery deck below the barbettes . Ocan 's original armament consisted of four 240 millimeter ( 9 . 4 in ) guns in the barbettes , and on the battery deck , four 194 millimeter ( 7 . 6 in ) and four 164 millimeter ( 6 . 5 in ) guns . This was to upgraded four 274 millimeter ( 10 . 8 in ) guns in the barbettes and eight 240 millimeter ( 9 . 4 in ) guns on the battery deck before she was commissioned . The 18 caliber 274 millimeter Modle 1870 gun fired an armor piercing , 476 . 2 pound ( 216 . 0 kg ) shell while the gun itself weighed 22 . 84 long tons ( 23 . 21 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 , 424 ft s ( 434 m s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14 . 3 inches ( 360 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The armor piercing shell of the 19 caliber 240 millmeter Modle 1870 gun weighed 317 . 5 pounds ( 144 . 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 15 . 41 long tons ( 15 . 66 t ) . It had a muzzle velocity of 1 , 624 ft s ( 495 m s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14 . 4 inches ( 366 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . At some point the ship received a dozen 37 millimeter ( 1 . 5 in ) Hotchkiss 5 barrel revolving guns . They fired a shell weighing about 500 g ( 1 . 1 lb ) at a muzzle velocity of about 610 m s ( 2 , 000 ft s ) to a range of about 3 , 200 meters ( 3 , 500 yd ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute . The hull was not recessed to enable any of the guns on the battery deck to fire forward or aft . However , the guns mounted in the barbettes sponsoned out over the sides of the hull did have some ability to fire fore and aft . Late in the ship 's career four above water 356 millimeter ( 14 . 0 in ) torpedo tubes were added . Armor The Ocean class ships had a complete 178 203 millimeter ( 7 . 0 8 . 0 in ) wrought iron waterline belt . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 160 millimeters ( 6 . 3 in ) of wrought iron . The barbette armor was 150 millimeters ( 5 . 9 in ) thick . The unarmored portions of their sides were protected by 15 millimeter ( 0 . 6 in ) iron plates . Gardiner says that the barbette armor was later removed to improve their stability , but this is not confirmed by any other source . Service Ocan was laid down at Brest in July 1865 and launched on 15 October 1868 . The ship began her sea trials on 3 December 1869 , but was not commissioned until 21 July 1870 for service during the Franco Prussian War of 1870 71 . Ocan was assigned to the Northern Squadron that attempted to blockade Prussian ports on the Baltic until the squadron was ordered to return to Cherbourg on 16 September 1870 . Afterward she was assigned to the Evolutionary Squadron until 1875 when she was placed in reserve . Ocan was recommissioned in 1879 for service with the Mediterranean Squadron . She had a lengthy refit in 1884 85 and was assigned to the Northern Squadron after it was completed . Around 1888 the ship was transferred back to the Mediterranean Squadron until she was reduced to reserve around 1891 . Ocan was assigned to the Gunnery School that same year and later became a training ship for naval apprentices before being condemned in 1894 .
2,473	New York State Route 448 ( NY 448 ) is a 3 . 90 mile ( 6 . 28 km ) long state highway in western Westchester County , New York , in the United States . The route begins in the village of Sleepy Hollow at U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) and goes in a northeast direction through the Pocantico Hills community in Mount Pleasant . It ends at NY 117 in Mount Pleasant , near the junction of NY 117 with Saw Mill River Road ( NY 9A and NY 100 ) and the Taconic State Parkway . From 1930 to the early 1970s , NY 448 was part of NY 117 . Route description NY 448 begins at an intersection with New Broadway and US 9 ( North Broadway ) in the village of Sleepy Hollow , then heads through a residential area as Bedford Road . After the Webber Avenue intersection , NY 448 turns to the northeast , where it passes the athletic fields of Sleepy Hollow High School . NY 448 intersects with Sleepy Hollow Road , which leads into a residential development and parallels NY 448 northeastward for a short distance . Near the southern edge of Rockefeller State Park Preserve , NY 448 turns east and enters Kykuit , the estate of the Rockefeller family . At the hamlet of Pocantico Hills , the highway intersects with Lake Road and turns to the northeast , passing through more residential areas as it leaves the estate . NY 448 passes the Pocantico Hills Central School on its way , continuing northeast towards Phelps Way ( NY 117 ) . The road continues through a vacant area and heads northward into Mount Pleasant , where NY 448 terminates at an intersection with NY 117 . Bedford Road continues east of this point as part of NY 117 . History The entirety of NY 448 was originally designated as part of NY 117 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . In 1932 33 , John D. Rockefeller offered to straighten a short section of NY 117 that passed through Kykuit , the Rockefeller family estate , citing safety concerns . The state expressed similar sentiments in 1949 , deeming the stretch unsafe for commercial traffic . By the 1960s , the annual average daily traffic count along NY 117 had grown to 5 , 000 vehicles per day , far more than the 1 , 800 that the road had originally been built to serve . This led the New York State Legislature to approve plans for a new alignment for NY 117 in 1965 . The new road would be located north of the existing road , relieving traffic congestion on the Albany Post Road ( US 9 ) and NY 117 and providing access to NY 9A , US 9 , the Taconic State Parkway and the proposed Hudson River Expressway in the North Tarrytown area . Several different routes were considered for the alignment . The path ultimately selected by the state was a four lane , limited access highway 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) north of the current alignment that would cost 5 . 5 million ( 1966 USD ) . Another proposed route would have cost 8 million ( 1966 USD ) , containing additional grades and curves while coming closer to the Rockefeller estate . Construction on the new NY 117 was expected to begin before the end of 1966 . The reaction from area residents was mixed , with some believing that the only beneficiaries of a realigned NY 117 was the Rockefeller family . Rumors that the Rockefeller family had wanted NY 117 moved had existed as early as the 1930s , and US Representative Richard Ottinger believed that Nelson Rockefeller , then the Governor of New York , was using his political power to move NY 117 away from Kykuit at the cost of the state . An aide to the Rockefellers denied this charge . The Sleepy Hollow Valley Committee , comprising 11 members whose homes were in the right of way of the new alignment , protested that the route would destroy the countryside . They were opposed by the Potantico Hills Residents Committee , as most residents in Potantico Hills supported the new alignment . The former committee filed a lawsuit in the New York State Supreme Court to block the new roadway , and they were joined in their efforts by conservationist groups and the village of North Tarrytown . On June 28 , 1966 , the case was heard by the court . Engineers with the New York State Department of Highways were accused of showing unprecedented pell mell haste in working on a project with the Rockefellers before any injunctions could stop it . State Attorney General Joseph Romano countered that the state was not conspiring to provide anyone special benefits , saying that NY 117 was dangerous for years and opponents to the project were thinking up little gimmicks , unk arguments and ethereal ideas to mislead the court . A request by the state to dismiss the suit was denied in August 1966 , and the case was eventually heard by the state Court of Appeals , the highest court in the state . In the meantime , the state built the easternmost mile ( 1 . 6 km ) of the new alignment , which was not affected by the lawsuit . On July 7 , 1967 , the court ruled 6 1 in favor of the Sleepy Hollow Valley Committee . As a result , the western half of the new road was moved an additional mile to the north , bypassing North Tarrytown completely . The new alignment of NY 117 was completed in the early 1970s , and its former alignment along Bedford Road was redesignated as NY 448 . Major intersections The entire route is in Westchester County .
2,474	M 125 is a 19 1 2 mile long ( 31 . 4 km ) state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan . The highway is entirely within Monroe County with the southern terminus on the Ohio state border near Toledo and a northern terminus at US Highway 24 ( US 24 ) in Frenchtown Township , 5 miles ( 8 . 0 km ) north of Monroe . M 125 runs through rural farmlands and connects a couple of smaller towns with Monroe . It has an unsigned connector highway that links the main highway with Interstate 75 ( I 75 ) . The highway is a section of the former Dixie Highway and US 25 in the state . It was first added to the state highway system in 1926 and given its current number in 1973 . Previously there were two other highways that carried the M 125 moniker . One in the 1930s ran through the Upper Peninsula near Thompson and a second from 1938 until the mid 1950s was located in Bay County . The current designation was created in 1973 when US 25 was decommissioned in Michigan . The section in downtown Monroe was named what is now a Pure Michigan Byway in 1995 . Route description M 125 starts at the state line as the continuation of Detroit Avenue running northward from Toledo . Once across the state line , the roadway takes on the Dixie Highway name and passes a residential subdivision . The highway runs north northeasterly roughly parallel with , and between , both US 24 and I 75 through farm land in rural Monroe County . The trunkline passes through the community of Erie before intersecting with Conn . M 125 ( Summit Street ) north of town . That unsigned connector is a state highway that links M 125 with I 75 to the south . Continuing north , M 125 intersects Luna Pier Road , which to the west is the unsigned Conn . US 24 that offers a path to US 24 ( Telegraph Road ) . The route of M 125 changes direction slightly as it passes through the community of LaSalle north of town it follows a more northeasterly course . The roadway passes through residential areas north of town as it approaches Monroe . South of the city , M 125 crosses the La Plaisance Creek and turns north northwesterly through South Monroe . North of Lake Monroe , the road name changes from Dixie Highway to Monroe Street . The highway is the main street of the downtown area as it crosses the River Raisin upstream from the River Raisin National Battlefield Park . M 125 exits town near The Mall of Monroe . About five miles ( 8 . 0 km ) north of Monroe , after running through farm land again , M 125 terminates at an intersection where Dixie Highway merges into US 24 ( Telegraph Road ) . M 125 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2011 showed that the highest traffic levels along M 125 were the 21 , 229 vehicles daily between Jones and Front streets in Monroe the lowest counts were the 2 , 306 vehicles per day between Stearns and Erie roads near Erie . No section of M 125 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . History Previous designations M 125 was first designated on a road in the Upper Peninsula from US 2 to north of Thompson in 1931 this roadway was later merged into M 149 in 1936 after a rerouting of US 2 through the area . Later in 1938 , the M 125 designation was used for a highway under construction along Parish Road in Bay County running for three miles ( 4 . 8 km ) west of US 23 ( now M 13 ) . The highway intersected US 23 between Kawkawlin and Linwood and ran westward to 7 Mile Road . It was completed as a gravel road in 1939 , and paved by 1945 . The second M 125 was transferred back to local control in late 1956 or early 1957 . Current designation The Dixie Highway was conceived in 1915 to connect Chicago to Miami and commemorate a half century since the end of the Civil War . On the suggestion of Governor Woodbridge Ferris , representatives from Michigan convinced the Dixie Highway Association to include Michigan in the proposed auto trail . Two divisions through the Lower Peninsula were included , the eastern one included a route between Detroit and Toledo via Monroe . This section of the Dixie Highway in Monroe County was first added to the state highway system in 1926 when US 25 was created . The highway was rerouted through downtown Monroe in the early 1930s instead of turning westward in downtown to connect to Telegraph Road , the highway instead continued northward to the current Dixie Highway Telegraph Road intersection . When the US 25 designation was decommissioned in the state in 1973 , the highway segment between the state line and the Monroe area was given the M 125 designation . The routing has remained unchanged since . In 1995 , the section through downtown Monroe was named what is now a Pure Michigan Byway . Major intersections The entire highway is in Monroe County .
2,475	German submarine U 111 was a Type IXB U boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She had a short career , sinking four enemy vessels and damaging one other . These victories took place over a period of two war patrols . During her first sortie , the boat sank two enemy vessels and damaged a further one . On her second patrol , U 111 sank two more enemy ships before she herself was sunk on 4 October 1941 southwest of Tenerife , by depth charges from a British warship . Out of a crew of 52 officers and men , eight died in the attack 44 survived . Construction and design Construction U 111 was ordered to be built by the Kriegsmarine on 8 August 1939 ( as part of Plan Z and in violation of the Treaty of Versailles ) . Her keel was laid down on 20 February 1940 by DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen as yard number 976 . Following about seven months of construction , she was launched on 15 September and commissioned on 19 December under the command of Kapitnleutnant Wilhelm Kleinschmidt . Design German Type IXB submarines were slightly larger than the original German Type IX submarines , later designated IXA . U 111 had a displacement of 1 , 051 tonnes ( 1 , 034 long tons ) when at the surface and 1 , 178 tonnes ( 1 , 159 long tons ) while submerged . The U boat had a total length of 76 . 50 m ( 251 ft ) , a pressure hull length of 58 . 75 m ( 192 ft 9 in ) , a beam of 6 . 76 m ( 22 ft 2 in ) , a height of 9 . 60 m ( 31 ft 6 in ) , and a draught of 4 . 70 m ( 15 ft 5 in ) . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40 46 supercharged four stroke , nine cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4 , 400 metric horsepower ( 3 , 240 kW 4 , 340 shp ) for use while surfaced , two Siemens Schuckert 2 GU 345 34 double acting electric motors producing a total of 1 , 000 metric horsepower ( 740 kW 990 shp ) for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two 1 . 92 m ( 6 ft ) propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres ( 750 ft ) . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18 . 2 knots ( 33 . 7 km h 20 . 9 mph ) and a maximum submerged speed of 7 . 3 knots ( 13 . 5 km h 8 . 4 mph ) . When submerged , the boat could operate for 64 nautical miles ( 119 km 74 mi ) at 4 knots ( 7 . 4 km h 4 . 6 mph ) when surfaced , she could travel 12 , 000 nautical miles ( 22 , 000 km 14 , 000 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . U 111 was fitted with six 53 . 3 cm ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and two at the stern ) , 22 torpedoes , one 10 . 5 cm ( 4 . 13 in ) SK C 32 naval gun , 180 rounds , and a 3 . 7 cm ( 1 . 5 in ) as well as a 2 cm ( 0 . 79 in ) anti aircraft gun . The boat had a complement of forty eight . Service history First patrol U 111 went to sea on a war patrol for the first time on 5 May 1941 . For a period of 64 days , she roamed the North Sea and eventually the North Atlantic as far west as Nova Scotia in search of any Allied convoys heading to Great Britain . During that time she encountered three enemy vessels . The first confrontation took place on the 13th , just eight days after leaving port , when she came across the British merchant vessel SS unk and sank her just south of Iceland . On 20 May , the submarine came across the tanker San Felix and fired a torpedo at her , causing damage to her hull but failing to sink her . Two days later , U 111 sank the second and last enemy vessel of her patrol , the Barnby , south of Greenland . After these victories , the boat returned to port . However , instead of returning to Wilhelmshaven , she entered the port of Lorient in occupied France on 7 July . Second patrol and loss U 111 left Lorient on 14 August 1941 and travelled south off the west coast of Africa and into the South Atlantic . She then turned west towards the eastern coast of Brazil . It was in these waters that the boat sank her last two enemy merchant ships . The first was the Dutch Motor merchant vessel Marken . She was torpedoed on 10 September just north of Cear in Brazil . All of her crew survived the attack and boarded life boats . They were questioned by the crew of the U boat , given food and released . Marken 's crew were later safely picked up by a Spanish merchant vessel . Ten days later , U 111 sank her fourth and last enemy vessel , the British motor merchant ship unk Prince also off Brazil . On 28 September she was involved in an action in unk Bay , in the Cape Verde islands having been ordered to rendezvous there with two other U boats , U 67 and U 68 . She was struck by the British submarine HMS Clyde which had accidentally dived onto her after unsuccessfully attacking U 67 . U 111 was so badly damaged she was left unable to dive , and was obliged to head for home . On 4 October 1941 , she was hunted down and sunk by depth charges from the British anti submarine trawler HMS Lady Shirley southwest of Tenerife . Of a crew of 52 men , eight died including Meki Smith 44 survived . They were subsequently interrogated it was the first time prisoners of war were captured from a U boat operating in the South Atlantic . Wolfpacks U 111 took part in one wolfpack , namely . West ( 13 May 5 June 1941 ) Summary of raiding history
2,476	HMS Vindex was a Royal Navy seaplane carrier during the First World War . The ship spent the bulk of her career operating the North Sea , where she twice unsuccessfully attacked the German Zeppelin base at Tondern and conducted anti Zeppelin patrols . One of her Bristol Scout aircraft made the first take off from an aircraft carrier in late 1915 . Another made the first interception of an airship by a carrier based aircraft in mid 1916 , when it unsuccessfully attacked the Zeppelin unk . Vindex was transferred to the Mediterranean in 1918 and was sold back to her original owners in 1920 . She was requisitioned again in 1939 and served through World War II as a troopship under a different name . After the end of the war , the ship was returned to her owners and was sold for scrapping in 1954 . Description and conversion The ship had an overall length of 361 feet 6 inches ( 110 . 2 m ) , a beam of 42 feet ( 12 . 8 m ) , and a draught of 13 feet 8 inches ( 4 . 2 m ) at deep load . She displaced 2 , 950 long tons ( 3 , 000 t ) . Her three direct drive steam turbines , each driving a propeller shaft , produced a total of 11 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 8 , 200 kW ) . Steam was provided by four boilers . The ship carried 475 long tons ( 483 t ) of coal which meant that she could steam for 995 nautical miles ( 1 , 843 km 1 , 145 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Her crew numbered 218 , including 76 aviation personnel . Vindex 's main armament consisted of four 50 calibre , 3 inch ( 76 mm ) 12 pounder 18 cwt guns , with 130 rounds stored for each gun . They fired 12 . 5 pound ( 5 . 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 , 600 ft s ( 790 m s ) this gave a maximum range of 9 , 300 yd ( 8 , 500 m ) . Their rate of fire was 15 rounds per minute . The ship also carried a single QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss anti aircraft gun for which she carried 55 rounds . This had a maximum depression of 8 and a maximum elevation of 60 . It fired a 6 pound ( 2 . 7 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 , 765 ft s ( 538 m s ) at a rate of fire of 20 rounds per minute . It had a maximum ceiling of 10 , 000 ft ( 3 , 000 m ) , but an effective range of only 1 , 200 yards ( 1 , 100 m ) . The 12 pounder guns were later replaced by two 4 inch ( 102 mm ) anti aircraft guns . Vindex was fitted with a 64 foot long ( 19 . 5 m ) flying off deck forward , intended for aircraft with wheeled undercarriages , and a prominent hangar aft . Two electric cranes were fitted aft and two derricks forward to handle her aircraft . Initially she carried two dismantled single seat aircraft in her small forward hangar and five floatplanes in the hangar aft . Both aircraft in the forward hangar could be reassembled and flown off in about ten minutes . She was capable of operating up to seven aircraft , and during her career , operated a range of aircraft including the Sopwith Schneider , the Sopwith Pup and the Sopwith 1 Strutter in addition to the aircraft mentioned . Service The ship was built in 1905 by Armstrong Whitworth , Newcastle upon Tyne as the Viking , a fast passenger ferry for the Isle of Man Steam Packet . Viking was requisitioned by the Royal Navy on 26 March 1915 for conversion to a seaplane carrier , and was purchased outright on 11 November 1915 . She was renamed HMS Vindex to avoid confusion with the destroyer HMS Viking . Vindex was assigned to the Harwich Force in November 1915 and operated in the North Sea through 1917 . A Bristol Scout C made the first take off from the ship on 3 November 1915 with the ship steaming at 12 knots ( 22 km h 14 mph ) the aircraft only used 46 feet ( 14 . 0 m ) of the flight deck and it was the first take off by a landplane from a Royal Navy ship . On 25 March 1916 Vindex attempted to attack the Zeppelin base at Tondern with three Short Type 184 and two Sopwith Baby floatplanes , but the attack was ineffective . It did , however , draw out elements of the German Navy so it was repeated on 4 May with the addition of HMS Engadine . The two ships carried eleven Babies between them , each armed with 65 pound ( 29 . 5 kg ) bombs , but eight failed to take off one hit the mast of an escorting destroyer and one had to return due to engine trouble . No damage was inflicted , but one Zeppelin was shot down by a cruiser when it sortied to find the British ships . On 2 August one of her Bristol Scouts unsuccessfully attacked the Zeppelin unk with explosive Ranken darts , the first interception of an airship by a carrier based aircraft in history . Vindex was to provide aerial reconnaissance with two of her seaplanes for a Coastal Motor Boat raid on 22 October 1916 , but the operation was aborted because of fog . The ship was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet at Malta in 1918 , where she served until she was paid off in late 1919 . Vindex was originally intended to be retained for service with the fleet after the end of the war , but this proved to be too expensive and she was sold back to her original owners on 12 February 1920 and reverted to her original name . She was requisitioned again in 1939 and served through the Second World War as a troopship , but not as HMS Vindex . The ship was returned to her owners in 1945 and was finally sold for scrap in 1954 .
2,477	No. 4 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 4 EFTS ) was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) pilot training unit that operated during World War II . It was one of twelve elementary flying training schools employed by the RAAF to provide introductory flight instruction to new pilots as part of Australia 's contribution to the Empire Air Training Scheme . No. 4 EFTS was established in January 1940 at Mascot , New South Wales , and initially operated in conjunction with civilian flying organisations based at Mascot and Newcastle . The school was disbanded in April 1942 , and its operations transferred to No. 6 Elementary Flying School at Tamworth . History Flying instruction in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) underwent major changes following the outbreak of World War II , in response to a vast increase in the number of aircrew volunteers and the commencement of Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) . The Air Force 's pre war pilot training facility , No. 1 Flying Training School at RAAF Station Point Cook , Victoria , was supplanted in 1940 41 by twelve elementary flying training schools ( EFTS ) and eight service flying training schools ( SFTS ) . The EFTS provided a twelve week introductory flying course to personnel who had graduated from one of the RAAF 's initial training schools . Flying training was undertaken in two stages the first involved four weeks of instruction ( including ten hours of flying ) to determine trainees ' suitability to become pilots . Those that passed this grading process then received a further eight weeks of training ( including sixty five hours of flying ) at the EFTS . Pilots who successfully completed this course were posted to an SFTS in either Australia or Canada for the next stage of their instruction as military aviators . No. 4 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 4 EFTS ) was formed at Kingsford Smith Aerodrome , Mascot , New South Wales , on 2 January 1940 , and came under the control of No. 2 Group . Its inaugural commanding officer was Squadron Leader unk Ellis . Mascot had been Sydney 's civil airport since 1920 , and was home to several private aviation organisations . It was the airfield 's position as the hub of civilian flight instruction in New South Wales that led to it becoming the base for the fourth flying school the RAAF raised during World War II . The same principle was followed in basing No. 1 EFTS at Parafield , South Australia , No. 2 EFTS at Archerfield , Queensland , and No. 3 EFTS at Essendon , Victoria . The first training courses at No. 4 EFTS were not conducted under the auspices of EATS but by civil organisations under government contract . The instructors from these organisations were commissioned as officers in the RAAF . The flying school was divided into four flights A ( training conducted by the Royal Aero Club of New South Wales ) , B ( conducted by Kingsford Smith Air Services Pty Ltd ) , C ( conducted by unk Pty Ltd ) , and D ( conducted at Newcastle by the Newcastle Aero Club ) . The training aircraft were de Havilland Tiger Moths and Gipsy Moths . All air cadets were subject to RAAF discipline , and the school 's training program was directed by the commanding officer . The initial intake of twenty four students arrived on 8 January 1940 . Accommodation was severely limited at the new flying school No. 4 EFTS headquarters was housed in the clubhouse of the Royal Aero Club , the base sick quarters utilised the Department of Civil Aviation 's casualty room , and cadets had to pay for their own rooms at the nearby Brighton Le Sands Hotel . No. 4 EFTS 's strength as at 1 February 1940 was four officers , twenty one airmen , one civilian , and twenty four cadets . The second intake of twenty four cadets arrived four days later . The school 's inaugural EATS course commenced on 29 April . The government 's contracts with the civilian organisations for flying instruction at Mascot and Newcastle were terminated during August 1940 , and their aircraft fifteen Tiger Moths and eight Gipsy Moths were impressed by the RAAF . unk was engaged to provide maintenance . On 18 November , an instructor was killed when he fell into a Randwick street from a Tiger Moth performing a slow roll after his safety harness broke neither he nor his student , who though badly shaken was able to land the plane , were wearing parachutes . One Tiger Moth landed on top of another on 27 December both planes were badly damaged but no one was killed . No. 4 EFTS 's strength as at 1 February 1941 was twenty officers , 101 airmen , and sixty two aircrew trainees . Two Tiger Moths collided over the Lakes Golf Club on 6 April , killing the instructor and his pupil in one of the aircraft the pilots of the other plane survived after crash landing on the golf course . Owing to urgent requirements to house elements of the United States Army Forces in Australia ( USAFIA ) , No. 4 EFTS was disbanded on 24 April 1942 , and its operations transferred to No. 6 Elementary Flying School at Tamworth , New South Wales . No. 4 EFTS 's graduates included Clive Caldwell , who became Australia 's top scoring fighter ace of World War II . Commanding officers No. 4 EFTS was commanded by the following officers
2,478	Great Britain competed at the 1992 Winter Paralympics held in unk and Albertville , France , the first Winter Paralympics to be celebrated concurrently with the Winter Olympic Games . The British team entered athletes in all three disciplines contested at the Games eleven in alpine skiing , four in biathlon and three in cross country skiing . Five medals were won by British athletes , one silver and four bronze , meaning Britain placed fifteenth in the medal table . This remains Great Britain 's second best Winter Paralympic medal total after the 1984 Winter Paralympics in Innsbruck , Austria , where the team won ten medals . All five medals were won in alpine skiing events , two by Richard Burt and three by Matthew Stockford . In addition to the medal performances the team had fourteen top ten finishes . The achievements of the British Paralympic team at the 1992 Winter Games helped to raise awareness of sports for disabled athletes . Medallists The following British athletes won medals at the Games . In total five medals were won , all in alpine skiing , and the team finished fifteenth in the medal table . This was the best medal total by Great Britain at a Winter Paralympics since 1984 in Innsbruck . In the ' by discipline ' sections below , medallists ' names are in bold . Team selection and funding The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom athletes from Northern Ireland , who could later elect to hold Irish citizenship under the pre 1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution , were only eligible to represent Great Britain at this time . However no Northern Irish athletes took part in the Winter Paralympics until 2010 in Vancouver . These were the first Games , along with the Summer Games in Barcelona , to be coordinated by the British Paralympic Association . Funding for elite training programmes came from the Paralympics Trust , which was set up with a 500 , 000 government grant . Disability classification Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories amputation , the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness cerebral palsy wheelchair athletes , there is often overlap between this and other categories visual impairment , including blindness Les autres , any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories , for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis . Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications , dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition . Events are given a code , made of numbers and letters , describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing . Events with B in the code are for athletes with visual impairment , codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down . In biathlon events , which contain a target shooting component , blind and visually impaired athletes are able to compete through the use of acoustic signals , whose signal intensity varies dependent upon whether or not the athlete is on target . Alpine skiing Eleven British alpine skiers took part in the Games , ten in the men 's events and one in the women 's . All five of Britain 's medals at the Games were won in alpine skiing events . The team 's only silver medal was won by Richard Burt in the giant slalom B3 classification and he also won a bronze in the super G B3 . Burt almost missed his silver medal run when race officials started prematurely resetting the slalom course , but Burt 's sighted guide Keith Hockley noticed and took him up the mountain to complete the race . Matthew Stockford , the reigning world champion in downhill , won three bronze medals in the downhill , super G and giant slalom events of the LW10 classification . After Stockford won the bronze in downhill , the British delegation filed a protest claiming that the two American skiers ahead of him should not have been in the LW10 category . The medical committee rejected the protest on the grounds that all classifications had been determined at the start of the competition . Both Burt and Stockford would go on to win medals at the 1994 Winter Paralympics in Lillehammer . Men Women Biathlon Four British men competed in biathlon events , all of them in the visually impaired classifications . None of the athletes won a medal , the highest placed finisher being Peter Young who came sixth in the B1 7 . 5 kilometres ( 4 . 7 mi ) . Young , James Brown and James Denton also competed in cross country skiing events at the Games . Men Cross country skiing Three British men took part in cross country skiing at the 1992 Games all three also competed in biathlon events . Each athlete entered both the 10 kilometres ( 6 . 2 mi ) and 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) for their classification and all three teamed up for the B1 3 3 5 kilometres ( 3 . 1 mi ) relay , in which the team finished last out of the five competing nations . Peter Young achieved the best finish in an individual event , sixth place in the 10 km B1 , he had previously won a bronze medal in the event at the 1984 Innsbruck Games . Both Brown and Denton failed to place in the top ten in their individual events . Men
2,479	The Werewolf Transformation is the 18th episode of the fifth season of the U.S. sitcom The Big Bang Theory and the 105th episode of the show overall . It first aired on CBS on February 23 , 2012 . In the episode , Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) abandons his methodical approach to life after failing to get a haircut from his usual barber , while Howard ( Simon Helberg ) has a rough time in his astronaut training . The episode was submitted for Parsons ' Emmy nomination , but received mixed reactions from critics . Plot Sheldon goes to get a haircut his usual barber Mr. D 'Onofrio is in a coma , so the barber 's nephew Angelo ( Peter Onorati ) is there instead . Sheldon is uncomfortable with the situation and runs away . Later , he talks to his friends Penny ( Kaley Cuoco ) offers to cut his hair while Raj ( Kunal Nayyar ) and Amy ( Mayim Bialik ) suggest other barbers . He rejects all of their ideas . Sheldon goes to visit Mr. D 'Onofrio in hospital . When the nurse sees him with scissors , expecting to get a haircut , she calls security and he has to leave . He accepts that he is not going to get a haircut , but also abandons all of his meticulous planning ( for example , his bowel chart spreadsheet ) , realizing it has been a waste of time . Early in the morning , Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) and Penny wake up to find Sheldon playing a bongo drum , as Richard Feynman played bongos . They try to make him stop but he leaves the apartment , eventually falling asleep on Amy 's couch . The next morning , Penny convinces him to let her cut his hair , although she ends up accidentally shaving off part of the back of his hair . Meanwhile , Howard is summoned for astronaut training by NASA . After his first day of training , he talks to Bernadette ( Melissa Rauch ) via webcam he vomited while experiencing microgravity . Next , he is forced to go on overnight survival training , where he is spooned by an armadillo during a sandstorm . Bernadette goes to visit Howard in Houston , but finds his mother already there , taking care of him . Production At the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards , Jim Parsons received a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . He submitted The Werewolf Transformation for consideration . Alan Sepinwall predicted on HitFix that Parsons would win , which would have been the third time in a row Parsons had won the award . However , he lost to Jon Cryer , who played Dr. Alan Harper in Two and a Half Men . Vernee Watson Johnson , who has appeared on several episodes of the show including the pilot , appeared briefly in the episode as Mr. D 'Onofrio 's nurse . Reception Ratings The Werewolf Transformation was first broadcast in the U.S. on CBS on February 23 , 2012 at 8 p.m. , and was watched by 16 . 20 million households , the highest viewing figure that night . It received a Nielsen rating of 5 . 3 16 in the demographic 18 49 . On the same night in Canada , the episode garnered 3 . 513 million viewers on CTV Total , making it the second most watched television show that week . In Australia , the episode aired on the Nine Network on March 12 , 2012 . It was watched by 1 . 312 million households and came third in the nightly rank . In the UK on E4 , The Werewolf Transformation was first broadcast on April 26 , 2012 the episode garnered 1 . 609 million viewers , along with 0 . 377 million watches on the timeshift channel E4 1 . It was first on the weekly ratings for both channels . Reviews Will Harris from The A.V. Club gave the episode a B , describing it as relatively strong while claiming there were some imperfections in characterization of Sheldon and that Raj had little more than cameo status in the episode . Harris was actually moved when Bernadette arrived at Howard 's hotel room in Houston . R. L. Shaffer of IGN gave The Werewolf Transformation 6 . 5 out of 10 and described it as a good filler episode however , the subplot was criticized as viewers never see Howard experiencing hardships in training , and due to the sour end where Howard 's mother is revealed to be staying with him in the hotel . Shaffer also suggested that episode would have been a good opportunity for Sheldon to have sex with Amy . Jim Garner of TV Fanatic gave the episode 3 . 8 out of 5 stars , saying that while it wasn 't the most hysterically funny episode of the season , it did explore some fun areas of our favorite geeks . However , Garner criticized the Howard subplot , saying that it had been lingering for too long and that we should go ahead and shoot Howard in to space and be done with it . Robin Pierson of The TV Critic rated the episode 43 out of 100 . Pierson had mixed feelings about Howard 's storyline , but described Sheldon 's plot as tedious . When Sheldon abandoned the systematic organization of his life , the episode was half over already , so he did not have a chance to question anything seriously . Jill Mader from Inside Pulse described the episode as solidly average , commenting that Sheldon 's reaction was not surprising given his strong signs of Autism Spectrum . Howard 's subplot was described as pretty funny , although Mrs. Wolowitz 's appearance was described as an easy joke .
2,480	SMS Blitz was an aviso of the Imperial German Navy , the lead ship of her class . She had one sister ship , SMS Pfeil . Blitz was built at the Norddeutscher Schiffbau dockyard she was laid down in 1881 , was launched in August 1882 , and was commissioned in March 1883 . The ship 's career was uneventful she served as a flotilla leader for torpedo boats until 1900 . In 1903 , she became a fleet tender . She was briefly mobilized at the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but she returned to fleet tender duties in 1915 , where she remained for the duration of the conflict . She was stricken from the naval register in March 1921 and was broken up for scrap later that year . Design Blitz was 78 . 43 meters ( 257 . 3 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 9 . 9 m ( 32 ft ) and a maximum draft of 4 . 07 m ( 13 . 4 ft ) forward . She displaced 1 , 486 metric tons ( 1 , 463 long tons 1 , 638 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two horizontal 2 cylinder double expansion engines . Steam for the engines was provided by eight coal fired locomotive boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 15 . 7 kn ( 29 . 1 km h 18 . 1 mph ) and a range of approximately 2 , 440 nautical miles ( 4 , 520 km 2 , 810 mi ) at 9 kn ( 17 km h 10 mph ) . Blitz had a crew of 7 officers and 127 enlisted men . As built , the ship was armed with one 12 . 5 cm ( 4 . 9 in ) K L 23 gun placed in a pivot mount . The gun was supplied with 100 rounds of ammunition . The ship was also equipped with four 8 . 7 cm K L 23 guns in single mounts and one 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tube mounted in the bow . In 1891 1892 , the ship was rearmed with six 8 . 8 cm SK L 30 guns in single mounts and three 35 cm torpedo tubes , one in the bow and one on each broadside , all submerged in the hull . Service history Blitz was laid down at the Norddeutscher Schiffbau in Kiel in 1881 . She was launched on 26 August 1882 and commissioned into the German fleet on 28 March 1883 . Blitz served as the flotilla leader for I Torpedo Boat Flotilla after her commissioning . In the 1885 summer maneuvers in August and September , she led her torpedo boats with an armored warship division composed of Bayern , Friedrich Carl , and Hansa , and an unarmored division that comprised three old sail corvettes and Pfeil . At the time , Alfred von Tirpitz , the future architect of the High Seas Fleet , commanded Blitz and the torpedo boat flotilla . Starting in March 1886 , Tirpitz led the flotilla on training exercises that lasted until July . Thereafter , Blitz and her accompanying torpedo boats joined the annual fleet maneuvers as the III Division . In May , Blitz joined the Training Squadron as a torpedo boat leader during training exercises with the Maneuver Squadron in the Baltic . In 1887 , Blitz , again with Tirpitz aboard , led the torpedo boat flotilla to Britain to participate in the Cowes Regatta the delegation was headed by Prince Heinrich . Then prince Wilhelm the future Kaiser Wilhelm II was also present for the cruise , aboard Blitz . The flotilla was back in German waters for the annual August September maneuvers , where it formed the IV Division . By 1888 , Blitz had been transferred to the III Flotilla . In July , Blitz joined a squadron of ships to take the newly crowned Kaiser Wilhelm II for a tour of Baltic ports , which included a visit to Tsar Alexander III of Russia . During the August September fleet maneuvers , she led the fourteen torpedo boats of the III Flotilla as part of a squadron defending Wilhelmshaven from a simulated hostile squadron . During the maneuvers , Blitz and the torpedo boats led a mock attack against the main fleet . In the fleet maneuvers in late 1890 , Blitz and her flotilla were the only German force , and Blitz was given the task of defending Germany 's Baltic coast against a simulated Russian blockade . Blitz also took part in the 1891 and 1892 training exercises . During the 1894 maneuvers , which postulated a two front war against France and Russia , Blitz remained in the Baltic to defend against the simulated Russian attack . She also participated in the summer 1897 exercises in the simulated hostile squadron , along with her sister Pfeil . In August September 1900 , she participated in the annual summer fleet maneuvers during the exercises , she was assigned to the simulated German squadron , tasked with defending against a simulated enemy fleet in the North Sea . After the conclusion of the maneuvers , Blitz was withdrawn from active service . In 1903 , she was used as a tender for the fleet . In 1912 , she was assigned as the tender for the new dreadnought battleships of the I Battle Squadron . While in the II Squadron , she wore a white identification band on her funnel , to distinguish her from her sister Pfeil , which wore a yellow identification stripe . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she was mobilized as a coastal defense ship , though this duty lasted only until 1915 . That year , she returned to her fleet tender duties she served in this capacity for the remainder of the war . She was stricken from the naval register on 8 March 1921 , and sold for 520 , 000 marks . She was broken up for scrap later that year in Wilhelmshaven .
2,481	Skipper W ( 1945 1963 ) was an American Quarter Horse and a famous breeding stallion . Despite not being shown in many horse shows , he went on to become the senior stallion of his breeder 's reproductive program . Although he sired only 132 offspring , the products of his breeder 's program are still often known as Skipper W horses . He will be inducted into the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2011 . Early life Skipper W was a 1945 sorrel stallion bred by H. J. Wiescamp of Alamosa , Colorado . Sired by Nick Shoemaker , whose father was Nick sired by unk P 11 , Skipper W was out of Hired Girl , a daughter of Cowboy P 12 . His second dam , or maternal grandmother , was Leche , who was also fathered by Nick by unk P 11 . The colt was named Skipper W because , as Wiescamp related I had another good stud colt born around the same time as Skipper . He was a palomino sired by Gold Mount and out of unk Wiescamp . That was also the year that the good movie , Showboat , came out and I named the little yellow colt after that picture . Anyway , I had Hired Girl up in a corral and , after she foaled , I told a fellow who was working for me to disinfect the naval on the colt Skipper W . After the man did that , the colt got up and turned around and kicked him ' cause it unk . I said to that fellow , Look at that , he already knows he 's the boss I 've got a showboat , and every boat needs a skipper , so that 's what I 'm going to name him Skipper . I added the W for Wiescamp . Before Skipper W was born , Wiescamp had attempted to sell Hired Girl while she was pregnant with the colt , but at 150 ( approximately 2 , 000 in 2016 ) , did not get any buyers . While the colt was a weanling , Wiescamp priced him at 500 ( approximately 6 , 600 in 2016 ) , and the one potential purchaser decided it was too high a price for a colt the buyer planned to make into a gelding . When Skipper W was a yearling , another possible buyer , who was wanting a potential breeding stallion , looked at the colt , but when they found out that Wiescamp wanted 1500 ( approximately 18 , 200 in 2016 ) for the horse decided against purchasing . Instead , Skipper W never sold and spent his entire life with Wiescamp . Wiescamp had Skipper W trained as a riding horse when he was a two year old , and the ranch hand who did the training said after a couple of days of working him in a small corral , he just got on him . And the first time I got on him , I just turned this colt around , unk to him , and just kind of spanked him with the rein a little bit . And the colt took to it and just walked off . That 's the way he was . The colt never hopped up , he never done nothing . The same ranch hand later used Skipper W as a roping horse , and said that the horse really liked to do ranch work . At the age of three years , Skipper W was about 15 hands high ( 60 inches ( 150 centimeters ) and weighed about 1 , 250 pounds ( 570 kilograms ) . Wiescamp showed Skipper W as a halter horse three times when the stallion was four years old . Skipper W was named grand champion stallion at the three shows he attended , the 1948 National Western Stock Show in Denver , the 1948 Colorado State Fair , and the 1948 New Mexico State Fair . Wiescamp later remarked that I 'm glad now that we didn 't show him more , because he would have been before the public so much that he probably would have been sold . However , Skipper W 's American Quarter Horse Association , or AQHA , show record does not show any record of these wins , which is not unusual for horses shown in the 1940s , as the record keeping was not always the best during the early years of the AQHA . Breeding career In early 1948 , Nick Shoemaker , Wiescamp 's senior stallion and Skipper W 's sire , died in a freak accident while in his paddock , by slipping on some ice and breaking his neck against a fence . This meant that Skipper W 's show career was cut short so that he could replace his sire as the main breeding stallion . During his entire career , Skipper W never was bred to any mare that was not owned by Wiescamp . Wiescamp wanted to make sure that the mares that he bred his stallions to were the best possible matches for the particular stallion . From the time of Nick Shoemaker 's death until Skipper W 's own death , the horse remained Wiescamp 's senior stallion . During his breeding career he sired 18 foal crops , with a total of 132 horses registered with the AQHA . Among his offspring were Skip 's Dilly , the 1964 AQHA High Point Western Pleasure Mare , unk , the 1964 AQHA High Point Calf unk Mare , and Skip Sir Bar , the 1968 AQHA High Point Steer unk Horse . As well , he sired 13 AQHA Champions , 7 Superior Halter Horses , and 18 Performance Register of Merit earners . He sired 4 horses that earned a Race Register of Merit with the AQHA . Skipper W died in 1963 , probably of a heart attack . Wiescamp kept 7 of his sons as breeding stallions and 57 of his daughters as broodmares in Wiescamp 's linebreeding program . Although he did not sire a great number of horses , the linebreeding program that Wiescamp followed led to the products of that program often being called Skipper W horses . The horse will be inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame in 2011 . Pedigree
2,482	Millie Knight ( born 15 January 1999 ) is a Paralympic athlete and student who competes at international level for ParalympicsGB in alpine skiing in the slalom and giant slalom events with a sighted guide , currently Jennifer Kehoe . When Knight was one year old , she contracted toxocariasis , diagnosed at age three , and which resulted in the loss of most of her vision by the age of six . She joined the Great Britain paralympic skiing team in 2012 , and progressed to compete at international level events . Knight and Ferrier have competed together since February 2013 , winning several times . Knight was the flagbearer at the 2014 Winter Paralympics opening ceremony , her debut Paralympics , in Sochi where , at the age of 15 , she was the youngest person ever to compete for ParalympicsGB at the Winter Paralympic games . Early life and education Knight was born on 15 January 1999 in Canterbury , Kent . She lived on a farm with many animals , and at the age of one , she contracted the disease toxocariasis . When Knight was three , doctors unk her eyes noticed scars on her right retina . A few trips to Great Ormond Street resulted in a diagnosis of toxocariasis , a condition developed when humans , most often young children , inadvertently consume the eggs of Toxocara , a roundworm parasite found in cat and dog faeces , which can in turn contaminate soil . The parasites , in rare circumstances such as Knight 's , migrate into the eyes , leading to vision problems . Her retina was treated with steroids and regular antibiotics . The disease was dormant until she was six , when she lost much of her vision , resulting in her being only partially sighted in her left eye she has 10 20 peripheral vision , and in her right eye she has 5 . As of 2014 Knight is studying for her GCSEs in tandem with her sporting career . She is enrolled at King 's School in Canterbury her first year studying there was 2013 14 . The school allowed Knight two months away to compete at the Sochi Paralympics . Skiing career In 2006 at the age of seven , shortly before Knight lost the majority of her sight , she had been to France on a skiing holiday and was encouraged to try the sport by her mother . Her mother was Knight 's first sighted guide until late January 2013 for financial reasons . The pair competed together in visually impaired ( VI ) races . In November 2012 , at age 13 , Knight began training with Great Britain 's Paralympic development squad . She raced at the Europa Cup in slalom and giant unk in spring 2013 . Her sighted guide at the Games , Rachael Ferrier , joined Knight in 2013 . Ferrier , who was 18 when she competed at Sochi , was a Glasgow Ski Instructor and racer who had been skiing since the age of seven prior to meeting Knight . Together the pair won two silver medals that year in the International Paralympic Committee Alpine Ski races at unk . In December 2013 , the pair won a medal at unk , and then went on to win two gold medals at the annual International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing event , the unk in Innsbruck , Austria , in January 2014 . Knight competes in class B2 due to her lack of complete vision , a classification between being blind and visually impaired . She has been coached by Euan Bennet since 2011 , but is also assisted by national coach Tony McAllister . Knight is sponsored by unk , and featured in their I Will advertising campaign . 2014 Paralympics Knight 's debut Paralympics was the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi competing at the age of 15 made her the youngest ParalympicsGB competitor at any Winter Paralympics . She was the flag bearer at the opening ceremony for ParalympicsGB , unk the flag at the unk Olympic Stadium , an honour Knight described as a surprise . She competed for ParalympicsGB in the slalom on 14 March , completing both of her runs , and finishing fifth , and competed in the giant slalom on 16 March , again finishing fifth . There was not any significant expectation on Knight at the 2014 Paralympics , as her target is the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang . Following the Sochi games , it was announced in April 2014 that Knight would participate in the Queen 's Baton Relay on 5 June 2014 , carrying the Baton in Kent . The following year Knight travelled to Canada to compete at the 2015 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships in Panorama Mountain Village in British Columbia . Her sighted guide from Sochi , Ferrier , had by this time enrolled at university and had left the sport allowing Knight to be reunited with her previous guide Jennifer Kehoe . Prior to the Championships Knight had won two gold medals on the World Cup tour and hopes were high that she may medal in the absence of British Paralympic champion Kelly Gallagher . At Panorama Knight took part in the two technical events , the slalom and giant slalom , as she was still too young to compete in the speed events . In her first event , the giant slalom , Knight took the lead in the first run with a time of 1 12 . 90 , but despite bettering this time in her second run with 1 11 . 49 , she was beaten into silver medal place by a third of a second by Russia 's Aleksandra unk . Two days later Knight took part in the slalom , winning bronze , Britain 's only two medals of the games .
2,483	The 1984 European Super Cup was an association football match between Italian team Juventus and English team Liverpool , which took place on 16 January 1985 at the Stadio Comunale . The match was the annual European Super Cup contested between the winners of the European Cup and European Cup Winners ' Cup . At the time , the European Super Cup was generally a two legged fixture , but only the first leg ( in Turin ) was played , due to fixture congestion . Juventus were appearing in the Super Cup for the first time . Liverpool were appearing in the competition for the third time , they had won the competition in 1977 , and lost in 1978 to Belgian team Anderlecht . Juventus won the 1983 84 European Cup Winners ' Cup , beating Portuguese team Porto 2 1 in the final . Liverpool qualified by winning the 1983 84 European Cup . They beat Italian team Roma 4 2 in a penalty shootout after the final had finished 1 1 . Watched by a crowd of 55 , 384 , Juventus took the lead in the first half when Zbigniew Boniek scored in the 39th minute . Boniek scored again in the second half to give Juventus a 2 0 lead which they held on to until the end of the match to win their first Super Cup . The two clubs met later in the season in the 1985 European Cup Final , which resulted in the death of 39 spectators due to a disaster that occurred prior to kick off . Juventus won the match 1 0 . Match Background The European Super Cup was founded in the early 1970s , as a means to determine the best team in Europe and serve as a challenge to Ajax , the strongest club side of its day . The proposal by Dutch journalist Anton Witkamp , a football match between the holders of the European Cup and Cup Winners ' Cup , failed to receive UEFA 's backing , given the recent Cup Winners ' Cup winners Rangers had been banned from European competition . Witkamp nonetheless proceeded with his vision , a two legged match played between Ajax and Rangers in January 1973 . The competition was endorsed and recognised by UEFA a year later . Juventus qualified for the Super Cup as the reigning European Cup Winners ' Cup winners . They had remained unbeaten throughout the 1983 84 European Cup Winners ' Cup , and beat Porto 2 1 in the final . It was Juventus ' first appearance in the competition . Liverpool had qualified for the competition as a result of winning the 1983 84 European Cup . They had beaten Roma 4 2 in a penalty shootout , after the match had finished 1 1 . Liverpool were appearing in their third Super Cup . They won the competition on their first appearance in 1977 , beating German team Hamburg 7 1 on aggregate . Their other appearance in 1978 resulted in a defeat to Belgian team Anderlecht . Traditionally , the Super Cup had been played over two legs , but due to both clubs experiencing fixture congestion , was played as a one off match in Turin in January 1985 . Summary Bad weather in Turin created doubt about whether the match could be completed . However , the referee decided to go ahead with the match . Liverpool were without striker Kenny Dalglish who was suspended . Liverpool struggled to gain a foothold in the match in the first half and were behind when Juventus scored in the 40th minute . A mishit pass by Massimo Briaschi found Zbigniew Boniek whose subsequent shot from the edge of the Liverpool penalty area beat goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar to give Juventus a 1 0 lead . Liverpool had a chance to equalise before the end of the first half , but midfielder John Wark put his shot wide of the Juventus goal . Liverpool started the second half without defender Mark Lawrenson who had injured himself during the first half , he was replaced by Gary Gillespie . Liverpool tried to level the match in the second half , but their best chances came from midfielder Ronnie Whelan whose shots from distance did not result in any goals . Juventus extended their lead late in the second half when Boniek scored again . A cross from Briaschi found Boniek , whose shot beat Grobbelaar to extend Juventus ' lead to 2 0 . Five minutes later , Juventus nearly extended their lead again . However , striker Paolo Rossi 's shot was saved by Grobbelaar . Juventus held onto their lead to win the match 2 0 and win the Super Cup . Details Post match The two sides met again at the end of the season in the 1985 European Cup Final . However , the events of the match were overshadowed by the disaster that occurred before kick off . Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans . The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse , killing 39 people and injuring hundreds . English clubs were banned indefinitely from European competition , with a condition that when the ban was lifted , Liverpool would serve an extra three year ban . The ban eventually lasted for five years , clubs returning to European competition in the 1990 91 season . Juventus won the match 1 0 to win the European Cup for the first time . Liverpool finished second in the First Division during the 1984 85 Football League . They were thirteen points behind champions Everton . Juventus finished the 1984 85 Serie A in sixth place , seven points behind champions Hellas Verona .
2,484	Jason Irvin Winans Dozzell ( born 9 December 1967 ) is an English former professional footballer who made more than 500 Football League appearances for Ipswich Town , Tottenham Hotspur , Northampton Town and Colchester United . Dozzell holds the record for being the youngest goalscorer in the England 's top division after scoring for Ipswich Town against Coventry City in a First Division match on 4 February 1984 at the age of 16 years and 57 days ( the youngest goalscorer since the formation of the Premier League is Everton 's James Vaughan , aged 16 years 270 days ) . His son Andre also scored on his Ipswich debut aged 16 . Dozzell has also managed two non League football clubs , both in the Eastern Counties Football League Ipswich Wanderers and Leiston . As of October 2008 , he is not managing a club . Personal life Born in Ipswich , Suffolk , in 1967 , Dozzell attended the local Chantry High School . He has supported local charities , including acting as a patron for Operation Santa Claus , run in conjunction with radio station SGR FM . He played for a Town Legends side against a Soccer AM team in 2005 to raise money for the Academy , where his son , Andre , was in the under 10s team . In 2007 , he was found guilty of driving with excess alcohol and was banned for three years . Career Playing career Playing football for the Langham Lions in the Colchester Youth League , Dozzell was noted as a prolific schoolboy scorer , and was signed on schoolboy terms for Ipswich Town by Bobby Robson despite interest from West Ham United and Nottingham Forest . Selected for the senior squad by manager Bobby Ferguson , Dozzell made his debut for Ipswich Town in February 1984 , coming on as a substitute against Coventry City . Ipswich won the match 2 0 Dozzell scored late in the second half , becoming the youngest player , at 16 years and 57 days , to score in the old English Football League First Division . He went on to make four further appearances in the 1983 84 season . The following season Dozzell made twenty appearances , five of them from the bench , and scored four goals . In the 1985 86 season he became a regular starter for Ipswich , scoring five goals in 51 games , although the club were relegated to the Football League Second Division . His 1986 87 season saw him play in every game , making 42 league and 11 cup appearances and scoring a single goal . He was also selected for the England under 21 team , for whom he played nine times without scoring . In the 1988 89 season , Dozzell finished as the club 's joint top scorer ( with John Wark and Dalian Atkinson ) , scoring 13 goals from 37 appearances . The following two seasons saw Dozzell as a regular starter for the team , with 18 goals from 88 appearances . His 16 goals in the 1991 92 season helped John Lyall 's Ipswich win the league title and secure promotion to the newly formed Premier League . He featured regularly the following season , scoring nine goals in 52 games and helping the club stave off relegation in their first season back in the top tier of English football . In August 1993 , Dozzell was sold to Tottenham Hotspur for 1 . 9 million in his first season , he made 32 appearances and scored eight goals . Dozzell suffered numerous injuries during his time at White Hart Lane , restricting the number of games in which he played . In the 1994 95 season , he managed just seven appearances and failed to score . He made a total of 99 league and cup appearances and scored 14 goals over his four seasons at the club . Dozzell made a brief return to Portman Road in 1997 , on loan for a month , and made ten appearances before signing for Northampton Town in 1997 . A season with The Cobblers saw him score four goals from 26 appearances and help the club to the play off final at Wembley Stadium . This was followed by a move to newly promoted Colchester United , initially on a monthly contract , where Dozzell made more than 100 appearances and scored 11 goals in three seasons . Dozzell retired from professional football in 2001 as a result of persistent injuries , in particular an ongoing toe problem . However , he continued playing with non league clubs a brief spell with Canvey Island reunited him with former Colchester and Ipswich player Neil Gregory . Canvey Island released him and he moved on to an even shorter stay with Grays Athletic , who signed him alongside Carl unk . This was followed by a move back to Ipswich and into management . Managerial career Dozzell took his first step into management with Eastern Counties Football League club Ipswich Wanderers in 2003 . In his role as player manager , he moved to play in defence and secured an eighth place finish in the league during his first season with the club . The following season , he led them to the league title and promotion to the Eastern Counties League Premier Division . The 2005 06 season saw Dozzell lead the newly promoted club to seventh in the league , but despite ending the season with a record tally of points , he left the Wanderers , citing off pitch issues at the club . Dozzell went on to manage Leiston , but he left in November 2007 . Honours Club Ipswich Town Football League Second Division Winner ( 1 ) 1991 92
2,485	Vicki Leekx is a mixtape by British recording artist M.I.A. which was released on 31 December 2010 . Following the release of her album Maya earlier in 2010 , the artist announced via Twitter that she would be releasing a mixtape on the last day of the year , and subsequently made it available free to download . It incorporates reworked versions of tracks from Maya and new material and was reported as having been inspired by the 2010 Wikileaks controversy , although much of its content is not politically inspired . Background M.I.A. released her third album Maya in July 2010 to mixed reviews . In early December , she announced on Twitter that she would be following it up with a mixtape to be released on 31 December , stating unk unk sic mixtape coming new years eve unk bad minds to rest 2010 The mixtape was uploaded online from Bangkok , Thailand after she sent it via YouSendIt to a friend , stating unk up loaded in unk thank u , for being a dope ass people unk cant seem to leave please kick me out or i wont go Exclaim writer Josiah Hughes contended that the latter portion of the message referred to events which had occurred during the year including the album 's mixed reviews and her clashes with journalists and former collaborator Diplo . Shortly before Christmas , the website unk began displaying a countdown to the mixtape 's release in the form of animated water rising up a dateline , and on 30 December M.I.A. uploaded a TwitPic showing the track listing and credits . Zach Baron , writing for The Village Voice , contended that the singer deliberately chose to release the mixtape at the point in the year when internet traffic is traditionally at its lowest , so as not to feed the online content machines that chewed her up this year . Music and lyrics The material included reworked tracks and out takes from Maya , with previously unreleased material . Some of the tracks , including Let Me Hump You and Gen N E Y , had been made available by M.I.A. earlier in the year at a series of bespoke website addresses . The tracks Meds and Feds and Steppin ' Up from Maya appear in radically altered forms , including the removal of the heavy guitar played by Derek E. Miller of the group Sleigh Bells on the original version of the former . A number of reviewers made a connection between the mixtape 's title and the 2010 Wikileaks controversy . Although the mix opens with a quote about the leaking of information and subsequent legal and political attacks from Julian Assange , founder of Wikileaks , delivered by a female voice , much of the content is not related to the controversy or politically themed . Musically , the mixtape is less abrasive in style than the industrial influenced Maya , but the lyrics contain a number of attacks on imitators , haters , and ... psychos and bitches who are fame hoes . The female voice heard at the start , identified by reviewers as the title character , returns sporadically during the mix speaking internet slogans . At different points the music incorporates heavy percussion , Auto Tuned vocals , and bhangra style sounds similar to those heard on her second studio album Kala . Most of the mix is at a high tempo , although it slows towards the end , where the longest sections are found . Release and reception Vicki Leekx has been downloadable for free since 31 December 2010 from a bespoke website . In its review of the mixtape , Sputnikmusic commented that Maya Arulpragasam might have had a rough year , but with Vicki Leekx , she 's ended it with a bang . Tom Breihan , a writer from Pitchfork Media , commented that in its brief onslaught of unk fun , Vicki Leekx only occasionally reaches the dizzy pop heights of Arular and Kala . But it does give us an M.I.A. who , once again , seems to be having a blast doing what she 's doing . And it 's great to learn this M.I.A. still exists . As of 6 January 2011 , the track Bad Girls has been listed as Best New Music by the same website . Matthew Cole , reviewing the mixtape in Slant Magazine , described Maya as an act of musical self immolation from a self styled outsider uncomfortable with her own marketability but that Vicki Leekx was an ensuing ground zero dance party to follow up such a levelling of her image . Mike Schiller , writing for webzine PopMatters , was positive in his review but stated that the mix sounded like an artist throwing ideas at a wall and seeing what sticks . In consumer guide for MSN Music , critic Robert Christgau gave Vicki Leekx a B rating , indicating remarkable one way or another , yet also flirts with the humdrum or the half assed . Track listing Although the mixtape consists of a single 36 minute file , the artwork released to accompany it lists twenty tracks . Personnel The artwork released to accompany the mixtape credits the producers , listed as M.I.A. herself , Danja , unk , Diplo , Blaqstarr , Switch , Rusko , unk ( a pseudonym for her brother Sugu Arulpragasam ) and So Japan , and featured vocals by unk Pfeffer , credited mononymously as unk . The name of unk , a duo which includes Asma unk , M.I.A. ' s tour DJ , is also prominently displayed , although it is unclear what involvement the duo had in the project .
2,486	The Weinreb Nahm ketone synthesis is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry to make carbon carbon bonds . It was discovered in 1981 by Steven M. Weinreb and Steven Nahm as a method to synthesize ketones . The original reaction involved two subsequent nucleophilic acyl substitutions the conversion of an acid chloride into an N , O unk , known as a Weinreb Nahm amide , and subsequent treatment of this species with an organometallic reagent such as a Grignard reagent or organolithium reagent . Nahm and Weinreb also reported the synthesis of aldehydes by reduction of the amide with an excess of lithium aluminum hydride ( see amide reduction ) . The major advantage of this method over addition of organometallic reagents to more typical acyl compounds is that it avoids the common problem of over addition . For these latter reactions , two equivalents of the incoming group add to form an alcohol rather than a ketone or aldehyde . This occurs even if the equivalents of nucleophile are closely controlled . The Weinreb Nahm amide has since been adopted into regular use by organic chemists as a dependable method for the synthesis of ketones . These functional groups are present in a large number of natural products and can be reliably reacted to form new carbon carbon bonds or converted into other functional groups . This method has been used in a number of syntheses , including unk A and B , unk J , and unk A and B. ( See Scope below ) Mechanism Weinreb and Nahm originally proposed the following reaction mechanism to explain the selectivity shown in reactions of the Weinreb Nahm amide . Their suggestion was that the tetrahedral intermediate ( A below ) formed as a result of nucleophilic acyl substitution by the organometallic reagent is stabilized by chelation from the methoxy group as shown . This intermediate is stable only at low temperatures , requiring a low temperature quench . This chelation is in contrast to the mechanism for formation of the over addition product wherein collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate allows a second addition . The mechanistic conjecture on the part of Weinreb was immediately accepted by the academic community , but it was not until 2006 that it was confirmed by spectroscopic and kinetic analyses . Preparation In addition to the original procedure shown above ( which may have compatibility issues for sensitive substrates ) , Weinreb amides can be synthesized from a variety of acyl compounds . The vast majority of these procedures utilize the commercially available salt N , O unk hydrochloride MeO ( Me ) NH HCl , which is typically easier to handle than the free amine . Treatment of an ester or lactone with unk or unk affords the corresponding Weinreb amide in good yields . Alternatively , non nucleophilic Grignard reagents such as isopropyl magnesium chloride can be used to activate the amine before addition of the ester . A variety of peptide coupling reagents can also be used to prepare Weinreb Nahm amides from carboxylic acids . Various unk , unk , and triphenylphosphine based couplings have been reported specifically for this purpose . Finally , an unk reaction reported by Stephen Buchwald allows conversion of aryl halides directly into aryl Weinreb Nahm amides . Scope The standard conditions for the Weinreb Nahm ketone synthesis are known to tolerate a wide variety of functional groups elsewhere in the molecule , including alpha halogen substitution , N protected amino acids , unsaturation , silyl ethers , various lactams and lactones , unk , unk , and phosphonate esters . A wide variety of nucleophiles can be used in conjunction with the amide . unk and Grignard reagents are most commonly employed examples involving aliphatic , vinyl , aryl , and unk carbon nucleophiles have been reported . However , with highly basic or sterically hindered nucleophiles , elimination of the unk moiety to release formaldehyde can occur as a significant side reaction . Nonetheless , the Weinreb Nahm amide figures prominently into many syntheses , serving as an important coupling partner for various fragments . Shown below are key steps involving Weinreb amides in the synthesis of several natural products , including members of the immunosuppressant family of unk , and the antibiotic family of unk . Variations Reaction of Weinreb Nahm amides with Wittig reagents has been performed to avoid the sometimes harsh conditions required for addition of hydride reagents or organometallic compounds . This yields an N methyl N methoxy unk that converts to the corresponding ketone or aldehyde upon hydrolytic workup . Additionally , a one pot magnesium halogen exchange with subsequent unk has been developed , showcasing the stability of the Weinreb Nahm amide and providing an operationally simple method for the synthesis of aryl ketones . More unusual reagents with multiple Weinreb Nahm amide functional groups have been synthesized , serving as CO2 and diketone unk . Finally , Stephen G. Davies of Oxford has designed a chiral auxiliary that combines the functionality of the Weinreb amide with that of the Myers pseudoephedrine auxiliary , allowing unk unk alkylation followed by facile cleavage to the corresponding unk aldehyde or ketone .
2,487	Vermont Route 17 ( VT 17 ) is a 40 . 409 mile ( 65 . 032 km ) long state highway in western Vermont in the United States . The western terminus of the route is at the New York state line in Addison , where it connects to New York State Route 185 ( NY 185 ) by way of the Lake Champlain Bridge . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with VT 100 in Waitsfield . VT 17 was initially much shorter than it is today , extending from the Champlain Bridge to Addison upon assignment . It was extended east through the Green Mountains to Waitsfield in 1965 . Route description The routing of VT 17 varies greatly on opposite sides of the Bristol town center . West of Bristol , the route passes through generally level terrain and connects multiple communities . East of Bristol , VT 17 is more mountainous and more rural in nature . West of Bristol VT 17 begins at the New York state line over Lake Champlain , where it connects to NY 185 at the midpoint of the Lake Champlain Bridge . The route heads northeastward from the state line , descending the eastern bridge approach and intersecting VT 125 adjacent to the Chimney Point State Historical Site at Chimney Point . It continues northward along the lakeshore of Addison County and the town of Addison for roughly 2 miles ( 3 km ) ( passing unk State Park ) before turning eastward toward the village of Addison . In the center of Addison , situated 6 miles ( 10 km ) from Lake Champlain , VT 17 intersects VT 22A . VT 17 continues east from Addison , crossing over the Otter Creek and intersecting VT 23 near Weybridge prior to curving to the northeast toward Waltham . Midway between Waltham and New Haven , VT 17 briefly overlaps with U.S. Route 7 ( US 7 ) , before continuing eastward through New Haven to Bristol . As the route approaches the village of Bristol , it meets VT 116 at an intersection just west of the community . VT 116 turns east here , joining VT 17 through Bristol along Main Street . East of Bristol Outside Bristol , VT 17 and VT 116 are joined by the New Haven River , here marking the northern boundary of the Green Mountain National Forest . The roadway and waterway head east , following a winding route through the Green Mountains . When New Haven splits off to the southeast shortly afterward , VT 17 and VT 116 continue north along Baldwin Creek up to the point where VT 17 and VT 116 diverge . While VT 116 continues north along Beaver Brook , VT 17 remains in the vicinity of Baldwin Creek as it heads northeast through the Green Mountains . Midway between Bristol and Waitsfield , VT 17 intersects Gore Road , a local road that leads to eastern Burlington 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the north . The route crosses into Chittenden County , as well as the Camel 's Hump State Park , shortly afterward . The route leaves Chittenden County and passes into Washington County 2 miles ( 3 km ) later upon traversing the Appalachian Gap , a mountain pass located to the north of Mount Ellen . East of the gap , VT 17 continues through the eastern Green Mountains for 6 miles ( 10 km ) to Waitsfield , where it terminates at VT 100 . History The road connecting the ferry landing at Chimney Point to the town center of Addison was designated as VT F 7 ca . 1927 . The ferry crossed Lake Champlain into Port Henry . VT F 7 was extended eastward to US 7 in New Haven by 1929 . In 1929 , the Champlain Bridge opened , connecting Chimney Point to Crown Point . By the following year , the segment of VT F 7 west of VT 30A ( now VT 22A ) in Addison was renumbered to VT 17 , which now began on the Champlain Bridge at the New York state line . In 1933 , all of VT 17 and the portion of VT F 7 's former routing between Addison and New Haven were added to the state highway system . Prior to this time , maintenance of both roads was performed by the towns through which they passed . VT 17 was subsequently extended eastward to New Haven along VT F 7 's former routing . As part of the 1935 state highway expansion , additional mileage was added to VT 17 , which was extended 4 . 3 miles ( 6 . 9 km ) to VT 116 in Bristol . In 1936 , a 2 . 7 mile ( 4 . 3 km ) portion of the McCullough Turnpike in unk , which was chartered in 1933 but proved unprofitable , was deeded back to the state of Vermont and renamed to McCullough State Highway . The road , which extended eastward from the Chittenden Washington county line , was paved during the period of 1936 and 1940 . The rest of the McCullough Turnpike to VT 100 in Waitsfield became part of the state highway system in 1956 . In 1965 , the state legislature authorized the extension of VT 17 from Bristol to the Addison Chittenden county line , connecting it to the McCullough State Highway by way of Chittenden County 's section of the former McCullough Turnpike . The VT 17 designation was extended eastward through Chittenden County and along the McCullough State Highway at this time . VT 17 's connection to the state of New York was temporarily severed in October 2009 when the Champlain Bridge was closed due to safety concerns . The bridge was demolished two months later , truncating VT 17 to the eastern shoreline of Lake Champlain until its replacement , the Lake Champlain Bridge , opened to traffic on November 7 , 2011 . Major intersections
2,488	Har Mar Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in Roseville , Minnesota , a suburb of the Twin Cities . Har Mar Mall comprises over 430 , 000 square feet ( 40 , 000 m2 ) of retail space and is anchored by Burlington Coat Factory , Cub Foods , unk , and Marshalls . The mall contains 45 tenants , including several national chains , such as Barnes Noble , David 's Bridal , and Staples Inc . Opened in 1963 and expanded several times since , it is one of two enclosed malls in Roseville the other mall being Rosedale Center . Despite being a relatively small shopping center , Har Mar Mall continues to remain open . It was constructed by Robert W. Fendler of Fendler Patterson and is currently owned and managed by the unk Group and unk Services , respectively . History 1961 1980 Construction , grand opening , and later expansion Construction for the Har Mar Mall began in 1961 , when Harold J. Slawik had a vision to build a super mall , similar to shopping centers he had seen while traveling in Florida . Deriving its name from its owners Harold J. Slawik and his wife Marie Har Mar is a combination of the two names . It was built upon 50 acres of land near a busy intersection in Roseville , Minnesota . Minnesota native Willard Thorson , who designed Apache Plaza in nearby St. Anthony , designed the mall , while Robert W. Fendler served as the mall 's architect . According to Thorson , the mall consists of a long corridor , which zigzags at a series of angles ... that make Har Mar truly unique it features massively wide hallways and arched ceilings with large windows to allow natural light to enter the corridors . The mall cost nearly 6 million to construct over a span of two years . During the summer of 1962 , Harold Slawik died , leaving his wife in charge of the mall 's construction Mrs. Slawik reportedly worked 80 hour weeks in order to keep up with the mall . In May of the same year , Target Corporation constructed their first location in a parking lot directly north of Har Mar. While nearby Rosedale Center was constructed in 1969 , Har Mar went through a significant expansion in the early 1970s . In 1970 , the construction of a twin theater , Har Mar 1 2 , was completed and became the Twin Cities ' second double screened cinema its luxurious design included a spacious lobby , with three Venetian glass chandeliers and bubbling fountains and was constructed by architect Benjamin Gingold Jr .. 1981 present Tornado and current affairs On June 14 , 1981 , Har Mar Mall was damaged by a large tornado during the afternoon hours . While the mall wasn 't heavily damaged and only affected the mall 's cosmetic appearance , several nearby local businesses and residences were left in ruins following the impact . Shortly after the tornado , a large renovation occurred to update the mall 's appearance and fix any damage left by it . In 1988 , another expansion took place , allowing Har Mar to acquire several larger retailers in the newly constructed space the opening of Highland Superstore and TJ Maxx appeared later this year , along with the addition of a new food court with seating for over 400 people . Three years later , the Highland Superstore was converted to unk , a regional office supply store . unk was later acquired by OfficeMax in 1992 before ultimately closing in 1995 unk opened in the space vacated by OfficeMax , and is currently leased by unk , the successor of unk . In the 2000s , Har Mar underwent a cosmetic makeover that cost previous owner unk Realty Services nearly 12 million unk sparked interest in opening a Von Maur at the center , but the proposal eventually dissolved . In 2014 , Burlington Coat Factory , a discount apparel retailer , announced that they planned to lease a 52 , 300 square feet ( 4 , 900 m2 ) space previously occupied by Northwestern Books the opening of this location allowed all of Har Mar 's anchor tenants to be completely leased . Currently , the mall still prospers mixing large , special interest stores , as well as a variety of smaller , more unique stores under one roof . Several new tenants and businesses have began leasing space in the center , such as Staples Inc . , D 'Amico Sons , plus several other fine dining establishments . In November 2015 , a plan was proposed by the City of Roseville for the expansion of transportation routes in the neighboring vicinity of Har Mar the director of the project , Paul Bilotta , stated that the project could bring new customers to the mall which Bilotta states has struggled for identity for a number of decades . According to Mass Transit , construction of the project will begin in mid 2016 . In popular culture Har Mar Superstar , an indie rock musician and leader of the musical group Sean Na Na , took his stage name from Har Mar Mall . According to Sean unk , Superstar 's legal name , he acquired the name after spending his youth watching movies and writing songs about passers by in the food court . He visited the shopping mall frequently as it was across the street from where he worked in an office job . Since his entrance into the music industry , he has gained attention after writing a song for Britney Spears called Tall Boy , which was ultimately rejected by Spears ' management team .
2,489	For the broadside ironclad , see SMS Friedrich Carl ( 1867 ) SMS Friedrich Carl was a German armored cruiser built in the early 1900s for the Imperial German Navy . She was the second ship of the Prinz Adalbert class . Friedrich Carl was built in Blohm Voss shipyard in Hamburg . She was laid down in 1901 , and completed in December 1903 , at the cost of 15 , 665 , 000 Marks . She was armed with a main battery of four 21 cm ( 8 . 3 in ) guns and was capable of a top speed of 20 . 4 kn ( 37 . 8 km h 23 . 5 mph ) . The ship served with the German fleet after her commissioning before being used as a torpedo training ship in 1909 . In August 1914 after the outbreak of World War I , she was brought back to active service to act as Rear Admiral Behring 's flagship in the Baltic Sea . Her wartime career was cut short on 17 November when she struck a pair of Russian mines off Memel at 55 41 N 20 11 E. The mines caused fatal damage , but the ship sank slowly enough to permit the safe evacuation of most of the crew only seven men were killed in the incident . Construction Friedrich Carl was ordered under the provisional name Ersatz Knig Wilhelm and built at the Blohm Voss shipyard in Hamburg under construction number 155 . Her keel was laid in 1900 and she was launched on 22 June 1902 . Fitting out work followed and this was completed by 12 December 1903 , the day she was commissioned into the Imperial German Navy . She had cost the Imperial German Government 15 , 665 , 000 Goldmarks . Friedrich Carl displaced 9 , 087 t ( 8 , 943 long tons 10 , 017 short tons ) as built and 9 , 875 t ( 9 , 719 long tons 10 , 885 short tons ) fully loaded , with a length of 126 . 5 m ( 415 ft ) , a beam of 19 . 6 m ( 64 ft ) and a draft of 7 . 43 m ( 24 . 4 ft ) forward . She was powered by three vertical triple expansion engines , which produced a total of 17 , 272 indicated horsepower ( 12 , 880 kW ) and yielded a maximum speed of 20 . 4 kn ( 37 . 8 km h 23 . 5 mph ) on trials . She carried up to 1 , 630 t ( 1 , 600 long tons 1 , 800 short tons ) of coal , which enabled a maximum range of up to 5 , 080 nautical miles ( 9 , 410 km 5 , 850 mi ) at a cruising speed of 12 kn ( 22 km h 14 mph ) . She was armed with four 21 cm ( 8 . 3 in ) guns arranged in two twin gun turrets , one on either end of the superstructure . Her secondary armament consisted of ten 15 cm ( 5 . 91 in ) SK L 40 guns , twelve 8 . 8 cm ( 3 . 46 in ) guns and four 45 cm ( 18 in ) underwater torpedo tubes , one in the bow , one in the stern , and one on both beams . Service history Friedrich Carl served with the fleet from her commissioning on 12 December 1903 . She was assigned to I Subdivision of the Cruiser Division of the Active Fleet . Along with the light cruisers Frauenlob , Arcona , and Hamburg , Friedrich Carl 's subdivision was attached to the I Squadron of the Active Fleet . Friedrich Carl was the flagship of Rear Admiral Schmidt , the commander of the Cruiser Division . A second subdivision , composed of an armored cruiser and three light cruisers was attached to the II Squadron . On 20 September 1906 , Franz von Hipper took command of the ship . Under his leadership , the gunners aboard Friedrich Carl won the Kaiser 's Prize for best shooting in the fleet in 1907 . Hipper remained in the position until March 1908 . Friedrich Carl served with the fleet until 1 March 1909 , when she was withdrawn for use as a torpedo training ship . She served in this capacity until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , when she was again placed in active service with the cruiser division in the Baltic Sea . In October 1914 , Friedrich Carl was the first German warship to carry seaplanes . The ship carried two planes provisionally and had no permanent modifications made to support them . She was made the flagship of Rear Admiral Behring , the commander of the German cruiser squadron in the Baltic Sea . The squadron was based in Neufahrwasser in Danzig . The German naval command was aware that British submarines were operating in the Baltic Sea , and so ordered Behring to attack the Russian port at Libau to prevent it from being used as a British submarine base . The Russian Navy , however , had begun a campaign of mine warfare in the Baltic . Russian destroyers laid a series of minefields off Memel , Pillau , and other German ports in October 1914 . The Russian operations went completely undetected by the German navy . During this period , Friedrich Carl used her seaplanes in operations against the port in Libau . Behring was ordered to begin the attack on Libau in November poor weather conditions delayed the operation until the 16th . Early on the 17th , Friedrich Carl was steaming some 30 nmi ( 56 km 35 mi ) off Memel when she struck two Russian mines . The ship was kept afloat for several hours , which allowed the crew to be evacuated safely . The operation went ahead as scheduled and blockships were sunk at the entrance to Libau . After the crew was removed , Friedrich Carl was abandoned she capsized and sank at around 06 30 . Only seven men were killed in the attack . In media The sinking of Friedrich Carl is portrayed in the Russian movie Admiral , where Russian admiral Alexander Kolchak tricks the ship into a Russian minefield .
2,490	Son of Three is a song by the American group the Breeders that was written and sung by band member Kim Deal . The original version of the composition was recorded at Grandmaster Recording Ltd. in Hollywood , and was released in May 2002 on the album Title TK . The Breeders who then consisted of Kim Deal , Kelley Deal , Jose Medeles , Richard Presley , and Mando Lopez later re recorded Son of Three at a different Hollywood studio as Title TK 's third European single . This subsequent recording is shorter and faster than the album track , and matches how they were playing the song in concert in 2002 . The Son of Three single was released in September 2002 on 4AD , and reached No. 72 in the United Kingdom . The single includes a live performance of the group 's 1992 song Safari and a cover of Nerf Herder 's theme from the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television series . Deal , a Buffy fan , also negotiated to have the Breeders appear in an episode of the show . Critics have praised both the album and single versions of Son of Three . Recording The original version of Son of Three appeared on the Breeders ' 2002 album Title TK . While most of the album 's tracks were recorded by Steve Albini at his Electrical Audio studio in Chicago , Son of Three is one of two songs from a session recorded by Mark Arnold and Andrew Alekel at Grandmaster Recording Ltd. in Hollywood . The composition was written by Kim Deal , who also sang on the track . The other musicians who played on the recording were Kim 's sister Kelley Deal on guitar and vocals Richard Presley on guitar Mando Lopez on bass and guitar and Jose Medeles on percussion . Following the release of Title TK 's first two singles , Off You and Huffer , a third single was requested for the European market . For this purpose , the Breeders decided to record a new version of Son of Three . The session , which took place in July 2002 at Track Record Studios in North Hollywood , was fit in during a short break between a European and a US concert tour . This recording is faster than the album version , and reflects the sound of the group 's live performances of the song in 2002 . The engineers for this session were Ai unk and Justin Hamilton , with additional engineering credited to Marc Arnold . The sound of Son of Three has been described as dark punk , and elsewhere as a garage symphony of bubblegum grunge , woo woo unk harmonies and body snatching sci fi eeriness . One interviewer in 2002 described the lyrics of Son of Three as unk , noting the numerous references to driving in the song and throughout the Title TK album . The song 's lyrics include lines such as No more time on the meter , Cross another county line , and Are we there The second track on the three song single , Buffy Theme , was also recorded at the July 2002 session . This composition was originally performed by the group Nerf Herder , whose version was included on Buffy the Vampire Slayer The Album . It was written by Nerf Herder members Dennis , Grip , and Sherlock . Kim and Kelley Deal were both fans of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television show and had been playing Buffy Theme in concert in the first half of 2002 . At some point after the July recording session , Kim Deal telephoned Buffy musical supervisor John King to ask whether the Breeders could be on the show . On November 5 , the group appeared on the episode Him , in which they performed Son of Three and Little Fury . The Breeders ' Buffy Theme was also later included on the album Buffy the Vampire Slayer Radio Sunnydale . The final track on the Son of Three single , Safari , written by Deal , was recorded in concert at the Melkweg music venue in Amsterdam in June 2002 as part of the unk Live radio show . The original studio version of the song had been released on the Breeders ' Safari EP in April 1992 . Release and reception Title TK came out on May 20 21 , 2002 , and the Son of Three single on September 2 of that year . The single reached No. 72 on the UK Singles Chart . The album and single versions of Son of Three have mostly been well received by critics . AllMusic 's Heather Phares calls the Title TK track sweet and playfully spiky , while Will Bryant of Pitchfork cites it as a standout of the album , that get s the job done . PopMatters ' Matt Cibula reports rockin ' ... hard to the song and comments on the originality of the lyrics , such as the line If I find the door I am the son of Go . A reviewer at Contactmusic.com describes the single version of Son of Three as special , and for NME 's Stephen Dalton , it is a jewel . Richard Garnett of Leeds Music Scene similarly praises the track , commenting that the beefy descending bass line is enough to send shivers . Critical appraisal of the single 's B sides has been mixed . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic characterizes the Breeders ' Buffy Theme as wonderful . Garnett calls the track cheap , noting its short running time ( 1 minute 14 seconds ) . For Dalton , the recording amounts to a comedy cover , and the live version of Safari is inessential . By contrast , the Contactmusic.com reviewer rates this performance of Safari as fantastic . Track listing Charts
2,491	HMS Ajax was the name ship of her class of ironclad battleships built for the Royal Navy during the 1870s . Completed in 1883 , she was immediately placed in reserve until 1885 when the ship was commissioned for the first time . Later that year , Ajax was assigned as a coast guard ship in Scotland and remained there for the next six years . She was reduced to reserve again in 1891 and was taken out of service a decade later . The ship was sold for scrap in 1904 and subsequently broken up . Design and description The Ajax class was designed as a shallow draught version of the preceding Inflexible that was also smaller and cheaper unfortunately the need , imposed by budgetary constraints , to produce a smaller ship produced a vessel with all of the shortcomings of Inflexible but with none of her virtues . The ships had a length between perpendiculars of 280 feet ( 85 . 3 m ) and were 300 feet 9 inches ( 91 . 7 m ) long overall , some 44 feet ( 13 . 4 m ) shorter than Inflexible . They had a beam of 66 feet ( 20 . 1 m ) , and a draught of 23 feet 6 inches ( 7 . 2 m ) and displaced 8 , 510 long tons ( 8 , 650 t ) . Their crew consisted of 345 officers and ratings , over 3 , 000 long tons ( 3 , 048 t ) less than Inflexible . The Ajax class ships were bad seaboats and steered very erratically , especially at high speed . More deadwood was added to their sterns in 1886 in a partially successful attempt to rectify the problem . The Ajax class was powered by a pair of inverted , vertical , compound expansion steam engines . These were built by John Penn and Sons and each drove a single propeller using steam provided by 10 cylindrical boilers . The engines were designed to produce a total of 6 , 000 indicated horsepower ( 4 , 500 kW ) for a speed of 13 knots ( 24 km h 15 mph ) . The ships carried a maximum of 970 long tons ( 986 t ) of coal , enough to steam 2 , 100 nautical miles ( 3 , 900 km 2 , 400 mi ) at 9 knots ( 17 km h 10 mph ) . They copied the main armament layout of Inflexible with their turrets arranged en echelon so that both turrets could directly ahead and to each side , although this was more theoretical than practical due to damage from muzzle blast . Each turret mounted a pair of rifled muzzle loading RML 12 . 5 inch ( 318 mm ) guns . Their shells weighed 809 pounds ( 367 . 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 38 long tons ( 39 t ) . The guns had a muzzle velocity of 1 , 575 ft s ( 480 m s ) and were credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 18 . 4 inches ( 470 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . To attack the unarmoured portion of their opponents , the Ajax class was fitted with a pair of rifled breech loading BL 6 inch ( 152 mm ) , 80 pounder guns . For defence against torpedo boats , they carried six quick firing QF 6 pdr ( 2 . 2 in ( 57 mm ) ) Nordenfelt guns . The ships also mounted a pair of above water 14 inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo launchers and could carry a 60 foot ( 18 . 3 m ) torpedo boat . The Ajax class copied Inflexible 's armour scheme of a heavily armoured citadel with unk ends and sides . But unlike their predecessor , they lacked enough buoyancy to remain afloat if their ends were flooded . The citadel was 104 feet ( 32 m ) and the armour was composed of wrought iron plates 10 inches ( 254 mm ) and 8 inches ( 203 mm ) thick , separated and backed by 10 inches of teak at the waterline , reducing above and below the waterline to an armoured thickness of 15 inches ( 381 . 0 mm ) in a similar sandwich . The citadel was closed off by fore and aft transverse bulkheads that were 16 . 5 inches ( 419 mm ) thick above water and 13 . 5 inches ( 343 mm ) below . The armoured deck was 3 inches ( 76 mm ) thick from bow to stern . The turrets were protected by compound armour plates 16 to 14 inches ( 406 to 356 mm ) thick and 12 inch ( 305 mm ) plates defended the conning tower . Construction and career Ajax , the fourth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy , was named for the mythological hero . The ship was laid down on 21 March 1876 in No. 4 Slipway , Pembroke Dockyard , Wales , and was launched on 10 March 1880 by Mrs. George Parkin , wife of the dockyard 's Captain Superintendent . She was completed on 30 March 1883 at a cost of 548 , 393 . Ajax was not commissioned until 30 April 1885 and was assigned to the Particular Service Squadron commanded by Admiral Geoffrey Hornby . That summer , the squadron evaluated the weapons and defences of a fortified harbour , Berehaven ( now unk ) , Ireland , against torpedo boats and other threats . In August 1885 , when tensions with Russia had subsided , she was posted as guard ship at Greenock . Ajax accidentally collided with the turret ship Devastation in 1887 off Portland . The latter had one compartment below water holed , but Ajax only received two holes in her bow . The ship participated in the annual manoeuvres in August 1889 and a shell exploded in one of her 12 . 5 inch gun barrels on 2 September , wounding one man . The ship was reduced to reserve at Chatham Dockyard in 1891 . Her BL six inch , 80 pounder guns were replaced by QF six inch guns in 1897 . She was further reduced to Dockyard Reserve in November 1901 , and was sold to Castles for scrap in March 1904 and subsequently broken up at Charlton .
2,492	France was the last ship of the Courbet class battleships , the first dreadnoughts built for the French Navy . She was completed just before World War I as part of the 1911 naval building programme . She spent the war in the Mediterranean , covering the Otranto Barrage in the Adriatic . France , accompanied by her sister ship Jean Bart , was sent to the Black Sea in 1919 to oppose the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War . Her crew briefly mutinied in April 1919 from a combination of war weariness , Communist sympathizers in the crew and difficult conditions . The mutiny and general lack of morale among her crew caused her to return to France later that month . Striking an uncharted rock off the French coast in 1922 , she foundered four hours later . Description France was 166 metres ( 544 ft 7 in ) long overall . She had a beam of 27 metres ( 88 ft 7 in ) and at full load a draft of 9 . 04 metres ( 29 ft 8 in ) at the bow . She displaced 23 , 475 tonnes ( 23 , 104 long tons ) at standard load and 25 , 579 tonnes ( 25 , 175 long tons ) at full load . She proved to be rather wet in service as she was bow heavy because of the superimposed turrets forward . France had four propellers powered by four Parsons direct drive steam turbines which were rated at 28 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 20 , 880 kW ) . Twenty four Belleville water tube boilers provided steam for her turbines . These boilers were coal burning with auxiliary oil sprayers . She had a designed speed of 21 knots ( 39 km h 24 mph ) . She carried up to 2 , 700 long tons ( 2 , 700 t ) of coal and 906 long tons ( 921 t ) of oil and could steam for 4 , 200 nautical miles ( 7 , 800 km ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 12 mph 19 km h ) . France 's main armament consisted of twelve 305 millimetre ( 12 in ) Mle 1910 45 calibre guns were mounted in six twin gun turrets , with two turrets superimposed fore and aft , and one on each flank of the ship . For anti torpedo boat defence she carried 22 138 millimetre ( 5 . 4 in ) Mle 1910 guns , which were mounted in casemates . Four 47 millimetre ( 1 . 9 in ) Modle 1902 Hotchkiss guns were fitted , two on each beam . She was also armed with four 450 millimetre ( 18 in ) submerged Modle 1909 torpedo tubes with twelve torpedoes . France 's waterline armoured belt extended well below the waterline as the French were concerned about protection from underwater hits . Her main armour was also thinner than that of her British or German counterparts , but covered more area . It was 270 millimetres ( 10 . 6 in ) thick between the fore and aft turrets and tapered to 180 mm ( 7 . 1 in ) towards the bow and stern . It extended 2 . 4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) below the normal waterline . Above the main belt was another belt , 180 mm thick , that covered the sides , and the secondary armament , up to the forecastle deck , 4 . 5 metres ( 14 ft 9 in ) deep , between the fore and aft turrets . The conning tower had armour 300 mm ( 11 . 8 in ) thick . The main gun turrets had 290 millimetres ( 11 . 4 in ) of armour on their faces , 250 millimetres ( 9 . 8 in ) on their sides and roofs 100 millimetres ( 3 . 9 in ) thick . Their barbettes had 280 millimetres ( 11 . 0 in ) of armour . There was no anti torpedo bulkhead although there was a longitudinal bulkhead abreast the machinery spaces that was used either as a coal bunker or left as a void . Career France , together with her sister ship Paris , was ordered on 1 August 1911 as part of the 1911 Naval Programme . She was built by the Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire in Saint Nazaire . Her keel was laid down on 30 November 1911 and she was launched on 7 November 1912 . She was commissioned as part of the Bastille Day celebrations in 1914 . Almost immediately after being commissioned , she , escorted by Jean Bart , carried the President of the French Republic , Raymond Poincar , on a state visit to Saint Petersburg , Russia in July 1914 . They returned from Russia shortly before World War I began . World War I France , upon her return , was ordered , along with her three sister ships , to serve in the Mediterranean Sea against the Austro Hungarian and Ottoman Navies . They spent most of 1914 providing gunfire support for the Montenegrin Army until the submarine U 12 torpedoed Jean Bart on 21 December off Sazan Island . This forced the battleships to fall back to either Malta or Bizerte . After the French occupied the neutral Greek island of Corfu in 1916 they moved forward to Corfu and Argostoli , but their activities were very limited as many of their crews were used to man anti submarine ships . After the war , France and Paris supported Allied forces in the Black Sea in 1919 during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . Mutinies briefly broke out on both ships in April 1919 , but collapsed when Vice Admiral Jean Franoise Charles Amet agreed to meet their main demand to take the ships home . 26 crewmen were sentenced to prison terms upon her return , although they were commuted in 1922 as part of a bargain between Prime Minister Raymond Poincar and the parties of the Left . On 26 August 1922 , she struck an uncharted rock in Quiberon Bay and foundered four hours later . Of her crew of 900 , only three were lost . She was not modernized before her loss .
2,493	The Centennial Light is the world 's longest lasting light bulb , burning since 1901 . It is at unk East Avenue , Livermore , California , and maintained by the Livermore Pleasanton Fire Department . Due to its longevity , the bulb has been noted by The Guinness Book of World Records , Ripley 's Believe It or Not , and General Electric . It is often cited as evidence for the existence of planned obsolescence in later produced light bulbs . History The Centennial Light was originally a 30 watt or 60 watt bulb but now is very dim , emitting about the same light as a 4 watt nightlight . The hand blown , carbon filament common light bulb was manufactured in Shelby , Ohio , by the Shelby Electric Company in the late 1890s many just like it still exist and can be found functioning . According to unk Bernal Beck , the bulb was donated to the Fire Department by her father , Dennis Bernal , in 1901 . Bernal owned the Livermore Power and Water Company and donated the bulb to the fire station when he sold the company . That story has been supported by firefighter volunteers of that era . Evidence suggests that the bulb has hung in at least four locations . It was originally hung in 1901 in a hose cart house on L Street , then moved to a garage in downtown Livermore used by the fire and police departments . When the fire department consolidated , it was moved again to a newly constructed City Hall that housed the unified departments . Its unusual longevity was first noticed in 1972 by reporter Mike Dunstan . After weeks of interviewing people who had lived in Livermore all their lives , he wrote Light Bulb May Be World 's Oldest , published in the Tri Valley Herald . Dunstan contacted the Guinness Book of World Records , Ripley 's Believe It or Not , and General Electric , who all confirmed it as the longest lasting bulb known in existence . The article came to the attention of Charles Kuralt of the CBS TV program On the Road with Charles Kuralt . In 1976 , the fire department moved to Fire Station 6 with the bulb the bulb 's cord was severed for fear that unk it could damage it . It was deprived of electricity for only 22 minutes during the transfer , which was made in a specially designed box and with full firetruck escort . An electrician was on hand to install the bulb into the new fire station 's emergency generator . Ripley 's Believe It Or Not stated that the short delay would not mar the bulb 's continuous burning record . In 2001 , the bulb 's 100th birthday was celebrated with a community barbecue and live music . Since that move , the bulb has run continuously for 38 years previously it had only been off the grid for short periods of time ( e.g. a week in 1937 for a renovation and the odd power outage ) . On the evening of May 20 , 2013 , the general public witnessed , through a dedicated webcam , that the bulb had apparently burned out . The next morning , an electrician was called in to confirm its status . It was determined that the bulb had not burned out when the uninterruptible power supply was bypassed , using an extension cord . The dedicated power supply was found to have been faulty . Approximately seven hours had transpired before the light was reestablished . The bulb is cared for by the Centennial Light Bulb Committee , a partnership of the Livermore Pleasanton Fire Department , Livermore Heritage Guild , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories , and Sandia National Laboratories . The Livermore Pleasanton Fire Department plans to house and maintain the bulb for the rest of its life , regardless of length . When it does go out , they have no plans for it , although Ripley 's Believe it or Not has requested it for their museum . The bulb 's long life has been attributed to its low power , nearly continuous operation , and dedicated power supply . Publicity The bulb was officially listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the most durable light in 1972 , replacing another bulb in Fort Worth , Texas . The bulb was listed in the book for the next 16 editions . It was not listed during 1988 2006 , without a reason being given , before returning in 2007 . 2010 French Spanish documentary The Light Bulb Conspiracy dealing with planned obsolescence refers to the Centennial Light extensively . According to the fire chief , every few months a news outlet will publish a story on the bulb , generating visitors and general interest , then it will drop back into obscurity for a while . Dozens of magazines and newspapers have featured articles on the bulb . The bulb has been visited and featured by many major news channels in the United States , including NBC , ABC , Fox , CBS , WB , CNN and NPR . The bulb has received letters acknowledging and celebrating its longevity from the city of Shelby , Ohio , the Alameda County Board of Supervisors , the California State Assembly , the California State Senate , Congresswoman Ellen Tauscher , Senator Barbara Boxer , and President George W. Bush . The bulb was featured on an episode of MythBusters on December 13 , 2006 . It was also in the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) documentary Livermore . It was also briefly mentioned on Warehouse 13 in the season one episode Regrets . The light bulb was featured in an episode of 99 Invisible .
2,494	No. 76 Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) wing that operated during World War II . Initially based in Far North Queensland , its headquarters transferred to Darwin , Northern Territory , in September 1944 to take control of three PBY Catalina units Nos. 20 , 42 , and 43 Squadrons . The prime task of these squadrons was minelaying in the South West Pacific theatre , and they conducted these operations as far afield as Java , Borneo , the Philippines , and China . As well as minelaying , No. 76 Wing 's Catalinas flew bombing , patrol , and transport missions , and dropped millions of propaganda leaflets in the closing months of the war . The wing headquarters disbanded in November 1945 . History No. 76 Wing headquarters was established at Townsville , Queensland , on 3 January 1944 , and moved to Cairns mid month . Led by Wing Commander Reginald Burrage , it transferred to Darwin , Northern Territory , in September to coordinate and control minelaying operations in the North Western Area by Nos. 20 , 42 , and 43 Squadrons . Each of the squadrons was equipped with PBY Catalina flying boats , nicknamed Black Cats No. 20 had been based in Cairns with No. 76 Wing headquarters , No. 42 had just been formed at Darwin in August , while No. 43 had been operating out of Darwin since March . Minelaying missions carried out by the RAAF over the past year had been credited with successfully disrupting enemy shipping for a much smaller outlay of operating hours than conventional bombing , and were thus considered profitable enough to dedicate a wing with three squadrons to furthering the work . Although the Catalinas were relatively slow and susceptible to enemy fighter attack , their loss rate was no more than one per 95 sorties . In addition to its flying squadrons , the wing controlled No. 2 Flying Boat Maintenance Unit , No. 11 Air Sea Rescue Flight , and No. 3 Mobile Torpedo Unit . All units were located in Darwin except No. 42 Squadron , which was based at Melville Bay . The Catalina squadrons were expected to carry out a total of 100 missions per month from Darwin . In their first three weeks of operation from 13 September 1944 they accomplished 98 , mining targets in Celebes , Java , and Surabaya . In October , they were able to use the recently liberated island of Morotai as a forward base for operations against Balikpapan and Tarakan . On 14 December , No. 43 Squadron , augmented by Catalinas from No. 11 Squadron based at Rathmines , New South Wales , mined Manila Bay to keep Japanese shipping bottled up , thus supporting the Allied landing at Mindoro taking place the next day . Flying from Leyte , the 24 Catalinas successfully dropped 60 mines in the heavily defended target area for the loss of one of their number , and returned to base at the limit of their fuel reserves . In the early part of 1945 , monsoonal weather in Darwin reduced the number of missions flown by No. 76 Wing . On the night of 5 6 April , three Catalinas kept watch on the Japanese cruiser Isuzu , which was subsequently struck by Allied bombers and sunk by submarines . During the month , the Catalinas mined Hong Kong harbour , as well as targets on the coast of mainland China , flying up to sixteen hours per mission . On 26 May , they undertook the RAAF 's most northerly operation during the Pacific War , against unk . The same month , Group Captain Stuart Campbell , former leader of No. 42 Squadron , took over command of the wing . In May June , reinforced by a detachment from No. 11 Squadron , No. 76 Wing flew mining and bombing missions in support of the forthcoming Operation Oboe Six , the Battle of North Borneo , and Oboe Two , the Battle of Balikpapan . Before Oboe Six , while some of the Catalinas concentrated on mining the approaches to Surabaya harbour , others bombed airfields in Java and Celebes in concert with RAAF B 24 Liberators . The Catalinas and Liberators combined again in the lead up to Oboe Two to raid any Japanese airfields that could threaten Balikpapan , in some cases bombing the same target around the clock , the Catalinas by night and Liberators by day . With the Allies ' decision to confine RAAF minelaying operations to areas south of China from June onwards , the number of worthwhile targets for the Catalinas was reduced . Sorties for the month were down to 58 , a number of which were carried out from Labuan against Banka Strait . The wing 's last minelaying missions of the war took place in July , again in the Banka Strait . In the final months before the Japanese surrender , the Catalinas also delivered propaganda leaflets around the Dutch East Indies and South China Sea , dropping over a million in June alone . No. 76 Wing and its squadrons remained at Darwin in the immediate aftermath of the war , conducting routine patrols , transporting supplies and medicine to prisoners of war in the South West Pacific , and assisting in the repatriation of Australian personnel . In November 1945 , under a reorganisation of RAAF units at Darwin , the wing headquarters was given orders to disband . It became non operational on 16 November and was officially dissolved five days later . No. 42 Squadron disbanded the same month , while Nos. 20 and 43 Squadrons transferred to Rathmines , where they disbanded in 1946 .
2,495	The Playwright 's Love is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on a poor playwright named John Russell who is approached by a poor dying woman . Upon her death , John takes guardianship of her daughter named Grace . A decade passes and Grace becomes a young woman as John struggles with his love for her . Then , a suitor approaches Grace and is denied because she loves John . When John learns of this , he proposes to her and is accepted . Released on July 19 , 1910 , the film received positive reception by film critics . One reviewer noted the similarity to other productions and another reviewer said the film recalled The Prince Chap . The film is presumed lost . Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from July 23 , 1910 . It states John Russell , an unsuccessful playwright , is in straitened circumstances , but is generous despite his poverty . When a poor woman falls exhausted at his doorway he takes her in , and after her death he cares for her child . This kind of action seems to bring him luck , for a play that he had been unable to dispose of is sold for a good sum and he starts on the high road to prosperity . Ten years later when the girl is grown to womanhood , John finds that he is deeply in love with his ward , but does not betray his passion , believing that it is hopeless . His eyes are opened , however , by Will , who is in love with Grace , and is told by her when she refuses him that she loves John . When John hears this he promptly proposes and is as promptly accepted by the girl . Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The New York Dramatic Mirror points out the plot of the film resembles a popular stage production The Prince Chap from several years ago . The plot of the play bear striking familiarities to the Thanhouser production . The play focuses on William Peyton , a sculptor , who takes in a young girl , Claudia , at the request of her dying mother . Claudia grows into a young woman , rejects her suitor , and concludes with Claudia and Peyton deciding to marry . Another mention of this film in The Morning Telegraph stated , This story has been told many times in pictures , excepting in this film the character is a playwright . The film director and the cameraman are unknown , but the Thanhouser Kid Marie Eline is the only known credit in the cast . Eline plays the role of the young orphan Grace . Other members cast may have included the other leading players of the Thanhouser productions , Anna Rosemond , Frank H. Crane and Violet Heming . A surviving film still shows the playwright in the process of trimming his cuffs with scissors before an interview , leaving hope that another credit may be attributed to the lost film . Despite the lack of production details , the quality of the Thanhouser films in general stood out amongst the Independent producers . An editorial by The Spectator in The New York Dramatic Mirror contained specific praise for Thanhouser productions by stating , ... practically all other Independent American companies , excepting Thanhouser , show haste and lack of thought in their production . Crude stories are crudely handled , giving the impression that they are rushed through in a hurry anything to get a thousand feet of negative ready for the market . Such pictures , of course , do not cost much to produce , but they are not of a class to make reputation . The Thanhouser company , alone of the Independents , shows a consistent effort to do things worthwhile ... The editorial warned that American audiences were not subject to be entertained by the novelty of moving images and cautioned the Independents that there was distinct danger in quantity over quality . The editorial was written by Frank E. Woods of the American Biograph Company , a Licensed company , and like the publication itself had a considerable slant to the Licensed companies . Release and reception The one reel drama , approximately 950 feet long , was released on July 22 , 1910 . The film had known showings in Indiana , and Maryland . The film was advertised , possibly in error , as simply Playwright 's Love and A Playwright 's Love . The film received numerous reviews in the trade publications and most were positive . The Moving Picture News review was positive and stated , Love knows neither creed nor class , and when the unsuccessful playwright falls in love with the daughter of a woman whom he had taken a charitable interest in at the time of her death , the fact is not to be wondered at . He plays a noble part and is rewarded as the film reaches it s final scene . The story is rich in feeling and sympathy , the settings are touching and appropriate and the photography is pretty good . Another review in the publication agreed that the film was another high quality Thanhouser release . The Moving Picture World spared only a brief summary of the film with a simple approval for the romantic story . The New York Dramatic Mirror found another reason that the film was worth seeing the absence of a villain .
2,496	The 91st Boat Race took place on 1 April 1939 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . In a race umpired by the former Oxford rower William Rathbone , Cambridge won by four lengths in a time of 19 minutes 3 seconds . The victory took the overall record in the event to 48 42 in Cambridge 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1938 race by two lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 47 victories to Oxford 's 42 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by H. E. Boardman , J. N. Duckworth ( three time Blue between 1934 and 1936 ) and Derek Mays Smith . Oxford 's coaches were John Cherry ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1936 , 1937 and 1938 races ) , Guy Oliver Nickalls ( who had rowed three times between 1921 and 1923 ) and J. H. Philips . The race was umpired by the former Oxford rower and coach William Rathbone who had represented the Dark Blues in the 1926 and 1927 races and coached them in the 1936 and 1937 races . During the build up to the race at Putney , Oxford 's stroke R. M. A. Bourne suffered a serious hand injury he was temporarily replaced by J. R. Bingham , but Bourne failed to regain his form after returning and so was dropped in favour of his stand in . Oxford were described by the rowing correspondent for The Manchester Guardian as having a powerful , orthodox crew without a weak man in the boat while he suggested that Cambridge are not orthodox , and they have not quite the same uniformity of style . The rowing correspondent for the The Times agreed , stating that since 1936 Cambridge rowing has certainly deteriorated , and they have produced this year as heterogeneous a crew as has ever been seen in the race . The Dark Blues were considered by most to be favourites to win the race . Both crews raced in boats built by George Sims Boatbuilding Company of Hammersmith . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 12 . 5 lb ( 81 . 7 kg ) , 2 . 5 pounds ( 1 . 1 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . The Cambridge crew saw three former Blues return , including Alan Burrough who was making his third consecutive appearance . Oxford 's crew included four rowers with Boat Race experience , including their number four , R. R. Stewart who was also taking part in his third consecutive race . Three of the individuals participating in the race were registered as non British Oxford 's H. P. V. Massey was Canadian , while Cambridge 's crew included American number five H. Parker and Australian number six J. Turnbull . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Umpire Rathbone started the race at 11 01 a.m. after Oxford had kept Cambridge waiting at the stakeboat for five minutes . Oxford made the quicker start and were a quarter of a length ahead within fifteen seconds . However , Cambridge 's longer strokes saw them soon pick up pace and within a minute they were a third of a length ahead of the Dark Blues . Out rating their opponents by four strokes per minute , Cambridge were half a length ahead by Craven Steps and two lengths up by the Mile Post . Despite their lead , the Light Blues were rather ragged and badly together while Oxford were rowing perfectly steadily . The Dark Blue cox Massey steered across to the Surrey station in an attempt to gain more advantage from the tide , but Cambridge began to pull away again at Harrods Furniture Depository and led by two and a half lengths as they passed below Hammersmith Bridge . The Light Blues reduced their stroke rate but continued to extend their lead , passing Chiswick Steps with a 12 second advantage which they were held to until they passed below Barnes Bridge . C. B. Sanford , the Cambridge stroke , called for a push and increased the rate by four strokes a minute to pull even further ahead , even though Oxford had made a push of their own . Cambridge won by four lengths in a time of 19 minutes 3 seconds . It was their first victory since the 1936 race , and the fastest winning time and largest winning margin since the 1934 race . The victory took the overall record in the event to 47 42 in Cambridge 's favour . The rowing correspondent of The Manchester Guardian was critical of Oxford 's failure to respond to Cambridge 's early pressure it was incumbent on them to fight like tigers , they settled down to a dignified and , as it were , middle aged stride . The Observer 's rowing correspondent agreed It could hardly be described as a ' race ' for Oxford made no effort to ' race ' and the further they went the more they fell behind .
2,497	October Rebellion was the collective name for the series of protest events surrounding the fall 2007 meetings of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on October 19 20 , 2007 , in Washington , D.C. , United States . The events were organized by the October Coalition . According to the October Coalition 's call to action , the group demanded an end to all third world debt using the financial institutions ' own resources , the end to structural adjustment policies believed to prioritize profit over the lives of individuals , and an end to social and environmental issues caused by oil and gas production , mining , and certain kinds of infrastructure development . Demonstration at Immigration and Customs Enforcement Early in the day on October 19 , an estimated 100 activists demonstrated outside the Washington headquarters of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement , an agency of the Department of Homeland Security . Demonstrators had assembled to express a critical view of the economic and immigration policies of the United States , while chanting , No justice , no peace According to The Washington Post , They said that much immigration to the United States was the result of harsh overseas economic policies on the part of the government , the World Bank and the IMF . Georgetown march The October Coalition called for disruptive actions throughout Georgetown , in a march starting at 9 00 PM on October 19 from Washington Circle in Foggy Bottom . In explaining their selection of Georgetown for a march , organizers stated on their Web site , Georgetown , Washington 's seat of power , is a playground for the rich . Its residents possess enormous wealth at the expense of the poor majority who live so close to them . They live so close , yet a world away , hidden in plain sight . Georgetown embodies neoliberalism . Georgetown is neoliberalism . A demonstrator at the event described the reason for going to Georgetown as being where the delegates were staying . Prior to the march , the organizers did not outline what specific actions would be taken , nor did they indicate whether or not the group would carry weapons , but encouraged participants to use creativity and a diversity of tactics . According to The Hoya , it was suggested that 30th and M Streets NW would be a preliminary destination . The night before the march , officials at Georgetown University issued a safety alert , indicating that the demonstration was expected to occur between 6 PM and 11 PM , and was expected to end in Georgetown 's commercial district . The university advised its students to avoid the area , citing an expectation of traffic delays and road closures . According to Josh unk , an officer in the Second District of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia , there would be an increased police presence throughout the entire city , with no extra precautions taken in Georgetown beyond those being taken throughout the city , while recalling that in the past , protest activity surrounding the World Bank and IMF had been mostly peaceful . At the appointed time , an estimated 200 to 300 demonstrators , many wearing the black clothing and masks characteristic of a black bloc , gathered at Washington Circle before departing with a heavy police escort for Georgetown , via Pennsylvania Avenue and M Street NW . The march turned north at Wisconsin Avenue , before reversing course and returning to M Street . Over the course of the march , newspaper boxes were overturned , objects were thrown , and trash cans were knocked over . Many storefronts were boarded in anticipation of the march . Two unk windows were broken at the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street . Two arrests were made , related to an incident where an officer was pushed from a scooter . The event was marred by an accident involving a female bystander , who was walking with a group of friends when she was struck in the forehead by a brick thrown by a demonstrator . The woman was taken to a nearby hospital for treatment following the incident . The Georgetown march ended at approximately 10 30 PM , when , at 29th and M Streets , police ordered the demonstrators to disperse . Most complied with the order . March to the World Bank On October 20 , 2007 , approximately 500 demonstrators gathered at Franklin Square for a rally and march to the World Bank headquarters at 18th and H Streets . The group consisted of a mix of people , including students , community activists , as well as anarchists dressed for a black bloc . The protest was peaceful , with the exception of an incident in Murrow Park , across the street from the World Bank , where several demonstrators charged the line of police as a group of finance ministers arrived and crossed the police lines for mid afternoon meetings . Police quickly came in carrying batons and shoving demonstrators , which sent some people running . However , according to Bob Exe , one of the demonstrators , the police line was never charged , but that some pushing may have occurred . Following the scuffle with police , the People 's Tribunal began , which consisted of a panel of six judges , and a line up of people from countries affected by the policies of the World Bank and the IMF speaking .
2,498	The Sd.Kfz. 9 ( also known as unk ) was a German half track that saw widespread use in World War II , and the heaviest half track vehicle of any type built in quantity in Nazi Germany during the war years . Its main roles were as a prime mover for very heavy towed guns such as the 24 cm unk 3 and as a tank recovery vehicle . Approximately 2 , 500 were produced between 1938 and 1945 . Description The Sd.Kfz. 9 had a ladder frame chassis . Power was provided by a Maybach 12 cylinder , water cooled , 10 . 838 litres ( 661 . 4 cu in ) HL 108 gasoline engine of 270 horsepower ( 270 PS ) . It had a unk ZF G 65 VL 230 transmission with four forward and one reverse gears . It had two fuel tanks , one of 90 litres ( 24 US gal ) and the other of 230 litres ( 61 US gal ) capacity . Both tracks and wheels were used for steering . The steering system was set up so that shallow turns used only the wheels , but brakes would be applied to the tracks the further the steering wheel was turned . The drive sprocket , like all German halftracks , had rollers rather than the more common teeth . The rear suspension consisted of six double sets of overlapping , interleaved Schachtellaufwerk layout roadwheels mounted on swing arms sprung by torsion bars . An idler wheel , mounted at the rear of the vehicle , was used to control track tension . The front wheels had leaf springs and shock absorbers . The upper body had a crew compartment common to all versions . This had bench seats , one for the driver and his assistant , and another for the crew . The rear portion of the upper body was adapted for the vehicle 's intended role . The artillery model had two extra bench seats for the gun 's crew and space for its ammunition . The cargo version had just two storage compartments mounted in the front of the cargo compartment , one on each side , that opened to the outside . The windshield could fold forward and was also removable . A convertible canvas top was mounted at the upper part of the rear body . It fastened to the windshield when erected . The Sd.Kfz. 9 was designed to have a towing capacity of 28 tonnes ( 28 long tons 31 short tons ) . This was adequate for medium tanks like the Panzer IV , but two or even three or four were necessary for heavier vehicles like the Tiger I , Panther or King Tiger . It towed unk 116 low loader trailers to carry disabled vehicles . All were equipped with a winch , mounted at the middle of the vehicle , just under the cargo platform . Design and development Preliminary design of all the German half tracks of the early part of the war was done by Dipl.Ing. Ernst Kniepkamp of the Military Automotive Department ( Wa Prf 6 ) before the Nazis took power in 1933 . His designs were then turned over to commercial firms for development and testing . unk und unk GmbH ( unk ) of Breslau received the contract for the 18 t ( 18 long tons 20 short tons ) heavy towing tracked vehicle . Their first prototype , the FM gr 1 , was completed in 1936 . It had a 200 horsepower ( 200 PS ) Maybach HL 98 unk engine and was only 7 . 7 metres ( 25 ft ) long . The F 2 prototype appeared in 1938 , but differed only in detail from its predecessor . The F 3 appeared in 1939 and was the production version . The design was simplified over the course of the war to reduce costs and the use of strategic metals . Some vehicles produced by Tatra had its 12 cylinder , air cooled Type 103 diesel engine fitted . Large spades were added at the rear of the chassis during the war to improve the vehicle 's ability to recover tanks and other heavy vehicles . Variants A new upper body was used for the Sd.Kfz. 9 1 which mounted a 6 t ( 5 . 9 long tons 6 . 6 short tons ) capacity crane in lieu of the crew 's bench seat and the cargo compartment . It was issued to tank maintenance units beginning in September 1941 . A larger , gasoline electric , 10 t ( 9 . 8 long tons 11 short tons ) crane was fitted on the later Sd.Kfz. 9 2 , but this required outriggers to stabilize the vehicle before operations could begin . There was also a tank recovery version with a giant spade like metal plate connected to the rear of the frame . The spade holding frame could be lifted straight up for transport . It was meant to stabilize the vehicle while unk a heavy object on soft ground . 8 . 8 cm Flak 18 anti aircraft guns were mounted on fifteen Sd.Kfz. 9s in 1940 as the 8 . 8 cm Flak 18 ( unk . ) auf Zugkraftwagen unk ( Sd.Kfz. 9 ) for anti tank duties . The crew and engine compartments were lightly ( 14 . 5 mm ( 0 . 57 in ) ) , but completely , armored , which limited the gun 's ability to fire directly ahead . A platform with drop down sides was fitted for the gun . Outriggers were necessary to brace the platform sides to support the weight of the gun crew . The vehicle weighed 25 tonnes ( 25 long tons 28 short tons ) , was 9 . 32 metres ( 30 . 6 ft ) long , 3 . 67 metres ( 12 . 0 ft ) tall and 2 . 65 metres ( 8 . 7 ft ) wide . One source claims that these vehicles were produced as prototypes in 1943 . Production unk of Plauen began producing the Sd.Kfz. 9 in 1940 and Tatra joined in the last years of the war . 855 were on hand on 20 December 1942 . 643 were built in 1943 and 834 in 1944 . Approximately 2 , 500 were built in total .
2,499	SM U 21 or U XXI was a U 20 class submarine or U boat built for and operated by the Austro Hungarian Navy ( German Kaiserliche und Knigliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) during the First World War . The design for U 21 was based on submarines of the Royal Danish Navy 's Havmanden class ( three of which had been built in Austria Hungary ) , and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war . U 21 was just over 127 feet ( 39 m ) long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes , a deck gun , and a machine gun . Construction on U 21 began in mid 1915 and the boat was launched in September 1916 . After suffering damage during a diving trial in January 1917 , U 21 underwent seven months of repairs before her commissioning in August 1917 . The U boat conducted patrols off the Albanian coast in October 1917 , but experienced the failure of the seal on her main hatch . The repairs kept the boat out of action until June 1918 . But in July a piston in her diesel engine broke , knocking the submarine out of the rest of the war . At the end of World War I , U 21 was ceded to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920 . U 21 had no wartime successes . Design and construction When it became apparent to the Austro Hungarian Navy that the First World War would not be a short one , they moved to bolster their U boat fleet by seizing the plans for the Danish Havmanden class submarines , three of which had been built at Whitehead Co. in Fiume . Although the Austro Hungarian Navy was not happy with the design , which was largely obsolete , it was the only design for which plans were available and which could be begun immediately in domestic shipyards . The Austro Hungarian Navy unenthusiastically placed orders for U 21 and her three sister boats on 27 March 1915 . U 21 was one of two boats of the class to be built at the Pola Navy Yard . Due to demands by the Hungarian government , subcontracts for the class were divided between Hungarian and Austrian firms , and this politically expedient solution worsened technical problems with the design , resulting in numerous modifications and delays for the class in general . U 21 was an ocean going submarine that displaced 173 metric tons ( 170 long tons ) surfaced and 210 metric tons ( 207 long tons ) submerged and was designed for a complement of 18 . She was 127 feet 2 inches ( 38 . 76 m ) long with a beam of 13 feet ( 4 . 0 m ) and a draft of 9 feet ( 2 . 7 m ) . For propulsion , she featured a single shaft , a single 450 bhp ( 340 kW ) diesel engine for surface running , and a single 160 shp ( 120 kW ) electric motor for submerged travel . She was capable of 12 knots ( 22 km h ) while surfaced and 9 knots ( 17 km h ) while submerged . Although there is no specific notation of a range for U 21 , the Havmanden class , upon which the U 20 class was based , had a range of 1 , 400 nautical miles ( 2 , 600 km ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h ) , surfaced , and 23 nautical miles ( 43 km ) at 8 knots ( 15 km h ) submerged . U 21 was armed with two 45 cm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes . She was also equipped with a 66 mm 26 ( 2 . 6 in ) deck gun and an 8 mm ( 0 . 31 in ) machine gun . Service career U 21 was launched on 15 August 1916 , the first of the four U 20 class boats . During a diving trial in January 1917 , the submarine was damaged when it sank too deep , requiring repairs that took place over the next seven months . U 21 was commissioned on 15 August under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Hugo von Seyffertitz . A 31 year old native of Brixen , von Seyffertitz was a first time U boat commander . Ten days after commissioning , U 21 safely submerged to a depth of 42 metres ( 138 ft ) . However , her nose was dented when she hit bottom on another test dive in September , necessitating more repairs . On 29 September , von Seyffertitz steered the boat from the submarine base at Brioni to Cattaro , where she arrived on 1 October . On 4 October , U 21 set out for a patrol off the coast of Albania , but had returned to Cattaro by mid October . On 15 October , von Seyffertitz and U 21 departed from Cattaro to begin their first Mediterranean deployment . Slated to sail into the Ionian Sea , U 21 instead had to turn back the following day when the main hatch seal on the conning tower leaked and could not be repaired . After her 18 October return to Cattaro , she sailed for Pola , arriving on 24 October . There , she would undergo another lengthy stay in port for repairs . While U 21 was under repair , von Seyffertitz was transferred to U 47 . Linienschiffleutnant Robert Drrial was assigned the new commander of U 21 on 24 March 1918 . The 26 year old Galician had served as commander of U 10 for four months in 1917 . Drrial led U 21 out of Pola on 1 June for Cattaro , making stops en route at unk and Novigrad for repairs to the gyrocompass . On 16 July , while conducting patrols off the Albanian coast , a piston in U 21 's diesel engine broke and Drrial put in at unk . On 25 July , U 21 was towed to Pola , where she remained until the end of the war . She was ceded to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920 . Like all of her sister boats , U 21 had no wartime successes .

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