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2,600	The 81st Boat Race took place on 23 March 1929 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The event featured three Olympic medallists and included the first Danish rower ever to participate in the Boat Race . In a race umpired by former Oxford rower Charles Burnell , Cambridge won by seven lengths in a time of 19 minutes 24 seconds , the fastest winning time since the 1924 race . The victory , their sixth in a row and their tenth in the previous eleven years , levelled the overall record for the first time since 1863 , at 40 wins each . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1928 race by ten lengths , with Oxford leading overall with 40 victories to Cambridge 's 39 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by Francis Escombe and P. Haig Thomas ( four time Blue who had rowed between 1902 and 1905 ) . Oxford 's coaches were Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four time Blue ) , Guy Oliver Nickalls ( who had rowed three times between 1921 and 1923 ) and Arthur Wiggins ( who had rowed for Oxford in the 1912 , 1913 and 1914 races ) . For the third year the umpire was Charles Burnell who had rowed for Oxford in the 1895 , 1896 , 1897 and 1898 races . Charles Kent , who rowed for Oxford in the 1891 race , was the finishing judge for the second consecutive year . Bad weather plagued the practice and build up to the race Heavy fog caused the postponement of at least one outing . The Times rowing correspondent described Cambridge 's style as so easy as to be almost sluggish while Oxford were lively to the point of punishing their boat . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 10 lb ( 80 . 5 kg ) , 5 . 5 pounds ( 2 . 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford saw two rowers return in George Godber and H. C. Morphett . Cambridge 's boat contained five participants with Boat Race experience , including Richard Beesly who was making his third consecutive appearance . He and Michael Warriner were gold medallists in the coxless four at the 1928 Summer Olympics . Their cox Arthur Sulley won a silver medal in the men 's eight . Three of the Oxford crew were registered as non British H. C. Morphett and J. A. Ingles were from Australia , while C. F. Juel Brockdorff was the first Danish rower in the history of the event . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . The umpire Burnell started the race at 12 12 p.m. in gloriously fine weather , and both boats got off to quick starts , with Oxford just ahead after the first strokes . Level past the boathouses , Cambridge edged ahead to hold a canvas length lead by Craven Steps . Taking advantage of the Dark Blues ' struggle in rough water by Craven Cottage , Cambridge slowly drew ahead and held a three quarter length lead by the time the crews passed the Mile Post . A push from the Dark Blues saw them keep in contention until Hammersmith Bridge where , according to L. Cecil Smith writing in The Observer , they went ahead so fast and steadily as to suggest that even had they lost the toss they would have been able safely to take the Surrey water while Oxford had been taken out of their stride . The Light Blues passed below the bridge with a two length lead . A spurt from Cambridge around the Chiswick Reach bend effectively ended the race as a contest . A final surge from Oxford was held off by Cambridge who passed below Barnes Bridge five lengths ahead . Here , some of the Dark Blues started to show signs of distress , in particular their bow P. D. Barr who , it was later noted , had been suffering from influenza . Cambridge pulled away from the Dark Blues with every stroke and rated 36 strokes per minute towards the finish , passing the finishing post with a lead of seven lengths in a time of 19 minutes 24 seconds . It was their sixth consecutive victory , the tenth in the previous eleven years and was the fastest winning time since the 1924 race , and the ninth fastest time in the history of the event . The win took the overall record to 40 40 , the first time since the 1863 race that the scores had been levelled . According to E. P. Evans , former Oxford rower in the 1904 , 1905 and 1906 races , writing in The Manchester Guardian , the Cambridge crew was worthy to be classed with some of the best that Cambridge has turned out , while Oxford rowed distinctly below their practice form and were a most disappointing crew . The rowing correspondent for The Times described it as a crushing defeat for Oxford , stating that they were completely outpaced yet while Cambridge upheld the tradition of skill , Oxford upheld that of courage .
2,601	Buzz is one of the two official mascots of the Georgia Institute of Technology . Buzz is usually represented as a stylized yellowjacket with yellow and black fur , white wings , a yellow head , and antennae . He is almost never drawn with six legs , but rather with arms , legs , hands ( in white gloves ) and feet ( in black Converse high tops ) , like a human . Invented in 1972 and reinvented in 1979 , Buzz reflects the tradition of referring to Georgia Tech students as Yellow Jackets . Buzz is also one of Georgia Tech 's emblems and trademarks , one that they defended in a 1998 legal conflict with the Salt Lake Buzz . Tradition Like many mascots , Buzz communicates via hand gestures and sign language , rather than speech . At some school events , there are a few people who dress up as Buzz . The identities of these individuals must be kept secret until their graduation . They must be in excellent physical condition , about 5 ft 4 in tall ( 1 . 63 m ) , and must be able to do a front suicide flip called a Buzz Flip , Buzz 's trademark move . Those interested in donning the Buzz suit must take part in a two day tryout , judged by the former Buzz . Buzz is officially part of Georgia Tech 's cheerleading team , so the Buzz tryout happens at the same time as the other cheerleading tryouts . Buzz is beloved by Georgia Tech students and fans for his spirit and antics . He is a prankster and likes to crowd surf . Buzz is seen at football games , basketball games , Georgia Tech Six Flags Night , and other events . Buzz has parachuted onto the field for pre game festivities , does push ups every time Tech scores , and conducts the band for the Budweiser song , a common jingle for the beer . Buzz is involved with charity events , team photos , sports conventions , and official Georgia Tech events such as the annual President s Dinner . Buzz can also be hired for social gatherings , such as weddings and birthday parties . History The term Yellow Jacket or Yellowjacket has been used to refer to students and the various sports teams as early as the 1890s . Fans of Georgia Tech would often wear yellow jackets to sporting events in support of the early Georgia Tech teams . The early football teams , lacking gold fabric for jerseys , wore yellow jerseys . John Heisman told the Atlanta Constitution that he wanted his teams to be referred to as the Yellow Jackets in October 1905 . In November 1906 , the Atlanta Journal portrayed a University of Georgia football player being attacked by a yellowjacket with the words Somebody 's about to get stung as the caption . This was the first time that the Georgia Tech sports teams were referred to as the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in print . Invention and reinvention The original Georgia Tech Yellow Jacket mascot was Judi McNair who , according to the Winter 2004 edition of the Georgia Tech Alumni Association Tech Topics magazine , donned a homemade yellowjacket costume in 1972 and performed at home football games . She rode on the Ramblin ' Wreck and appears in the 1972 Georgia Tech Blueprint yearbook . McNair 's mascot was considered a great idea , as it was a big hit with the fans . In 1979 , McNair 's idea for a Yellow Jacket was reintroduced by another Georgia Tech student , Richie Bland . Bland , who was apparently unaware of McNair 's prior initiative , paid 1 , 400 to have a local theme park costume designer make a yellow jacket costume that he first wore at a pep rally prior to the Tennessee football game . Rather than obtain permission from Georgia Tech as Judi had done in 1972 , this student , a few weeks later simply sneaked onto the field in costume during a football game and ran across the field . The fans naturally believed that this costumed character was acting as an official member of the cheerleading squad and responded accordingly . By 1980 this new incarnation of the yellow jacket mascot was given the name Buzz Bee and was adopted as an official mascot by Georgia Tech . This new Buzz character would be the model for a new Georgia Tech emblem , designed in 1985 by Mike Lester . Salt Lake Buzz lawsuit In 1998 , Georgia Tech filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against the Salt Lake Buzz , a Pacific Coast League minor league baseball team . The Institute had negotiated a deal with the team , but the team backed out of the agreement before it was finalized and filed suit in Utah for the right to use the mark . Tech filed a countersuit and won in 2001 . As a result , the team was forced to change its name ( to the Salt Lake Stingers several years later , it would adopt its current name of the Salt Lake Bees ) and pay Georgia Tech 600 , 000 , although Georgia Tech spent 700 , 000 to 800 , 000 during the dispute . Contests and stunts Buzz participates in several mascot contests . In 1997 , Buzz won an Access Atlanta poll due to creative ballot stuffing by Tech students . In 2005 and 2006 , Buzz was named to the Capital One All American Mascot Teams and participated in the Capital One Mascot Challenge . In 2000 and 2001 , Buzz won the NCA ( National Cheerleaders unk . ) mascot of the year and in 2004 and 2006 , Buzz received second place in the NCA Mascot Competition in Daytona , Florida . On June 14 , 2008 , Buzz rappelled down the 40 story Viewpoint lofts building in Midtown , Atlanta as part of a university fundraiser .
2,602	Reid Turner Blackburn ( August 11 , 1952 May 18 , 1980 ) was a photographer killed in the 1980 volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens . A photojournalist covering the eruption for a local newspaper the Vancouver , Washington Columbian as well as National Geographic magazine and the United States Geological Survey , he was caught at Coldwater Camp in the blast . Blackburn 's car and body were found four days after the eruption . His camera , buried under the debris of the eruption , was found roughly one week later . After his death , Reid was praised by his coworkers and friends alike . They spoke of his talent and enthusiasm , as well as his sometimes acerbic sense of humor . His wife , Fay , concluded that he had died doing what he loved . Life Blackburn was born in 1952 , the son of an engineer who possessed a fixation on figuring out the way things worked . He loved the idea of photography , once equating it to painting with light . He was an accomplished photographer , and had received accolades from the Associated Press for his photographs . Blackburn also authored a book on outboard hydroplane racing . Blackburn attended Linfield College in Oregon . He began working at The Columbian newspaper in 1975 as a photojournalist . It was there that he met his wife , Fay Mall , who worked in the newspaper 's display advertising department . The two dated for several months before marrying in the summer of 1979 . Blackburn enjoyed hiking and loved the outdoors . Assignment at Mount St. Helens According to coworker and photo editor Steve Small , St. Helens was Blackburn 's favorite mountain . They climbed it together several times , and referred to it as the Sleeping Beauty of the Northwest . Blackburn first became interested in the possibility of an eruption at Mount St. Helens in March 1980 , when a series of earthquakes rocked the volcano . Having already climbed the mountain , he was intrigued by the situation and was eventually assigned to document the activity of the volcano for his outdoor skills and his meticulousness . By May , he had begun camping out at the volcano as a joint project to take pictures of the volcanic phenomena for The Columbian , National Geographic , and the United States Geological Survey . Despite being assigned to stay on the mountain only until May 17 , Blackburn opted to stay a few more days . Blackburn was situated near Coldwater Creek , 8 miles ( 13 km ) from the volcano , on the day of the eruption . Early on May 18 , an earthquake measuring 5 . 1 on the Richter scale struck the region , creating a massive landslide unk cubic miles ( 3 km3 ) of rock that released pressure on the volcano 's crater , causing an ejection of steam . Just seconds later , Mount St. Helens erupted laterally ( from its side ) , sending supersonic pyroclastic flows ( very hot clouds of gas and volcanic ash ) into the forest below . Death Blackburn was killed when a pyroclastic flow enveloped the area where he was camped out . His car was found four days later , surrounded up to the windows in ash with his body inside . The windows had been broken and ash filled the interior of the vehicle . In early June , National Geographic photographer Fred Stocker recovered Blackburn 's camera from debris 2 . 5 feet ( 1 m ) thick . The film was not salvageable , as the intense heat from the eruption had corrupted the negatives . The 1980 event was the deadliest and most destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States . A total of 57 people are known to have died , and more were left homeless when the ash falls and pyroclastic flows destroyed or buried 200 houses . In addition to Blackburn , notable resident Harry Randall Truman and volcanologist David Alexander Johnston were killed . Legacy After his death , friends and coworkers of Blackburn came forward to compliment his pleasant character and his talent . Friends described Blackburn as having an impishness his friends came to expect . unk Mike Prager called Reid one of the funniest and most talented journalists in the Pacific Northwest who made his job look easy , he was that good . Tom unk , editor of The Columbian , described Blackburn 's humor as wry and sometimes acerbic , but elaborated that Blackburn was gentle , displaying aggression when it was necessary for him to get close to a subject he was photographing . Commenting on her husband 's dedication to photography , Fay Blackburn remarked , if Reid were alive today , he 'd probably be back on the front line seeking to capture the latest chapter in the mountain 's evolution , in spite of the risk . Reid loved that mountain . He climbed it , hiked it , skied it . She added that he died doing what he loved . The National Press Photographers Association awards a competitive scholarship annually in Blackburn 's honor , worth 2000 . In 2005 The Columbian offered an internship to applicants for the scholarship in memory of Blackburn . In December 2013 , a roll of undeveloped film containing pre eruption shots of Mount St. Helens was discovered in Blackburn 's archives at The Columbian . The photos , taken by Blackburn during a helicopter photo shoot of the mountain the month before the eruption , were successfully developed over 30 years after Blackburn 's death , and remain journalistically important as a record of the pre eruption landscape .
2,603	The 159th Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on 31 March 2013 . Held annually , the event is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The Cambridge crew featured the first rower from the Czech Republic to compete in the event . Umpired by former Olympic medallist and former Oxford rower Matthew Pinsent , Oxford won by a margin of one and a half lengths in a time of 17 minutes and 27 seconds . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis defeated Cambridge 's Goldie , and Oxford won the Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the disrupted 2012 race by four and a quarter lengths , and led overall with 81 victories to Oxford 's 76 , with one dead heat . The race was sponsored for the second consecutive year by BNY Mellon . Following the disruption caused by a protestor in the previous year 's race , Royal Marines provided support to the security arrangements surrounding the race . Race director David Searle urged nobody to repeat the disruption of 2012 , saying What I would say to anybody thinking of doing that , is that it 's unbelievably dangerous ... We had practised emergency stops and it worked . The manner of any potential restart was modified to allow the race re commence as soon as practicable . The Metropolitan Police had made contact with the protestor , Trenton Oldfield , to assist him making a more peaceful protest should he wish to do so , but he declined the offer and did not attend the race in any capacity . Oxford announced that they had named their boat Acer in honour of former cox Acer Nethercott who had died two months earlier from brain cancer . Nethercott , an Olympic silver medallist in Beijing , had coxed Oxford in the 2003 , 2004 and 2005 races . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 6 pounds ( 2 . 7 kg ) per rower more than Cambridge . For the second consecutive year , Cambridge 's crew featured just one British rower . Cambridge was coached by Steve Trapmore for the third time , and declared It 's the best crew I 've had in my time at Cambridge . Oxford 's Sean Bowden who was coaching the university for an eighteenth time , was very satisfied with his crew . Milan unk was the first Czech rower in the history of the Boat Race . Three medallists from the 2012 Summer Olympics featured Cambridge 's George Nash won a bronze for Great Britain in the coxless pair , Oxford 's Constantine Louloudis won bronze for Great Britain in the men 's eight and his crew mate Malcolm Howard won silver for Canada in the same event . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . The weather conditions were adverse , with a brisk wind and snow flurries prior to the race . The race commenced at 4 . 31 pm , and despite a good start from Cambridge , Oxford quickly moved to hold a half length lead . With blades nearly overlapping , Umpire Pinsent issued warnings to both coxes to avoid a clash , and approaching Hammersmith Bridge , Oxford 's lead extended to nearly a length . Cambridge kept in touch despite a push from Oxford , but by Barnes Bridge , Oxford were two lengths clear , and according to James Cracknell , they were the fastest eight in the world right now . Oxford passed the finishing post one and a half lengths clear , in a time of 17 minutes 27 seconds . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis defeated Cambridge 's Goldie by one third of a length , the smallest margin of victory ever recorded in the reserves race . Oxford won the 68th Women 's Boat Race by one and three quarter lengths . Reaction Olympic gold medallist Katherine Grainger presented Oxford with the trophy . Winning cox Zorilla said It was fun , tough but that was what we expected . We had a plan and we stuck to it ruthlessly . His Light Blue counterpart , unk , remarked I asked a lot of the guys and they gave it me every time . Unfortunately it wasn 't quite enough . The BBC apologised for broadcasting Zorilla 's repeated swearing . A microphone in the Oxford boat picked up the bad language during the latter half of the race which was subsequently broadcast live on both BBC One and the BBC World News channel . Further swearing from Zorilla was broadcast as he emerged from the Thames after the customary soaking of the victorious cox .
2,604	SMS Bremen ( His Majesty 's Ship Bremen ) was the lead ship of the seven vessel Bremen class , built by the Imperial German Navy . She was built by the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen , her namesake city . She was laid down in 1902 , launched in July 1903 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in May 1904 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 . 5 cm ( 4 . 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Bremen was capable of a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km h 25 mph ) . Bremen served on the East American Station for the majority of her career , including the ten years before the outbreak of World War I. She returned to Germany in 1914 before the start of the war . At the onset of hostilities , she was attached to the fleet in the Baltic tasked with containing the Russians . In August 1915 , she participated in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga , but did not see significant action during the battle . Four months later , on 17 December , she struck two Russian naval mines and sank , with the loss of 250 of her crew . Construction Bremen was ordered under the contract name L and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in the ship 's namesake city in 1902 and launched on 9 July 1903 , after which fitting out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 19 May 1904 . The ship was 111 . 1 meters ( 365 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 . 3 m ( 44 ft ) and a draft of 5 . 53 m ( 18 . 1 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 , 797 t ( 3 , 737 long tons 4 , 185 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple expansion engines , designed to give 10 , 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 , 500 kW ) for a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km h 25 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal fired Marine type water tube boilers . Bremen carried up to 860 tonnes ( 850 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 4 , 270 nautical miles ( 7 , 910 km 4 , 910 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km h 14 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 274 287 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 . 5 cm SK L 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 , 200 m ( 40 , 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 , 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 mm ( 3 . 1 in ) thick . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 . 0 in ) thick shields . Service history After her commissioning , Bremen served on the East American station , and she frequently visited the United States . In April 1907 , she and the armored cruiser Roon sailed to the United States to participate in the Jamestown Exposition commemorating the anniversary of the arrival of colonists in Chesapeake Bay on 26 April . In addition to the German delegation , the international fleet consisted of warships from Great Britain , Japan , Austria Hungary , France , Italy , and several other nations . Wilhelm Canaris , the future admiral and head of the Abwehr during World War II , served aboard the ship starting on 2 November 1907 , his first assignment after graduating from the naval academy . Bremen conducted a tour of South America in late 1908 , beginning in September with a call on Buenos Aires , followed by a stop in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil . The tour lasted through February 1909 , and included stops in Costa Rica , Panama , Guatemala , and the Dutch Antilles . In March , Bremen returned to the northern Atlantic and visited American ports for the next three months . In September October 1909 , Bremen , joined the protected cruisers Victoria Louise and Hertha , and the light cruiser Dresden , which had traveled to the United States to represent Germany during the Hudson Fulton Celebration . In early 1912 , Bremen was assigned to a goodwill cruise to the United States , along with the battlecruiser Moltke and the light cruiser Stettin . On 11 May 1912 the ships left Kiel and arrived off Hampton Roads , Virginia , on 30 May . There , they met the US Atlantic Fleet and were greeted by then President William Howard Taft aboard the presidential yacht USS Mayflower . After touring the East Coast for two weeks , they returned to Kiel on 24 June . Bremen remained abroad until 1914 , when she returned to Germany . After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914 , she was assigned to the fleet in the Baltic Sea . While there , she participated in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 . She was assigned to the second attack on the Gulf , which took place on 16 August . She and the cruisers Graudenz , Augsburg , and Pillau escorted the dreadnoughts Nassau and Posen while they attempted to force their way into the Gulf . The German flotilla penetrated the Russian defenses by 19 August and steamed into the Gulf , but withdrew shortly thereafter due to the threat of Allied submarines and mines . On 17 December 1915 , Bremen and the torpedo boat unk ran into a Russian minefield Bremen struck a pair of mines off Windau and sank , as did unk . The majority of Bremen 's crew died in the sinking , with 250 men killed .
2,605	The Larabanga Mosque is a historic mosque , built in the Sudanese architectural style in the village of Larabanga , Ghana . It is the oldest mosque in the country and one of the oldest in West Africa , and has been referred to as the Mecca of West Africa . It has undergone restoration several times since it was originally founded in 1421 ( 17th century according to some ) . The World Monuments Fund ( WMF ) has contributed substantially to its restoration , and lists it as one of the 100 Most Endangered Sites . The restoration works have revived the knowledge of mud plaster maintenance . The mosque has an old Quran , believed by the locals to have been given as a gift from heaven in 1650 to unk unk Bramah , the Imam at the time , as a result of his prayers . The mosque , built with mud and reeds , has two tall towers in pyramidal shape , one for the mihrab which faces towards Mecca forming the facade on the east and the other as a minaret in the northeast corner . These are buttressed by twelve bulbous shaped structures , which are fitted with timber elements . Location The mosque is located in the Islamic town of Larabanga , close to unk in the West Gonja District of the Northern Region of Ghana . The town is situated about 15 kilometers north of unk , and 4 kilometers south of the Mole National Park entrance . History According to a legend , in 1421 an Islamic trader named unk had a dream while staying here , near a Mystic Stone , instructing him to build a mosque . Strangely , when he awoke , he found that the foundations were already in place and he proceeded to construct the mosque until it was completed . It is believed that unk 's remains are buried under a baobab tree , next to the mosque . Unlike mosques situated in urban settings in West Africa , the Larabanga Mosque is comparatively small . Rural mosques , like Larabanga 's , were usually conceived by a single unk and loosely based on styles seen elsewhere such as in the Great Mosque of unk . In order to achieve a physical resemblance to the architecture used elsewhere , the Larabanga Mosque had to incorporate large buttresses in order to compensate for the poorer quality of building materials . Larabanga is one of the eight ancient and highly revered mosques in Ghana and is also its oldest . It is a place of pilgrimage and is considered the Mecca of West Africa . In the 1970s , a mixture of sand and cement was applied to the external faces of the mosque hoping that it would protect the mosque from getting damaged in the wind and rain . However , this treatment resulted in substantial damage to the building as moisture became trapped in the walls built of mud and started a deterioration process of the structure , with termites infesting the wooden supports under humid conditions . This resulted in part of the mosque collapsing and during the repair work it caused some distortions of the structural elements and the exterior of the mosque . Owing to the effect of prevailing winds and rains on the walls , the mosque has needed several renovations and restoration work which over the years have altered some of its exterior designs . In September 2002 , a severe storm destroyed the mihrab and the minaret . As a result , the World Monuments Fund ( WMF ) placed the mosque on the 2002 World Monuments Watch , also considering the damage sustained after an inappropriate restoration from the 1970s . The Ghana Museums and Monuments Board decided to fully restore the mosque and sought advice from unk , an architectural firm based in Grenoble , France which has expertise in building earthen structures . The renovation work was supported by a WMF , with a grant fund of US 50 , 000 from American Express . The local community also provided support . The conservation process involved removal of the earlier cement plaster from the surfaces of the mosque , the wooden structural components were replaced , the minaret and the mihrab were reconstructed , the portal was redone , and the interior and exterior surfaces were plastered in the traditional way . The renovation resulted in reassessing the state of conservation of the site , involving a team of local artisans and labourers . It helped to restore the monument with special emphasis on reviving the knowledge of mud plaster maintenance . Features Like other mosques in Northern Region of Ghana , Larabanga Mosque is built in the traditional unk Sahelian architectural style , using local materials and construction techniques . The mosque is built with mud and reeds , and measures about 8 metres ( 26 ft ) by 8 metres ( 26 ft ) . It has two towers in pyramidal shape , one for the mihrab which faces towards Mecca forming the facade on the east and the other as a minaret in the northeast corner . In addition , 12 buttresses of conical shape on the external walls are strengthened by horizontally aligned timber elements . The architectural style is also known as flat footed adobe architecture . All the structures are given a white wash . The mosque has an old Quran , believed by the locals to have been given as a gift from heaven in 1650 to Bramah , the Imam at the time , as a result of his prayers . The local community has also been supported in a handicraft and tourism project to generate funds not only for meeting the maintenance expenses of the mosque but also improve the economic conditions of the people .
2,606	HMS Delight was a D class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . Delight was initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet before she was transferred to the China Station in early 1935 . She was temporarily deployed in the Red Sea during late 1935 during the Abyssinia Crisis , before returning to her duty station where she remained until mid 1939 . Delight was transferred back to the Mediterranean Fleet just before the Second World War began in September 1939 . She served with the Home Fleet during the Norwegian Campaign . The ship was sunk by German dive bombers on 29 July 1940 while attempting to transit the English Channel in daylight . Description Delight displaced 1 , 375 long tons ( 1 , 397 t ) at standard load and 1 , 890 long tons ( 1 , 920 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 . 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 . 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 . 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 36 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 , 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km h 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 drum water tube boilers . Delight carried a maximum of 473 long tons ( 481 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 , 870 nautical miles ( 10 , 870 km 6 , 760 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 145 officers and men . The ship mounted four 45 calibre 4 . 7 inch Mark IX guns in single mounts . For anti aircraft ( AA ) defence , Delight had a single 12 pounder ( 3 inch ( 76 . 2 mm ) ) gun between her funnels and two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 . 5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . She was fitted with two above water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 inch torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . Career Delight was ordered on 2 February 1931 under the 1930 Naval Estimates and was laid down at the yards of the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company , Govan , Scotstoun on 22 April 1931 . She was launched on 2 June 1932 and completed on 31 January 1933 , at a total cost of 229 , 378 , excluding equipment supplied by the Admiralty , such as weapons , ammunition and wireless equipment . The ship was used to carry out sea trials on the Mark IX torpedo after working up until 24 April 1933 . Delight then joined the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean and made a brief deployment to the Persian Gulf in September November 1933 . The ship was refitted at Portsmouth between 3 September and 25 October 1934 for service on the China Station with the 8th ( later the 21st ) Destroyer Flotilla and arrived there in January 1935 . She was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet in the Red Sea from September to November 1935 during the Abyssinian Crisis . As war with Germany loomed , Delight was assigned to the Mediterranean and departed 29 August 1939 in company with several of her sisters . She arrived at Aden on 19 September and later at Alexandria where she operated with the Mediterranean Fleet for the next three months . The ship was transferred to the Home Fleet in December and arrived at Portsmouth on 30 December . She was refitted until 27 January 1940 before she joined the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla . Delight was damaged in heavy weather on 8 April and forced to return to port for repairs . During the Norwegian Campaign , Delight escorted the aircraft carrier HMS Furious as she returned to Scapa Flow on 25 April to replenish her aircraft . On 1 May , she ferried troops to the light cruisers HMS Manchester and HMS Birmingham of the 18th Cruiser Squadron during the evacuation from ndalsnes . Delight supported the Allied troops on 27 28 May as they recaptured Narvik before she was sent to Bod the next day to investigate reports of a German amphibious landing . Over the next two nights , the ship and seven other destroyers evacuated British troops from Bod . On 7 8 June , Delight escorted a troop convoy evacuating Allied troops from Narvik ( Operation Alphabet ) . The ship went to the assistance of the armed merchant cruiser HMS Scotstoun after she had been torpedoed by U 25 on 13 June . Delight had her superheater tubes replaced at Rosyth from 21 June to 24 July . In the meantime , the Battle of Britain began on 10 July 1940 and the English Channel became the main battle ground until August . After departing Portland Harbour in daylight on 29 July , contrary to orders , the ship was detected by a Freya radar at Cherbourg and the Luftwaffe was alerted . At 19 25 12 Ju 87s belonging to III . Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 led by Gruppenkommandeur Walter unk attacked Delight , which was by now some 20 miles ( 32 km ) off Portland Bill . She was hit by a bomb on her fo unk , which caused a major fire and a subsequent explosion . The ship sank later that evening having lost six of her company in the attack . Delight currently lies at a maximum depth of 62 metres ( 203 ft ) , broken into several sections . Her centre is upside down , her bow is broken off , and the stern is upright . As the wreck is designated as a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 it is illegal to enter the wreck without a license or to interfere with the wreck or debris field in any way .
2,607	The seventh HMS Enterprise of the Royal Navy was an armoured sloop launched in 1864 at Deptford Dockyard . Originally laid down as a wooden screw sloop of the unk class , she was redesigned by Edward Reed and completed as a central battery ironclad . The ship spent the bulk of her career assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet before returning to England in 1871 where she was paid off . Enterprise was sold for scrap in 1885 . Design and description The ship had a length between perpendiculars of 180 feet ( 54 . 9 m ) , a beam of 36 feet ( 11 . 0 m ) , and a draught of 15 feet 10 inches ( 4 . 83 m ) at deep load . She displaced 1 , 350 long tons ( 1 , 370 t ) . Her crew consisted of 130 officers and men . Enterprise 's wooden hull was remodeled shortly after she was laid down she was given a plough shaped ram bow and a semi circular stern . The ship had only two decks the main deck , very close to the ship 's waterline , and the upper deck which carried her armament , about 6 . 5 feet ( 2 . 0 m ) above the waterline . She was the first ship of composite construction in the Royal Navy , with iron upperworks . Propulsion Enterprise had a Ravenhill , Salkeld Co. direct acting horizontal single expansion 2 cylinder direct acting steam engine driving a single propeller . Steam was provided by a pair of tubular boilers . The engine produced 690 indicated horsepower ( 510 kW ) which gave the ship a maximum speed around 9 . 9 knots ( 18 . 3 km h 11 . 4 mph ) . Enterprise carried 95 long tons ( 97 t ) of coal . As built , her funnel was mounted in the middle of the battery for protection , which impaired the working of her guns until it was relocated forward of the battery in November 1864 . She was barque rigged with three masts and had a sail area of 18 , 250 square feet ( 1 , 695 m2 ) . Her best speed under sail and steam was 9 . 8 knots ( 18 . 1 km h 11 . 3 mph ) . Armament Enterprise was armed with two 100 pounder smoothbore , muzzle loading Somerset cannon and two rifled 110 pounder breech loading guns . The breech loading guns were of a new design from Armstrong and much was hoped for them . Firing tests carried out in September 1861 against an armoured target , however , proved that the 110 pounder was inferior to the 68 pounder smoothbore gun in armour penetration , and repeated incidents of breech explosions during the Battles for Shimonoseki and the Bombardment of Kagoshima in 1863 64 caused the navy to withdraw the guns from service shortly afterwards . In an attempt to provide axial fire the sides of the hull at the upper deck level were cut away in front and behind the battery and covered by a 12 foot ( 3 . 7 m ) bulwark . The bulwark hinged inwards and covered a gun port though which a gun could traverse and fire . While providing better coverage than the traditional broadside layout this still left a 120 arc forward and another aft on which no gun could bear . The 9 . 2 inch ( 234 mm ) solid shot of the Somerset gun weighed approximately 113 pounds ( 51 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 13 , 514 pounds ( 6 , 130 kg ) . The gun had a velocity of 1 , 462 ft s ( 446 m s ) at 563 feet ( 171 . 6 m ) and had a range of 5 , 253 yards ( 4 , 803 m ) . The 7 inch ( 178 mm ) shell of the 110 pounder Armstrong breech loader weighed 107 110 pounds ( 48 . 5 49 . 9 kg ) . It had a muzzle velocity of 1 , 150 ft s ( 350 m s ) and , at an elevation of 11 . 25 , a maximum range of 4 , 000 yards ( 3 , 700 m ) . The 110 pounder gun weighed 9 , 520 pounds ( 4 , 320 kg ) . All of the guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . Both guns were mounted on wooden gun carriages with slides which were difficult to traverse even on an even keel in a seaway few captains would have run the risk of casting them loose . Enterprise was rearmed during her 1868 refit with four 7 inch ( 180 mm ) rifled muzzle loading guns . The 16 calibre 7 inch gun weighed 6 . 5 long tons ( 6 . 6 t ) and fired a 112 pound ( 50 . 8 kg ) shell . It was credited with the ability to penetrate 7 . 7 inch ( 196 mm ) armour . Armour Enterprise had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron that was 4 . 5 inches ( 114 mm ) thick . It protected only the main deck and was shallow , reaching just 3 feet 6 inches ( 1 . 1 m ) below the waterline . The guns were protected by a section of 4 . 5 inch armour , 34 feet ( 10 . 4 m ) long , and by 4 . 5 inch transverse bulkheads . The armour was backed by 19 . 5 inches ( 500 mm ) of teak wood . The total weight of her armour was 195 long tons ( 198 t ) . Service The ship was laid down on 5 May 1862 at the Royal Dockyard in Deptford , England , as the 17 gun sloop Circassian . She was renamed Enterprise in July 1862 and reclassified as an armoured corvette . Construction had barely begun before she was redesigned with an iron upper hull as well as armoured sides and battery . The ship was launched on 9 February 1864 , commissioned on 5 May 1864 and completed on 3 June 1864 . She cost 62 , 474 to build . Enterprise initially served with the Channel Fleet , but was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet where she remained until 1871 when she returned to England . She was refitted and rearmed at Malta in 1868 . Upon her return the ship was paid off into 4th Class Reserve in August 1871 at Sheerness . Enterprise was sold for scrap in 1885 for 2 , 072 .
2,608	Harriet Fisher Mole ( ne Jones 2 May 1841 15 April 1912 ) , known as Jeannie , was a British socialist , feminist , and trade union organiser in Liverpool . Arriving there in 1879 , Mole was instrumental in bringing socialism to Liverpool , as well as setting up a number of societies to encourage trade unions amongst Liverpool 's female workforce . She supported strikes to improve the workforce 's conditions , especially to remove fines . Mole was also a supporter of dress reform , set up a socialist food van and advocated at a coroner 's investigation for the family of a woman killed in an industrial accident , ensuring the family received compensation and encouraging the jury to recommend safety improvements as part of the verdict . Biography Harriet Fisher Jones was born on 2 May 1841 in Warrington to her father , Evan Jones , a tinsmith , and his wife , Harriet Jones . As she and her mother shared the same name , she became better known as Jeannie . In 1860 , she married a fruit merchant , Robert Willis , and the couple travelled to New York , where she took an interest in the black rights movement . On her return to England , she and her husband settled in London and had a son , Robert Frederick Evan Willis , better known as Fred . Willis spent some time helping the poor in the slums of London . She was heavily influenced by the works of Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin , setting her on the path of socialism . In the late 1870s , Willis divorced her husband and remarried . Her new husband was another fruit merchant , William unk Mole , who was also the son of a wealthy Liverpool jeweller . William was 22 at the time , and the marriage was witnessed by Mole 's son , as well as her brother . The family moved to Liverpool , living on Bold Street . It was there that she began her lifelong ambition to improve the lives of those in poverty within Liverpool . Mole suffered a heart attack in 1896 , likely due to excessive work and the ensuing illness lead to her taking a step back from organisational work the following year . Her son , Fred , died in 1905 . On 15 April 1912 , whilst on holiday in Paris , Mole died . Feminist and socialist work Finding just six socialists in Liverpool , Mole started propaganda meetings in her home with the support of her husband and son . These meetings lead to the formation in 1886 of the Worker 's Brotherhood , the first socialist society in Liverpool . The Brotherhood , despite never achieving great numbers , went on to help form the Liverpool branch of the Fabian Society in 1892 . Mole became vice president of the Liverpool Fabian Society in 1895 . She also focused on more practical solutions for social issues , for example , funding a socialist food van at a cost of 55 6s 5d and campaigning for a people 's hall in Liverpool for the working class . Mole was an early follower of dress reform , a feminist movement against the cumbersome garments of the Victorian era , and would regularly wear an outfit reminiscent of Greek robes . She gave the pattern to Caroline Martyn and Julia Dawson , who wore similar outfits . In 1888 , Mole and the Workers ' Brotherhood started to campaign to unionise the female workers in Liverpool into female only unions . They started working with the Women 's Protective and Provident League ( unk ) , calling for the founding of a local branch , and in January 1889 , the group set up the Liverpool unk 's Society , representing unk , tailors , and cigar makers , with Mole acting as secretary . Women were over represented in these poorly paid trades , with four women for every man working in them . The society relaunched the following year as Liverpool Society for the Promotion of Women 's Trade Unions , expanding its membership to other trades in reaction to Liverpool City Council 's inaction over sweating systems in the area . Mole helped set up specific unions , such as one for ( primarily Chinese ) unk and washerwomen . Around the same time , the House of Lords launched a select committee on sweating systems , with the ensuing publicity encouraging the group to take further action . In 1894 , Clementina Black set up the Women 's Industrial Council soon after , Mole helped found a Liverpool branch in which she was the secretary . The council helped form unions for unk and marine unk , as well as worked with the other groups set up by the unk 's society . In her role , Mole also stepped up inquiries into working conditions for women for example , when an industrial accident killed a woman at the Old Swan Rope Works in Liverpool , Mole attended the case as secretary of the ' society for inquiring into the conditions of working women ' . She ensured that a factory inspector attended , that the jury made recommendations to prevent future accidents , and that compensation was paid to the woman 's next of kin . In 1895 , Mole leveraged her position in the Liverpool Women 's Industrial Council ( unk ) to encourage a strike amongst Liverpool 's women unk to stop fines on top of loss of wages for petty misdemeanors such as turning up late . Despite the successful outcome of the strike , the section of the unk led by Eleanor Rathbone wanted to focus on social investigation and disapproved of the action , leading Mole to disassociate herself from the group . Mole also created and edited the Women 's Page of the Liverpool Labour Chronicle newspaper .
2,609	A Hero 's Song ( Czech unk unk ) , Op. 111 , B. 199 , also called Heroic Song for Orchestra , is a symphonic poem for orchestra composed by Antonn Dvok between August 4 and October 25 , 1897 . It was premiered in Vienna in on December 4 , 1898 , with Gustav Mahler conducting the Vienna Philharmonic , and was later published in Berlin in 1899 . Unlike Dvok 's other symphonic poems , this work is not based upon a specific text , and it may have been intended to be autobiographical . The piece is mostly energetic and triumphant , but it includes a slower section containing a funeral march . A typical performance lasts approximately 22 minutes . Instrumentation The symphonic poem is scored for an orchestra of two flutes , two oboes , two clarinets , two bassoons , four horns , two trumpets , three trombones , one tuba , timpani , bass drum , cymbals , triangle and strings . The piece 's instrumentation is significant because it lacks harp , unusual percussion , and nonstandard woodwinds a simpler orchestra than most of Dvok 's other orchestral works . This is because the piece does not attempt to convey a story , but merely portrays two contrasting moods despair ( during the lacrimosa section ) and triumph . History A Hero 's Song was Dvok 's last orchestral work and the final of his five symphonic poems , the others being The Water Goblin , The Noon Witch , The Golden Spinning Wheel , and The Wild Dove ( Opp . 107 110 ) . It is also the last instance of him writing purely instrumental music , as he dedicated himself to vocal and operatic works after its completion . He began working on the piece on August 4 , 1897 , immediately after revising the third act of his opera The Jacobin . The work was completed in three months , during which time Dvok lived at his summer residence in his hometown of unk , and spent time at his chateau of the patron Josef unk in unk . The piece was completed on October 25 of the same year , and was published in 1899 by Fritz Simrock in Berlin . The symphonic poem coincidentally anticipated Richard Strauss 's similar tone poem Ein Heldenleben ( A Hero 's Life ) , which was composed a year later . In fact , Dvok originally intended to title the piece A Hero 's Life , a name which had been suggested to him by his pupil Vtzslav Novk . The work was premiered by the Vienna Philharmonic on December 4 , 1898 , conducted by Gustav Mahler , a friend and supporter of Dvok . Mahler wrote to Dvok before the premiere , I have just received your second work ' The Hero 's Song ' and , as with The Wild Dove , am quite enchanted with it . Dvok was present at the premier and had planned to conduct it himself with the Berlin Philharmonic on November 14 , 1899 , but cancelled his plans due to a sudden nervous breakdown in Dvok 's words , I was so indisposed that I had to leave Berlin with my wife without even seeing Simrock . The piece had been performed the previous day , conducted by Arthur Nikisch . It was also performed in London , Hamburg , Boston and Leipzig in October and November 1899 . Dvok was finally able to personally conduct the piece in Budapest in December of that year . Content Dvok often adapted Bohemian folklore for his compositions , and his previous four symphonic poems were based on actual poems by the Czech poet Karel Jaromr Erben , especially Erben 's collection of ballads unk . A Hero 's Song broke away from this pattern of programmatic symphonic works , as Dvok did not specify a specific accompanying text , and he only roughly outlined its plot in a later letter . The lack of a fixed programme has been hypothesized as a reason for its relative neglect when compared to Dvok 's other symphonic works . It has also been suggested that the work was intended to be autobiographical , an unusual approach for Dvok . This was Dvok 's only symphonic poem that pursued Franz Liszt 's idealized view of the genre , as Dvok 's other four works were based on eerie subjects not appropriate to Liszt 's conception . A Hero 's Song is musically structured like a four movement symphony , beginning with an allegro con fuoco , transitioning to a slow poco adagio lacrimosa , then including a scherzo and concluding with a coda . The piece is based on a short , energetic theme in B flat minor played in the violas , cellos , and basses at the start of the piece . This theme is featured in various forms throughout the first section . Following this , a slow section is marked by quiet music which symbolizes the hero 's grief . It includes a funeral march , a musical form Dvok also used in his Requiem , Stabat Mater , and Piano Quintet No. 2 . The hero recovers from his grief as the mood of the music gradually brightens and goes into B flat major , leading into the dance like scherzo . Finally , the triumph of the hero is represented by the victorious coda . The piece has a run time of approximately 22 minutes . Although it is much less popular than Dvok 's other symphonic poems , A Hero 's Song has been described as an uninhibited outpouring of joyous energy and musically as rich as its siblings written one year earlier , while its lacrimosa section is full of sadness and longing . Its character has been described as a variation on Beethoven 's style , Mahler 's slight influence has been noted in the funeral march , and the ending has been compared to the patriotic music of Edward Elgar .
2,610	The Quest , sometimes referred to as Saturday Night at the Y or Three Groins in a Fountain , is an outdoor marble sculpture and fountain designed by Count Alexander von Svoboda , located in Portland , Oregon in the United States . The sculpture , carved in Italy from a single 200 ton block of white unk marble quarried in Greece , was commissioned by Georgia Pacific in 1967 and installed in front of the Standard Insurance Center in 1970 . It depicts five nude figures , including three females , one male and one child . According to the artist , the subjects represent man 's eternal search for brotherhood and enlightenment . As of 1990 , The Quest was considered Portland 's largest single piece of white sculptured marble . The abstract , figurative sculpture was surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution 's Save Outdoor Sculpture program in 1994 and underwent minor repairs . It has received mixed reviews . One critic appreciated how its flowing lines contrasted with the stark pillars of the adjacent building , and called the marble impressive . Another writer for The Oregonian wrote of her and others ' dislike for the sculpture , saying it serves as a free sex education lesson for schoolchildren . Description The Quest was designed by Count Alexander von Svoboda , an Austria born , Toronto based sculptor . It was commissioned by Georgia Pacific in 1967 and installed in front of the Standard Insurance Center ( formerly known as the Georgia Pacific Building ) at Southwest 5th Avenue and Southwest Taylor Street in downtown Portland in 1970 . The stone sculpture was one of nearly 400 in Georgia Pacific 's private collection , unveiled in Portland with the opening of its world headquarters . Rose Festival princesses presented the work at a formal ceremony . The sculpture was carved in Carrara , Italy , from a single 200 ton block of white unk marble , quarried near Athens . It depicts five larger than life nude figures , including three females , one male and one child . The statue is set on a pedestal within a fountain , surrounded by water jets . The figures ' forms curve upward , and two of the females have their hands raised , while the third sleeps in the rear . The male figure appears to float and is reaching up with both hands , while the child figure is located behind the foremost female . The Quest measures approximately 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) x 10 feet ( 3 . 0 m ) x 15 feet ( 4 . 6 m ) and is sited on a concrete or stone base that measures 22 feet ( 6 . 7 m ) x 10 feet ( 3 . 0 m ) x 5 feet ( 1 . 5 m ) and weighs 17 tons . According to the artist , the sculpture is symbolic of man 's eternal search for brotherhood and enlightenment . Michelangelo inspired the work , but von Svoboda took a more humanistic approach , and 35 stonemasons assisted with the sculpture 's creation , which took two and a half years to unk von Svoboda 's Perpetuity , a hollowed out cross section of a redwood log with a bronze seedling radiating outward , served as a companion sculpture . Originally installed along the Southwest Fourth Avenue side of the building , the work was relocated to the World Forestry Center . The Smithsonian Institution has categorized The Quest as both abstract and figurative . In 2002 , journalist Sallie Tisdale of The Oregonian described the sculpture as a large tangle of snow white bodies in a fountain . She wrote that the work is privately owned but in public view , and that it has been around long enough that no one is quite sure how it got there in the first place . As of 1990 , The Quest was considered Portland 's largest single piece of white sculptured marble . It was surveyed and considered well maintained by the Smithsonian 's Save Outdoor Sculpture program in January 1994 . Maintenance on the sculpture has included caulking and repairs to the male figure 's nose . Reception The Quest has received mixed reviews . During the unveiling ceremony , there was reportedly a momentary stunned silence then crescendo of applause duly recorded by local news media . In 1970 , one Building Stone News contributor wrote that the sculpture 's flowing white lines contrast with the stark vertical pillars of white quartz on the adjacent building 's exterior , and called the marble impressive . In contrast , Tisdale said of the work The Quest has been around since 1970 , long enough for its provenance and purpose to sink into mystery ... No one seems to like it much , and others actively dislike it . But there it stays , a free sex education lesson for busloads of suburban schoolchildren , the uncertain limbs forever reaching somewhere or other , for something . The sculpture has earned the nicknames Saturday Night at the Y and Three Groins in a Fountain . One writer for The Seattle Times , in a piece about differences between Portland and Seattle , referenced the latter nickname as an example of Portland 's unk art . In 2003 , Eugene Weekly published a book review that suggested readers should read Fugitives and Refugees A Walk in Portland , Oregon , a recently published travelogue by Chuck Palahniuk , if they were unfamiliar with Three Groins in the Fountain . Palahniuk includes the sculpture is his Portland vocabulary lesson , which includes a list of his definitions for local words . The sculpture has been included in at least one published walking tour of Portland .
2,611	Mycena flavoalba , commonly known as the ivory bonnet , is a species of inedible mushroom in the Mycenaceae family . The cap is initially conical in shape , before becoming convex and then flattening out it may reach dimensions of up to 1 . 5 cm ( 0 . 6 in ) across . The cap color is ivory white to yellowish white , sometimes more yellowish at the center . The tubular stems are up to 8 cm ( 3 . 1 in ) long and 2 . 5 mm ( 0 . 10 in ) thick , and have long , coarse white hairs at their bases . The mushroom is found in Europe , the Middle East , and North America , where it grows scattered or in dense groups under conifers and on humus in oak woods . Taxonomy , classification , and naming First described as Agaricus unk by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838 , it was assigned its current name in 1872 by Lucien Qulet . American mycologist Rolf Singer transferred the species to the genera Hemimycena and Marasmiellus in 1938 and 1951 , respectively . Singer later changed his mind about these placements , and his 1986 Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy , he considered the species a Mycena . The binomials resulting from these transfers are considered synonyms another synonym is Mycena unk ( Bolton ) Gray . Mycena flavoalba is placed in the section unk of the genus Mycena , alongside species such as M. adonis and M. unk . The specific epithet flavoalba ( yellow white ) is a compound of the Latin adjectives flavus ( yellow ) and alba ( white ) . The mushroom 's common name is the ivory bonnet . Description The cap of M. flavoalba is 1 2 cm ( 0 . 4 0 . 8 in ) in diameter , conical when young , becoming somewhat bell shaped , broadly conic or at times nearly convex . It may develop a papilla ( a nipple like structure ) in its center . The cap margin is initially pressed against the stem , but in maturity either flares out or curves inward slightly . The cap surface is smooth , moist , and partially translucent , so that the outline of the gills underneath the cap may be seen . The mushroom is hygrophanous ( changing color as it loses or gains moisture ) , being cream buff to yellowish initially , with a paler ( almost white ) margin , and fading to buff in the center and yellowish white along the margin when dry . The flesh is yellowish to white , thick under the disc but otherwise thin , moderately fragile , and without any distinctive odor and taste . The gills are ascending and somewhat hooked or toothed , narrow at first but becoming rather broad ( 2 . 5 mm and becoming 3 4 mm ) . They are nearly equal in width throughout or slightly ventricose in age , with a spacing that is close to subdistant . About 18 24 gills reach the stem , with two tiers of lamellulae ( short gills that do not extend fully from the cap margin to the stem ) that may develop veins running between them . The gills are white to creamy white with edges that are even and whitish , and waxy in appearance and consistency . The stem is 3 8 cm ( 1 . 2 3 . 1 in ) long , 1 2 . 5 mm ( 0 . 04 0 . 10 in ) thick , equal , tubular , somewhat elastic , cartilaginous , and not particularly fragile . The base of the stem is either strigose ( covered with sharp , straight , stiff white hairs ) or surrounded with a matted white mycelium . Above the base , the stem is smooth , and pruinose toward the apex . When moist it is translucent with slight ripples running transversely , and white to pale yellow in color . Mycena flavoalba is considered inedible . Microscopic characteristics The spores are 7 9 by 3 4 . 5 m , ellipsoid , and nonamyloid . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are four spored . The pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia ( cystidia found on the face and edge of a gill , respectively ) are similar in structure and abundant , ventricose with long , rather narrow necks , and measure 46 62 by 9 14 m . The neck is often encrusted with a mucilaginous substance , but it is otherwise smooth and hyaline . The flesh of the gill is homogenous , and stains pale yellow in iodine . The flesh of the cap has a thin , poorly differentiated pellicle ( a thin membrane ) , a somewhat differentiated hypoderm ( that is most pronounced in old caps ) and the remainder is made up of somewhat enlarged cells that stain pale yellow in iodine . Similar species Mycena flavoalba bears resemblance to some members of the genus Hemimycena , such as H. lactea and H. unk . It can be distinguished from these species by its white to yellowish cap , and differences in the shape of both its spores and caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) . H. unk , a Spanish species newly described from in 2005 , is also similar in appearance , but differs in the distribution of pigment in the cap , and the differential staining in response to the dye unk blue M. flavoalba is positive , while H. unk is negative . Habitat and distribution The fruit bodies of Mycena flavoalba grow scattered to densely gregarious on needle beds under conifers , and on humus in oak woods during the autumns months . Although generally rare , the species sometimes occurs in large quantities in certain localities . In the United States , it has been collected from Colorado , Idaho , Michigan , North Carolina , Oregon , Washington , Wyoming , Florida , and Kansas . It is also found in Europe , and Israel . The species is listed as Least Concern in the Danish Red Data Book .
2,612	Diderot was one of the six Danton class semi dreadnought battleships built for the French Navy in the early 1900s . Shortly after World War I began , the ship participated in the Battle of Antivari in the Adriatic Sea and helped to sink an Austro Hungarian protected cruiser . She spent most of the rest of the war blockading the Straits of Otranto and the Dardanelles to prevent German , Austro Hungarian and Turkish warships from breaking out into the Mediterranean . Diderot briefly participated in the occupation of Constantinople after the end of the war . She was modernized in 1922 25 and subsequently became a training ship . The ship was condemned in 1936 and later sold for scrap . Design and description Although the Danton class battleships were a significant improvement from the preceding Libert class , they were outclassed by the advent of the dreadnought well before they were completed . This , combined with other poor traits , including the great weight in coal they had to carry , made them rather unsuccessful ships , though their numerous rapid firing guns were of some use in the Mediterranean . Diderot was 146 . 6 meters ( 481 ft 0 in ) long overall and had a beam of 25 . 8 meters ( 84 ft 8 in ) and a full load draft of 9 . 2 meters ( 30 ft 2 in ) . She displaced 19 , 736 metric tons ( 19 , 424 long tons ) at deep load and had a crew of 681 officers and enlisted men . The ship was powered by four Parsons steam turbines using steam generated by twenty six Belleville boilers . The turbines were rated at 22 , 500 shaft horsepower ( 16 , 800 kW ) and provided a top speed of around 19 knots ( 35 km h 22 mph ) . Diderot , however , reached a top speed of 19 . 9 knots ( 36 . 9 km h 22 . 9 mph ) on her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 2 , 027 tonnes ( 1 , 995 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 3 , 370 nautical miles ( 6 , 240 km 3 , 880 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Diderot 's main battery consisted of four 305mm 45 Modle 1906 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of twelve 240mm 50 Modle 1902 guns in twin turrets , three on each side of the ship . A number of smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats . These included sixteen 75 mm ( 3 . 0 in ) L 65 guns and ten 47 mm ( 1 . 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns . The ship was also armed with two submerged 450 mm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship 's waterline armor belt was 270 mm ( 10 . 6 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 300 mm ( 11 . 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower also had 300 mm thick sides . Wartime modifications During the war 75 mm anti aircraft guns were installed on the roofs of the ship 's two forward 240 mm gun turrets . During 1918 , the elevation of the 240 mm guns was increased which extended their range to 18 , 000 meters ( 20 , 000 yd ) . Career Construction of Diderot began on 26 December 1906 by Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire in Saint Nazaire and the ship was laid down on 20 October 1907 . She was launched on 19 April 1909 and was completed on 1 August 1911 . The ship was assigned to the First Division of the First Squadron ( escadre ) of the Mediterranean Fleet when she was commissioned . The ship participated in combined fleet maneuvers between Provence and Tunisia in May June 1913 and the subsequent naval review conducted by the President of France , Raymond Poincar on 7 June 1913 . Afterwards , Diderot joined her squadron in its tour of the Eastern Mediterranean in October December 1913 and participated in the grand fleet exercise in the Mediterranean in May 1914 . World War I In early August 1914 , the ship cruised the Strait of Sicily in an attempt to prevent the German battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau from breaking out to the West . On 16 August 1914 the combined Anglo French Fleet under Admiral Auguste Bou de Lapeyrre , including Voltaire , made a sweep of the Adriatic Sea . The Allied ships encountered the Austro Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta , escorted by the destroyer SMS Ulan , blockading the coast of Montenegro . There were too many ships for Zenta to escape , so she remained behind to allow Ulan to get away and was sunk by gunfire during the Battle of Antivari off the coast of Bar , Montenegro . Voltaire subsequently participated in a number of raids into the Adriatic later in the year and patrolled the Ionian Islands . From December 1914 through 1917 , the ship participated in the distant blockade of the Straits of Otranto while based in Corfu . In May 1918 , Diderot became flagship of the First Division of the Second Squadron and was transferred that month to Mudros with her sister ships , Mirabeau and Vergniaud , to prevent Goeben from breaking out into the Mediterranean and remained there until the end of the war . Postwar After the Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire , the ship participated in the early stage of the occupation of Constantinople from 12 November to 12 December . Diderot was based in Toulon throughout 1919 and was modernized in 1922 25 to improve her underwater protection . The ship became a training ship in 1927 and was condemned in on 17 March 1937 sold to M. Gosselin unk on 30 July 1937 for 3 , 557 , 010 FF , she arrived at Dunkirk for breaking up on 31 August .
2,613	State Route 149 ( SR 149 ) is a short state highway that helps to connect Oroville and Chico through rural Butte County . Connecting State Route 70 at Wicks Corner with State Route 99 east of Durham , it forms part of the primary north south highway through the eastern Sacramento Valley , a Focus Route of the Interregional Road System . SR 149 was formerly part of the Oroville Chico Highway the majority of the latter was merged into other routes . In the mid 1970s , the highway was reallocated onto a newer two lane alignment . The route is also part of the California Freeway and Expressway System , and a project to widen the two lane road to a four lane expressway was completed in late 2008 , removing the bottleneck from the Oroville Chico highway . Route description State Route 149 begins at Wicks Corner as a divided highway , at an interchange with SR 70 several miles north of Oroville . This is the north end of the State Route 70 freeway , which passes through a gap between the Campbell Hills and South Table Mountain on its way from Oroville . SR 149 heads northwest across gently rolling terrain before descending into the valley of the Dry Creek . As it begins to climb out of the valley , SR 149 ends at an interchange with SR 99 . The latter highway continues the corridor northwest to Chico , quickly dropping back into the Butte Creek valley . The route is a divided highway with four lanes . History By the late 1910s , a natural prairie road linked Oroville to State Highway Route 3 southeast of Chico , following the present Table Mountain Boulevard , Openshaw Road , and Oroville Chico Highway to Midway ( Route 3 ) . The primary route between these two cities was the all state highway route , following Route 21 ( now SR 162 ) west from Oroville to Route 3 near Richvale . Butte County dedicated a newly improved Oroville Chico Highway on July 4 , 1926 it became part of the state highway system in 1933 as the northern portion of the Woodland Chico Route 87 . ( The rest of Route 87 became part of Sign Route 24 , which turned east at Oroville along present State Route 70 , in 1934 . ) In the 1950s and 1960s , about three quarters of the Oroville Chico Highway was absorbed by other routes . A new two lane alignment of U.S. Route 99E ( Legislative Route 3 , now SR 99 ) between east of Richvale and Chico opened in the mid 1950s , using part of the Oroville Chico Highway south of Durham Dayton Highway and bypassing the remainder to the junction south of Chico . In the early 1960s , U.S. Route 40 Alternate ( Legislative Route 21 , now SR 70 ) was relocated due to the damming of Lake Oroville across its old alignment . The bridge over the West Branch Feather River northwest of the dam opened in August 1962 , resulting in US 40 Alt. using the Oroville Chico Highway ( which was relocated to a new four lane freeway alignment ) south of Wicks Corner . The remainder , which was never part of a sign route , became Route 149 in the 1964 renumbering . SR 149 was relocated onto a new two lane alignment in the mid 1970s , leaving behind Openshaw Road . Caltrans began studies for interchanges at each end in September 1992 . The California Transportation Commission approved funding for four laning SR 149 in April 1994 and the two interchanges in May 1996 , with construction to begin in 1998 and cost 47 million . Due to state budget problems and the need to study environmental impacts , the project was repeatedly pushed back these impacts and inflation had more than doubled the cost to 120 million in 2004 . In particular , an endangered species of meadowfoam was discovered on the south unk , forcing a redesign . Construction began in September 2005 on a new freshwater marsh near the State Route 70 intersection to replace beaver ponds in the path of the highway , and it was completed in March 2006 . Ground was broken for the highway project in April 2006 , with major construction beginning in May . Caltrans estimated completion in late 2009 for the completion of the four lane expressway , including a new directional interchange at each end , at which State Route 70 and State Route 99 will exit and enter to the right of the main Oroville Chico movement . Most access was closed , with unk Road providing the sole at grade crossing of the expressway , and an overcrossing near State Route 70 giving access to local property . unk Road was relocated to the southeast , allowing for the future construction of an interchange . In addition , State Route 70 was relocated to the west between SR 149 and State Route 191 , and local access on State Route 99 between SR 149 and the Durham Dayton Highway interchange was replaced by frontage roads . The entire project was completed in November 2008 , at a cost of 125 million . Major intersections Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The entire route is in Butte County .
2,614	Crash is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . Written by Stefani and No Doubt bandmate Tony Kanal , the song uses automobile metaphors to describe a relationship , and it received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Not originally planned as a single , the song was released as the album 's sixth and final single on January 24 , 2006 during Stefani 's pregnancy . Background and writing Stefani had been working on her solo project with Linda Perry . The two penned several songs , including lead single What You Waiting For , but Stefani found the process difficult , commenting , It 's humiliating and intimidating even if they 're sweet and excited , because you 're drowning in their creativity . When the two began working on a song about a deceased friend of Stefani 's , Perry began writing the lyrics and Stefani , feeling that Perry was encroaching on her territory , broke down and left . Stefani 's No Doubt bandmate Tony Kanal invited her to his house so that the two could go out with friends . When she arrived , however , Kanal surprised her by playing some tracks on which he had been working and revealed that he had prepared some for Stefani . Though Stefani had wanted to work with Kanal , she was concerned that his work would not fit with her dance oriented album however , she called it her favorite track that she had written so far , and the two worked on the track , modeling it after hip hop trio Salt n Pepa . Critical reception Crash received mixed reviews from critics . In a review for The New York Times , Kelefa Sanneh noted that the track successfully conjure s up the infectious spirit of early Madonna . David Browne of Entertainment Weekly called the song a pricey retro fashion blurb on which Stefani appears as an old school , gold chained rapper . Krissi Murison of the NME disagreed , calling it one of the best bits of the decade of decadence and referring to it as Salt N Pepa 's cartoon rap . Jason Shawhan of About.com stated that the song 's great Narada Michael Walden bleepy synth noises ... pop out of the mix like the car stereo just decided to sing along , and Jennifer Nine of Yahoo Music commented that the track had icy cool schoolyard sass . Eric Greenwood of Drawer B argued that the track carelessly revisits Stefani 's blatant fondness for 80 's pop , but not even ... Tony Kanal can save her from lifeless retreads like these . The Washington Post reviewer Sean Daly compared it to Salt n Pepa 's 1987 single Push It and added that Stefani pushes it real good . PopMatters 's Jason Damas gave it a very strong review , stating that Stefani nails all the vocal mannerisms and that Kanal reveals a major mainstream pop unk here , especially in the way he layers the cut ... with dozens of orchestra hits ... which have been absent from almost all pop albums for a decade or more now . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine gave the song a mixed review , stating that it features some near fatal car metaphors but that Stefani maintains her signature sass throughout . Release and commercial performance Crash had originally not been planned as a major single release from Love . Angel . Music . Baby . In late 2005 Stefani announced that she was pregnant ( while performing the song on tour in Fort Lauderdale , Florida ) and would be delaying her second solo album , and the song was announced as the sixth single in January 2006 . The song impacted US contemporary hit radio and rhythmic contemporary radio stations in the US on January 24 , 2006 . Because Crash was released as the sixth single , success was very limited since many consumers had already purchased the album , which at the time had been certified triple platinum in both the US and Canada . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on February 11 , 2006 at number 95 . It reached number 45 for two weeks and remained on the chart for a total of eight weeks . The single was somewhat more successful on the pop charts , reaching number 20 on the Top 40 Mainstream and number 28 on the Pop 100 , and had some crossover success , reaching number 38 on the Rhythmic Top 40 . Crash was the only single from Love . Angel . Music . Baby. that did not receive a CD single solicitation in Canada in addition , the track experienced minimal radio success , peaking at number 87 on the BDS Airplay Chart in March 2006 . Due to Stefani 's pregnancy , a live music video was released instead of a narrative video . The video was directed by Sophie Muller at a performance in Anaheim , California during Stefani 's Harajuku Lovers Tour . Track listings US 12 promotional single A1 . Crash ( Album Version ) 4 06 B1 . Crash ( Instrumental ) 4 05 B2 . Crash ( A Cappella ) 4 06 European promotional CD single Crash ( Album Version ) 4 06 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love . Angel . Music . Baby . Gwen Stefani lead vocals , songwriting Brian Big Bass Gardner mastering Lee Groves keyboards , mix programming Rob Haggett second assistant engineer Tony Kanal keyboards , production , programming , songwriting , synthesizers Colin Dog Mitchell recording Mark Spike Stent mixing David Treahearn assistant engineering Charts Release history
2,615	HMS Crescent was a C class destroyer which was built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . The ship was initially assigned to the Home Fleet , although she was temporarily deployed in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean during the Abyssinia Crisis of 1935 36 . Crescent was sold to the Royal Canadian Navy in late 1936 and renamed HMCS Fraser . She was stationed on the west coast of Canada until the beginning of World War II when she was transferred to the Atlantic coast for convoy escort duties . The ship was transferred to the United Kingdom ( UK ) in May 1940 and helped to evacuate refugees from France upon her arrival in early June . Fraser was sunk on 25 June 1940 in a collision with the anti aircraft cruiser HMS Calcutta while returning from one such mission . Design and construction Crescent displaced 1 , 375 long tons ( 1 , 397 t ) at standard load and 1 , 865 long tons ( 1 , 895 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 . 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 . 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 . 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 36 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 , 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km h 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 drum water tube boilers . Crescent carried a maximum of 473 long tons ( 481 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 , 500 nautical miles ( 10 , 200 km 6 , 300 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 145 officers and men . The ship mounted four 45 calibre 4 . 7 inch Mk IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . For anti aircraft ( AA ) defence , Crescent had a single QF 3 inch 20 cwt AA gun between her funnels , and two 40 millimetre ( 1 . 6 in ) QF 2 pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on the aft end of her forecastle deck . The 3 inch ( 76 mm ) AA gun was removed in 1936 and the 2 pounders were relocated to between the funnels . She was fitted with two above water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 inch torpedoes . Three depth charge chutes were fitted , each with a capacity of two depth charges . After World War II began this was increased to 33 depth charges , delivered by one or two rails and two throwers . Crescent was ordered on 30 January 1930 as part of the 1929 Naval Programme and laid down on 1 December 1930 at Vickers Armstrongs , Barrow in Furness . She was launched on 29 September 1931 and completed on 15 April 1932 . Operational history After the ship commissioned on 21 April 1932 , she was assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet . Crescent collided with her sister HMS Comet at Chatham on 21 July and was under repair until 27 August . Crescent was refitted at Chatham between 30 March and 6 May 1933 , before deploying to the West Indies between January and March 1934 . She was given another refit at Chatham from 27 July to 3 September 1934 . Crescent was detached from the Home Fleet during the Abyssinian Crisis , and deployed in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea from September 1935 to April 1936 . When the ship returned , she was refitted at Sheerness between 23 April to 13 June and placed briefly in reserve . Transfer to the Royal Canadian Navy Together with her sister HMS Cygnet , Crescent was sold to Canada on 20 October 1936 for a total price of 400 , 000 . She was refitted again to meet Canadian standards , including the installation of ASDIC ( sonar ) , and taken over by them on 1 February 1937 . The ship was renamed as HMCS Fraser and commissioned into the RCN at Chatham on 17 February . Fraser was assigned to the Canadian Pacific Coast and arrived at Esquimalt on 3 May 1937 . She remained there until she was ordered to the East Coast on 31 August 1939 . When World War II began on 3 September , Fraser was transiting the Panama Canal and arrived at Halifax on 15 September . She and her sisters were employed as local escorts to ocean convoys sailing from Halifax . In November the Royal Navy 's North America and West Indies Station took operational control of the Canadian destroyers . The ship escorted the convoy bringing most of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division to Britain part way across the North Atlantic in mid December . In March 1940 she was ordered to join the Jamaica Force for Caribbean patrols before being reassigned to Western Approaches Command two months later . On 26 May she left Bermuda for Britain and arrived at Plymouth on 3 June where she was pressed into service evacuating Allied troops from various French ports on the Atlantic coast . Sometime in 1940 , the ship 's aft set of torpedo tubes was removed and replaced by a 4 inch ( 102 mm ) AA gun . Loss On 25 June 1940 , Fraser , her sister HMCS Restigouche , and the cruiser Calcutta were returning from St. Jean de Luz after rescuing refugees trapped by the German Army ( Operation Ariel ) , when Fraser was rammed by Calcutta in the Gironde estuary . Struck forward of the bridge by the cruiser 's bow , Fraser was cut in half and sank immediately . All but 45 of the ship 's crew were rescued by Restigouche and other nearby ships . Many of the survivors from Fraser transferred that later summer to HMCS Margaree , and were lost when that vessel sank on 22 October 1940 as a result of a collision with the freighter MV Port Fairy .
2,616	Hasvik Airport ( Norwegian Hasvik lufthavn IATA unk , ICAO unk ) is a regional airport serving Hasvik Municipality in Finnmark county , Norway . The airport is located in the village of Hasvik on the island of unk . In 2012 , Hasvik Airport had 7 , 629 passengers , making it the third least busy airport operated by the state owned Avinor . The airport consists of a 909 meter ( 2 , 982 ft ) runway and is served by Widere with Dash 8 100 aircraft . Planning started in 1972 for an airport to serve air taxi and air ambulance services . The original 421 meter ( 1 , 381 ft ) gravel runway opened on 17 May 1973 , allowing Norving to operate flights with their Britten Norman Islanders . The airport was upgraded with a longer runway and a larger terminal in 1983 , allowing Norving to start scheduled services to Alta and Hammerfest . Widere took over the routes in 1990 , at first using the de Havilland Canada Twin Otter . The runway was asphalted in 1995 , allowing Widere to introduce the Dash 8 . The airport was nationalized two years later . History The first aircraft in Hasvik was an emergency landing carried out en route to Svalbard in the early 1970s . The plain where the aircraft landed , located near the village , became the site of the airport . The regional airline Norving took the initiative in 1972 to construct a simple airfield at Hasvik they hoped to finance along with the municipality , the National Insurance Administration and the local chapter of the Norwegian Red Cross Search and Rescue Corps . In addition to being able to operate an air taxi service and land air ambulances , locals hoped that the construction would be a first step to becoming part of the state financed construction of regional airports in Finnmark . However , Hasvik was not selected as one of the original regional airports . The initial airport consisted of a 421 meter ( 1 , 381 ft ) gravel runway and a spartan terminal consisting of no more than a shack . The airport opened on 17 May 1973 and Norving started an air taxi service using the eight passenger Britten Norman Islander . Grants of 3 . 5 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) were issued from the state in 1981 , which was supplemented with funding from Norving , the National Insurance Administration , unk and local interests . The new facilities opened in early 1983 , consisting of a larger terminal and control tower and a lengthening of the runway although it retained the gravel surface . The upgrades cost NOK 5 . 8 million they allowed Norving to operate a daily scheduled taxi route to Hammerfest and Alta , and for the first time Hasvik was able to receive same day newspapers . The flights corresponded with Scandinavian Airlines System 's Oslo flights at Alta Airport . Norving operated at the airport until 1990 , when the route was taken over by Widere , who initially used the de Havilland Canada Twin Otter . The Ministry of Transport and Communications announced in February 1993 that they were considering taking over ownership and operations of the airport through the Civil Aviation Administration ( CAA , later renamed Avinor ) . Along with Btsfjord Airport and Vard Airport , unk , Hasvik Airport was one of three regional airports in Finnmark with government subsidized routes which did not receive state operating grants . In December Widere articulated that Hasvik Airport did not meet the demands for future operation as it lacked proper instruments and did not have an asphalt runway . Widere stated that with the introduction of the Dash 8 they would no longer be able to serve the airport . Additional navigation aids were installed in 1993 and the runway was asphalted in 1995 , subsequently resulting in Dash 8 services being introduced . The state and the Civil Aviation Administration took over ownership and operations of the airport from 1 January 1997 . The runway lights were upgraded in 2008 and 2009 , followed by the installation of the Global Positioning System based landing system SCAT I. Avinor wants to extend most short airports to 1200 m by year 2030 , because they see a lack of aircraft types which have more than 19 seats able to use 800 meter runways . Dash 8 built after 2009 can 't use them . Few countries apart from Norway have such short airports . There is however no room for this at Hasvik , so the plan here and for some other airports with few passengers , is to use small planes with less than 20 seats . Facilities Hasvik Airport has a simple terminal building with a capacity for 20 passengers per hour . It has a 909 by 30 meter ( 2 , 982 by 98 ft ) asphalt runway aligned 11 29 . The tarmac has a place for one airliner . There is a harbor southeast of the runway which limits any expansion . The airport is located two minutes drive from the village center free parking is available . Airlines and destinations The airport is served by Widere , who operates flights based on a public service obligation contract with the Ministry of Transport and Communications . All flights are operated using 39 seat Dash 8 100 aircraft . Flights are flown to Troms and Hammerfest and can continue to other villages and towns in Finnmark . In 2014 the airport served 7 , 629 passengers , 1 , 272 aircraft movements and handled 0 . 2 tonnes of cargo . Hasvik is the third least busy airport operated by Avinor , ahead of Berlevg Airport and Fagernes Airport , Leirin .
2,617	State Route 11 ( SR 11 ) is a 21 . 28 mile ( 34 . 25 km ) long state highway that serves Skagit and Whatcom counties in the U.S. state of Washington . SR 11 , known as Chuckanut Drive , begins at an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) north of Burlington and continues northwest through several small towns and the Chuckanut Mountains to the Fairhaven district of Bellingham , where the highway turns east and ends again at I 5 . A segment of what is now SR 11 was originally added to the state highway system in 1895 as a Blanchard Whatcom County line road . The highway became State Road 6 in 1905 and was named Waterfront Road in 1907 . The road was incorporated into the Pacific Highway in 1913 and U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) in 1926 . After an inland bypass was designated by the state to become US 99 in 1931 , Chuckanut Drive became U.S. Route 99 Alternate . During the 1964 highway renumbering , the road became SR 11 . In 1987 , SR 11 was realigned through Bellingham , shifting its northern terminus south to Fairhaven . Route description SR 11 , named Chuckanut Drive for its whole route , begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I 5 north of Burlington . From the interchange , the highway travels northwest through farmland , closely paralleling a BNSF Railway route from Mount Vernon to Bellingham , also used by the Amtrak Cascades service . The road turns north to intersect Bow Hill Road , formerly SR 237 until 1991 , east of Edison . SR 11 continues north to Blanchard , where it begins to traverse a narrow strip of land between the Chuckanut Mountains and Samish Bay . Midway between Blanchard and the Skagit Whatcom county line , the highway travels through a hairpin turn at Oyster Creek . In Whatcom County , SR 11 travels generally northward through part of the oldest state park in Washington , the 2 , 683 acre ( 10 . 86 km2 ) Larrabee State Park . Just past the park , the route travels through the Chuckanut Bay Community , situated on a small , fairly level peninsula separating Samish and Chuckanut bays . The steep mountainsides return north of the community , however , as SR 11 follows Chuckanut Bay to the southern outskirts of Bellingham . Here , the highway briefly parallels Bellingham Bay as it leaves the rural mountains for the city 's densely populated Fairhaven district . The route initially heads northwest through Fairhaven , passing the district 's middle school and park before becoming 12th Street and crossing over the Interurban Trail . Two blocks north of the trail , SR 11 turns to travel east on Old Fairhaven Parkway , a wide two lane highway with a center left turn lane . The route continues past residential and commercial areas for about 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) to a diamond interchange with I 5 . While SR 11 ends here , Old Fairhaven Parkway continues east as Connelly Avenue . History Parts of modern SR 11 have been part of the state highway systems in Washington since 1895 , when a road from Blanchard to Whatcom County became a state maintained roadway . The road became State Road 6 in 1905 and was named Waterfront Road in 1907 . A survey of a north south highway from Blaine to Vancouver was approved in 1909 , and the highway was built as the Pacific Highway in 1913 . In Skagit County , the Pacific Highway utilized the pre existing State Road 6 . Chuckanut Drive , a 20 mile long ( 32 km ) section of the Pacific Highway in the Chuckanut Mountains , was opened as a gravel road during the spring of 1916 and paved in 1921 . The Pacific Highway became State Road 1 in a 1923 restructuring of the highway system , at which time State Road 6 was completely replaced . When the U.S. route system was formed in 1926 , the Pacific Highway became US 99 . In 1931 , an inland bypass via Lake Samish was added to State Road 1 and US 99 . The former route of US 99 on Chuckanut Drive became US 99 Alternate . US 99 became Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) in 1937 and US 99 Alternate became the Chuckanut Drive branch of the main highway , running from Burlington to downtown Bellingham . A 1964 renumbering introduced a new system of sign routes that was scheduled to go into effect in 1970 . As originally planned , the Chuckanut Drive branch of PSH 1 already US 99 Alternate would be co signed as SR 11 . In 1967 , Secondary State Highway 1F ( SSH 1F ) was established , connecting US 99 Alternate to US 99 via Fairhaven . During the same year , I 5 replaced US 99 , leading to the removal of the US 99 Alternate designation from what would become SR 11 . In 1970 , the SR 11 designation went into effect , running from Burlington to Downtown Bellingham . SR 11 originally continued northeast through Downtown Bellingham to a terminus at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I 5 just northeast of the downtown district . From Old Fairhaven Parkway , the route continued north on 12th Street in Fairhaven before turning northeast on Boulevard Street . The street split into a pair of one way streets , Forest Street and State Street , south of downtown . Forest Street merged into State Street in downtown Bellingham , and State Street subsequently merged into Iowa Street soon after . From here , Iowa Street carried SR 11 east for three blocks to a junction with I 5 . In 1987 , the northernmost portion of SR 11 was realigned to follow the route of former SSH 1F , then known as Old Fairhaven Parkway . Major intersections
2,618	The 2007 Balad aircraft crash was a 9 January 2007 airplane incident involving an Antonov An 26 airliner , which crashed while attempting to land at the Joint Base Balad in Balad , Iraq , which was at that time operated by the United States Air Force . The crash killed 34 people aboard and left one passenger critically injured . Officials claim the crash was caused by poor weather conditions , but other sources claim that this is a cover up and the plane was actually shot down by a missile . Aircraft The aircraft was an Antonov An 26B 100 , registration number ER unk . It made its first flight in 1981 , and was powered by two unk AI unk engines . An 26s are a twin engined light turboprop transport aircraft derived from the Antonov An 24 , with particular attention made to potential military use . It has a modified rear fuselage with a large cargo ramp . Background The aircraft , which took off from Adana , Turkey , at about 0400 GMT , was owned by the Moldovan company unk M , and on the day of the accident had been chartered to a Turkish construction company , Kulak , who had been contracted to build a new hangar at the air base . The aircraft hired by BSA Aviation Ltd ( charterer ) was carrying both cargo and passengers a total of 1 , 289 kg ( 2 , 842 lb ) of cargo was on board , compared with the 5 , 000 kg ( 11 , 000 lb ) capacity . Turkish authorities told CNN Trk television that of the passengers , there were 29 Turkish workers , three Moldovans , a Russian , a Ukrainian , and an American on board , even though this totals one more than the number of people known to be on board . Later , the Russian consul general in Antalya said the Russian and the Ukrainian also had Moldovan citizenship . Most of those on board were construction workers who worked at the base . Brig. Gen. Robin Rand , commander of the 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing , said These brave civilian contract employees were in Iraq helping us accomplish our mission , and their loss is a tragedy , adding Our condolences go out to the families in their time of loss . Crash The plane crashed at 0700 GMT ( 0800 CET ) , about 2 . 5 km ( 1 . 6 mi ) away from Balad Air Base , the main hub of US military logistics in Iraq , while attempting to land . An anonymous ministry official told the Associated Press that the pilot had already aborted one landing attempt due to poor weather conditions . Although the aircraft was said to have crashed due to fog , one eyewitness , a relative of one of the deceased , said that he watched a missile strike the right hand side of the fuselage while standing just 300 400 meters ( 984 1 , 312 ft ) from where the aircraft went down . The man also said that multiple other eyewitnesses also saw the aircraft get shot down . unk Kulak , a partner in the ownership of the Kulak Construction Company , was among the dead . Emergency response Because the aircraft crashed in a military base , the emergency response was supplied by the U.S. Army and the U.S. Air Force . Ground ambulance response was by the 206th Area Support Medical Company , which is an US Army National Guard from Missouri . Eight ambulances responded with support from the base QRF . Helicopters from the Air Force 's 64th Expeditionary Rescue Squadron transported the dead from the scene . Of the 35 passengers and crew members on board the flight , two individuals were pulled alive from the wreckage . One died after being transported by an Army ground ambulance to the Air Force Theater Hospital . The other survivor , a Turk named unk unk , was carried by an Army ground ambulance to the Air Force Theater Hospital , where he received life saving emergency surgery . Reaction from the Islamic Army in Iraq The day after the accident , the insurgent group Islamic Army in Iraq , using a web site known by authorities to be used by the group , claimed that they shot the plane down . The statement said that their members had opened fire on a plane trying to land at an American base near Balad from different directions , using medium range weapons ... With the help of God , they were able to shoot it down . Investigation After the wreckage was photographed in situ , the army hauled it away on flatbed trucks to the base , where it is presently secured . As well as the ongoing question of fog , Ahmed al unk , spokesman for the Iraqi transport ministry , said one day after the crash that It must have been technical failure or a lack of aviation experience ( on the part of the crew ) , . The crash is under investigation by the Iraqi government , American government and Moldovan government , but the Turkish government has been denied permission to join the investigative team . The Air Force and the Army say they are willing to help with the investigation . Ali unk , deputy head of the Turkish aviation authority , said initial information indicated there was no technical malfunction on the plane . There is confusion as to the whereabouts of the aircraft 's Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder ( FDR and CVR , commonly referred to as black boxes ) . The Turkish Foreign Ministry stated they have been shipped to Antonov 's Kiev headquarters , but Turkish Minister of Transportation unk unk claims they are still in Iraq , with the rest of the debris . All that is confirmed is that they have been recovered , which occurred on 30 January .
2,619	Dogali was a unique protected cruiser built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . Notably , she was the first warship equipped with triple expansion engines . The ship was originally ordered by the Greek Navy and named Salamis , but she was sold to the Regia Marina before she was completed and renamed for the Battle of Dogali . She was armed with a main battery of six 15 centimeter ( 5 . 9 in ) guns and reached a speed of 19 . 66 knots ( 36 . 41 km h 22 . 62 mph ) on her sea trials , making her one of the fastest cruisers at the time . Dogali 's career was uneventful she served with the main Italian fleet for the first few years of her career and visited the United States in 1893 for the start of the World 's Columbian Exposition . In January 1908 , the ship was sold to Uruguay and renamed 25 de Agosto and later Montevideo . In 1914 , the cruiser was withdrawn from service , but she was not disposed of until 1932 when she was sold for scrap . Design Dogali was designed by the British naval architect William Henry White and built at the Armstrong Whitworth shipyard at Elswick . The ship was 76 . 2 meters ( 250 ft ) long and had a beam of 11 . 28 m ( 37 . 0 ft ) and a draft of 4 . 42 m ( 14 . 5 ft ) . She displaced 2 , 050 metric tons ( 2 , 020 long tons 2 , 260 short tons ) . The ship was fitted with two pole masts , and originally , a sailing rig that was later removed . Revolving , armored spotting tops were mounted on the masts . She had a crew of 224 officers and enlisted men , though this was later increased to 247 . Dogali was powered by two shaft triple expansion engines , the first set of this kind of machinery ever installed in a warship . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal fired cylindrical fire tube boilers that were trunked into two funnels on the centerline . The engines were rated at 5 , 012 indicated horsepower ( 3 , 737 kW ) and could produce a top speed of 17 . 68 knots ( 32 . 74 km h 20 . 35 mph ) , though on trials her engines reached 7 , 179 ihp ( 5 , 353 kW ) and 19 . 66 knots ( 36 . 41 km h 22 . 62 mph ) . Dogali had a cruising radius of 4 , 000 nautical miles ( 7 , 400 km 4 , 600 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . At the time of her commissioning , Dogali was among the fastest cruisers in the world . The ship was armed with a main battery of six 15 cm ( 5 . 9 in ) L 40 guns all mounted individually in sponsons , with two side by side forward , two astern , and one amidships on each broadside . These were Pattern M guns manufactured by Armstrong Whitworth , and they weighed 2 t ( 2 . 0 long tons 2 . 2 short tons ) apiece . Dogali was the only ship equipped with guns of this type . These were supplemented by a secondary battery of nine 57 mm ( 2 . 2 in ) L 40 guns and six Gatling guns . She was also equipped with four 356 mm ( 14 . 0 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 50 mm ( 2 in ) thick , and the conning tower had the same thickness of armor plating on the sides . The main guns were protected by 110 mm ( 4 . 3 in ) thick gun shields . Service history The keel for the new cruiser was laid down at Armstrong Whitworth on 13 February 1885 , and the completed hull was launched on 23 December that year . The ship was originally ordered by the Greek Navy and was to be named Salamis , but she was purchased by Italy during construction . She was first renamed Angelo Emo , and then Dogali before being commissioned on 28 April 1887 . In 1890 , Dogali participated in the annual fleet maneuvers in the First Squadron , along with the ironclad Lepanto , the protected cruiser Piemonte , and several torpedo boats . The exercises were conducted in the Tyrrhenian Sea , where the First Squadron was tasked with defending against an attacking hostile squadron . Dogali and the protected cruisers Etna and Giovanni Bausan represented Italy at the international naval review in New York , held at the start of the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago . The Exposition marked the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in North America . Contingents from France , Germany , Britain , Spain , and several other nations also participated in the celebration . Later that year , Dogali and Giovanni Bausan were present in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil during the Revolta da Armada ( Revolt of the Fleet ) , along with cruisers from Britain , France , Germany , Spain , and Argentina . The foreign warships were all tasked with protecting the interests of their respective nationals in the area . On 1 February 1897 , Dogali was assigned to the Cruiser Squadron of the main Italian fleet , along with the cruisers Marco Polo , Umbria and Liguria . In 1906 , while cruising in North American waters , Dogali stopped at the Pensacola Navy Yard , where she had some maintenance done on her engines . Later that year she was present for a ceremony in Capitn unk , Chile , a town founded by Italian immigrants . In January 1908 , the Italian government sold Dogali to Uruguay . She was renamed 25 de Agosto for the date Uruguay declared its independence . At the time , she was the largest warship in the Uruguayan Navy . In 1910 , the ship was renamed Montevideo after the country 's capital city . She was decommissioned in 1914 , but remained in the Uruguayan Navy 's inventory until 1932 , when the old cruiser was finally sold to be broken up .
2,620	New York State Route 350 ( NY 350 ) is a north south state highway in western Wayne County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 11 . 40 miles ( 18 . 35 km ) from an intersection with NY 31 and NY 31F in the village of Macedon to a junction with NY 104 in the town of Ontario . NY 350 serves as the eastern terminus for three routes the aforementioned NY 31F , NY 286 , and NY 441 , all of which originate in the Rochester area . Aside from the village of Macedon at its south end and the hamlet of Ontario Center at its north terminus , NY 350 serves mostly rural areas dominated by farmland . NY 350 was assigned c . 1932 to the portion of its routing south of Cator Corners , the north junction with NY 31F . It was extended northward to its current terminus in the 1940s . Route description NY 350 begins at an intersection with NY 31 in the village of Macedon near the former Mobil Chemical and Tyco plant . The junction also serves as the eastern terminus of NY 31F , which overlaps NY 350 north from the intersection on Ontario Center Road . The conjoined routes cross over the Erie Canal and an industrial railroad spur off of the CSX Transportation owned Rochester Subdivision before exiting the village and entering the surrounding town of Macedon . NY 31F and NY 350 pass through forested areas up to an overpass carrying the Rochester Subdivision line over the road , at which point the wooded areas give way to open fields . The two routes split roughly 1 . 75 miles ( 2 . 82 km ) north of Macedon at a junction named Cator Corners . While NY 31F heads west through Macedon Center toward Monroe County , NY 350 continues east as Ontario Center Road . As NY 350 departs Cator Corners , it curves back to the north , leaving Macedon Center Road the east west roadway that NY 31F follows from Cator Corners west to the county line to continue east as a county road . NY 350 continues across rolling farmland to the town of Walworth , where it meets the eastern terminus of NY 441 at a four way intersection with Walworth Penfield Road west of the hamlet of Walworth . The route continues on , entering a slightly more forested area as it heads toward a junction with NY 286 at Atlantic Avenue . Like NY 31F and NY 441 before it , NY 286 serves as an east west connector between NY 350 and the eastern suburbs of the city of Rochester 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the west . Past NY 286 , the wooded areas become more sporadic as NY 350 turns to travel in a more northwesterly direction across farmlands and fields . It soon enters the town of Ontario , where development along the road increases as it heads into the hamlet of Ontario Center . Here , it passes Wayne High School of the Wayne Central School District prior to intersecting Ridge Road in the center of the community . This junction once served as Ontario Center 's main business district however , it has been replaced in purpose by the adjacent four lane NY 104 , located just 200 yards ( 183 m ) north of Ridge Road . NY 350 ends upon intersecting the NY 104 divided highway however , Ontario Center Road continues north of the east west commercial strip for 3 miles ( 5 km ) to Lake Road near the Lake Ontario shoreline . History The portion of modern NY 350 that overlaps with NY 31F was originally designated as part of Route 20 , an unsigned legislative route , by the New York State Legislature in 1908 . Route 20 continued east from here on what is now NY 31 and west on current NY 31F . On March 1 , 1921 , Route 20 was altered to follow modern NY 31 and NY 250 between Macedon and Fairport , bypassing current NY 350 entirely . Even though it was no longer part of a legislative route , the Macedon Cator Corners highway was taken over by the state of New York by 1926 . At the time , it was the only portion of what is now NY 350 that was state maintained . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the segment of current NY 350 between Atlantic Avenue and Ridge Road became part of an extended NY 35 , which had ended at a junction west of the village of Avon in Livingston County prior to 1930 . The extension took NY 35 northeastward through Monroe and Wayne Counties to a new terminus in the town of Ontario . NY 35 entered Wayne County on modern NY 286 ( Atlantic Avenue ) and followed Atlantic Avenue and Ontario Center Road north to NY 3 ( Ridge Road later U.S. Route 104 or US 104 ) . By the following year , the portion of Ontario Center Road from Cator Corners to NY 33 ( Walworth Penfield Road now NY 441 ) was designated as part of NY 33B . The Macedon Cator Corners segment of former legislative Route 20 was designated as NY 350 c . 1932 . NY 35 was split up into two routes in the early 1940s . The portion of old NY 35 west of Ontario Center Road became NY 383 while the Ontario Center Road section became part of an extended NY 350 . The extension created an overlap between NY 350 and NY 33B from Cator Corners to NY 33 . NY 33 was truncated on its east end to downtown Rochester on January 1 , 1949 . As a result , NY 33B was redesignated as NY 31F . The easternmost leg of the route still overlapped NY 350 however , it now followed NY 350 south to NY 31 in Macedon . NY 350 was extended a short distance northward in the mid 1940s to meet the new super two highway carrying US 104 between Union Hill and Sodus . Major intersections The entire route is in Wayne County .
2,621	Abdl Kadir was a pre dreadnought battleship laid down in 1892 at the Constantinople imperial dockyard for the Ottoman Navy , the first vessel of this type to be ordered by the Ottoman Empire . The ship was the first capital ship to be laid down by the Ottomans in more than a decade . She was to have a main armament of four 28 centimetre ( 11 in ) guns , with an armoured belt that was 230 mm ( 9 . 1 in ) thick . Work proceeded on the ship very slowly , primarily the result of a lack of funds after two years , only the frames for the hull had been erected , and by the time work stopped in 1906 , the hull had been only partially plated . The unfinished ship was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1909 . Design Abdl Kadir was to have been the Ottoman Navy 's first pre dreadnought battleship . She followed a series of ironclad warships built in the 1860s and 1870s . In 1876 , Sultan Murad V was deposed the Ottoman Navy had played a role in the coup , which installed Abdul Hamid II on the throne . The new sultan was as a result suspicious of the navy , and attempted to reduce its power by withholding funding and ordering no new capital ships over the course of the following decade . By the late 1880s , however , the ships built by his predecessors were rapidly becoming obsolescent , especially compared to foreign designs like the British Royal Sovereign class battleships . More importantly , the Greek Navy a major rival of the Ottoman fleet had ordered three Hydra class ironclad battleships in 1885 . These ships , though smaller than the older Ottoman ironclads , were kept in a much better state of readiness than the Ottoman vessels , which were left idle in the Sea of Marmara , with little maintenance done . In 1890 , the Ottoman government authorized a large construction program that included two battleships based on the 12 , 500 metric ton ( 12 , 300 long ton 13 , 800 short ton ) French Hoche , along with several cruisers and smaller vessels . The two Hoche class battleships were not built instead , a smaller design , to be named Abdl Kadir , was ordered that year . Along with the elderly central battery ironclad Mesudiye , she would have been one of the largest ships in the Ottoman Navy . General characteristics and armour Abdl Kadir was 103 . 63 m ( 340 . 0 ft ) long , and had a beam of 19 . 81 m ( 65 . 0 ft ) and a draft of 7 . 16 m ( 23 . 5 ft ) . As designed , she would have displaced 8 , 100 metric tons ( 8 , 000 long tons 8 , 900 short tons ) . She would have been powered by a pair of vertical triple expansion engines each driving a screw propeller , with steam provided by six coal fired boilers . Both the engines and the boilers would have been manufactured by Tersane i unk . The engines were estimated to have been rated at 12 , 000 indicated horsepower ( 8 , 900 kW ) , which should have provided a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km h 21 mph ) . The ship would have had a capacity of 600 metric tons ( 590 long tons 660 short tons ) of coal . Abdl Kadir was to have had an armoured belt that was 230 mm ( 9 . 1 in ) thick , and was to have been 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) wide . The upper decks above the main belt would not have had any armor protection . The transverse bulkheads connecting the ends of the belt were to have been 105 mm ( 4 . 1 in ) thick . Her main battery guns were mounted on barbettes that were 150 mm ( 5 . 9 in ) thick . Armament The German firm Krupp had secured the contract to supply the ship 's armament . Abdl Kadir was designed to carry a main battery of four 28 centimetre ( 11 in ) guns in two twin turrets on the centerline , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery was to have comprised six 15 cm ( 5 . 9 in ) guns in casemates . Close range defense against torpedo boats was to have been provided by a battery of eight 8 . 8 cm ( 3 . 5 in ) quick firing ( QF ) guns and eight 3 . 7 cm ( 1 . 5 in ) QF guns , all in single mounts . Her armament suite was rounded out with six 53 . 3 cm ( 21 . 0 in ) torpedo tubes in above water mounts . By 1904 , her planned armament had been revised , with the 28 cm guns replaced with four 20 . 3 cm ( 8 . 0 in ) guns in single turrets , and the number of 15 cm guns increased to ten . The 8 . 8 cm guns were replaced with 7 . 62 cm ( 3 . 00 in ) guns , and the number of 3 . 7 cm guns was increased to ten . Two of the torpedo tubes were removed . Construction Abdl Kadir was laid down at the Imperial Arsenal in Constantinople in October 1892 . By 1895 , the steel frames for her hull had been erected , but work proceeded very slowly and frequently stopped , primarily due to the chronically tight Ottoman budget . In 1897 , for instance , work had been halted for some time , and the contemporary journal Navy and Army Illustrated predicted that the ship would not be finished . Similar large scale building projects during this period also fell apart due to lack of funds a major construction program launched in the aftermath of the Ottoman Navy 's poor performance in the Greco Turkish War of 1897 stalled after funds could not be appropriated for the new ships . By 1906 , when work on Abdl Kadir stopped for the last time , the hull had been only partially plated . By this time , the blocks that supported the hull during construction had shifted , which destroyed the keel . As a result , the unfinished ship was broken up on the slipway in 1909 .
2,622	Black Rock Harbor Light , also known as Fayerweather Island Light , is a lighthouse in Bridgeport , Connecticut , United States which stands on the south end of Fayerweather Island and marks the entrance to Black Rock Harbor . The first lighthouse at the site , built by Abisha Woodward under contract with the United States government , was a wooden tower that was lit and made operational by 1808 . A storm destroyed the tower in 1821 and the current , stone lighthouse was erected in its place in 1823 . The Black Rock Harbor Light was an active navigational aid until 1933 when it was replaced by two automatic lights offshore . The beacon was subsequently given to the City of Bridgeport in 1934 . Two significant efforts during the 1980s and 1990s served to restore the aging tower and the light was relit as a non navigational aid in 2000 . Black Rock Lighthouse is listed as a contributing property for Bridgeport 's Seaside Park historic district . Construction In 1807 , the United States government bought the 9 . 5 acres ( 3 . 8 ha ) of land upon which the lighthouse stands from Daniel Fayerweather for 200 . The government appropriated 5000 for the light station in February 1807 and contracted Abisha Woodward to construct the light . The first Black Rock Harbor Light was a 40 foot ( 12 . 1 meter ) octagonal wooden tower built in 1808 . Abisha Woodward , who previously constructed the 1801 New London Harbor Light and the 1802 Falkner Island Light , constructed a wooden tower that was lit and made operational by October 1808 . The unk 's home was a small one and a half story home built on the opposite side of a marsh , several hundred feet away from the tower . Another brick structure was built to house the oil . The total cost of the wooden lighthouse , and likely the accompanying keeper 's house and oil house , was listed at unk . 69 . On September 3 , 1821 , the wooden tower was destroyed in the Norfolk and Long Island hurricane and was replaced with a 40 foot ( 12 . 1 meter ) octagonal stone tower at a cost of 2300 . 53 . Completed in 1823 , the new tower was made of coursed sandstone ashlar and rubble mortar and was claimed by its builder to withstand the storm of ages . This boisterous claim was countered by Edmund Blunt , an American Coast Pilot , who stated , a more contemptible Lighthouse does not disgrace Long Island Sound , most shamefully erected and badly kept . In 1835 , 2052 . 63 was used to preserve the buildings on Fayerweather Island , including the lighthouse . Three years later , in 1838 , on the report of a Captain Gregory , another 1529 . 60 was used to build a seawall to protect the buildings . Another 15 , 000 would be used from 1847 through 1849 to complete the seawall . The original keeper 's quarters , then referred to as a dilapidated old edifice , was replaced in 1879 . Service The lighthouse originally had a whale oil spider lamp from the Stratford Point Light , but it was upgraded to a system with eight lamps in 1830 . In 1838 , it was reported by Lieutenant George Bache that the reflectors were out of alignment and the light was barely visible in hazy conditions . In 1854 , a fifth order Fresnel lens was installed . The Black Rock Harbor Light was deactivated in 1932 following the construction of two offshore automatic lights . Restoration The lighthouse was given to the city of Bridgeport , Connecticut in 1934 and became a part of Seaside Park . In the following years , vandals gutted the interior of the lighthouse . In 1977 , the keeper 's quarters building was destroyed in a fire . The first restoration effort came in 1983 when the Friends of Seaside Park restored the tower . Fayerweather Island was cleaned of debris , landscaped and established as a nature preserve . They installed steel windows and also secured the entry with a steel panel , but vandals again forced their way into the lighthouse . A second effort was mounted by David Grant Grimshaw and Patricia Roche in 1993 . A sum of 25 , 000 cash and in kind services was raised with fundraising and annual Preservation Balls it was later matched by the City of Bridgeport 's Board of Park Commissioners with another grant of 25 , 000 . During the night of the 1996 Preservation Ball the lighthouse was mysteriously lit , but Grimshaw did not arrange the illumination . D 'Entremont writes that maybe the spirit of Kate Moore had grown tired of waiting for the restoration . The 1998 restoration was conducted under the direction of David Barbour , a local architect . The restoration included masonry repairs , unk the lantern room , rust removal from the railings , new doors and windows with vandal proof steel panes . The lighthouse was repainted with graffiti resistant paint in the original paint and mortar colors . The light , relit in 2000 , does not serve as an active navigational aid . The light is powered by solar panels on the top of the lighthouse it was donated by United Illuminating and Bridgeport Energy . In 2004 , vandals smashed the solar panels and new panels with protective cages were installed in 2007 . Access The lighthouse is listed as a contributing property for Bridgeport 's Seaside Park historic district , which was listed on July 1 , 1982 . The grounds are accessible by parking at Seaside Park and crossing a breakwater , but the lighthouse is not open to the public . List of keepers
2,623	Maryland Route 10 ( MD 10 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known as the Arundel Expressway , the highway runs 7 . 17 miles ( 11 . 54 km ) from MD 2 in Pasadena north to Interstate 695 ( I 695 ) near Glen Burnie . MD 10 is a four to six lane freeway that serves as a bypass of MD 2 through Pasadena and Glen Burnie in northeastern Anne Arundel County . The Arundel Expressway was planned as a Baltimore Annapolis freeway to provide relief to MD 2 between the cities as early as the 1950s . However , the portion of MD 10 south of Pasadena was removed from state plans when the I 97 corridor was chosen for the intercity freeway in the 1970s . MD 10 was constructed from I 695 to MD 710 in the early 1970s and continued south to MD 648 in the late 1970s . The freeway was extended south to MD 100 and completed to MD 2 in the late 1980s and early 1990s , respectively . Route description MD 10 begins at an intersection with MD 2 ( Governor Ritchie Highway ) in Pasadena . The highway heads north as a four lane freeway to a partial interchange with MD 100 ( Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway ) . There is no access from northbound MD 10 to eastbound MD 100 or from westbound MD 100 to southbound MD 10 . MD 10 and MD 100 briefly run concurrently northwest as an eight lane freeway and diverge at another partial interchange in both carriageways , traffic must move over two lanes to remain on the same route . Just north of the MD 100 split , MD 10 has a half diamond interchange with MD 177 ( Mountain Road ) . That interchange has ramps from southbound MD 10 to MD 177 and from MD 177 to northbound MD 10 . Traffic from eastbound MD 100 to northbound MD 10 and from southbound MD 10 to westbound MD 100 uses MD 177 and MD 2 as intermediaries . MD 10 continues north from MD 177 through the east side of Glen Burnie as a six lane freeway . The highway crosses over Marley Creek and has a partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 648 ( Baltimore Annapolis Boulevard ) . MD 10 parallels MD 270 ( Furnace Branch Road ) north then meets the latter highway at a partial cloverleaf interchange . The highway crosses Furnace Branch and has a partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 710 ( Ordnance Road ) , where northbound MD 10 becomes two lanes wide . MD 10 reaches its northern terminus at a trumpet interchange with I 695 ( Baltimore Beltway ) . The sweeping ramp from MD 10 to westbound I 695 merges into a collector distributor lane that allows access from MD 10 to northbound MD 2 in Brooklyn Park . MD 10 is a part of the main National Highway System for its entire length . History The Arundel Expressway was proposed as early as 1956 as a freeway connecting Baltimore and Annapolis to relieve congestion on MD 2 . By 1966 , the highway was planned to begin at MD 173 at the city limits of Baltimore , intersect a planned cross Patapsco section of the Baltimore Beltway , follow its current path to Pasadena , then continue paralleling MD 2 south to near U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) and US 301 . The portion of the Arundel Expressway inside the Beltway was removed from plans in 1967 , with the Beltway instead serving to connect the expressway with highways into Baltimore . The portion of the freeway south of Pasadena was planned to have intermediate interchanges at MD 648 in Severna Park and Jones Station Road ( now College Parkway ) in Arnold , and a toll plaza just south of the MD 100 interchange . The portion of the Arundel Expressway south of MD 100 was removed from state plans by 1975 . Instead of a Baltimore Annapolis freeway following the MD 2 corridor , in June 1979 the Maryland State Highway Administration announced it was constructing the freeway along the MD 3 and MD 178 corridors . The first section of modern MD 10 to open was the portion of freeway shared with MD 100 , which opened in November 1970 from MD 2 to its eastern terminus . Work began on the Arundel Expressway proper in 1970 when the interchange between the expressway and the Baltimore Beltway was started in 1970 . MD 710 was relocated over much of its length to make way for the construction of the freeways in 1972 . The Arundel Expressway opened from the Beltway to MD 710 in December 1972 and was marked as MD 10 by 1974 . Construction on the extension south to MD 648 was underway by 1975 . MD 10 opened south to MD 270 in October 1977 and to MD 648 in March 1978 . The freeway was proposed to continue south to MD 100 , but that freeway extension was removed from short term plans by 1981 . Construction began in 1987 to extend MD 10 , which was dubbed the Road to Nowhere , from MD 648 to a more logical southern terminus . The freeway opened from MD 648 to MD 100 in October 1988 . The final segment of MD 10 , from MD 100 to MD 2 , opened in March 1991 . The Arundel Expressway was planned to carry 75 , 000 as a complete Baltimore Annapolis freeway . However , as of 2013 , only 51 , 621 vehicles used the highway daily on its most traveled portion between MD 270 and MD 710 . MD 10 functions as a bypass of MD 2 north of Pasadena , but has not fulfilled its original purpose to relieve traffic congestion on MD 2 south to Annapolis . By the time of MD 10 's completion in 1991 , MD 2 was proposed to be expanded to six lanes south of MD 10 . As of 2013 , MD 2 has yet to be widened south of Pasadena . Exit list All exits are unnumbered . The entire route is in Anne Arundel County .
2,624	The Dangerously in Love Tour was the debut concert tour by American recording artist Beyonc . Although the tour was intended to showcase songs from her debut solo album , Dangerously in Love , ( 2003 ) the set list also contained a special segment dedicated to Beyonc 's girl group Destiny 's Child and featured songs from her 2003 film The Fighting Temptations . The stage was simple and featured a large LED screen in the back that displayed video images of Beyonc and her dancers , as well as some images from her music videos and some prerecorded images . The tour was reviewed negatively by Dave Simpson of The Guardian who graded it with two stars out of five . The Dangerously in Love Tour only reached Europe and Beyonc 's performance at the Wembley Arena in London , was filmed and later released on the CD DVD Live at Wembley ( 2004 ) . Background and development The Dangerously In Love Tour was the debut solo concert tour by American recording artist Beyonc . The tour was intended to showcase songs from Beyonc ' debut solo album , Dangerously in Love released in 2003 . However , the set list also contained a special segment of her show dedicated to her girl group Destiny 's Child and songs from Beyonc ' 2003 film The Fighting Temptations ( Fever and Summertime ) . The stage was simple and featured a large LED screen in the back that moved up and down throughout the entire show and displayed video images of Beyonc and her dancers , as well as some images from her music videos and some prerecorded images with special effects . The show also featured a small staircase and platforms on both side of the stairs for her band . Beyonc later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys as ensemble for the Verizon Ladies First Tour ( 2004 ) in North America . Synopsis and reception Dave Simpson of The Guardian described the opening of the show during his review Some while after Beyonc is due on stage , a voice announces that the support act won 't be appearing and that Beyonc will be with us ' in a moment ' . Like everything else hits , boots , hair and sponsorship deals moments are very big in Beyonc world . An age later , cheers erupt for the raising of a curtain which revealed , er , a roadie fiddling with a drum kit . An hour later , the piped music is getting gradually louder to drown boos and the cries of small children whose parents are moaning it 's getting past their bedtime . The show opens with Baby Boy which Beyonc sang while being lowered onto the stage upside down . A highlight for many fans was her performance of Dangerously in Love 2 . During the tour , a special 8 minutes rendition of the song was performed . Simpson of The Guardian reviewed the opening show of the tour negatively , grading it with two out of five stars . He was negative about Beyonc ' clothing during the show , saying The delays may well be down to Beyonc 's wardrobe , which could trouble Imelda Marcos . There are skimpy skirts , tails ( for a note perfect if pointless version of Peggy Lee 's Fever ) and a general theme of low material , high glitz . But often , the main sparkle is on Beyonc 's outfit . He also added that The dancers ' ' naked suits ' make the former church girl a raunchy rival to Kylie Minogue . But there 's an interminable section where they pretend to be homies , and when Beyonc disappears for long periods it feels like an expensive night with Legs and Co . He concluded his review by saying , Clearly , the armies of industry professionals that put Beyonc together aren 't sure of her core audience . A vague Saturday night TV , family entertainment feel gradually gives way to a more intriguing cross between Liza Minelli showbiz and thumping R B. However , a ticker tape festooned Crazy In Love and a belting Work It Out suggest Beyonc is best sticking to her roots . unk , if implausibly , she puts the carnage down to her tour manager falling off stage , but at least she 's grasped one showbiz adage the show must go on . Broadcasts and recordings On November 10 , 2003 , Beyonc performed at the Wembley Arena in London this was later put on a DVD , titled Live at Wembley , which was released in April 2004 . It was accompanied by a CD comprising three previously unreleased studio recorded songs and one remix each of Crazy in Love , Baby Boy and Naughty Girl . Behind the scenes footage can be also seen on the DVD . The album debuted at number seventeen on the Billboard 200 , selling 45 , 000 copies in its first week . The DVD has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 200 , 000 copies . According to Nielsen SoundScan , it had sold 264 , 000 copies in the US by October 2007 , while as at October 6 , 2010 , it had sold 197 , 000 digital downloads . In an interview with The New York Times in 2007 , American singer Miranda Lambert revealed that Live at Wembley inspired her to take little bits from that Beyonc ' performance for her live shows . Set list Baby Boy Naughty Girl Fever Hip Hop Star Yes Work It Out Gift from Virgo Be with You Speechless Destiny 's Child Medley Bug a Boo No , No , No Part 2 Bootylicious Jumpin ' , Jumpin ' Say My Name Independent Women Part I ' 03 Bonnie Clyde Survivor Me , Myself and I Summertime Dangerously in Love 2 Crazy in Love Tour dates
2,625	The Tempest is the tenth studio album by American hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse . Released in 2007 , the album marks the return of producer Mike E. Clark , who had a falling out with the duo in 2000 . However , he did not collaborate directly with ICP , and would not do so until their 2009 album Bang Pow Boom The album 's concept compares a violent storm to a roller coaster its lyrical themes vary from horrorcore based character deconstructions and songs about the supernatural to humorous and lighter subject matter . Clark 's production was praised by critics , and the album peaked at 20 on the Billboard 200 . It is the group 's 23rd overall release . History Mike E. Clark produced much of Insane Clown Posse 's discography , as well as working with other groups on Psychopathic Records , until having a falling out with ICP in 2000 , after completing ICP 's album 's Bizaar and Bizzar , and beginning production on the Dark Lotus debut album Tales from the Lotus Pod . After becoming a full time producer for Kid Rock , Clark contracted pneumonia , but ignored the illness , and began coughing severely as he awoke , leading to a three month stay in Mount Clemens General Hospital , during which one of his lungs collapsed three times . As the result of his near death experience , Clark decided to reconcile with Bruce and Utsler . Phone conversations between Clark and Insane Clown Posse led to Clark producing Shaggy 2 Dope 's 2006 solo album unk .. The following year , Clark produced The Tempest however , in both instances , he did not work with Psychopathic Records directly . Because of this , ICP felt that The Tempest was missing the collaborative element that they felt made their earlier albums enjoyable . Clark would not work directly work with Psychopathic Records until 2009 's Bang Pow Boom Music and lyrics Unlike previous Insane Clown Posse albums , The Tempest is not connected to the Dark Carnival mythology , which formed the basis for ICP 's Joker 's Cards series , which began in 1992 with Carnival of Carnage and concluded with the albums The Wraith Shangri La and Hell 's Pit however , it references themes , concepts and songs from previous albums . Joseph Bruce ( Violent J ) said that The Tempest is a concept album in its own right . Bruce describes the album 's concept as relating to both a violent storm which turns into a tornado and pulls people into a hurricane as well as a roller coaster . According to Bruce , That 's a lot like riding on a violent roller coaster , I 'd assume . You get jerked to the left , jerked to the right , sucked way up into the sky , and then you go shooting down to the floor , and then you jerk up to the left and then you whip around to the right . Well , The Tempest is a storm in the form of a roller coaster . As a result of this concept , the album focuses on a variety of different moods . The Tempest maintains much of the horrorcore lyrical content ICP is known for , as well as their humorous perspective . Unlike previous albums , this album does not contain any disses aimed at other rappers or music industry figures . Bruce and Joseph Utsler ( Shaggy 2 Dope ) ' s rapping on this album is described by Allmusic reviewer David Jeffries as being delivered in a carnival barker fashion that fits with their circus motif , and contrasted Bruce and Utsler themselves as being like Alice Cooper with a unk attitude . The lyrics of Growing Again , which describes Violent J growing into a giant , were inspired by Bruce 's weight gain Bruce also says that the song reflects the feeling of being able to rap about anything we want ... I feel we have the right for some songs to be softer and not about killing or Dark Carnival . The Tower describes a war veteran and expert marksman climbing a college tower and shooting people with an arsenal of weapons , a reference to Charles Whitman 's 1966 murder spree . Mike E. Clark 's production incorporates elements of rock and heavy metal , as well as live instrumentation . Reviewer Lana Cooper of PopMatters compares Ride the Tempest to Flock of Seagulls , and describes the instrumentation as incorporating elements of synthesizers and calliope . Cooper says that Growing Again incorporates power ballad chords . Jeffries describes I Do This as being influenced by psychedelia , and called Mexico City Low Rider music . Release and reception The album was released with a bonus poster . The Tempest debuted at 20 on the U.S. Billboard 200 , selling about 33 , 000 copies in its first week . Reviews from Allmusic and PopMatters generally appraised Mike E. Clark 's production as the album 's most appealing element . Allmusic 's David Jeffries wrote , there 's no denying that Clark 's vision does wonders for the duo . PopMatters ' Lana Cooper said that Insane Clown Posse 's theatrics have to be given their due . Track listing Chart positions Personnel Joseph Bruce vocals , composer Shaggy 2 Dope vocals , scratching Mike E. Clark composer , engineer , mixing , producer , programming Jeffrey Campo mastering Brian unk artwork , cover design DJ Clay scratching , vocals Insane Clown Posse composer , vocals James Mitchell vocals The unk vocals , background vocals Razor Ray guitar , soloist , vocals , background vocals Michael unk artwork , cover design Cindy unk artwork , cover design
2,626	Liberty Walk is a song by American recording artist Miley Cyrus , from her third studio album Can 't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) . It was written by Cyrus , Antonina Armato , Tim James , Nicholas J. Scapa , John Read Fasse and Michael McGinnis , and produced by Armato , James and Paul Palmer under their stage name Rock Mafia . Cyrus explained that the theme of female empowerment was a lyrical inspiration for the song . Musically , Liberty Walk is an uptempo dance pop song which also contains rapped verses . Critical reception of the song was generally mixed , however , the majority of reviewers criticized the rapped verses and described the overall song as dull . Despite not being released as a single , Liberty Walk peaked at number three on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart and number 79 on the Canadian Hot 100 due to strong digital downloads . Background Liberty Walk was written by Cyrus , Nicholas J. Scapa , John Read Fasse , Michael McGinnis , Antonina Armato and Tim James . It was produced by the latter three under their stage name Rock Mafia . The song serves as the opening track of Can 't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) . In an interview with Sway Calloway for MTV News , Cyrus explained the lyrical inspiration of the song which is about female empowerment , saying It 's just about freeing yourself from anything you think is holding you back . And I think that 's really important , especially for girls , because so many people are told , ' No , you can 't do something , ' or , ' You need to be this because Mom and Dad say that , teachers say this . ' Upon the making of the song , Cyrus stated in the same interview that she tried to combine a serious topic with a lighter sound , explaining I wrote it for women that feel like they 're stuck in abusive relationships , but it 's a dance song . She elaborated So you think that must be kind of a sad ballad , but it 's a party song . ... It 's about breaking free . Composition Liberty Walk is an uptempo dance pop song , with a length of four minutes and six seconds . According to the digital sheet music published by Sony ATV Music Publishing , it is written in the key of B minor and is set in common time . The beat moves at 120 beats per minute . Cyrus ' vocal range in the song spans from the low note of Bb2 to the high note of F 5 . Heather Phares of Allmusic noted the use of bold synths and beats . She also said that the rapped verses that Cyrus delivers sound edgier than the singer 's previous work . Cyrus opens the song by chanting Don t live a lie , this is your one life . Punch unk of Manila Bulletin described the song as swanky dance and characterised the synth sounds as ear filling . According to Jon Caramanica of The New York Times , Cyrus applies four different vocal strategies in the song . Critical reception Liberty Walk has received generally mixed reviews from music critics . Heather Phares of Allmusic commended the upbeat lyrics as being radio Disney friendly . Similarly , Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly described the song as a thumping album opener . A reviewer from Sputnik Music noted that ' Liberty Walk ' showcases classic Miley spunk a la ' Hoedown Throwdown ' . However some reviewers were critical of the song . Michelle Griffin of the Sydney Morning Herald concluded that Liberty Walk would make Glee 's Mr Shue blush . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday labeled it as a loopy Jason unk rip off , and stated that where Cyrus raps , she 's hard to take seriously . Donald Gibson of Seattle Post Intelligencer was also unfavorable of the song , who called it a monotonous opener . Evan Sawdey of PopMatters noted that in Liberty Walk , Cyrus ' search for a new identity renders her as anonymous and generic sounding as ever . Live performances and promotional video Cyrus has performed the Liberty Walk at the House of Blues Sunset Strip in Los Angeles , California . She also performed the song during a concert in Melbourne , Australia . According to Julia unk of The Hot Hits Live from LA , Cyrus wore raunchy leather hotpants and sequined bra . She opened her concert with Liberty Walk at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre in Brisbane , Australia . In this performance , the singer wore thigh high boots , leather shorts , killer heels and a black bustier . The song has also been performed during Gypsy Heart Tour . On November 23 , 2011 , Cyrus released a video which featured a remixed version of Liberty Walk by Rock Mafia . It features news footage of the Occupy movement that spread from Wall Street to other areas of the world . The video begins with a message saying This is dedicated to the thousands of people who are standing up for what they believe in . Later in the video , scenes of sign waving protesters and pepper spraying police are shown . Credits and personnel Songwriting , vocals Miley Cyrus , Antonina Armato , Tim James , Nicholas J. Scapa , John Read Fasse , Michael McGinnis Production Rock Mafia Engineering Steve Hammons , Adam Comstock Editing Rock Mafia , Nigel Lundemo Mixing Paul Palmer , Rock Mafia Credits adapted from the liner notes of Can 't Be Tamed . Charts Due to strong digital downloads , Liberty Walk peaked at number three on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . The song also reached number 79 on the Canadian Hot 100 .
2,627	No. 2 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 2 EFTS ) was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) pilot training unit that operated during World War II . It was one of twelve elementary flying training schools employed by the RAAF to provide introductory flight instruction to new pilots as part of Australia 's contribution to the Empire Air Training Scheme . No. 2 EFTS was established in November 1939 as No. 3 Flying Training School at Archerfield , Queensland , and partially utilised aircraft and facilities of the civilian air training organisations based there . The school was renamed No. 2 EFTS in January 1940 . It was disbanded in March 1942 , and its operations transferred to No. 5 Elementary Flying School at Narromine , New South Wales , and No. 11 Elementary Flying School at Benalla , Victoria . History Flying instruction in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) underwent major changes following the outbreak of World War II , in response to a vast increase in the number of aircrew volunteers and the commencement of Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) . The Air Force 's pre war pilot training facility , No. 1 Flying Training School at RAAF Station Point Cook , Victoria , was supplanted in 1940 41 by twelve elementary flying training schools ( EFTS ) and eight service flying training schools ( SFTS ) . The EFTS provided a twelve week introductory flying course to personnel who had graduated from one of the RAAF 's initial training schools . Flying training was undertaken in two stages the first involved four weeks of instruction ( including ten hours of flying ) to determine trainees ' suitability to become pilots . Those that passed this grading process then received a further eight weeks of training ( including sixty five hours of flying ) at the EFTS . Pilots who successfully completed this course were posted to an SFTS in either Australia or Canada for the next stage of their instruction as military aviators . No. 2 Elementary Flying Training School was formed as No. 3 Flying Training School at Archerfield , Queensland , on 6 November 1939 . Its inaugural commanding officer was Flight Lieutenant T.C. Curnow . Archerfield was home to private aviation clubs and schools including the Queensland Aero Club and unk Ltd , and it was the airfield 's position as the hub of civilian flight instruction in the state that led to it becoming the base for the second flying school the RAAF raised during World War II . The same principle was followed in establishing No. 2 Flying Training School ( later renamed No. 1 Elementary Flying Training School ) at Parafield , South Australia , No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School at Essendon , Victoria , and No. 4 Elementary Flying Training School at Mascot , New South Wales . No. 3 Flying Training School was renamed No. 2 Elementary Flying Training School on 2 January 1940 . Its first fifteen de Havilland Tiger Moth training aircraft were delivered three days later . These were augmented by privately owned Tiger Moths and Gipsy Moths pressed into military service . The first training course , lasting eight weeks , began on 10 January twenty one students graduated . By the end of the month , the school 's strength included 105 officers and men , one civilian instructor , and twenty six students . The unit log book reported the lack of a telephone system , kitchen facilities , beds , desks , hot water , blackboards , typewriters , flags , maps , charts , and clothing other than stockings . A second civilian instructor , from the Queensland Aero Club , joined the school on 12 February 1940 . Later that month , No. 2 EFTS was assigned to the control of the proposed Northern Area Command , which was eventually formed in May 1941 . In the interim , all units in Queensland came under the control of Central Area Command , headquartered in Sydney . The school 's inaugural EATS course consisted of thirty one students , who arrived at Archerfield on 29 April 1940 twenty four of the students graduated . The second EATS course commenced on 27 June eighteen of the twenty four students graduated . As of 15 July , responsibility for all aircraft maintenance at the school was assigned to the Queensland Aero Club . Squadron Leader Roy Phillipps , a fighter ace with the Australian Flying Corps in World War I , assumed command of No. 2 EFTS on 20 October 1940 . Phillipps died on 21 May 1941 , when a private plane in which he was a passenger crashed after taking off from Archerfield . Operations at No. 2 EFTS were increased twofold in August 1941 by 30 September its strength included 202 officers and men , 1 civilian , and 91 trainees . Cross country exercises could take students as far as Dalby and unk . Training accidents at the school were frequent , particularly from heavy landings , but did not result in any fatalities . EATS training was put on hold in January 1942 , following the outbreak of war in the Pacific , but resumed the next month . Owing to urgent requirements to house other RAAF units and elements of the United States Army Forces in Australia ( USAFIA ) , No. 2 EFTS was disbanded on 31 March 1942 , and its operations transferred to No. 5 Elementary Flying School at Narromine , New South Wales , and No. 11 Elementary Flying School at Benalla , Victoria . By the time it closed , No. 2 EFTS had trained 806 EATS students , 610 of whom had gone on to SFTSs .
2,628	Poison is a song by American recording artist Beyonc . It is included on the 2009 deluxe edition of her third studio album , I Am Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) and the EP titled I Am ... Sasha Fierce The Bonus Tracks ( 2009 ) . It was written by Johnt Austin , Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen of the production team Stargate and Beyonc while the production was handled by the later two . The song leaked online in August 2009 prior to the release of the deluxe edition of I Am Sasha Fierce . During that month , it was included on a mixtape by DJ Haze titled Big R B Ego . Poison is a slow tempo song in which the female protagonist talks about a bad relationship that she cannot abandon . It received mostly positive reviews from critics who noted that although the song was cut out of the track listing of the standard edition of the album , it was a solid track . Following the release of the EP I Am ... Sasha Fierce The Bonus Tracks in Korea , the song peaked at number one on the South Korea Gaon International Chart during the week ending February 7 , 2010 . Background Poison was written by Johnt Austin , Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen of the production team Stargate and Beyonc for her third studio album I Am Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . It was produced by Stargate and Beyonc while the audio mixing was done by Carlos unk and Damien Lewis at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta . The instrumentation of the song was provided by Stargate at the Roc the Mic studio in New York and the recording was done by Mikkel S. Eriksen . Jim Caruana also worked on the recording of the song . Prior to the official premiere of the song on I Am ... Sasha Fierce , Poison was included on a mixtape by DJ Haze which was called Big R B Ego . This version was leaked on the Internet in August 2009 . Poison was not included on the track listing of the standard version of I Am ... Sasha Fierce it was included on a re issue of the deluxe edition of the album instead , which was released on November 23 , 2009 . An extended play ( EP ) titled I Am ... Sasha Fierce The Bonus Tracks was also released on the same date in several countries featuring new songs including Poison , Why Don 't You Love Me and a remix of Video Phone featuring Lady Gaga . Poison later became an A side to the European single release of Broken Hearted Girl and an EP release of Video Phone both in 2009 . Composition and critical reception According to the sheet music published by EMI Music Publishing on the website Musicnotes.com , Poison is a slow tempo song with hundred beats per minute . It was composed using common time in the key of G major . Beyonc 's vocals range from the low note of G3 to the high note of D5 . In the song , Beyonc sings about a relationship that she knows is not good for her , but still one that she cannot give up . Poison is complete with stuttering beats coupled with the singer 's unk voice as stated by Sonya Eskridge of Sister 2 Sister magazine . A writer of Rap Up magazine noted that the remix of the song which was featured on the mixtape Big R B Ego was potent , but not quite fatal . Eskridge of Sister 2 Sister wrote in her review of the song that we can 't help but wonder why it would have been cut . Matthew Richardson of Prefix Magazine noted , As far as songs that got left in the studio , ' Poison ' actually isn 't that bad . The song 's production isn 't loud enough for this to be a single , but Beyonce sounds fine here . Nia Beckwith of the website AllHipHop gave a positive review about the song , saying that it was the most noteworthy track she heard during the week of its premiere . She wrote , The overall theme of the song puts me in the mind of a hit from R B group Bell Biv Devoe circa 1990 that was also titled Poison , but doesn 't fair the potential to be a number one song like it did close to 20 years ago . Even though the song doesn 't seem like it would be a chart topper it does seem album worthy . It 's something most can relate to if you 've ever been in a relationship . Beyonce sings about a failed relationship that 's no good , but yet is so hard to walk away from and ends up being just like Poison . Recording artist Nicki Minaj discussed the song during an interview with Rap Up magazine , saying When I tell you it gives me life , like , it gives me life . Her voice is effortless . It 's badass , like , ' I know I 'm the best . ' I love the melody , I love the cadence . It 's playful , but it 's just so in your face . It 's dope and it 's creative . Credits and personnel Credits are taken from the liner notes of the re issue of the deluxe edition of I Am ... Sasha Fierce . Written by Beyonc Knowles , Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen Produced by Stargate and Beyonc All instruments by Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen Recorded by Mikkel S. Eriksen at Roc the Mic , New York Additional vocals recorded by Jim Caruana at Roc the Mic , New York Mixed by Phil Tan assisted by Josh Houghkirk Audio engineering by Carlos Oyanedel and Damien Lewis at Soapbox Studios , Atlanta Charts After the release of I Am ... Sasha Fierce The Bonus Tracks , Poison became very popular in Korea and reached the top position of the South Korea Gaon International Chart during the week ending February 7 , 2010 . It was the ninety eighth best selling track of 2010 selling 128 , 009 units .
2,629	The Converted Deacon is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film follows the daughter who disobeys her father by associated with the theater and becomes a star on the stage . She keeps it a secret , but he father arrives in town and takes her home because her mother is ill . John unk follows her home and disguises himself to secure a position on the farm . A newspaper reveals the daughter 's fame and only after a song and dance does the father 's anger abate and allows the two lovers to marry . Little is known about the production of the film , but the Thanhouser films were distinguished as being the best of the Independent companies in a The New York Dramatic Mirror editorial . The film was released on July 15 , 1910 , and met with mixed reception . The film is presumed lost Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from July 16 , 1910 . It states May Sanders is the daughter of a farmer , Deacon Sanders , who is nearly as poor as he is religious . May goes to the city to seek employment , and her father warns her to shun theatres and bad company . Her first job is a maid in the home of Mrs. Carr , wife of a theatrical manager . Mrs. Carr discovers that May can sing and dance exceptionally well , and her husband places May on the stage . She makes a hit right from the start . Also she annexes the affections of John unk , a wealthy young man . But she does not dare tell her parents about her new vocation . Matters drag along until the Deacon unexpectedly arrives in town . May has still pretended to be the maid of Mrs. Carr , and the father finds her in the house when she calls . He tells her that her mother is ill , and she is needed at home . She goes and is promptly put to work on the farm . John follows his sweetheart to the country , and to be near her , pretends to be poor and secures a job on the farm . The newspaper gives the Deacon a clue to the mystery , and he prepares to disown his daughter . But when she sings and dances , his anger melts , he forgives May and John , who later marry with a paternal blessing . Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director and the cameraman are unknown and no known credits for the cast are cited by film historian , Q. David Bowers . Members cast may have included the leading players of the Thanhouser productions , Anna Rosemond , Frank H. Crane and Violet Heming . Despite the lack of production details , the quality of the Thanhouser films in general stood out amongst the Independent producers . An editorial by The Spectator in The New York Dramatic Mirror contained specific praise for Thanhouser productions by stating , ... practically all other Independent American companies , excepting Thanhouser , show haste and lack of thought in their production . Crude stories are crudely handled , giving the impression that they are rushed through in a hurry anything to get a thousand feet of negative ready for the market . Such pictures , of course , do not cost much to produce , but they are not of a class to make reputation . The Thanhouser company , alone of the Independents , shows a consistent effort to do things worthwhile ... The editorial warned that American audiences were not subject to be entertained by the novelty of moving images and cautioned the Independents that there was distinct danger in quantity over quality . The editorial was written by Frank E. Woods of the American Biograph Company , a Licensed company , and like the publication itself had a considerable slant to the Licensed companies . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1000 feet long , was released on July 15 , 1910 . The film had a wide national release in the United States , theaters showing advertisements include those in Kansas , North Carolina , Maryland , Indiana , Pennsylvania , Arizona , and Missouri . One of the last advertisements for the film was in Neosho , Missouri on May 14 , 1913 . The film received mixed reception in trade publications , but some advertisements would boast the power of the film or go so far as to call it a great American drama . The The Moving Picture News stated , As a sketch of country folk , admirable because it is true . The situations are well worked out . The conversion Could it be A New England church meeting would be a good place to exhibit and ask questions . Though the reviewer in the The New York Dramatic Mirror however disagreed that the premise was plausible , A straight laced old deacon forms the complicating element in this rather conventional and rather improbable story . That a girl could become a comic opera star without the knowledge of her parents is a strain for the imagination . That a simple little dance like the one in the picture could effect such a conversion is another tax on belief . The acting is good , especially in the heroine 's role . The deacon displays an unnatural tendency in such a stern character when he rapturously kisses the photograph of his daughter . It is unknown if the character of Deacon Sanders is really a church deacon because the synopsis states Deacon Sanders is a farmer who is nearly as poor as he is religious .
2,630	Operation Royal Flush was a military deception employed by the Allied Nations during the Second World War as part of the strategic deception Operation Bodyguard . Royal Flush was a political deception which expanded on the efforts of another Bodyguard deception , Operation Graffham , by emphasising the threat to Norway . It also lent support to parts of Operation Zeppelin via subtle diplomatic overtures to Spain and Turkey . The idea was that information from these neutral countries would filter back to the Abwehr ( German Intelligence ) . Planned in April 1944 by Ronald Wingate , Royal Flush was executed throughout June by various Allied ambassadors to the neutral states . During implementation the plan was revised several times to be less extreme in its diplomatic demands . Information from neutral embassies was not well trusted by the Abwehr as a result , Royal Flush had limited impact on German plans through 1944 . Background Operation Royal Flush formed part of Operation Bodyguard , a broad strategic military deception intended to confuse the Axis high command as to Allied intentions during the lead up to the Normandy landings . Royal Flush developed a series of political misdirections in mid 1944 to support other deceptions between June and July . It evolved from Operation Graffham , a political deception aimed at Sweden between February and March 1944 . Graffham was suggested and planned by the London Controlling Section ( LCS ) with the aim of convincing the Swedish government that the Allies intended to invade Norway , in support of Operation Fortitude North . During the war Sweden maintained a neutral position , and had relations with both Axis and the Allied nations . It was therefore assumed that if Sweden believed in an imminent threat to Norway this would be passed on to German intelligence . Graffham was envisioned as an extension of existing pressure the Allies were placing on Sweden to end their neutral stance . By increasing this pressure the head of the LCS , Colonel John Bevan , hoped to further convince the Germans that Sweden was preparing to join the Allied nations . Royal Flush was also intended to support Operation Zeppelin , the 1944 overall deception plan for the Middle Eastern theatre . Zeppelin developed threats against Greece and Southern France between February and July . Its intention was to tie up German defensive forces in the region during the period of D Day . Operation Royal Flush was planned in April 1944 by Ronald Wingate , deputy controller of the LCS . His theory was based on the idea that the Allied nations might rely on forms of help from neutral countries following any invasions . Having seen the implementation of Operation Graffham , and with the deceptions aimed at Scandinavia and the Mediterranean , he chose Sweden , Turkey and Spain as the targets . For Sweden this was the continuation of Graffham , with demands from the US , UK and Russia that the Germans be denied access to the country following an Allied invasion of Norway . In the case of Turkey this was built on existing pressure , applied from the outset of the war , to join the Allied nations . In Turkey the plan called for diplomatic pressure on 8 June 1944 , following the Normandy Landings , to allow the Allied forces access to Turkey for the purposes of staging an invasion of Greece ( in support of the story of Zeppelin ) . At the same time the Russians would make a similar request of Bulgaria . However , it was agreed that this risked a pre emptive invasion of Turkey by German forces . Instead , the Allies took advantage of German warships being permitted , in June , access to Turkish territorial waters to transit to the Aegean Sea . A complaint to the Turkish government emphasised the Allies ' interest in the Balkans and that they did not wish to see the Germans reinforcing the region . On 3 June , Spain was approached by the US ambassador with a request to use Spanish ports for evacuating the wounded , following landings in southern France . Originally the plan had been to request access for the purposes of staging the initial invasion . However , this was toned down in light of historical resistance to any foreign occupation of Spanish soil as well as the implausibility of invading France via the Pyrenees . On 5 June the British ambassador reinforced the request , and after some discussion the Spanish government agreed but only after an invasion had occurred , and under the supervision of the Red Cross . To emphasise the change in objective , the Allies followed this up with Operation Ferdinand which threatened an invasion in Italy . Impact Information from neutral countries , such as those targeted by Royal Flush , had limited impact on German plans . In July 1944 a report by the Abwehr identified these countries as outspoken deception centres . To make matters worse for the Allies , these political deceptions were not as tightly controlled as the double agents , and so as an overall information channel they could be confusing and disjointed . The complaint to Turkey had a desired effect locally , with an apology from the country 's government and a commitment to breaking diplomatic ties to Germany if required . However , it failed to elicit a response from Germany . The Allies ' request to the Spanish government was relayed to the Germans , but identified almost immediately as deception and misdirection .
2,631	SM U 17 or U XVII was a U 10 class submarine or U boat of the Austro Hungarian Navy ( German Kaiserliche und Knigliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) during World War I. U 17 was laid down in Germany in April 1915 and shipped in sections by rail to Pola in August , where she was assembled . She was delivered to the Austro Hungarian Navy at the end of September and commissioned in October 1915 . U 17 primarily operated from Cattaro , patrolling off the Italian and Albanian coasts . The submarine had several opportunities to sink merchant ships and warships throughout the war , but sank only one Italian destroyer in July 1916 as part of an effort to disrupt the Otranto Barrage . At the end of the war , U 17 was undergoing repairs at Pola . She was handed over to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920 . Design and construction U 17 was a small , coastal submarine that displaced 125 . 5 long tons ( 127 . 5 t ) surfaced and 140 . 25 long tons ( 142 . 50 t ) submerged . She featured a single shaft , a single 60 bhp ( 45 kW ) Daimler diesel engine for surface running , and a single 120 shp ( 89 kW ) electric motor for submerged travel . U 17 was capable of up to 6 . 5 knots ( 12 . 0 km h 7 . 5 mph ) while surfaced and 5 . 5 knots ( 10 . 2 km h 6 . 3 mph ) while submerged at a diving depth of up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) . She was designed for a crew of 17 officers and men . U 17 was equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes . In October 1916 , U 17 's armament was supplemented with a 37 mm 23 ( 1 . 5 in ) quick firing ( QF ) gun . This gun was replaced by a 47 mm 23 ( 1 . 9 in ) QF gun in November 1917 . U 17 was ordered by the Austro Hungarian Navy on 1 April 1915 and laid down at AG Weser in Bremen later that month . When completed , the submarine was broken down into sections , loaded onto railcars , and shipped to the Austro Hungarian Navy 's main base at Pola on 30 August . After completing the four day journey , the sections were riveted together . Though there is no specific mention of how long it took for U 17 's sections to be assembled , a sister boat , the German Type UB I submarine UB 3 , shipped to Pola from Germany in mid April 1915 , was assembled in about two weeks . U 17 was delivered to the Austro Hungarian Navy on 30 September . Operational history SM U 17 was commissioned into the Austro Hungarian Navy on 6 October under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Frank unk . The boat patrolled the Italian coast out of Pola for most of the next two months , interrupted by engine repairs in mid November . On 9 December , unk was succeeded as U 17 's commanding officer by Linienschiffsleutnant Zdenko Hudecek . By the end of December , U 17 was operating from Cattaro and patrolling off the Albanian and Montenegrin coasts . Hudecek and U 17 made two unsuccessful attacks on enemy destroyers in January . On 23 February , Hudecek attempted an attack on a cargo ship off Durazzo , but was discovered and depth charged . Two days later the submarine put in to Cattaro to replace a broken gyrocompass with a new magnetic compass . In mid March , U 17 shifted to patrol off the Italian coast once again and was attacked by air on 15 March off Brindisi . The Italian patrols continued until late May , when U 17 was sent to patrol in the Ionian Sea . Duty in the Straits of Otranto followed in June , as part of the plan to disrupt the Otranto Barrage . On 12 June , the submarine attempted an attack on an Italian Orfeo class torpedo boat the torpedo boat survived and repaid U 17 by dropping several depth charges nearby . On 10 July , U 17 torpedoed and sank the 680 metric ton ( 750 short ton ) Italian destroyer unk , The Italian ship had been guarding drifters , small fishing vessels with anti submarine nets stretched between them as part of the Otranto Barrage . unk was the only ship sunk by U 17 . The U boat continued patrols in the Adriatic throughout the remainder of 1916 . U 17 was depth charged by a destroyer off Fano on 14 September . Two days later , a failed attack on a steamer resulted in another depth charging of U 17 , this time by an Orfeo class torpedo boat . In early October , an air attack by two airplanes damaged U 17 . The year 1917 was uneventful for U 17 . The submarine resumed patrols off Albania in January . In May , the U boat had to crash dive near Valona when a bomber appeared overhead and dropped its payload . A foray to Bari in July provided another opportunity to attack a steamer , but the torpedoes missed their mark . On 16 August , U 17 , by now under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Hermann Rigele , attempted a torpedo attack on a cargo ship off unk . At the end of October , U 17 escaped damage from a torpedo attack by an enemy submarine near Cape unk , Albania . A month later , the submarine was once again attacked by air , surviving two bombs dropped from a single airplane . In the first part of June 1918 , U 17 patrolled off the coast of Italy , but had returned to Cattaro on 12 June . Two weeks later , the boat set out for Pola to undergo repairs . At the end of the war , the ship 's repairs remained unfinished . U 17 , at Pola with six other Austro Hungarian submarines , was ceded to Italy as a war reparation . U 17 was broken up at Pola by the Italians in 1920 .
2,632	Marceau was an ironclad turret ship built for the French Navy during the 1880s , the lead ship of her class . She served in the Mediterranean Squadron until 1900 , when she was rebuilt and subsequently placed in reserve . She returned to service in 1906 as a torpedo training ship . During World War I , she served in Malta and Corfu as a submarine tender . The old ironclad was sold for scrapping in 1920 , and while being towed to Toulon , she ran aground in a gale off Bizerte and became stranded . The wreck remained visible there until the 1930s . Design Marceau had an overall length of 101 . 6 meters ( 333 ft 4 in ) and was 98 . 6 meters ( 323 ft 6 in ) long between perpendiculars . She had a beam of 20 . 23 m ( 66 ft 4 in ) and a draft up to 8 . 3 m ( 27 ft 3 in ) . She displaced 10 , 850 tonnes ( 10 , 680 long tons ) . The ship was powered by a pair of vertical triple expansion steam engines , each driving one shaft , using steam provided by eight coal fired cylindrical boilers that were trunked into a single large funnel . The engines were designed to reach 12 , 000 metric horsepower ( 8 , 800 kW ) and propel the ship at a top speed of 16 . 5 knots ( 30 . 6 km h 19 . 0 mph ) , but they only managed 11 , 169 metric horsepower ( 8 , 215 kW ) and 16 . 194 knots ( 29 . 991 km h 18 . 636 mph ) on the ship 's sea trials . Marceau had a range of 4 , 000 nautical miles ( 7 , 400 km 4 , 600 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 643 651 officers and enlisted men . The ship was armed with a main battery of two 340 millimeter ( 13 . 4 in ) unk 28 caliber guns and two slightly newer M1884 guns of the same caliber . These weapons were mounted in individual barbettes in a lozenge arrangement , with one gun forward , one aft , and two amidships . The secondary battery consisted of sixteen 138 . 6 mm ( 5 . 46 in ) M1884 quick firing ( QF ) guns , all firing through unarmored embrasures in the hull . Marceau 's light armament varies widely between sources Chesneau Kolesnik give a range of three to six 65 mm ( 2 . 6 in ) 9 pounder guns , nine to eighteen 47 mm ( 1 . 9 in ) 3 pounder guns , eight to twelve 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) 1 pounder five barrel Hotchkiss revolving cannon , and three to five 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes in deck mounted launchers naval historian Eric Gille gives four to seven 65 mm guns , nine to twelve 47 mm guns , eight 37 mm guns and five to six torpedo tubes , all above water naval historian Paul Silverstone says six 65 mm guns , twelve 47 mm guns and five torpedo tubes . The ship 's compound armor belt was 450 mm ( 17 . 7 in ) thick amidships and reduced to 300 mm ( 11 . 8 in ) at the stern and 230 mm ( 9 . 1 in ) . The barbettes were also 450 mm thick . The conning tower was protected by 120 mm ( 4 . 7 in ) of armor plating and the deck was 80 mm ( 3 . 1 in ) thick . Service history Marceau was ordered in October 1880 , but was not laid down until 27 January 1882 at the Socit Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Mditerrane shipyard in La Seyne sur Mer . Work proceeded slowly , and she was not launched until April 1890 . This was a result of the influence of Admiral Thophile Aube , who was the Minister of Marine in 1886 87 Aube was a staunch advocate of the so called Jeune cole and opposed new battleship construction . Fitting out work was completed much more quickly , however , and she was commissioned into the French fleet on 14 March 1891 . After her commissioning , she joined a French fleet that visited Kronstadt and was inspected by Czar Alexander III of Russia . On the return voyage , the fleet stopped in Spithead , where Queen Victoria reviewed the ships . This turned out to be the only time Marceau operated in the Atlantic after returning to France , she was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron , where she remained for the duration of her career . In 1895 , Marceau and the ironclads Courbet , Amiral Baudin , and Formidable all nearly ran aground off Hyres Marceau and three tugs used to tow Amiral Baudin back to port . During the 1897 fleet gunnery trials , which saw the first use of a new system of centralized fire control in the French fleet , Marceau , her sister Neptune , and the new battleship Brennus all achieved more than 25 percent hits at ranges of between 3 , 000 yd ( 2 , 700 m ) and 4 , 000 yd ( 3 , 700 m ) . On 30 August 1900 , Marceau returned to La Seyne for a major reconstruction . Her heavy military masts were cut down , her engines were modernized and her boilers were replaced with 16 Niclausse boilers . Another 138 . 6 mm gun was installed in the bow under the forecastle . The work was completed in May 1902 , and Marceau underwent a series of sea trials for the remainder of the year . She did not return to active service with the fleet , however , and was placed in reserve at Toulon . In 1906 , she was converted into a training ship for torpedo operators in Toulon . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Marceau was converted into a floating workshop to support torpedo boats and submarines . She was initially based in Malta , but was later moved to Corfu and then to Bizerte in 1918 . She was stricken from the naval register on 1 October 1920 , and sold to a shipbreaking firm based in Toulon in 1921 . While she was being towed to Toulon , a storm caused her to run aground off Bizerte . She remained visible there until the 1930s .
2,633	Mycena lanuginosa is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family . First collected in 2000 and reported as a new species in 2007 , it is known only from lowland oak dominated forests in central Honshu in Japan . The small mushroom is characterized by its grooved , grayish brown to violet brown cap up to 11 mm ( 0 . 43 in ) in diameter , and the slender grayish brown to reddish brown stem covered with minute , fine , soft hairs . The mushroom produces amyloid spores ( spores that stain when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) . Microscopic distinguishing features include the smooth , spindle shaped cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge and face , respectively ) and the diverticulate elements in the outer layer of the cap and the stem . Taxonomy , naming , and classification Mycena lanuginosa was first collected by Haruki Takahashi in 2000 , and published as a new species in 2007 , along with seven other Japanese Mycena species . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word lanuginosa , meaning unk , referring to the hairy stem . The Japanese name for the mushroom is unk unk ( unk ) . The fungus is classified in the section Fragilipedes ( Fr . ) Qul . , as defined by Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus . This section is the largest in the genus Mycena . Description The cap is 7 to 11 mm ( 0 . 28 to 0 . 43 in ) in diameter , conical to convex to bell shaped , and has distinct radial grooves that extend almost to the center . It is dry , and somewhat hygrophanous ( changing color as it loses or absorbs water ) . The surface is initially pruinose ( covered with what appears to be a fine white powder ) , but soon becomes smooth . The cap is dark brown at the center , and gradually changes to reddish brown and finally to nearly white at the margin . The white flesh is up to 0 . 5 mm thick , and does not have any distinctive taste or odor . The slender stem is 30 to 60 mm ( 1 . 2 to 2 . 4 in ) long by 0 . 8 to 1 . 3 mm ( 0 . 031 to 0 . 051 in ) thick , cylindrical , attached to the center of the cap , hollow , and dry . The top portion of the stem is pruinose , while near the base the surface is covered with soft , fine hairs . The stem color is grayish brown to reddish brown near the top , changing to reddish brown near the bottom . The stem base is covered with long , fairly coarse , whitish fibrils . The gills are narrowly attached to the stem , distantly spaced ( 12 18 gills reach the stem ) , up to 1 . 5 mm broad , thin , and whitish , with the gill edges the same color as the gill faces . Microscopic characteristics The spores are roughly ellipsoid , smooth , thin walled , colorless , and measure 10 12 by 5 . 5 6 . 5 m . They are amyloid , meaning they will stain blue to black when treated with Melzer 's reagent . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are 35 42 by 7 9 m , club shaped , four spored , and have clamps at their bases . The abundant cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are thin walled , and measure 40 80 by 5 15 m . The smooth , colorless , and thin walled spindle shaped cells sometimes come to an abruptly tapering point they form a sterile gill edge . Like the cheilocystidia , the pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are also spindle shaped , abundant , smooth and thin walled they measure 63 102 by 8 15 m . The hymenophoral tissue ( tissue of the hymenium bearing structure ) is made of smooth , thin walled element hyphae that are 3 25 m wide , roughly cylindrical ( often inflated ) , hyaline ( translucent ) , and dextrinoid ( turning reddish to reddish brown in Melzer 's reagent ) . The cap cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae that are 2 6 m wide , and cylindrical . They can be either smooth , or covered with scattered , warty or finger like thin walled brownish diverticulae . The underlying hyphae have a parallel arrangement , and are hyaline or brownish , dextrinoid , with short and inflated cells that are up to 35 m wide . The stem cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae measuring 3 6 m wide . These hyphae , as well as the terminal cells ( caulocystidia ) , have characteristics similar to the hyphae of the cap cuticle . The flesh of the stem is composed of longitudinally arranged , cylindrical hyphae that are 6 20 m wide , smooth , hyaline , and dextrinoid . Clamp connections are present in the cortical layer of cap and stem , and at the basal septa of the basidia . Similar species M. lanuginosa closely resembles M. pilosella , a species originally described from Netherlands by Maas Geesteranus , and the European species M. unk both are in the section Fragilipedes . Mycena pilosella differs in several microscopic characteristics it has densely diverticulate elements of the cap cuticle long , cylindrical caulocystidia that diverge at a right angle and it does not have pleurocystidia . Mycena unk is distinct in forming a whitish cap , a stem that is initially minutely unk but later becomes smooth , radish like odor , ellipsoid to cylindrical spores , and cheilocystidia with branches near the tip . Habitat and distribution Mycena lanuginosa is known only from Kanagawa , in Honshu , Japan . Fruit bodies are found solitary or scattered , on dead leaves and twigs in lowland forests dominated by the oak species Quercus myrsinifolia and Q. serrata . Fruiting occurs from March to November .
2,634	Urarbrunnr ( Old Norse Well of Urr either referring to a Germanic concept of fate unk or the norn named Urr ) is a well in Norse mythology . Urarbrunnr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In both sources , the well lies beneath the world tree Yggdrasil , and is associated with a trio of norns ( Urr , Verandi , and Skuld ) . In the Prose Edda , Urarbrunnr is cited as one of three wells existing beneath three roots of Yggdrasil that reach into three distant , different lands the other two wells being Hvergelmir , located beneath a root in Niflheim , and Mmisbrunnr , located beneath a root near the home of the frost jtnar . Scholarly theory and speculation surrounds the well . Attestations Urarbrunnr is attested in the following works Poetic Edda In the Poetic Edda , Urarbrunnr is mentioned in stanzas 19 and 20 of the poem Vlusp , and stanza 111 of the poem Hvaml . In stanza 19 of Vlusp , Urarbrunnr is described as being located beneath Yggdrasil , and that Yggdrasil , an ever green ash tree , is covered with white mud or loam . Stanza 20 describes that three norns ( Urr , Verandi , and Skuld ) come from the well , here described as a lake , and that this trio of norns then set down laws , they chose lives , for the sons of men the fates of men . Stanza 111 of Hvaml has been the matter of much debate and is considered unclear , having been referred to as mysterious , obscure and much debated . Benjamin Thorpe translates the stanza as Time ' tis to discourse from the preacher 's chair . By the well of Urd I silent sat , I saw and meditated , I listened to men 's words . Prose Edda In the Prose Edda , Urarbrunnr is attested in Gylfaginning ( chapters 15 , 16 , and the beginning of chapter 17 ) , and twice in Skldskaparml . Gylfaginning In chapter 15 of Gylfaginning , a book of the Prose Edda , the throned figure of Just As High tells Gangleri ( described as King Gylfi in disguise ) about Yggdrasil and its roots . Just As High describes three roots that support Yggdrasil that stretch a great distance . The third root is located among the sir , extends to heaven and , beneath it , is the very holy Urarbrunnr . Just As High details that , every day , the gods ride over the bridge Bifrst to hold court at the well . High provides more information regarding the well in chapter 16 . High says that there are many beautiful places in heaven , and everywhere there is divine protection around it . There , a beautiful hall stands under the ash ( Yggdrasil ) near the well ( Urarbrunnr ) , and from this hall come three maidens whose names are Urr , Verandi , and Skuld . The maidens shape the lives of men , and we call them norns . High goes on to describe that there are other norns , and their nature . Further into chapter 16 , High states that norns that dwell by Urarbrunnr take water from the well and mud that lies around it , and pour it over the Yggdrasil so that its branches do not decay or rot . The water is described as so holy that anything that enters the well will become as white as the membrane called the skin that lies round the inside of the eggshell . High then quotes stanza 19 of Vlusp , and states that two swans feed from the well , from which all other swans descend . Chapter 17 starts off with Gangleri asking what other chief centres exist outside of Urarbrunnr . Skldskaparml Two sections of the book Skldskaparml reference Urarbrunnr . The first reference is in section 49 , where a fragment of a work by the 10th century skald Kormkr gmundarson is recited in explaining how Odin 's fire is a kenning for a sword . The passage reads A sword is Odin 's fire , as unk said Battle raged when the feeder of Grid 's steed wolf , he who waged war , advanced with ringing unk Odin 's fire . and that Urr rose from the well . Urarbrunnr is mentioned a second time in section 52 of Skldskaparml , this time associated with Christ . The section states that early skalds once referred to Christ in relation to Urarbrunnr and Rome , and quotes the late 10th century skald Eilfr Gornarson , who states that thus has the powerful king of Rome increased his realm with lands of heath land divinities giants i.e. heathen lands and that Christ is said to have his throne south of Urarbrunnr . Theories Temple at Uppsala Parallels have been pointed out between the description of Urarbrunnr at the base of the world tree Yggdrasil and Christian medieval chronicler Adam of Bremen 's account of a well at the base of a sacred tree at the Temple at Uppsala , Sweden , found in his 11th century work Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum . Eilfr Gornarson Eilfr Gornarson 's Christianity influenced account of Urarbrunnr ( section 52 of Skldskaparml ) associates the well with the south and Rome . Theories have been proposed that this description may have some relation to notions of the Jordan River due to phonetic and typological similarities perceived by Eilfr , though there may be no other causative connection . Eilfr is otherwise known as a pagan skald , and this selection has been theorized as describing that , due to directly associating Christ with the well , Christ had taken over responsibility of providence or fate .
2,635	Wide Awake in Europe is a live extended play ( EP ) by rock band U2 . The release was created by the organizers of Record Store Day to bring customers into independent record shops for holiday shopping . A limited number of 5 , 000 EPs were produced , and were released on Black Friday in 2010 , mostly to record shops in North America . The EP features three live tracks on a 12 inch vinyl record , taken from three different concerts during the U2 360 Tour in 2009 and 2010 . The EP comprises the songs I 'll Go Crazy If I Don 't Go Crazy Tonight , Moment of Surrender , and Mercy , the latter a previously unreleased track that was debuted on tour . Background and release The potential release of an EP was first announced by U2 bassist Adam Clayton in an August 2010 U2.com video , after stating that the band was not yet ready to release another album . In mid October , listings for the EP appeared on Amazon.com , with a release date of 22 November . Details of the release were officially announced by website unk on 26 October with the track listing and release date information , along with details about its exclusive release to independent record stores , despite its listing on Amazon.com. U2.com officially announced the release on 16 November , and Moment of Surrender from the release was streamed on the website exclusively for the site 's subscribers , beginning the following the day . On the day of the EP 's release , U2.com streamed all three tracks for the site 's subscribers for a 48 hour period . The EP was created by the creators of Record Store Day for an exclusive release as part of the Back to Black Friday program , along over 30 releases from other artists . The program 's objective was to draw customers to independent record shops on Black Friday and throughout the 2010 holiday shopping season , as opposed to big box stores and shopping malls . The EP was released by Interscope Records on 26 November 2010 , exclusively for independent record shops in the North America , with a select number of copies available in Europe . U2.com stated copies would be available in the United Kingdom and Ireland , although the London newspaper Daily Mail reported that it was only available at Tower Records in Dublin . The release was limited to 5 , 000 copies , all of which were individually numbered , although some pressings had higher numbers , as jackets damaged during the manufacturing process were destroyed and reprinted with newer numbers . An owner of a Milwaukee , Wisconsin store compared ordering the EP to a roulette , and said he ordered 15 copies hoping to get 6 . Twenty of the copies were given away in a December 2010 sweepstakes for U2.com site subscribers . Pre orders for the EP were available from online retailer The Ideal Copy , but had sold out by the end of October , almost a month prior to the release . New Jersey based retailer Vintage Vinyl Records described the EP as an Indie Exclusive Black Friday item , and also sold pre orders online , but had ended pre orders early to ensure copies were available for Black Friday . On the day of its release , several record shops in the US reported Wide Awake in Europe as one of their best sellers . The EP was sold for around US 10 20 , but copies were selling on eBay the following day for 75 . Content The title and cover of the EP are references to U2 's 1985 EP Wide Awake in America . All the tracks were recorded by Alastair McMillan , and mixed by the EP 's producer , Declan Gaffney . Side A of the record features Mercy , which was debuted during the U2 360 Tour in September 2010 . Previously , Mercy had leaked online as a track from the sessions for U2 's 2004 album How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb , but Wide Awake in Europe was the first official release of the song . The performance included on the EP is taken from band 's concert in Brussels during the month of its debut , and was the fourth ever live performance of the song . Side B features performances of I 'll Go Crazy If I Don 't Go Crazy Tonight ( from Dublin in July 2009 ) and Moment of Surrender ( from Paris in September 2010 ) , both of which are from U2 's 2009 studio album , No Line on the Horizon . The EP 's live version of the I 'll Go Crazy live remix from Dublin was previously released on the 2009 U2.com member exclusive remix album , Artificial Horizon , and was remixed by unk and Dirty South . The track also features a clip of unk Az Ney Windfall by unk unk . In a review published by Sputnikmusic two weeks after Wide Awake in Europe 's release , critic Irving Tan praised the EP , stating how Mercy was the biggest treat to fans , while the I 'll Go Crazy remix gives the EP a party vibe , and that Moment of Surrender manages to be hopeful , glorious , and resplendent all at once . Tan concluded by saying that the EP sends a message of the band 's youthful defiance and stated that he looks forward to U2 's fourth decade . Track listing All lyrics written by Bono , all music composed by U2 . Personnel Production Declan Gaffney Recording Alastair McMillan Mixing Declan Gaffney , Russell unk ( assistance on I 'll Go Crazy If I Don 't Go Crazy Tonight ) Mastering Scott Sedillo at Bernie Grundman Mastering Audio post production Cheryl Engles at Partial Productions Photography Aaron Harris Sleeve design Shaughn McGrath at Amp Visual
2,636	Kalinin ( Russian unk ) was a Project 26bis2 Kirov class cruiser of the Soviet Navy that was built during World War II . She was built in Siberia from components shipped from European Russia . She saw no action during the war and served into the Cold War . Her post war career was uneventful until she was disarmed and converted into a floating barracks in 1960 . She was sold for scrap in 1963 . Description Kalinin was 187 m ( 613 ft 6 in ) long at the waterline , and 191 . 2 m ( 627 ft 4 in ) long overall . She had a beam of 17 . 66 m ( 57 ft 11 in ) and had a draft between 5 . 88 to 6 . 3 m ( 19 ft 3 in to 20 ft 8 in ) . Kalinin displaced 8 , 400 tonnes ( 8 , 267 long tons ) at standard load and 10 , 040 tonnes ( 9 , 881 long tons ) at full load . Her geared steam turbines produced a total of 126 , 900 shaft horsepower ( 94 , 629 kW ) on trials , but she fell somewhat short of her designed speed of 37 knots ( 69 km h 43 mph ) , only reaching 36 knots ( 67 km h 41 mph ) on trials , because she was over 1 , 200 tonnes ( 1 , 181 long tons ) overweight . The ship normally carried 650 tonnes ( 640 long tons ) of fuel oil , 1 , 660 tonnes ( 1 , 634 long tons ) at full load and 1 , 750 tonnes ( 1 , 722 long tons ) at overload . This gave her an endurance of 5 , 590 nautical miles ( 10 , 350 km 6 , 430 mi ) at 18 knots ( 33 km h 21 mph ) with overload fuel . Kalinin carried nine 180 mm ( 7 . 1 in ) 57 caliber B 1 P guns in three electrically powered MK 3 180 triple turrets . The turrets were very small they were designed to fit into the limited hull space available and were so cramped that their rate of fire was much lower than designed only two rounds per minute instead of six . The guns were mounted in a single cradle to minimize space and were so close together that their shot dispersion was very high because the muzzle blast from adjacent barrels affected each gun . Unlike her half sisters built in European Russia , her secondary armament initially consisted of eight single 76 . 2 mm ( 3 . 00 in ) 55 caliber 34 K anti aircraft ( AA ) guns mounted on each side of the rear funnel because the 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) B 34 guns originally intended to be used had run into production problems . The 34 K guns were a stop gap until the Army 85 mm ( 3 . 3 in ) 52 K anti aircraft gun could be mated with the mount of the 34 K and put into production as the 90 K. They replaced the 34 K guns in May 1943 . Light AA guns initially consisted of six semi automatic 45 mm ( 1 . 8 in ) 21 K AA guns with 600 rounds per gun , ten fully automatic 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) 70 K AA guns with a thousand rounds per gun , and six DK 12 . 7 mm ( 0 . 50 in ) machine guns with 12 , 500 rounds per gun , but were significantly increased during the war . By 1945 Kalinin had exchanged her 45 mm guns for nine additional 70 K AA guns . By 1957 her light anti aircraft armament consisted of only nine powered 37 mm V 11 mounts . Six 533 millimeter ( 21 in ) 39 Yu torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings , one on each side . She received the Lend Lease ASDIC 132 sonar system , which the Soviets called Drakon 132 , as well as the experimental Soviet Mars 72 system . As built Kalinin lacked any radars , but by 1944 she was equipped with British and American Lend Lease radars as well as Soviet designed systems . A British Type 291 and an American SG radar were used for air search . Two Soviet unk 1 radars were used for main battery fire control while anti aircraft fire control was provided by two British Type 282 radars . Service Kalinin was one of the Project 26bis2 cruisers , the third pair of the Kirov class cruisers . She was larger and had a more powerful anti aircraft armament than her half sisters . She was assembled at the newly constructed Shipyard 199 , Komsomolsk on Amur , from components built at the Shipyard 198 ( Marti South ) in Nikolayev . She was laid down on 12 August 1938 , launched from drydock on 8 May 1942 and was completed on 31 December 1942 after being towed down the Amur River to Vladivostok . Her construction was prolonged by late deliveries from western factories . For example , her propellers had to be shipped from Leningrad after it had been surrounded by the Germans and her propeller shafts had to be removed from the Barrikada factory in Stalingrad in 1942 before it was destroyed by the Germans . She was commissioned into the Pacific Fleet in 1943 . She was ordered to prepare for transfer to the Soviet Northern Fleet via the Northern Sea Route on 24 April 1943 and extensive preparations were made for the voyage . They included the installation of special propellers with removable blades and the strengthening of her hull to withstand ice pressure . The transfer was canceled without explanation on 1 June 1943 , but the alterations remained in place until 1944 . She remained inactive during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945 . Kalinin hosted the State Commissariat for Defence ( Russian Narodnyy unk unk NKO ) during their visit to the Pacific Fleet in October 1954 and demonstrated her main guns while they were aboard . She spent the post war period on routine training missions until she was placed in reserve on 1 May 1956 . She was reactivated on 1 December 1957 before being disarmed and converted into floating barracks PKZ 21 on 6 February 1960 . Kalinin was finally sold for scrap on 12 April 1963 .
2,637	The 1893 Alabama Crimson White football team represented the University of Alabama in the 1893 college football season . The team was led by head coach Eli Abbott and played their home games at Lakeview Park in Birmingham and The Quad in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . In what was the second season of Alabama football , the team finished with a record of zero wins and four losses ( 0 4 ) . Although they finished their inaugural year with a .500 record , head coach E. B. Beaumont was fired and replaced with Abbott prior to the start of the season . The 1893 squad opened the season with a pair of losses against the Birmingham Athletic Club , first in Tuscaloosa and then again a month later at Birmingham . The Crimson White was then shutout by Sewanee in their first game against an out of state opponent , and then closed the season with a 40 16 loss in the Iron Bowl against Auburn at Montgomery . The winless season was the first of only three in the history of the Alabama program . Background In their inaugural season , Alabama was led by head coach E. B. Beaumont to an overall record of two wins and two losses ( 2 2 ) . During the season they defeated Birmingham High School , split a pair against the Birmingham Athletic Club and lost to Auburn in their final game of the season . After the completion of the season , Beaumont was fired as head coach and replaced with former player Eli Abbott for the 1893 campaign . The team was called the Crimson White from 1893 to 1906 , when their name changed to the currently used Crimson Tide . Schedule Source Rolltide.com 1893 Alabama football schedule Game notes Birmingham Athletic Club ( October ) In the first ever game played in Tuscaloosa , the Birmingham Athletic Club ( B.A.C. ) defeated Alabama 4 0 at The Quad on the campus of the University of Alabama . In a game controlled by both defenses , the only points came on an Athletics touchdown in the second half . With the loss , this and later the 1895 and 1955 squads represented the only seasons Alabama failed to win a game at Tuscaloosa during a season that at least one game was played there . Birmingham Athletic Club ( November ) In a rematch against the B.A.C. a month later at Lakeview Park in Birmingham , Alabama lost their second game of the season by a final score of 10 8 . After they trailed 4 0 at the end of the first half , Alabama scored their first points of the season on a William Walker touchdown run early in the second half and tied the game 4 4 . The Athletics retook a 10 4 lead when they scored a touchdown and converted the extra point , but then Walker scored his second touchdown of the game that made the final score 10 8 after a missed extra point . The second loss against the B.A.C. marked the only time in Alabama football history the same team defeated the Crimson Tide twice in the same season . Sewanee Against their first ever opponent from outside the state of Alabama , Sewanee shut out the Crimson White 20 0 at Lakeview Park . The Tigers took a 4 0 lead in the 22nd minute of the first half when Wilson scored on a short touchdown run . Early in the second half , Sewanee extended their lead to 8 0 when Norman scored on a 25 yard touchdown run behind the flying wedge formation . Nelson then scored the final two Tiger touchdowns on runs of 45 and one yard for the 20 0 victory . Sewanee later became one of Alabama 's biggest rivals in the early decades of the football program . Auburn After playing their previous game at Birmingham 's Lakeview Park , the city of Montgomery gave Alabama and the Agricultural Mechanical College of Alabama ( now known as Auburn University ) 500 to play each other at Riverside Park . In the second edition of what has since become known as the Iron Bowl , Auburn won 40 16 . Auburn scored first when Rufus Dorsey scored on a 10 yard touchdown run and kicked the extra point for a 6 0 lead . Alabama responded on their next possession when John unk scored on a 35 yard touchdown run . However G. H. Kyser missed the extra point and Auburn still held a 6 4 lead . Auburn then extended their lead to 18 4 at halftime after a pair of touchdown from J. C. Dunham . Alabama opened the second half with their second touchdown of the game . William Walker scored on a six yard touchdown run and cut the Tigers ' lead to 18 10 . Auburn responded with touchdown runs by Snow Perkins , Arthur Redding and J. V. Brown that made the score 34 10 . After a David Grayson touchdown for Alabama , Auburn responded with their final points of the game on a one yard Dorsey run that made the final score 40 16 . Governor of Alabama Thomas G. Jones presented a trophy to Auburn 's captain Rufus Dorsey for their victory . Players The following players were members of the 1893 football team according to the roster published in the 1894 edition of The Corolla , the University of Alabama yearbook . Aftermath With their loss to Auburn , Alabama completed the first winless season in Alabama football history , and since then they have had only two other winless seasons in 1895 and 1955 . The losses of 1893 were attributed to the small stature of the Crimson players and not to the coaching and training of the team . As such , Abbott returned as head coach for the 1894 season and led Alabama to a winning season that included their first all time win over Auburn .
2,638	Principes ( Singular Princeps ) were spearmen , and later swordsmen , in the armies of the early Roman Republic . They were men in the prime of their lives who were fairly wealthy , and could afford decent equipment . They were the heavier infantry of the legion who carried large shields and wore good quality armour . Their usual position was the second battle line . They fought in quincunx formation , supported by light troops . They were eventually done away with after the Marian reforms of 107 BC . History and deployment Principes appear to have been born remnants of the old third class of the army under the Etruscan kings when it was reformed by Marcus Furius Camillus . The second class stood in some of the first few ranks of a very large phalanx and were equipped in a similar manner to principes . They would support the heavier first class in the front ranks . It is probable that engagements with the Samnites and a crushing defeat at the hands of the Gallic warlord Brennus , who both used lots of smaller military units rather than a few very large ones , taught the Romans the importance of flexibility and the inadequacy of the phalanx on the rough , hilly ground of central Italy . Camillan system In the early Camillan system of organisation of the 3rd and 4th centuries BC , men were sorted into classes based on wealth , the principes being the wealthiest after the triarii . Principes were armed with short spears , or hastae , up to 1 . 8 metres ( 6 ft ) long . They fought in quincunx formation , usually carrying scuta , large rectangular shields , and bronze helmets , often with a number of feathers fixed onto the top to increase stature . They wore heavier armour types , the most common form being chainmail , which offered a good degree of protection without hindering movement . In this type of legion , the 900 principes formed 15 maniples , military units of 60 men each . The principes stood in the second battle line , behind hastati of the first line and in front of the triarii in the third . In a pitched battle , the leves , javelin armed light infantry would form up at the front of the legion and harass the enemy with javelin fire to cover the advance of the hastati , light spearmen . If the hastati failed to break the enemy during their engagement , they would fall back and let the heavier principes take over . If the principes could not break them , they would retire behind the heavy triarii spearmen who would then engage the enemy in turn . The equites , cavalrymen , were used as flankers and to pursue routing enemies . The rorarii and accensi in the final battle line were some of the least dependable troops , and were used in a support role , providing mass and reinforcing wavering areas of the line . Polybian system By the time of the Punic wars of the 2nd century BC , this form of organisation was found to be inefficient . In a new Polybian system , infantry were sorted into classes according to age and experience rather than wealth , the principes being older veterans with a greater degree of experience . Their equipment and role was very similar to the previous system , except they now carried swords , or gladii , instead of spears . Each princeps also carried 2 pila , heavy javelins that bent on impact to prevent them being removed from the victim or thrown back The principes had been increased in number to 1200 per legion , and formed 10 maniples of 120 men each . The rorarii and accensi had been done away with . Leves had been replaced with velites , who had a similar role , with forty of them being attached to each maniple in the legion . Pitched battles were conducted in a similar fashion the velites would gather at the front and fling javelins to cover the advance of the hastati , who had also been re armed with swords . If the hastati failed to break the enemy , they would fall back on the principes . If the principes could not break them , they would retire behind the triarii who would then engage the enemy . This order of battle was almost always followed , the battle of the Great Plains and the battle of Zama being among the few notable exceptions . At the Great Plains , Scipio , the Roman general , formed his men up in the usual manner , but once the hastati had begun to engage the enemy , he used his principes and triarii as a flanking force , routing the opposing Carthaginians . At Zama , Scipio arranged his men into columns , side by side , with large lanes in between . The opposing Carthaginian elephants were drawn into these lanes where many were killed by velites without inflicting many casualties on the Romans . Once the surviving elephants had been routed , he formed his men into a long line with his triarii and principes in the centre and hastati on the flanks , ready to engage the Carthaginian infantry . Marian reforms With the formal military reforms of Gaius Marius in 107 BC , intended to combat a shortage of manpower from wars against Jugurtha in Africa and Germanic tribes to the north , the different classes of units were done away with entirely . The wealth and age requirements were scrapped . Soldiers would join as a career , rather than as service to the city , and would all be equipped as miles , or soldiers , with the same , state purchased equipment . Auxiliaries , local irregular troops , would fulfill other roles , serving as archers , skirmishers and cavalry .
2,639	The Quarter Pony is a breed of pony that is similar to the American Quarter Horse . It stands up to 14 . 2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) high and was developed from American Quarter Horse foundation bloodstock . The breed was originally developed from Quarter Horses that did not meet the American Quarter Horse Association 's height requirement . It is bred to look like a small Quarter Horse , although the various registries also allow crosses with other breeds , including Paint horse , Appaloosa and Pony of the Americas , all stock types . There are three registries for the Quarter Pony , all with slightly different registration requirements . The first registry was begun in 1964 , and two more were started in the 1970s . The breed is used today in a variety of Western riding disciplines . Characteristics The Quarter Pony is bred to be an American Quarter Horse built on a smaller scale . Breeders focus most on the height and conformation of the breed , and insist that their ponies display Quarter Horse type characteristics and stand between 11 . 2 and 14 . 2 hands ( 46 and 58 inches , 117 and 147 cm ) high . Depending on the registry , the Quarter Pony may come in any color or combination or colors , including pinto patterns such as tobiano and overo and spotted Appaloosa patterns . In the early years of the breed , only solid colors were allowed . The breed averages 13 . 2 hands ( 54 inches , 137 cm ) high , however , some breeders are working to breed taller animals between 13 . 2 and 14 hands ( 54 and 56 inches , 137 and 142 cm ) high . The breed has a short , broad head with small ears and wide set eyes , set on a slightly arched neck . The shoulders are sloping , the withers sharp , the chest broad and deep . The back is short and the hindquarters broad and deep . Quarter Ponies are often used in western riding activities as mounts for children because of their small size , and calm , even temperament . Larger ponies are more suitable for adult riders and sometimes used for rodeo events such as steer wrestling . The Quarter Pony is recognized by several different breed registries that each have different requirements . The American Quarter Pony Association requires that , although parentage may be unknown , the pony must have conformation that is desirable for breeding and be easily recognizable as having Quarter Pony or Quarter Horse unk pinto , leopard complex ( Appaloosa ) , and white horses are not eligible for registration , nor are gaited ponies . The National Quarter Pony Association requires that stallions be registered with the AQHA before they can be registered with the unk . Mares must have one parent registered with the AQHA , be registered with the AQHA themselves , or go through a special registration process . Geldings simply have to be of Quarter Horse type to be eligible for registration . Horses with Pinto or Appaloosa markings , or with excessive white , are not eligible for registration . The International Quarter Pony Association allows Pinto and Appaloosa markings , and simply requires that ponies be of Quarter type conformation and good disposition for registry . Any type of pony meeting these requirements may be registered through the hardship registration program , which includes a special inspection . However , if ponies have a parent registered with an approved breed registry ( approved breeds include the Quarter Pony , Quarter Horse , Paint horse , Appaloosa and Pony of the Americas ) , they are automatically eligible for registration , with no inspection required . Crosses with gaited breeds are not accepted for registration . History The Quarter Pony was originally developed from horses that did not meet the American Quarter Horse Association 's original height requirement of 14 . 2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) high . This height requirement was later removed , but the Quarter Pony breed continued . Breeders and registries encourage known bloodlines from Quarter Horses , but these are not required by all registries . The American Quarter Pony Association was begun in 1964 with the ideals of a registry which would register small horses and ponies of western type , whose breeding could be unknown but which were desirable for breeding purposes . Crossbred and purebred animals are eligible for registration , as are animals registered with other registries that meet the entry requirements . In 1975 , the National Quarter Pony Association was begun to preserve the smaller , stockier type Quarter Horse when breeding trends were leaning towards taller , leaner animals . The unk now registers horses in several foreign countries , as well as all US states and Canadian provinces . The International Quarter Pony Association , begun in the 1970s , also registers Quarter Ponies , and is a worldwide association for ponies of Quarter Horse type . The Quarter Pony Association is an association affiliated with the International Quarter Pony Association , with the goal of promoting the Quarter Pony . In 2005 , the unk and the unk became one organization , with the unk acting as the registry and the unk as the membership branch . As of 2005 , there were an estimated 3 , 000 Quarter Ponies registered with all registering organizations . Registries say that registrations of adult animals outnumber those for foals every year , as many owners wait until the pony is old enough to be shown under saddle before registering them .
2,640	HMS Boadicea was the lead ship of her class of scout cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century . She led the 1st Destroyer Flotilla from completion until the ship was transferred to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla in mid 1912 . A year later Boadicea was reassigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron and she spent the bulk of World War I with that squadron . The ship was present at , but did not fight in , the Battle of Jutland in mid 1916 . Boadicea was converted into a minelayer at the end of 1917 and made three sorties to lay her mines before the end of the war . She was placed in reserve after the war and taken out of service in 1920 . The ship was used for harbour service at Dartmouth until she was sold for scrap in 1926 . Design and description Designed to provide destroyer flotillas with a command ship capable of outclassing enemy destroyers with her six four inch ( 102 mm ) guns , Boadicea proved too slow in service from the start of her career . Her 25 knot ( 46 km h 29 mph ) speed was barely capable of matching the speeds of the River class destroyers she led in her flotilla in 1909 and proved inadequate to match the speed of later destroyers . Displacing 3 , 350 long tons ( 3 , 400 t ) , the ship had an overall length of 405 feet ( 123 . 4 m ) , a beam of 41 feet 6 inches ( 12 . 6 m ) and a deep draught of 14 feet ( 4 . 3 m ) . She was powered by two Parsons steam turbine sets , each driving two shafts . The turbines produced a total of 18 , 000 indicated horsepower ( 13 , 000 kW ) , using steam produced by 12 Yarrow boilers that burned both fuel oil and coal , and gave a maximum speed of 25 knots ( 46 km h 29 mph ) . She carried a maximum of 780 long tons ( 790 t ) of coal and 189 long tons ( 192 t ) of fuel oil . Her crew consisted of 317 officers and enlisted men . Her main armament consisted of six breech loading ( BL ) four inch ( 102 mm ) Mk VII guns . The forward pair of guns were mounted side by side on a platform on the forecastle , the middle pair were amidships , one on each broadside , and the two remaining guns were on the centreline of the quarterdeck , one ahead of the other . The guns fired their 31 pound ( 14 kg ) shells to a range of about 11 , 400 yards ( 10 , 400 m ) . Her secondary armament was four quick firing ( QF ) three pounder ( 47 mm ( 1 . 9 in ) ) Vickers Mk I guns and two submerged 21 inch ( 533 mm ) torpedo tubes . During the war , four additional four inch guns were added amidships to increase her firepower . A QF three inch 20 cwt anti aircraft gun was also added . In 1918 it was replaced by a four inch gun . As a scout cruiser , the ship was only lightly protected to maximise her speed . She had a curved protective deck that was one inch ( 25 mm ) thick on the slope and 0 . 5 inches ( 13 mm ) on the flat . Her conning tower was protected by four inches of armour . Construction and service The fourth ship to bear her name in the Royal Navy , Boadicea was laid down at Pembroke Royal Dockyard on 1 June 1907 and launched on 14 May 1908 by Lady Kensington . She was the first turbine powered cruiser in the Royal Navy and was completed in June 1909 , under the temporary command of Commander Francis Leake . Captain Edward Charlton relieved Leake on 27 July and the ship became the flotilla leader of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla . Captain Vernon Haggard assumed command of the ship on 27 October 1911 and he was relieved by Captain Ernest Carey when the ship was transferred to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla on 31 July 1912 . Carey was only in command until 3 April 1913 when Captain Cecil Fox replaced him . Boadicea was transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron on 5 July and Fox was relieved by Captain Louis unk . On 31 July 1914 , she took Vice Admiral John Jellicoe from Wick to Scapa Flow to assume command of the Grand Fleet . She was assigned to the Second Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet in Scapa Flow at the start of the war . On 15 December her bridge and several crewmen were lost overboard due to severe weather in the Pentland Firth as the squadron sortied to intercept German ships bombarding ports in Yorkshire . Boadicea had to return to port for repairs . She was at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1 June 1916 , but was assigned to a position at the rear of the squadron and did not fire her guns . She actually spotted the German fleet the night after the battle , but her report was not passed to Jellicoe for fear of giving away the position of the Grand Fleet . unk was relieved by Captain Algernon Candy on 8 September . The ship was relieved in the squadron by her sister ship Bellona in October 1917 and was on detached duties , probably in preparation for her conversion into a minelayer in December 1917 . Boadicea was assigned to the 4th Battle Squadron in January 1918 and she laid mines at the entrance to the Kattegat on the nights of 18 19 and 24 25 February 1918 , part of her total of 184 mines laid in three missions . The ship remained with the 4th Battle Squadron for the rest of the war . After end of the war in November , the ship was relieved of her assignment with the 4th Battle Squadron and assigned to the Nore in February 1919 and placed in reserve there the following month . She was paid off on 18 February 1920 at Chatham Dockyard and was used for harbour service at Dartmouth until she was sold for scrap on 13 July 1926 to be broken up at Alloa , Rosyth .
2,641	Inocybe praetervisa is a small , yellow and brown mushroom in the Inocybaceae family , distinguished from other members of the genus by its unusual spores and bulb . The unusual spores led to the species being named the type species of the now abandoned genus Astrosporina recent studies have shown that such a genus could not exist , as the species with the defining traits do not form a monophyletic group . However , it is a part of several clades within the genus Inocybe . I. praetervisa grows on the ground in woodland , favouring beech trees , and can be found in Europe , North America and Asia . It is inedible and probably poisonous due to the presence of muscarine . The ingestion of muscarine can lead to SLUDGE syndrome , and could potentially lead to death due to respiratory failure . Taxonomy and naming Inocybe praetervisa was first described by Lucien Qulet in the first volume of Giacomo Bresadola 's 1883 publication Fungi unk . The species was moved to the genus Astrosporina by Joseph Schrter in 1889 , but this was rejected , and the name Astrosporina praetervisa is now considered an obligate synonym . Astrosporina praetervisa was the type species of the no longer recognised genus . The specific epithet praetervisa comes from the Latin word meaning overlooked . Within the genus Inocybe , I. praetervisa has been placed in the subgenus Inocybe . Mycologist Rolf Singer places the species in the section Marginatae mycologist Thom Kuyper considers Marginatae a supersection , and includes I. praetervisa along with I. abietis , I. calospora and I. godeyi . Phylogenetics has shown that , in addition to the large clade of subgenus Inocybe , I. praetervisa forms a clade with I. calospora , I. lanuginosa and I. leptophylla . The species are similar in that all four have basidiospores with small nodules it was this feature that defined the genus Astrosporina , with then A. praetervisa as its type species . However , when phylogenetic analysis later concluded that unk spored Inocybe species do not form a monophyletic group , the name Astrosporina was deemed inappropriate at a generic level . But it may be considered useful at a lower level to refer to the clade of the four Inocybe species . Of those four , I. praetervisa is most closely related to I. calospora , with which it forms a smaller and closer clade . A different study also found the close relationship between I. praetervisa and I. calospora it also named I. unk as a part of the clade containing I. praetervisa , I. calospora , I. lanuginosa and I. leptophylla . Description Inocybe praetervisa has a bell shaped ( later expanding ) cap of 3 to 5 centimetres ( 1 . 2 to 2 . 0 in ) in diameter , which is a yellowish brown colour . It is fibrous , and splits from the margin ( which curves inwards ) to the centre . The stem is from 5 to 6 centimetres ( 2 . 0 to 2 . 4 in ) in height , and from 3 to 8 millimetres ( 0 . 12 to 0 . 31 in ) thick . It is white , maturing to a pale straw yellow , and the whole stem is farinaceous , meaning it is covered in particles resembling meal . The stem has a distinct bulb at the base , which is moderately marginate , and lacks a ring . The flesh is white , and discolours to yellowish in the stem . The gills are initially whitish , but later become a clay brown with toothed , white edges . They are adnexed , meaning they connect to the stem by only part of their depth , and are crowded closely together . Microscopic features Inocybe praetervisa leaves a clay brown spore print , while the spores themselves are rectangular with a large number of distinct , angular knobs . In size , the spores measure between 10 and 12 micrometres ( 0 . 00039 and 0 . unk in ) in length by between 7 and 9 micrometres ( 0 . 00028 and 0 . 00035 in ) in width . Inocybe praetervisa has both unk and cheilocystidia which are relatively spindle shaped with apical encrustation . The cystidia have hyaline or pale yellow walls . Similar species The species can be differentiated from the similar I. cookei by its irregular , lumpy spores . It is also similar to I. unk , but differs in the presence of a bulb . Another species that can be differentiated by the lack of a bulb is I. unk . Habitat and distribution Inocybe praetervisa is an ectomycorrhizal species , and can be found on the ground in mixed , deciduous or even coniferous woodland . It typically favours beech . Mushrooms grow solitarily or in trooping groups in late summer and throughout autumn , though it is not commonly encountered species . It can be found in Europe , Asia and North America . Edibility and toxicity The species has a mild , indistinct taste , and a faint smell of flour . Mycologist Roger Phillips describes its edibility as suspect , recommending that it be avoided , and notes that it is possible that the species is poisonous most species of Inocybe have been shown to contain poisonous chemicals . Mycologist Ian Robert Hall lists the mushroom as containing the poisonous compound muscarine . Consumption of muscarine could lead to a number of physiological effects , including excess salivation , lacrimation , uncontrollable urination and defecation , gastrointestinal problems and emesis ( vomiting ) this array of symptoms is also known by the acronym SLUDGE . Other potential effects include a drop in blood pressure , sweating and death due to respiratory failure .
2,642	Hurricane Cosme was a minimal hurricane that threatened Hawaii in mid July 2007 . The sixth tropical cyclone , third named storm and first hurricane of the 2007 Pacific hurricane season , Cosme originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the coast of Africa on June 27 and tracked westward before emerging in the eastern Pacific . A system along the wave organized , and it was classified as a tropical depression on July 14 , a tropical storm on July 15 , and a hurricane on July 16 . Cosme reached peak intensity as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale , but quickly weakened due to cooler waters . Steadily decreasing in strength , the storm was downgraded to a tropical depression before passing to the south of the Hawaiian Islands . The depression crossed into the Central Pacific and degenerated into a remnant low by July 23 . Because Cosme stayed far from land , effects were mostly minor . Swells up to 9 ft ( 2 . 7 m ) and up to 6 . 94 in ( 176 mm ) of rainfall were reported , in addition to wind gusts of 40 mph ( 65 km h ) . No fatalities or injuries were reported , and only minimal damage occurred . Meteorological history The origins of Cosme can be traced back to a tropical wave that left the coast of Africa on June 27 , 2007 . Due to a lack of associated convection , the wave was difficult to track across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea . The National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) estimated that the wave emerged into the Pacific Ocean on July 8 . Because the system was embedded within the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) , development was initially slow . However , when it separated from the ITCZ on July 13 , the disturbance increased in convective organization , and was classified as Tropical Depression Six E about midway between Mexico and Hawaii . It tracked westward at 12 mph ( 19 km h ) due to steering currents of a tropical easterly flow . Although wind shear was generally light , ocean temperatures were only marginal for tropical cyclone intensification . Forecasters experienced difficulty in locating the exact center of circulation . By July 14 , convection had steadily decreased , although the storm 's movement was initially uncertain due to its location within a broad low pressure area . Early on July 15 the depression 's appearance on satellite imagery improved , and at 1800 UTC the NHC upgraded the depression to tropical storm status , and gave it the name Cosme . Shortly after attaining tropical storm status , the previously broad circulation consolidated as banding features developed . The inner core gradually condensed and tightened , as indicated by an unk E overpass . On July 16 an eye began to form and Cosme intensified to attain winds of 65 mph ( 105 km h ) . Tracking northwest towards a weakness in the mid level ridge , the cyclone continued to intensify and was upgraded to Hurricane Cosme late on July 16 , about 1 , 600 mi ( 2 , 600 km ) east of Hilo . The hurricane reached peak intensity with winds of 75 mph ( 120 km h ) , although due to cooler waters it quickly weakened to a tropical storm , as the eye became ragged and cloud filled . By July 17 , the cloud pattern had deteriorated , and its winds decreased to 45 mph ( 75 km h ) . The center subsequently became exposed , with just a few thunderstorms confined to the southwest portion of the storm as it began to accelerate to the west . As easterly vertical wind shear increased , convection temporarily reformed in a concentrated area southwest of the center . As Cosme reached steadily cooler water temperatures , it was downgraded to a tropical depression late on July 18 about 900 mi ( 1 , 400 km ) southeast of Hilo , Hawaii at around the same time , the storm entered the forecast responsibility of the Central Pacific Hurricane Center . Tracking westward at 14 mph ( 23 km h ) , maximum sustained winds were 35 mph ( 56 km h ) with localized higher gusts . Gradually weakening , Tropical Depression Cosme passed south of the Hawaiian Islands on July 20 with a minimum central pressure of 1010 mbar . On July 22 , the depression came within 180 mi ( 290 km ) of Johnston Island , and later that day , it degenerated into a remnant low . Preparations and impact Initially , Cosme was predicted to make landfall on Hawaii as a tropical storm . In anticipation of the storm , the National Weather Service issued a flash flood watch for the island of Hawaii on July 20 . Also , small craft advisories were in effect for Maui and Hawaii wind advisories were issued for summits in those regions . High surf advisories were also put into effect for coastal areas . The Hawaii County Civil Defense prepared for the storm by planning for increases in emergency response personnel and opening of evacuation centers . County crews worked to clean out drains and culverts to prevent flooding . Because the depression stayed far from land , the effects were mostly minor and little damage was reported . A strong trade wind swell north of Cosme generated waves up to 9 ft ( 2 . 7 m ) high . Rain bands produced up to 6 . 94 in ( 176 mm ) of rainfall , causing small stream and drainage ditch flooding , as well as ponding on roadways in portions of Hilo , Puna , and Kau . The rainfall helped to relieve a persistent drought which had existed for several months . Wind gusts reached 40 mph ( 65 km h ) in southern portions of Hawaii , causing no known damage .
2,643	Hurricane Allison was the first named storm and first hurricane of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season . It was an early season hurricane that delivered heavy rains and caused minor damage , primarily across Cuba , Florida and Georgia . The storm developed on June 2 , less than 48 hours after the official start of the hurricane season . It strengthened into a tropical storm early on June 3 and into a hurricane on June 4 in the Gulf of Mexico . It would make landfall in the Big Bend area of Florida on June 5 before tracking northward as an extratropical system . One death was reported in Cuba . Allison 's early formation heralded the start of what would eventually become a very active 1995 hurricane season . Meteorological history The origins of the system can be traced to a tropical wave that moved across the eastern Caribbean Sea in the last week of May . The wave gradually organized itself as it entered the western Caribbean Sea on June 1 . The circulation continued to close up on June 2 and that evening it was declared Tropical Depression One while east of Honduras . The depression was in an unusually low shear environment for early June as it began tracking northward , which allowed the system to strengthen into Tropical Storm Allison on the morning of June 3 as it tracked into the Yucatan Channel . Despite the fact that westerly wind shear began to increase , the warm water allowed Allison to gradually strengthen more that afternoon and evening . Late that evening , while between the Yucatan Peninsula and Cuba , Allison developed a circular central dense overcast and became a high end tropical storm . As the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico , the warm waters allowed Allison to strengthen further and it was upgraded to a hurricane on the morning of June 4 while travelling almost due north . Allison remained somewhat disorganized , as no eye was ever visible , even when Reconnaissance flights confirmed that it was at hurricane intensity . The storm maintained itself as a minimal hurricane throughout the day on June 4 before it began to turn to the northeast , in response to southwesterly shear . Late that evening , the storm began to weaken , dropping back to tropical storm intensity as it approached the Florida Big Bend area . The intensity leveled off on June 5 until it made landfall that morning . Allison made its first landfall at about 10 00 am EDT ( 1400 UTC ) near Alligator Point , Florida as a high end tropical storm with 70 mph ( 110 km h ) winds . It briefly re emerged over Apalachee Bay and made another landfall near St. Marks , Florida about one hour later with 65 mph ( 100 km h ) winds . Operationally , Allison was considered a hurricane until it made landfall , and was considered the earliest hurricane landfall in the United States for a while . After making its final Florida landfall , Allison rapidly weakened . Tropical storm force winds continued over the eastern Florida Panhandle until late that afternoon , as the storm moved northward into Georgia . It weakened to a tropical depression on the evening of June 5 over southern Georgia . Early on June 6 , Allison began to transition into an extratropical storm as it interacted with a warm front to the northeast while tracking across the Carolinas . The remnant low emerged into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Cape Hatteras that evening . It then raced across the western Atlantic , crossing the easternmost part of Nova Scotia on June 8 and Newfoundland on June 9 . It continued northward across the Labrador Sea , dissipating on June 11 . Impact Winds to tropical storm force were reported throughout the western part of Cuba , with a peak gust of 64 mph ( 102 km h ) in Havana . Heavy rainfall of up to 18 inches ( 450 mm ) was also reported in the area . 32 houses were damaged or destroyed due to flooding that resulted . One person was killed in western Cuba and three others were injured . The overall economic loss as a result of the storm was reported to have fairly minor . In Florida , Allison 's winds knocked down power lines , leaving 48 , 000 residents without power or telephone services . Along the 150 mile ( 240 km ) stretch of Florida 's Big Bend , 65 seaside homes were flooded and there was extensive beach erosion as a result of the storm surge . Three hotels and a restaurant were damaged . In Apalachicola , three fishing boats were swamped the storm closed a bridge linking Apalachicola with St. George Island . The highest storm surge in Florida was about 6 to 8 feet ( 1 . 8 to 2 . 5 m ) in Wakulla and Dixie Counties , and 2 to 6 feet ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 8 m ) to the east . A tornado spawned by Allison touched down at Jacksonville Beach , causing minor damage when it downed power lines and flipped over vehicles . Minor crop damage was also reported . There were no deaths reported as a result of Allison in Florida . Damage was estimated at 860 , 000 ( 1995 USD ) in Florida , primarily as a result of the storm surge . Most of the damage in Georgia was as a result of several tornadoes related to Allison . The most significant of the tornadoes touched down in the town of St. Marys . An elementary school was destroyed and significant damage was also reported to several buildings at the Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base . Several other tornadoes also touched down but damage from them was minimal . Damage from the tornado was estimated at 800 , 000 ( 1995 USD ) .
2,644	Justice League Alien Invasion 3D ( also known as Justice League 3D The Ride ) is an Interactive Dark Ride created by the Sally Corporation that is located at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast , Australia . It opened on 22 September 2012 and requires riders to shoot their laser blasters at targets in order to defeat an alien threat . The ride is touted as the world 's first Justice League themed ride and the first ride of its type to feature 3D projections . Justice League Alien Invasion 3D has been well received with many praising the ride 's special effects and immersive theming . History Rumours and official announcement In September 2011 , Warner Bros. Movie World announced that Batman Adventure The Ride 2 would be closed on 15 October 2011 and would be replaced by a new attraction . On 3 October 2011 , the chairman and CEO of Sally Corporation , John Wood , stated the following in an interview for unk Wood 's statement led to speculation that the new ride might be manufactured by Sally Corporation . On 22 February 2012 , Warner Bros. Movie World officially announced via their Facebook page that it would be launching two DC Comics based attractions in 2012 . The following day , a billboard advertising the ride was installed outside the defunct Batman ride . This was followed in May 2012 with a recruitment poster featuring Superman . Justice League Alien Invasion 3D was officially announced by Warner Bros. Movie World on 25 May 2012 . On 5 June 2012 , the Gold Coast Bulletin reported that the ride would be manufactured by Sally Corporation and would cost A 9 million . On 25 June 2012 , Sally Corporation distributed a press release about the ride , resulting in worldwide media attention . Construction and opening Construction began for Justice League Alien Invasion 3D in September 2011 . By April 2012 , the previous ride had been completely cleared , with the availability of an empty show building to accommodate the new ride . In June 2012 , Warner Bros. Movie World released some images from inside the attraction , mid way through its construction . On 3 September 2012 , the park unveiled the Justice League Alien Invasion 3D 's Hall of Justice faade , which replaced the Wayne Manor faade from the former Batman attraction . On 21 September 2012 , Warner Bros. Movie World announced via Facebook that Justice League Alien Invasion 3D would open the following day in time for the school holidays . Ride Overview DC Comics characters such as Batman , Superman , The Flash , Green Lantern , Supergirl , Wonder Woman , Cyborg and Starro are involved in the Justice League attraction . The attraction is part of a DC Comics superhero hub within Warner Bros. Movie World . Other attractions within the hub include Superman Escape ( 2005 ) , Batwing Spaceshot ( 2006 ) , Green Lantern Coaster ( 2011 ) and Arkham Asylum Shock Therapy ( April 2012 ) . Although the ride has been primarily manufactured and designed by Sally Corporation , a number of other companies were also involved , including Warner Bros. , unk , Threshold Animation Studios , unk Rides , Bose Corporation , Techni Lux , RealD , MSI Design and Sculpt Studios . Experience The queue for the ride begins outside the Hall of Justice area . Inside the entrance , several portable television screens inform guests that an alien attack on the Earth is underway and that they are required to defeat the alien threat . Riders pass under a scanning device as they enter the Cyborg 's test lab , which also serves as the load and unload station . Riders are provided with a pair of RealD 3D glasses before boarding their tactical assault vehicle and entering the battle . The main section of the ride consists of guests using the laser blasters ( mounted to the vehicles ) to shoot at over 250 Starro spores . Riders earn points for shooting the aliens and the scores are shown on a panel situated on the vehicles , as well as on a leaderboard at the completion of the ride . The 20 themed cars are guided along a 197 metre ( 646 ft ) guide rail track . Eight 3D screens and 16 animatronic characters complete the ride . Reception Justice League Alien Invasion 3D has been well received . Prior to the opening of the attraction , Tanya unk of the Gold Coast Bulletin experienced a preview of the ride and stated afterwards that the unbelievably real 3D effects and sound , wind and heat blasts and falling walls made for an extremely immersive experience . Richard Wilson of unk commended the ride for its engaging theming and immersive storyline , but described unk 's ride system as the biggest disappointment . Wilson concluded by stating , Justice League adds a new dimension to Warner Bros. Movie World that has been sorely missing . Based on the reception of the ride at Warner Bros. Movie World , Sally Corporation have expressed interest in transferring the concept to other parks around the world including those in the United States . It wasn 't until 2014 when Six Flags officially announced Justice League Battle for Metropolis would be added in 2015 to Six Flags Over Texas and Six Flags St. Louis . Noticeable differences between Justice League Alien Invasion 3D and Justice League Battle for Metropolis include a motion based ride system by Oceaneering International and the involvement of additional DC Comics villains including Lex Luthor and The Joker .
2,645	Edinorog ( Russian unk ) was an Uragan class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . She was struck from the Navy List in 1900 , converted into a storage hulk for mines in 1912 and renamed Blokshiv No. 4 . The ship survived World War II and was stricken in 1957 , although her ultimate fate is unknown . Description Edinorog was 201 feet ( 61 . 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 . 0 m ) and a draft of 10 . 16 10 . 84 feet ( 3 . 1 3 . 3 m ) . She displaced 1 , 500 1 , 600 long tons ( 1 , 500 1 , 600 t ) , and her crew numbered eight officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877 . The ship was fitted with a two cylinder , horizontal direct acting steam engine built by the Baird Works of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Edinorog 's sea trials on 19 June 1865 , she reached a maximum speed of 5 . 75 knots ( 10 . 65 km h 6 . 62 mph ) , the second slowest ship in the class . The ship carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 190 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 , 440 nmi ( 2 , 670 km 1 , 660 mi ) at 6 knots ( 11 km h 6 . 9 mph ) . Edinorog was designed to be armed with a pair of 9 inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license built 15 inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading Rodman guns in 1867 68 . The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine inch rifled guns . All of the wrought iron armor that was used in the Uragan class monitors was in 1 inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 . 1 m ) below the waterline . This armor was backed by a wooden beam that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) . The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight , but Edinorog was modified for the addition of 0 . 5 inch ( 12 . 7 mm ) armor plates after completion , but it is unknown if they were ever fitted . They were , however , manufactured and then placed in storage . Construction and career Construction of the ship began on 13 June 1863 by S. G. Kudriavtsev at the state owned unk Island Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Edinorog was laid down on 1 December 1863 and she was launched on 2 June 1864 . She entered service on 27 July 1865 and cost a total of 1 , 141 , 800 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 , 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich . Sometime after Edinorog was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 . 75 inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . Edinorog was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . The ship was converted into a mine storage hulk in 1912 and renamed Blokshiv No. 4 on 10 July of that year . She was abandoned by the Soviets in Helsingfors ( Helsinki ) when they were forced to withdraw from Finland in April 1918 according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , but she was later returned by the Finns . The ship was redesignated as Blokshiv No. 2 on 1 January 1932 and survived World War II to be renamed BSh 2 on 16 May 1949 . She was stricken on 27 June 1957 and turned over to the Kronstadt Yacht Club . Her ultimate fate is unknown .
2,646	Moaning Lisa is the sixth episode of The Simpsons ' first season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 11 , 1990 . The episode was written by Al Jean and Mike Reiss , and was directed by Wes Archer . Ron Taylor guest stars in the episode as Bleeding Gums Murphy . The episode deals with Lisa 's depression and her attempts to sublimate it by playing her saxophone . It received positive reviews from television critics . Plot Lisa wakes up one morning saddened . At school , she gets in trouble with her music teacher for improvising , and her gym teacher sends home a note to her parents saying she was reluctant to play dodgeball . At home , Homer and Bart pummel each other at video boxing , but despite Homer 's attempts , he is unable to defeat Bart. Homer and Marge try to cheer Lisa up , but she is consumed with worry over all the suffering in the world . In her room , Lisa hears music coming from outside her window . She follows the music through town and meets Bleeding Gums Murphy , a soulful saxophonist playing the blues . Lisa learns about expressing herself through her music from him , only to be discovered and whisked away by Marge . Homer goes to the arcade and enlists the help of a local video game wizard , while Marge takes Lisa to band practice . She tells Lisa to smile no matter how she feels inside , to suppress her emotions in order to be popular , and that happiness will follow . But when she sees Lisa hiding her true feelings and being taken advantage of by her classmates , Marge changes her tune and tells Lisa to be herself and her support helps Lisa to feel genuinely happy . When Homer returns home , he is about to defeat Bart in a rematch but Marge unplugs the game console to announce Lisa 's recovery , while Bart declares his retirement as undefeated video boxing champ . Later , the Simpsons visit a jazz club to hear Bleeding Gums Murphy sing a blues number written by Lisa . Production Moaning Lisa was the first episode of the series to focus on Lisa . The idea for it was suggested by The Simpsons producer James L. Brooks , who wanted to do an episode where Lisa was sad but she did not know why . The writers also felt that they had done several jokey episodes on the show and wanted to try something new that was really emotional and sweet . The song Lisa sings in this episode later reappeared in expanded form on The Simpsons Sing the Blues CD . Mr. Largo , Lisa 's music teacher , was partly inspired by a music teacher Matt Groening had as a kid . The designs of the boxers in the video game Homer and Bart play were loosely based on Homer and Bart , and the referee in the game was based on a character from Matt Groening 's Life in Hell comic strip . Bleeding Gums Murphy was loosely based on the famous blues musician Blind Lemon Jefferson . Ralph Wiggum , Bleeding Gums Murphy , and Jacqueline Bouvier ( during Marge 's childhood flashback ) all make their first ( going by production order rather than airdate ) appearances on The Simpsons in this episode . Reception In its original American broadcast , Moaning Lisa finished 34th place in the weekly ratings for the week of February 5 February 11 , 1990 with a Nielsen rating of 13 . 8 . It was the highest rated show on the Fox Network that week . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , said Certain scenes of this , the most syrupy of Simpsons episodes , sent viewers raised on the later seasons scurrying to the bathroom . Yes , the final moments may give you unk , and are a world away from the anti schmaltz normally associated with the series , but there is still much to recommend here . In fact , the Homer Bart subplot is more successful than the main storyline Homer 's nightmare about their relationship is genuinely disturbing . In a DVD review of the first season , David B. Grelck gave the episode a rating of 2 . 5 5 and added Lisa develops much of her future personality in this episode . The family dynamic is starting to fall into place , as is the relationship between Homer and Lisa . Colin Jacobson at DVD Movie Guide said in a review that overall , this was a pretty drab episode and added that it had some moments , such as the videogame boxing matches between Homer and Bart , but Lisa lacked the strength at this point to carry an entire show . Home release The episode was released first on home video in the United Kingdom , as part of a VHS release titled The Simpsons Collection the episode was paired with season one episode Homer 's Odyssey . It was released in the US on the VHS release The Best of The Simpsons , Vol . 2 ( 1997 ) , paired with Bart the General . In the United States , it was later re released in an collector 's edition boxed set of the first three volumes of The Best of The Simpsons collections . In the United Kingdom , it was re released as part of VHS boxed set of the complete first season , released in November 1999 . The episode 's dbut on the DVD format was as a part of The Simpsons season one DVD set , which was released on September 25 , 2001 . Groening , Reiss , Archer , and Jean participated in the DVD 's audio commentary . A digital edition of the series ' first season was published December 20 , 2010 in the United States containing the episode , through Amazon Video and iTunes .
2,647	Sarcoscypha dudleyi , commonly known as the crimson cup or the scarlet cup , is a species of fungus in the Sarcoscyphaceae family of the Pezizales order . In addition to its main distribution in the central to eastern United States , the fungus has also been recorded once in Bulgaria . It has been frequently confused with Sarcoscypha coccinea , but can be distinguished from this and other related species in Sarcoscypha by differences in microscopic characteristics , such as the presence and number of oil droplets in the spores . The species Molliardiomyces dudleyi is an imperfect form of the fungus that lacks a sexually reproductive stage in its life cycle . Taxonomy and phylogeny The species was first collected by the botanist William Russell Dudley in October 1888 , in Tompkins County , New York . American mycologist Charles Horton Peck , who described it in the 1894 Annual Report of the New York State Botanist , named it Peziza unk after its discoverer . Peck noted a physical resemblance to P. aurantia ( now known as Aleuria aurantia ) and P. unk , and said that it could be distinguished from those species by its yellow hymenium and larger spores . Several mycologists have considered the species to be synonymous with S. coccinea . However , as was later pointed out by Harrington ( 1990 ) , the importance of fresh material for species diagnosis , especially for noting unk unk , cannot be overstated . Although I had examined material ( dried herbarium specimens ) from western North America I was not prepared to recognize that group as a species distinct from the two , large eastern North American species until I saw fresh ( living ) material . As is the case with many fungi , microscopic differences between similar species can only be accurately determined by examining fresh material . Harrington analyzed herbarium specimens and fresh material of North American specimens of S. coccinea , and found that both S. dudleyi and S. austriaca were commonly misidentified . These results echoed a similar 1984 analysis of European specimens , performed by Hans Otto unk . The phylogenetic relationships in the genus Sarcoscypha were analyzed by Francis Harrington in the late 1990s . The cladistic analysis combined comparison of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer in the non functional RNA with fifteen traditional morphological characters , such as spore features , fruit body shape , and degree of hair curliness . Based on this analysis , S. dudleyi is part of a clade of evolutionarily related taxa that includes the species S. occidentalis , S. emarginata , S. unk , S. unk and S. mesocyatha . All of these species contain large oil droplets in their spores , in contrast to the other major clade of Sarcoscypha ( containing the type species S. coccinea ) , characterized by having smaller , more numerous droplets . Sarcoscypha dudleyi is commonly known as the crimson cup or the scarlet cup , although it shares this latter name with S. coccinea . Description The fruit body is 2 6 cm ( 0 . 8 2 . 4 in ) broad and shallowly to deeply cup shaped . The exterior surface of the fruit body is covered with whitish , matted hairs , while the interior fertile surface of the cup ( the hymenium ) is unk to orange red . The edge of the cup ( or margin ) is curved inwards in young fruit bodies . The stem , if present at all , is short . The asci are 400 500 by 12 14 m , cylindrical , and operculate . The ascospores are elliptical to cylindrical with rounded ends , unk , hyaline , and measure 26 40 by 10 12 m . They contain two large oil drops at either end the oil drops are useful taxonomic characters that may be used to help distinguish S. dudleyi from some other Sarcoscypha species . The spores are covered with a sheath of mucilage , which typically causes the eight spores of the ascus to be ejected together . The paraphyses ( sterile filamentous hyphal end cells in the hymenium ) are slender , slightly enlarged above , and contain numerous red granules . The granules contain carotenoid pigments such as unk or beta carotene , and give the fruit body its color . Anamorph form Anamorphic or imperfect fungi are those that seem to lack a sexual stage in their life cycle , and typically reproduce by the process of mitosis in structures called conidia . In some cases , the sexual stage or teleomorph stage is later identified , and a teleomorph anamorph relationship is established between the species . The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature permits the recognition of two ( or more ) names for one and the same organisms , one based on the teleomorph , the other ( s ) restricted to the anamorph . The anamorphic state of S. coccinea is Molliardiomyces dudleyi . Habitat and distribution Sarcoscypha dudleyi is a saprobic species , and derives nutrients by breaking down the complex insoluble polysaccharides found in woody material , such as cellulose and lignin . Fruit bodies are found growing singly or in very small groups , and are attached to buried or partially buried sticks in forests . Basswood has been noted to be a preferred wood type for the species . Fruit bodies typically appear during early spring , but may occasionally also in late fall . Although the distribution appears to be largely restricted to the eastern United States , it was once reported in Bulgaria in 1994 , representing the first European collection .
2,648	Colonel Cyrus Kurtz Holliday ( April 3 , 1826 March 29 , 1900 ) was one of the founders of the township of Topeka , Kansas , in the mid 19th century and was Adjutant General of Kansas during the American Civil War . The title Colonel , however , was honorary . He was the first president of the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway , as well as one of the railroad 's directors for nearly 40 years , up to 1900 . A number of railway locomotives have been named after him . Education and early career He was born on April 3 , 1826 , to David and Mary ( Kennedy ) Holliday , in Kidderminster , Pennsylvania ( near Carlisle ) . The younger Holliday received a public school education , graduating from Allegheny College in Meadville , Pennsylvania , where he studied law , in 1852 . Although he moved to Kansas in 1854 , Allegheny College 's alumni records show Holliday receiving a master 's degree in 1855 . While he was still in Meadville , he was asked to prepare legal documentation for a new railroad that would connect to the city . The proposed railroad ( likely the Pittsburgh and Erie Railroad which was sometimes known as The Meadville Line ) would almost connect with a larger nearby system ( the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad ) , which meant that it could become a feeder route to the larger railroad . Holliday saw the potential of the line and instead of asking for a standard fee to create the documents , he asked for and was granted a partnership in the new railroad . When this railroad was purchased by the larger system , Holliday earned 20 , 000 from the sale . After the sale was completed , he married Mary Dillon Jones . He soon followed the many others making the migration to settle land west of the Mississippi River , but Mary stayed behind in Pennsylvania . The two were reunited later in Kansas after the births of their children , Lillie and Charles King . Founding Topeka and military service In 1854 he moved to Kansas , leaving his wife behind in Pennsylvania to follow later . He first settled in Lawrence in October 1854 . On December 10 , 1854 , after helping to find a location for the new townsite of Topeka , he wrote a letter to his wife saying I am now thirty miles above Lawrence on the Kansas River assisting in starting a new town . We are just about in the central portion of the settled Territory and with perhaps the best landing and the most eligible site for a city in the entire country . ... So I think it must be , and in a few years when civilization by its magic influence shall have transformed this glorious country from what it is now to the brilliant destiny awaiting it , the Sun in all his course will visit no land more truly lovely and desirable than this . Here , Mary , with God 's kind permission , we will make our home and I have every reason to believe a home it will truly be . In 1855 Holliday received the honorary title of Colonel for supervising a regiment during the unk War . He also served as the Adjutant General of Kansas during the Civil War from May 2 , 1864 to March 31 , 1865 . Although his Colonel title was only honorary , he continued to use it long after his military service . In 1861 , Holliday served in the Kansas State Senate , and although he ran for Congress in 1874 , he was defeated in that election . He was a Republican . Holliday had broad interests in developing the natural resources of Kansas . In the 1890s he became mistakenly convinced that Ellis and Trego counties in central Kansas contained mineral deposits of tin , zinc , and gold . In 1899 his son Charles K. Holliday founded Smoky Hill City , Kansas near the supposed mineral deposits . The Santa Fe Railroad Once Topeka was founded , it needed transportation to connect it to the rest of the country . Holliday 's legal skills were called on again to create the paperwork for a new railroad . In 1859 he singlehandedly wrote the charter for the Atchison and Topeka Railroad Company , which would connect the two cities by rail following the route of the Santa Fe Trail . Kansas Territory governor Samuel Medary approved the charter on February 11 , 1859 . Holliday was named a director and president of the new railroad on September 17 , 1860 , which was renamed in 1863 to the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad . During his tenure as president , Holliday secured land grants from the federal government that would soon be used by the railroad to populate the western portion of Kansas in order to build a customer base for the railroad . He stepped down from the presidency at the end of 1863 , but remained on the board of directors until July 27 , 1865 . He rejoined the board on September 24 , 1868 , this time serving until his death on March 29 , 1900 . Legacy Holliday is buried in Topeka Cemetery , Topeka , Kansas . He is memorialized for his contributions to Kansas and the Santa Fe Cyrus K. Holliday , Locomotive 1 , a vintage locomotive was displayed by the A , T SF into the 1960s . He is portrayed in the 1940 movie Santa Fe Trail by Henry O 'Neill as a promoter of commerce and development in the American West of his time . In World War II , the United States liberty ship SS Cyrus K. Holliday was named in his honor . Locomotive 1 on the Disneyland Railroad bore the name C.K. Holliday since the park 's opening in 1955 . Locomotive 2 of the Paris Disneyland Railroad was also named C.K. Holliday in his honor .
2,649	In Old Occitan literature , a tornada ( Occitan unk , unk , Catalan unk , unk turned , twisted ) refers to a final , shorter stanza ( or unk ) that appears in lyric poetry and serves a variety of purposes within several poetic forms . The word tornada derives from the Old Occitan in which it is the feminine form of unk , a past participle of the verb unk ( to turn , return ) . It is derived from the Latin verb unk ( to turn in a lathe , round off ) . Originating in the Provence region of present day France , Occitan literature spread through the tradition of the troubadours in the High Middle Ages . The tornada became a hallmark of the language 's lyric poetry tradition which emerged c . 1000 , in a region called Occitania that now comprises parts of modern day France , Italy and Catalonia ( northeastern Spain ) . Under the influence of the troubadours , related movements sprang up throughout medieval Europe the unk in Germany , unk in Galicia ( northeastern Spain ) and Portugal , and that of the unk in northern France . Because of this , the concept embodied in the tornada has been found in other Romance language literatures that can directly trace several of their techniques from the Occitan lyric tradition . The tornada appears in Old French literature as the envoi , in Galician Portuguese literature as the unk , and in Italian literature as the unk and unk . The tornada has been used and developed by poets in the Renaissance such as Petrarch ( 1304 1374 ) and Dante Alighieri ( unk 1321 ) , and it continues to be invoked in the poetic forms that originated with the Occitan lyrical tradition that have survived into modernity . By c . 1170 the Occitan lyric tradition had become a set of generic concepts developed by troubadours , poets who composed and performed their poetry the majority of their poems can be categorised as unk ( love songs ) , unk ( satires ) , and the unk ( individual stanzas ) . Since they are composed of a variable number of lines , an individual tornada can also be known as by more general poetic labels that apply to stanza length , according to where it is used for instance , the tornada of a sestina , comprising three lines , is also known as a tercet . For example , in a sestina ( a poetic form that is derived from the troubadour tradition ) , the tornada serves as a short , concluding stanza that should contain all of the six so called rhyme words that are repeated throughout the form . When employed , this form of the tornada ( as a sestina ) has traditionally taken a rhyming pattern of 2 5 , 4 3 , 6 1 . The first rhyme word of each pair can occur anywhere in the line , while the second iteration must end the line . However , as the form developed , the end word order of the tornada was no longer strictly enforced . unk can serve a number of purposes within poems they often contain useful information about the poem 's composition often able to identify the location and date of the poem 's composition , and the identity of members of the troubadour 's circle and several unk serve as dedications to a friend or patron of the poet . An additional purpose of the tornada is to focus and reflect on the theme of the poem , commenting on the surrounding material within the poem , and to act as a concluding stanza for the poem . However , the device can sometimes be used to create new narrative material . For instance , in unk 's unk L unk unk una unk ( trans . The other day along a hedgerow ) , the narrator is attracted to a shepherdess for her feisty wit and professes that country men want country women in places where all wisdom 's lacking . The shepherdess ' reply in the tornada and some will gawk before a painting while others wait to see real manna . serves to create some tension with the enigma she seems to introduce suddenly at the end . In the original Occitan model , the tornada was a stanza that metrically replicated the second half ( unk ) of the preceding strophe ( a structural division of a poem containing stanzas of varying length ) . Since the poems of the troubadours were very often accompanied by music , the music of the tornada would have indicated the end of the poem to an audience . Comparatively , the Sicilian tornada was larger , forming the entire last strophe of the song or ballad being performed ( canzone ) , and varied little in terms of its theme typically a personification of the poem , with a request for it to deliver instructions from the poet . The Dolce Stil Novo , a thirteenth century literary movement in Italian Renaissance poetry , deployed the stanza form in their unk and sonnets . The movement 's principal figures Dante and Cavalcanti extended the use of the tornada throughout an entire poem , as opposed to being used as a concluding stanza . In his poem unk , se unk t unk , Dante personifies the poem as a little messenger boy As the form developed , the purpose of the tornada evolved from a purely stylistic device to include emotional aspects Levin summarises that the tornada developed in the Italian lyric from a simple concluding formula to a sophisticated projection of the poet 's message through the medium of a human character . Whereas unk had primarily been an extension of the poet 's voice , the innovation of the Dolce Stil Novo movement was to provide them with an autonomous human voice , often in the form of a unique character .
2,650	Oslac ( fl . 966 975 ) is regarded as the first ealdorman ( or earl ) of York and its dependent territories . These included but may not have been limited to the southern half of Northumbria . His background is obscure because of poor source documentation . The latter has facilitated disagreement amongst historians regarding his family and ethnicity . It is believed that he took over the position of ealdorman of York in 966 , holding the position until his downfall in 975 . He may have been the first ealdorman of southern as opposed to a united Northumbria , though an alternative tradition puts the division of Northumbria into two unk after his death . Little is known of his career as ealdorman , except for a legend that he escorted the Scottish king Kenneth II to the English royal court , and that he was expelled from England in 975 . His life is unattested after this . He had one known son , but it is not clear if that son ever succeeded him . Origins Oslac 's origins are unclear and no specific relationship with any previous known figure can be established from available sources . Oslac 's name suggests to some historians that he was a Norseman . Susan Whitelock points out that the name Oslac is often an anglicisation of the Old Scandinavian name unk , while the writers of the Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain entry on Oslac comment that the name suggests an origin in the Danelaw , a suggestion supported by the fact that Thored , Oslac 's son , held lands in Cambridgeshire . On the other hand Oslac is also a genuine English name , and the common Os element Oslac 's name shared with the name of Osulf of Bamburgh , previous ealdorman of York , points to a connection with the Bamburgh family of the English far north . Accession The Anglo Saxon Chronicle recorded for the year 966 that Thored , son of Gunnar , raided Westmorland and that Oslac took the unk . Some historians take this to mean that Oslac became the senior ealdorman of all Northumbria , including the territory of the high reeves of Bamburgh . Records exist of Oslac witnessing charters as early as 963 this may mean he was ealdorman by 963 , and would imply the death or deposition of his predecessor Osulf . Some of these charters are problematic as source documents , having been recorded only in later unk there is thus a possibility of interference in their transmission . Moreover , a charter dated 966 of a grant by dux Thored is witnessed by Oslac minister ( i.e. thegn ) , suggesting that Oslac had not acceded to the unk of York before 966 . Division of Northumbria De primo Saxonum unk , an 11th or 12th century compilation from earlier sources , claims that after the death of Osulf Northumbria was divided into two parts Eadulf Evil child receiving the lands between the Firth of Forth and the River Tees and Oslac receiving the lands between the Humber Estuary and the Tees . According to John of Wallingford , King Edgar made this division during a council at York , in order to prevent the whole area becoming the inheritance of one man . The Historia Regum claims that such a division took place not in Oslac 's time but Osulf 's , and that the division line was the River Tyne rather than Tees historian Dorothy Whitelock considered this to be apocryphal . Career Oslac frequently attested charters of King Edgar the Peaceable , indicating that Oslac enjoyed some position of trust at court . De primo Saxonum unk claims that Oslac , along with Eadulf of Bamburgh and lfsige Bishop of Chester le Street , escorted the Scottish king Kenneth II to the Wessex based Edgar The two earls Oslac and Eadwulf along with lfsige , who was bishop of St Cuthbert 968 90 , conducted unk to king Edgar . And when he had done homage to him , king Edgar gave him Lothian and with great honour sent him back to his own . This must have occurred if it happened at all between 968 and 975 , i.e. between lfsige becoming bishop and Edgar dying . Richard Fletcher dated it to 973 . The historian Geoffrey Barrow believed this to mark the beginning of Scottish control over all the lands between the River Tweed and Firth of Forth ( defining Lothian in this manner ) , though another historian , Alex Woolf , has suggested that the part about Lothian may have been fabricated later to give credence to the claim that the Scottish kings owed homage for lands in Lothian . Downfall and legacy In 975 , not long after the death of King Edgar , Oslac was banished from England . No reason is given by the Anglo Saxon Chronicle 's report of his expulsion . Version C of the Anglo Saxon Chronicle describes the events thus The valiant Oslac was driven from the country , over the tossing waves , the gannet 's bath , the tumult of the waters , the homeland of the whale a grey haired man , wise and skilled in speech , he was bereft of his lands The historian Richard Fletcher guesses that Oslac 's downfall may have been the result of opposing the succession of Edward the Martyr . Oslac is said by the Historia Eliensis to have had a son named Thorth , that is , Thored . His successor was indeed a man named Thored , but it is not clear whether this was Thored Oslac 's son or Thored son of Gunner historians tend to favour the idea that Thored the successor was son of Gunner . The Gesta unk tells us that his great great granddaughter , unk ( Edith ) , was Hereward 's mother .
2,651	Milton Blockhouse was an artillery fortification constructed as part of Henry VIII 's Device plan of 1539 , in response to fears of an imminent invasion of England . It was built at Milton , near Gravesend in Kent at a strategic point along the River Thames , and was operational by 1540 . Equipped with 30 pieces of artillery and a garrison of 12 men and a captain , it was probably a two storey , D shaped building , designed to prevent enemy ships from progressing further up the river or landing an invasion force . It was stripped of its artillery in 1553 and was demolished between 1557 and 1558 nothing remains of the building above ground , although archaeological investigations in the 1970s uncovered parts of the blockhouse 's foundations . Background Milton Blockhouse was built as a consequence of international tensions between England , France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII . Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities , playing only a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications , and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another , maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely . Modest defences , based around simple blockhouses and towers , existed in the south west and along the Sussex coast , as well as a few more impressive works in the north of England , but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale . In 1533 , Henry broke with Pope Paul III in order to annul the long standing marriage to his wife , Catherine of Aragon , and remarry . Catherine was the aunt of Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor , and he took the annulment as a personal insult . This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 , and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England . An invasion of England now appeared certain . Device of 1539 Henry issued an order , called a device , in 1539 , giving instructions for the defence of the realm in time of invasion and the construction of forts along the English coastline . Under this programme of work the River Thames was protected by a mutually reinforcing network of blockhouses at Gravesend , Milton , and Higham on the south side of the river , and Tilbury and East Tilbury on the opposite bank . The fortifications were strategically placed . London and the newly constructed royal dockyards of Deptford and Woolwich were vulnerable to seaborne attacks arriving up the Thames estuary , which was then a major maritime route 80 percent of England 's exports passed through it . The village of Milton and the adjacent town of Gravesend , only 500 metres ( 1 , 600 ft ) apart , formed a particularly important communications point along the river . They formed the centre of the Long Ferry traffic of passengers into the capital , and for the Cross Ferry over the river to Tilbury , resulting in the local riverbank becoming lined with wharfs . This was also the first point that an invasion force would be able to easily disembark along the Thames , as before this point the mudflats along the sides of the estuary would have made landings difficult . Construction Milton Blockhouse was designed by the Clerk of the King 's Works , James Nedeham , and the Master of Ordnance , Christopher Morice , with Robert Lorde serving as the paymaster for the project and Lionel Martin , John unk and Mr Travers acting as the local overseers . The fort was built on Chapel Field , which the Crown bought , along with the land for Gravesend Blockhouse , from William Burston for 66 the field had previously been part of Milton Chantry , dissolved by Henry VIII during the Reformation . The work was quickly completed , and by 1540 the blockhouse was in operation and equipped with 30 artillery guns , 6 handguns and various pikes and longbows . Initially commanded by Captain Sir Edward Cobham , it had a small garrison of 12 men , including a second in command , a porter , three soldiers and seven gunners these men would have been supported by reinforcements if the fort had ever come under attack . Fresh fears of invasion after 1544 prompted further work being carried out on the blockhouse by Sir Richard Lee , a prominent military engineer , although peace was declared the following year . It is uncertain exactly what shape the fort took archaeological investigations suggest that it was probably D shaped , two storeys tall , with a circular bastion facing the river there would have been battery positions on either side of the main defences , and a more modern , angular bastion was added later on the landwards side . By 1546 the King 's accountants estimated that 1 , 072 had been spent on building and developing the fortification . Destruction In 1553 , orders were issued for the artillery pieces to be removed from the blockhouse and taken to the Tower of London the fort was then demolished between 1557 and 1558 , the brick and stone from the site being reused to repair the Tower . The former site was probably rediscovered during excavations in 1826 , but was destroyed during the building of the Gravesend Canal Basin , Canal Road and the Gordon Pleasure Gardens later in the 19th century . Archaeological investigations between 1973 and 1978 uncovered the foundations of the blockhouse , now protected under UK law as a scheduled monument .
2,652	The Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video was an award that was presented to recording artists at the 30th Grammy Awards in 1988 , and the 31st Grammy Awards in 1989 , for quality , concept music videos . The Grammy Awards ( Grammys ) is an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and was originally called the Gramophone Awards awards are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position . Beginning in 1982 , the Academy began to honor quality music videos with the Video of the Year category , which was discontinued with the establishment of the MTV Video Music Awards in 1984 and was replaced with two awards Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album . Criteria changes for the 1988 and 1989 ceremonies resulted in the Best Concept Music Video award being presented alongside the award for Best Performance Music Video . Best Concept Music Video award recipients were the English rock band Genesis for Land of Confusion and the American singer Weird Al Yankovic for Fat . The Academy returned to the previous format in 1990 , though the categories are now known as Best Short Form Music Video and Best Long Form Music Video . Background The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences began to honor quality music videos with the Grammy Award for Video of the Year category in 1982 . The first two award recipients were former member of The Monkees Michael Nesmith for the hour long video Elephant Parts ( also known as Michael Nesmith in Elephant Parts ) and Olivia Newton John for Olivia Physical . The Video of the Year category was discontinued in 1984 when MTV established the MTV Video Music Awards whose top award is also presented for Video of the Year . For the 26th Grammy Awards the Academy replaced the category with awards for Best Video , Short Form , and Best Video Album . For the awards held in 1988 and 1989 , the criteria changed and awards for the categories Best Concept Music Video , and Best Performance Music Video were presented . The Academy returned to the previous format in 1990 , though the categories were renamed Best Music Video , Short Form , and Best Music Video , Long Form . In 1998 , the categories were retitled Best Short Form Music Video , and Best Long Form Music Video , respectively . Recipients For the 30th Grammy Awards ( 1988 ) , Best Concept Music Video nominees unk David Bowie for Day In Day Out , Kate Bush for The Whole Story , the English rock band Genesis for Land of Confusion , David Lee Roth for David Lee Roth , and Janet Jackson for Control The Videos Part II . The music video for Bowie 's Day In Day Out , directed by Julien Temple , included offending scenes such as a man urinating on Ronald Reagan 's Hollywood Walk of Fame star , which was edited out for television broadcast . Bush 's imaginative video sampler accompanies her greatest hits album of the same name and includes music videos for songs throughout her career to that point . The music video for Land of Confusion , a song included on the band 's 1986 album Invisible Touch , contained Spitting Image puppets of Ronald Reagan , Margaret Thatcher and other notable individuals . David Lee Roth 's self titled video consisted of promotional clips created for his debut solo EP Crazy from the Heat and album Eat ' Em and Smile . Jackson 's video collection , which was certified gold in the United States , contained six promotional videos recorded for singles from her album Control . Awards were presented to members of Genesis ( Tony Banks , Phil Collins , and Mike Rutherford ) as the performing artists , Jim Yukich and John Lloyd as the video directors , and Jon Blair as the video producer . Nominees for the 31st Grammy Awards were the Hampton String Quartet for Get a Job , George Harrison for When We Was Fab , the American rock band Talking Heads for Storytelling Giant , Weird Al Yankovic for Fat , and Neil Young for This Note 's for You . Get a Job , a song recorded originally by the American group The Silhouettes , appears on the Hampton String Quartet 's album What If Mozart Wrote Roll Over Beethoven , a collection of 1950s R B and pop music songs performed in the styles of Beethoven , Debussy , Mozart , and other composers . When We Was Fab , a song from the album Cloud Nine , is constructed from quotations written when The Beatles were at the height of their fame and features Harrison playing a sitar . The music video shows Elton John dressed as a walrus , a reference to the 1967 song I Am the Walrus . Storytelling Giants is a collection of Talking Heads ' music videos and additional material linking them together . Two of the nominated music videos had connections to Michael Jackson Fat is a parody of Jackson 's song Bad , and the video for This Note 's for You depicts a Jackson look alike 's hair catching fire a parody of an incident that occurred during a shoot for a Pepsi television advertisement in 1984 . In the Fat video , Yankovic becomes a grossly overweight guy through the use of cosmetics and special effects , and leads a group of overweight people on a parade . The award was presented to Yankovic as the performing artist , along with Jay Levey as the video director and Susan unk as the video producer .
2,653	You Never Give Me Your Money is a song by the Beatles , appearing on their 1969 album Abbey Road . It was written by Paul McCartney ( though credited to Lennon McCartney ) and documented the financial and personal difficulties facing the band . The track is the first track of the medley on side two of Abbey Road and was recorded in stages between May and August 1969 . The song was the first one to be recorded for the medley , which was conceived by McCartney and producer George Martin as a finale for the Beatles ' career . The backing track was recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in Barnes , London , but the remainder of overdubs occurred at Abbey Road Studios . Musically , the song is made up of a suite of various segments , ranging from a piano ballad at the beginning through to guitar arpeggios at the end . Background The song was written by McCartney when he was staying with new wife Linda in New York in March 1969 , shortly after the Get Back sessions that ultimately resulted in Let It Be . John Lennon and McCartney were at risk of losing overall control of Northern Songs , the company that published their songs , after ATV Music bought a majority share . McCartney had been largely responsible for the group 's direction and projects since the death of manager Brian Epstein in 1967 , but began to realise that the group dynamic of the Beatles was coming to an end . He was particularly unhappy at the others wanting to draft in manager Allen Klein to help sort out their finances . McCartney later said that the song was written with Klein in mind , saying it 's basically a song about no faith in the person . He added that the line One sweet dream , pack up the bags , get in the limousine was based on his trips in the country with Linda to get away from the tense atmosphere with the Beatles , though author Walter Everett thought the line was also a nostalgic look at the Beatles ' touring years , which had ended in 1966 . The musical structure came from several song fragments , beginning with a piano ballad and moving to a number of different styles , including boogie woogie piano , arpeggiated guitars and nursery rhyme . Beatles author Ian MacDonald speculated that the guitar arpeggios at the end of the track were influenced by I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) and the middle section of Here Comes the Sun , and the overall structure was inspired by Lennon 's Happiness Is a Warm Gun from the previous year 's The Beatles , which also joined unrelated song fragments together . Realising that Abbey Road could be the group 's last album , McCartney and Martin decided to combine various portions of tracks into a medley , which would act as a climactic finale of the group 's career . McCartney later said that the idea of a song suite was inspired by Keith West 's Excerpt from A Teenage Opera . Some musical segments of You Never Give Me Your Money were reused for the Golden Slumbers Carry That Weight portion of the medley , including the opening verses and later guitar arpeggios . Recording The basic backing track was recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in Barnes on 6 May 1969 . Recording started at 3pm and went on until 4am the next morning . McCartney sang lead and played piano , Lennon played an Epiphone Casino guitar , George Harrison played a Fender Telecaster guitar fed through a Leslie speaker , and Ringo Starr played drums . The group recorded 36 takes , selecting take 30 as the best , which was made into a rough stereo mix . The basic structure of the song as it appeared on Abbey Road had not been worked out at this stage , and the original recording ran onto a loose jam session , ending up as a fast rock and roll instrumental towards the end . The track was completed in Abbey Road Studios . McCartney overdubbed a lead vocal onto the basic track on 1 July , and further vocals and sound effects were added on 15 July . On 30 July , a reduction mix was made of the original eight track tape , so further overdubs could be made , and a rough mix of the Abbey Road medley was put together . The cross fade from You Never Give Me Your Money into the next track , Sun King , proved to be problematic , and the group made several attempts before deciding to merge the songs via an organ note . McCartney completed the instrumental overdubs the next day , on 31 July , by adding a bass guitar part and additional piano overdubs , including some punched in honky tonk piano in place of the original . The final recording session occurred on 5 August , when McCartney made a number of tape loops at Abbey Road , including bells , birds , bubbles and chirping crickets . Martin mixed the track into stereo on 13 August , and made 11 attempts at a final mix , combining the tape loops with the cross fade into Sun King , replacing the earlier organ note . He made another attempt at a final mix on 21 August , and this was used for the finished master . Personnel According to Ian MacDonald Paul McCartney lead and backing vocals , piano , bass , wind chimes , tape loops John Lennon guitar , backing vocal George Harrison guitar , backing vocal Ringo Starr drums , tambourine Covers The track has been used on some albums featuring Beatles ' songs covered by other artists . In 2009 , Nine Below Zero with Glenn Tilbrook covered the song on Abbey Road Now , a CD of Abbey Road covers accompanying the October 2009 issue of Mojo magazine .
2,654	Drake C. Dunsmore ( born November 4 , 1988 ) is a former American football tight end . Dunsmore attended St. Thomas Aquinas High School . During college he played for Northwestern . At Northwestern , he was a three time Academic All Big Ten Performer and the inaugural Big Ten unk Clark Tight End of the Year for the 2011 Northwestern Wildcats when he was a first team All Big Ten Conference selection . Dunsmore was an honorable mention All Big Ten selection for the 2010 Wildcats . He holds the Northwestern single game receiving touchdowns record and the career tight end receiving yards record . Drake Dunsmore is the son of Pat Dunsmore . High school Dunsmore finished in fourth place in the 2000 Kansas Kids State Wrestling Tournament in the 10 under age group in the 100 pound ( 45 . 36 kg ) weight class . Like his National Football League veteran father , Pat , Drake Dunsmore never played organized football before high school . He was a 2005 honorable mention All Class 5A State selection as a junior . He was a 2006 first team All Class 5A State selection and third team All State selection as a senior . Dunsmore was the 20th rated tight end in the national high school class of 2007 according to ESPN and the 15th rated football player in the 2007 class in the state of Kansas according to Rivals.com. He earned three varsity letters in track and two in baseball . Dunsmore chose Northwestern over competing football scholarships from Arizona State , Kansas State , Tulsa and Colorado State for a variety of reasons , including academics , the coaching staff and the fact that two aunts and a grandmother reside close to campus . He declined his invitation to participate in the August 3 , 2007 , Kansas Shrine Bowl due to his ongoing rehabilitation . College 2007 08 Dunsmore was one of two Northwestern true freshmen to play for the 2007 Northwestern Wildcats . He had a pair of 35 yard receptions against Duke on September 15 , 2007 . He was named to the 2007 Sporting News Big Ten All Freshman Team . Dunsmore redshirted for the 2008 Big Ten Conference football season after injuring his anterior cruciate ligament on the fifth day of practice during his sophomore year . 2009 On September 19 , 2009 , Dunsmore had a 10 reception , 90 yard effort against Syracuse Orange , including a 22 yard touchdown . He caught the touchdown that gave the 2009 Wildcats a 14 10 lead over the then undefeated 9 0 number 4 ranked Iowa Hawkeyes in their 17 10 November 7 victory that gave Northwestern its sixth victory of the season and made them bowl eligible . In the January 1 , 2010 Outback Bowl , he tallied 120 yards receiving on 9 receptions as part of Mike Kafka 's 532 yard passing effort against Auburn Tigers . The 66 yard Kafka to Dunsmore touchdown is the longest passing touchdown in Northwestern bowl game history . He was the second leading receiver among Big Ten tight ends ( behind Garrett Graham ) for the 2009 Big Ten Conference football season although he only started 7 of 13 games in 2009 . Dunsmore earned Academic All Big Ten recognition . 2010 Two of Dunsmore 's five receptions were touchdowns in the September 11 victory against Illinois State . He posted an 8 reception effort in a 21 17 victory over a number 13 ranked Iowa team on November 13 . Dunsmore earned Academic All Big Ten recognition a second time . He was a 2010 honorable mention All Big Ten ( coaches and media ) selection . 2011 Dunsmore had a four touchdown , 112 yard game against Indiana in a 59 38 victory on October 29 . The four receiving touchdowns set a Northwestern record , while tying a Memorial Stadium record , and earned him Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week . He earned his third Academic All Big Ten recognition . Dunsmore was a 2011 first team All Big Ten ( coaches and media ) selection . He established the Northwestern career receiving yards record for tight ends of 1567 yards and was one of eight semifinalists for the John Mackey Award . Dunsmore was the inaugural 2011 Big Ten unk Clark Tight End of the Year . Pre draft Dunsmore finished fifth among tight ends at the NFL Scouting Combine in the 40 yard dash with a time of 4 . 64 . He had a pair of first place finishes among tight ends in the 3 cone drill with a time of 6 . 73 and in the 20 yard shuttle with a time of 4 . 03 . He finished third among tight ends in the 60 yard shuttle with a time of 11 . 47 . He ranked fifth among tight ends in both the bench press with a total of 21 and in the vertical jump with a height of 35 . 5 inches ( 90 cm ) . He placed seventh among tight ends in the standing long jump with a distance of 9 feet 9 inches ( 2 . 97 m ) . Professional career Dunsmore was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the seventh round of the 2012 NFL Draft with the 233rd selection overall . He is one of two Northwestern Wildcats and 41 Big Ten players drafted . He is small for an NFL tight end . According to ESPN 's Todd McShay , Dunsmore is projected as a special teams player . On May 7 , 2012 , unk announced that Dunsmore had agreed to a four year deal with Buccaneers , making him officially a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 's Roster . The deal is reportedly worth 2 . 15 million over four years . Dunsmore began the 2012 NFL season on the practice squad for the Buccaneers . Following the 2013 NFL Draft and the Buccaneers undrafted free agent signings , Dunsmore retired .
2,655	Upminster Bridge is a London Underground station on Upminster Road in the Upminster Bridge neighbourhood of the London Borough of Havering in northeast London , England . The station is on the District line and is the penultimate station on the eastern extremity of that line . The station was opened on 17 December 1934 by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway on the local electrified tracks between Upminster and Barking that were constructed in 1932 . The main station building is of a distinctive polygonal design . It has relatively low usage for a suburban station with approximately 1 million entries and exits during 2011 . History The London , Tilbury and Southend Railway from Fenchurch Street and Barking was constructed through the Upminster Bridge area in 1885 , with stations at Hornchurch and Upminster . The Whitechapel and Bow Railway opened in 1902 and allowed through services of the District Railway to operate to Upminster . The Metropolitan District converted to electric trains in 1905 and services were cut back to East Ham . Delayed by World War I , electrified tracks were extended by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway to Upminster and through services resumed in 1932 . The District Railway was incorporated into London Transport in 1933 , and became known as the District line . The new tracks built by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway allowed additional intermediate stations to be constructed on the local lines between 1932 and 1935 . Increased local demand was caused by the expansion of the built up area of suburban London during the interwar period . The station at Upminster Bridge opened with platforms on the local electric lines on 17 December 1934 . The station was operated by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway but was only served by District line trains . After nationalisation of the railways in 1948 management of the station passed to British Railways and in 1969 ownership transferred to the London Underground . Design The station consists of a central island platform between the tracks that are elevated on a railway embankment . There are four tracks through the site although there are no platforms for the c2c lines . The full length of the platform is covered by a single station canopy with a central waiting room . The Art Deco red brick ticket office is located below platform level to which it is connected by a subway and stairway . Although similar to the other single storey station buildings on this part of the route , it is notable for its high atrium roof and polygonal shape . The floor is tiled with a reversed swastika pattern , a popular decorative design at the time the station was constructed . The station is listed as a building of local heritage interest by Havering London Borough Council . As part of the public private partnership arrangement for maintenance of the London Underground , the station was refurbished by Metronet during 2005 and 2006 . Works included provision of tactile strips and colour contrasted handrails for the visually impaired , installation of closed circuit television cameras , passenger help points , new electronic departure information displays on the platforms , a new public address system , and improved lighting . The station does not have step free access from the platforms to the street . Location The station is named after a nearby crossing of the River Ingrebourne . The river was the boundary between the ancient parishes of Hornchurch and Upminster and the station is located on the western Hornchurch side . The station is situated on Upminster Road in the London Borough of Havering and is flanked by a parade of shops . It is situated in a primarily residential area and is near to Havering Sixth Form College and Hornchurch Stadium . London bus routes 248 , 370 and unk route 26 serve the site of the station , providing connections to Hornchurch , Lakeside , Romford and Upminster . The London Loop key walking route passes outside the station , and it forms the end point of section 22 from Harold Wood and the starting point of section 23 to Rainham . The station is located on the eastern extremity of the District line and is the penultimate station before the terminus at Upminster . Upminster station is 1 . 24 kilometres ( 0 . 77 mi ) to the east of the station and Hornchurch is 1 . 26 kilometres ( 0 . 78 mi ) to the west . Services The station is in London fare zone 6 . The typical off peak service from the station is twelve District line trains per hour to Upminster and twelve to Earl 's Court , of which six continue to Ealing Broadway and six continue to Richmond . At peak periods the number of trains per hour increases to fifteen and some trains continue from Earl 's Court to Wimbledon . Services towards central London operate from approximately 05 00 to 23 30 and services to Upminster operate from approximately 06 00 to 01 30 . The journey time to Upminster is two minutes to Barking is approximately 20 minutes , and to Tower Hill is approximately 42 minutes . Since 2006 , the station has been one of the first on the network to operate without a staffed ticket office . Total number of passenger entries and exits at the station during the year is as follows During 2011 there were 990 , 000 passenger entries and exits at the station , continuing a trend of growth over the preceding eight years , but lower than neighbouring stations on the route .
2,656	Entranceway at Main Street at Roycroft Boulevard is a suburban residential subdivision entranceway built in 1918 . It is on Main Street ( New York State Route 5 ) in the hamlet of Snyder , New York , in the town of Amherst within Erie County . The entranceway is a marker that represents the American suburbanization of rural areas , suburbanization that occurred through transportation related land development on the edges of urban areas . It consists of a variety of half height wall formations , featuring a semicircular wall on the Roycroft Boulevard median 's intersection with Main Street . The entranceway was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 7 , 2005 . History Williamsville developed around a mill erected in 1811 , and the town of Amherst was born in 1818 . At that time , Main Street was the main link from Williamsville and Amherst to Buffalo . Main Street was displaced as the unchallenged main artery of Amherst and Western New York by the Erie Canal in 1825 and later by adjacent railroads . By 1866 , Buffalo Street Railway Company built a street car system that ran on Main Street from Amherst to Buffalo . Daily stage coach service also began in 1866 along Main Street and continued until it was displaced by an electric trolley in 1893 , the track ran 4 . 5 miles ( 7 . 2 km ) from Main and Bailey Avenue ( U.S. Route 62 in New York ) to the east with stops that included Entranceways at Main Street at Lamarck Drive and Smallwood Drive . The early 20th century estate era gave way to the residential subdivision era . Suburban Buffalo 's subdivisions took on an urban flavor along the area 's main thoroughfares and paths of migration . Charles S. Burkhardt began Audubon Terrace on 400 acres north of Main Street in October 1919 on the Taylor and Satterfield Estates . Location Today , Main Street is a four lane road running east west through Snyder connecting Williamsville ( the other side of Interstate 290 , known as the Youngman Expressway ) to points westward such as the neighboring hamlet of Eggertsville and downtown Buffalo . The entranceway is located proximate to large residential areas of trees and grass , 1920s built subdivisions flanking a wide central median . It is situated three blocks east of Harlem Road ( New York State Route 240 ) . Across Main Street and northeast from the Entranceway is the Eggertsville Snyder Branch Library of the Buffalo Erie County Public Library located at 4622 Main Street . Each side of the median serves one way traffic . The entranceways sit on the two south side corners of this T junction intersection . Architecture Completed in 1918 , the entranceway 's featured element is the nearly semi circular random ashlar stone half walls on Roycroft Boulevard 's axis of symmetry , which is at a 22 degree angle to Main Street . The wall has one central and two end square posts that are approximately 4 feet ( 1 . 2 m ) in height and that have poured concrete caps that are not original . Each post has a metal and glass contemporary street lamp projecting from its center . Quarter points of the arc have stone pilaster ornamentation . The running portion of the wall has a continuous cast in place coping cap shaped at a 45 degree angle , which forms an attached buttress three quarters the height of the posts . Past repairs have included incompatible stone and mortar patches . The Main Street paving and the grassy median abut the convex and concave sides , respectively . According to the August 5 , 2005 , application , the entranceway is in a state of disrepair , lacking a visible base and having a tilt . On opposite sides of the Roycroft Boulevard roadways from the central feature are flanking structures with random ashlar stone posts and half height walls . They are oriented parallel to the angular Roycroft Boulevard and have lengths proportionate to the central wall end post 's distance from Main Street . Both walls are L shaped with the longer length extending along Roycroft Boulevard and having a short cornered length along Main Street . These walls have capped , square stone buttress less posts and corners marked by wall height stone pilaster . On the opposite side of each from the a concrete sidewalk parallel to Roycroft Boulevard is a free standing stone post . The west side is in fair condition , while the east side is out of vertical alignment and is in poor condition . The east side has the distinction of retaining the only original cast concrete cap with a circular recess on its north end post . It presumably once held an original lamp post and was once painted white . Its south end post has a four piece , white terra cotta cap resembling the other non original end posts in the set of structures . Legacy The entryways remain in their original location , retain original design , and setting . They continue to mark the entrance to the subdivision 's entrance for vehicular and pedestrian traffic as they were originally designed to do . Abbott and Beymer Land Co. purchased the land for the Aurora Park subdivision that the entranceway has marked since its 1918 construction . The street and plot plan were designed by the Straley Brothers , who were civil engineers and surveyors from Buffalo . County engineer , George C. Diehl , had a role in the development of this subdivision . The entranceway was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 7 , 2005 .
2,657	The Battle of Waddams Grove , also known as the Battle of Yellow Creek was part of the Black Hawk War . It took place in present day Stephenson County , Illinois on June 18 , 1832 . After several incidents of Sauk Indian raids on settlers along the Apple River , Captain James W. Stephenson left Galena with a group of volunteer militia in pursuit of the Native party . The group clashed on June 18 , 1832 near Yellow Creek and the ensuing battle descended into a bayonet and knife fight in which several Sauk and three militia men were killed . Stephenson was severely wounded by a musketball to the chest during the fighting . The dead were eventually interred in a memorial cemetery in Kellogg 's Grove , Illinois where a stone monument was erected in memory of those killed during the war . Background Angered by the loss of his birthplace , in prior disputed treaties , Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River beginning in 1830 . Each time , he was persuaded to return west without bloodshed . In April 1832 , encouraged by promises of alliances with other tribes and the British , he again moved his British Band , of around 1 , 000 warriors and civilians , into Illinois . Finding no allies , he attempted to return to Iowa , but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman 's Run . A number of other engagements followed , and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk 's band . The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War . Following the first confrontation of the war Stillman 's Run , the exaggerated claim that 2 , 000 bloodthirsty warriors were sweeping all northern Illinois with the bosom of destruction sent shock waves of terror through the region . Several small massacres and skirmishes ensued and until the Battle of Horseshoe Bend , fought two days before the clash at Waddams Grove , public confidence in the militia was low . Prelude On June 9 , 1832 , between two attacks that occurred at Fort Blue Mounds , a party of Native Americans crossed over from the west side of the Mississippi River near Galena . The group continued up the Apple River , looting and stealing horses along the way , including an incident about of the way up the Apple River in which about a dozen horses were stolen from a small stockade . The Sauk raiding parties were mostly stealing food and supplies for Black Hawk 's band of 1 , 000 men , women and children which were camped in the marshes of southwestern Wisconsin . A similar incident a few days later , though without injury or death , prompted a reaction from the white militia in the area . Rising anxiety levels in the white settlers caused Captain James W. Stephenson to gather 12 volunteers and move toward the area of the disturbances from Galena . Stephenson recruited more men at Apple River Fort and then traveled eastward . Stephenson and his men rose before dawn on June 18 and started following the trail of the band of Sauk who had stolen the horses . The militia marched through pounding rain before they finally caught up with the Sauk . Battle Stephenson caught up with the band of Native Americans on June 18 , 1832 in an open area near Yellow Creek , about 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of Kellogg 's Grove , Illinois . Initially , the militia could not get a clear shot at the Sauk as they rushed for cover in a wooded area near the creek . The militia men observed from what was likely to be West Point Hill . Shots rang out from Stephenson 's men but the Sauk did not immediately return fire and the fight eventually descended into a bayonet and knife battle . The militia charged into the thicket and the Sauk returned fire , killing Stephen P. Howard . The militia force made two more charges into the woods . During one of these , Thomas Sublette stabbed a Sauk in the neck and George Eames was killed in action . The third charge resulted in severe wounds for Stephenson , who was shot in the chest with a musketball , and the death of militia man Michael Lovell . According to Stephenson 's account of the battle , five or six Native American warriors were killed and the militia lost three men . The Sauk forces outnumbered Stephenson 's militiamen and the group was forced to withdraw and retreat . When they left they took with them most of the horses that the Sauk had stolen in their journey up the Apple River . Aftermath Although it allowed the militia men to draw Native American blood in revenge , the result of the battle was inconclusive with respect to its original purpose of stopping the Native American raids in the area . The men of the militia returned triumphantly to Galena , Illinois bearing the scalps of two Sauk warriors they had slain . The battle helped raise public opinion towards the militia . After the disastrous defeat at Stillman 's Run in May , the battle at Yellow Creek coupled with the Battle of Horseshoe Bend , helped to demonstrate that the militia could stand up to and defeat Black Hawk 's warriors . The militiamen killed in the Battle of Waddams Grove were eventually interred in a memorial cemetery in Kellogg 's Grove . The graves are located beneath a large stone monument dedicated to those militia men killed during the Black Hawk War . The battlefield itself is believed to be located along the Yellow Creek northwest of William Waddams ' original land claims north of the present day unincorporated town of Waddams Grove , Illinois .
2,658	Walter de Beauchamp ( sometimes Walter I of Beauchamp , Walter of Beauchamp , Walter I de Beauchamp , or Walter de unk died between 1130 and 1133 ) was a medieval nobleman and Sheriff of Worcestershire . Married to the daughter of one of his predecessors as sheriff . Nothing is known for sure of his background before he appears as a witness to royal charters between 1108 and 1111 . Beauchamp also inherited offices in the royal household from his father in law , and also appears to have been a royal forester . He and another nobleman divided some of the lands of his father in law , but disagreements about the division lasted until the 12th century between the two families . He died between 1130 and 1133 , and one of his descendants later became Earl of Warwick . Background and family Beauchamp is sometimes known as Walter de Beauchamp of Elmley , to distinguish him from the members of the Beauchamp family of Bedford . He married the daughter of Urse d 'Abetot , who is usually named Emeline , although her name is not given in contemporary records . Urse d 'Abetot was the Sheriff of Worcestershire from around 1069 to around 1108 . Beauchamp may have been a tenant of his father in law prior to his marriage . Nothing is known for sure of Beauchamp 's background , and he first witnessed a royal charter sometime between 1108 and 1111 . Some documents suggest that his father may have been named Peveral de Beauchamp and that he had a brother named William Peveral de Beauchamp , but the only identifiable Peveral is younger than Walter . Sheriff In the 1110s , Beauchamp became Sheriff of Worcestershire , holding the office until 1130 . Some sources state he received the office in 1114 , and others place the acquisition of the office between December 1113 and April 1116 . Beauchamp inherited most of d 'Abetot 's lands and the hereditary office of Sheriff of Worcestershire when Roger d 'Abetot , Urse 's son , forfeited his lands and offices after being exiled by Henry I for murder . King Henry I of England granted Beauchamp the right to hunt wolves and foxes in the royal forests of Worcestershire . Along with the right to hunt in the royal forests came a grant of the right to keep pheasants on his own lands , and the right to fine anyone hunting the birds without his permission . Beauchamp probably held the office of royal forester for Worcestershire as well as sheriff . The evidence for this is that after Beauchamp 's death , his son William was granted the revenues from the royal forests of Worcestershire at the same rate as his father had held them this strongly implies that the elder held the office of forester . The historian Judith Green felt that Walter de Beauchamp might possibly have held the office of constable , which had been held by his father in law , although the historian C. Warren Hollister felt that Beauchamp definitely did hold the office . He also a held the royal office of dispenser , an office which later became known as a butler . He acquired this because his wife inherited the office from her father . The date when he acquired the office is unknown . While a member of the royal household , Beauchamp witnessed a number of royal charters , mainly when the king was in England . Beauchamp and the Bishop of Worcester had a dispute over the lands that Beauchamp inherited from d 'Abetot . The dispute caused the two sides to agree to the creation of the Worcester Survey , a land survey undertaken in Worcestershire sometime between 1108 and 1118 that shows changes in land ownership after the Domesday Book . D 'Abetot 's widow Adeliza granted her dower lands in the county of Worcestershire to Beauchamp , which was confirmed by King Henry sometime between 1123 and 1129 , although the document cannot be dated more precisely than that . In 1130 , at Michaelmas , Henry allowed Beauchamp to not pay geld on his lands in Berkshire , and he is mentioned in the 1130 Pipe Roll as still living . Death and legacy Sometime between 1130 and 1133 , Beauchamp died and his son William de Beauchamp took over his lands . Stephen de Beauchamp , a tenant on the Beauchamp lands and a friend of Robert of Gloucester , was likely a younger son of Walter 's . The historian David Crouch says that another son was Walter , who is recorded as William 's brother and was a follower of Waleran , Count of Meulan . Beauchamp was the ancestor of the Beauchamp family of Elmley in Worcestershire , a member of which , William de Beauchamp , became Earl of Warwick . The lands and offices of Urse 's brother Robert were divided between Beauchamp and Robert Marmion . Marmion and Beauchamp disagreed about the division of the lands , leading to a long dispute between the two families that was only settled in the late 12th century . Some sources state that another daughter of Urse d 'Abetot married Robert Marmion , which was the reason for the division of the lands and offices between the two men . Other sources are less sure , accepting this as one possibility among several for the divided inheritance between the Marmion and Beauchamp families . Because there are no contemporary sources showing that Urse had any children besides his son and the daughter who married Beauchamp , another possibility is that Urse 's brother Robert had a daughter who married Marmion , and that Urse managed to acquire part of her inheritance on the strength of his friendship with King William II of England .
2,659	The Marquette Building , completed in 1895 , is a Chicago landmark that was built by the George A. Fuller Company and designed by architects Holabird Roche . The building is currently owned by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation . It is located in the community area known as the Loop in Cook County , Illinois , United States . The building was one of the early steel frame skyscrapers of its day , and is considered one of the best examples of the Chicago School of architecture . The building originally had a reddish , terra cotta exterior that is now somewhat blackened due to decades of Loop soot . It is noted both for its then cutting edge frame and its ornate interior . Since being built , the building has received numerous awards and honors . It was designated a Chicago Landmark on June 9 , 1975 , and it is considered an architectural masterpiece . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 17 , 1973 . It was a named a National Historic Landmark on January 7 , 1976 . The building 's preservation has been a major focus of the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois . The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation completed an extensive four year restoration in 2006 . History The building was named after Father Jacques Marquette , the first European settler in Chicago , who explored the Chicago region in 1674 and wintered in the area for the 1674 5 winter season . It was designed by William Holabird and Martin Roche , with unk T. Purdy , architects of the firm Holabird Roche . In the 1930s the building was the downtown headquarters for over 30 railroad companies . Around 1950 , the terra cotta cornice was removed from the Marquette Building when an additional story was added . The building has been in continuous use as an office building since its construction . In 1977 , Banker 's Life and Casualty Company , owned by John D. MacArthur , acquired the Marquette Building . After his death in 1978 , the building became the headquarters for the MacArthur Foundation , which bears his name . The lobby of the Marquette Building connects with the D.H. Burnham Company designed Edison Building to the west , providing a pedway from Dearborn to Clark . After the September 11 , 2001 attacks , many downtown buildings closed to the public , which eliminated warm , dry , indoor walking routes providing shortcuts through full city blocks , but the Marquette Building did not . Architecture The building features several distinct elements that have earned it honors as a Chicago Landmark , a National Historic Landmark , and a National Register Historic Place . It is considered an exemplary model of the Chicago School of Architecture . The architects , Holabird Roche , used trademark long horizontal bay Chicago windows on the Marquette Building . These are large panes of glass flanked by narrow sash windows . The grid like window frames and spandrels are facilitated by the steel structure which enables non load bearing masonry walls . This was one of the first steel framed skyscrapers . Wave like moldings decorate the faade , which is made of horizontally banded brown terra cotta . The building is built around a central light court featuring an ornate , two story lobby . The ensemble of mosaics , sculptures , and bronze of the Marquette Building entry and interior honors Jacques Marquette s 1674 5 expedition . Four bas relief panels over the main entrance by sculptor Hermon Atkins MacNeil show different scenes from Marquette 's trip through the Great Lakes region , ending with one depicting his burial . The revolving door panels feature carvings of panther 's heads . The hexagonal railing around the lobby atrium is decorated with a mosaic frieze by the Tiffany studio depicting events in the life of Jacques Marquette , his exploration of Illinois , and Native Americans he met . The mosaics are by Louis Comfort Tiffany and his chief designer and art director , Jacob Adolph Holzer they contain panels of unk Tiffany glass , mother of pearl , and semi precious stones . Restoration The preservation of this building was championed by the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois . In 2001 , the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation , its current owners , began a multi year renovation . The restoration to the exterior proceeded in two phases reconstructing the cornice and replacing the 17th story windows to match the original windows and cleaning and restoring the masonry and restoring the remainder of the windows . Restoration architect Thomas unk unk directed this work . On September 12 , 2006 , The Commission on Chicago Landmarks honored 21 landmark buildings , homeowners , and businesses with the Chicago Landmark Award for Preservation Excellence at the eighth annual Landmarks ceremony . The award recognizes work involving notable improvements to individual Chicago landmarks or to buildings within Chicago Landmark Districts . On October 16 , 2007 , the Foundation opened a new interactive audio visual exhibit on the first floor , detailing the history of the building and its contribution to Chicago architecture . The free exhibit , which is open to the public , will run indefinitely . Additional sources unk , James L. , Chicago Sculpture , University of Illinois Press , Urbana , IL 1981 Rooney , William A. , Architectural Ornamentation in Chicago , Chicago Review Press , Chicago , 1984
2,660	HMS Warrior was a Warrior class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century . She was stationed in the Mediterranean when the First World War began and participated in the pursuit of the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser SMS Breslau . Warrior was transferred to the Grand Fleet in December 1914 and remained there for the rest of her career . She was heavily damaged during the Battle of Jutland in 1916 , after which she withdrew and was later abandoned and sank in a rising sea . Description Warrior displaced 13 , 550 long tons ( 13 , 770 t ) as built and 14 , 500 long tons ( 14 , 700 t ) fully loaded . The ship had an overall length of 505 feet 4 inches ( 154 . 0 m ) , a beam of 73 feet 6 inches ( 22 . 4 m ) and a draught of 27 feet 6 inches ( 8 . 4 m ) . She was powered by four cylinder triple expansion steam engines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 23 , 650 indicated horsepower ( 17 , 640 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 23 . 3 knots ( 43 . 2 km h 26 . 8 mph ) . The engines were powered by 19 Yarrow water tube boilers and six cylindrical boilers . The ship carried a maximum of 2 , 050 long tons ( 2 , 080 t ) of coal and an additional 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full capacity , she could steam for 7 , 960 nautical miles ( 14 , 740 km 9 , 160 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Armament Her main armament consisted of six BL 9 . 2 inch Mk X guns in single Mk V turrets distributed in two centerline turrets ( one each fore and one aft ) and four turrets disposed in the corners about the funnels . Her secondary armament of four BL 7 . 5 inch Mk II or Mk V guns in single Mk II turrets was carried amidships , between the wing 9 . 2 inch guns . Twenty six Vickers QF 3 pounders were fitted , ten on turret roofs and eight each on the forward and aft superstructures . The last four ships of the Duke of Edinburgh class cruisers had a secondary armament of turreted 7 . 5 inch guns rather than the 6 inch ( 152 mm ) guns in casemates of the first two ships these latter four were sometimes referred to as the Warrior class . Because of the extra topweight of the turrets in comparison to their half sisters their stability was reduced which made them very good seaboats and steady gun platforms . The ship also mounted three submerged 17 . 7 inch ( 450 mm ) torpedo tubes , one of which was mounted in the stern . Service Warrior was ordered as part of the 1903 04 naval construction programme as the first of four armoured cruisers . She was laid down on 5 November 1903 at Pembroke Dockyard , launched on 25 November 1905 and completed on 12 December 1906 . On completion , Warrior was assigned to the 5th Cruiser Squadron in the Channel Fleet until 1909 , when she was transferred to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron . In 1913 the ship was transferred to the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet . She was involved in the pursuit of the German battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau at the outbreak of World War I , but was ordered not to engage them . Warrior participated in the Allied sweep which led to the sinking of the Austro Hungarian light cruiser SMS Zenta during the Battle of Antivari in August 1914 . A few days later she was ordered to Suez to defend the Suez Canal against any Turkish attack and remained there until 6 November when she was ordered to Gibraltar to join a squadron of French and British ship to search for German warships still at sea off the African coast . This was cancelled on 19 November after the location of the German East Asia Squadron was revealed by survivors of the Battle of Coronel . Warrior joined the Grand Fleet in December 1914 and was assigned to the 1st Cruiser Squadron under Rear Admiral Sir Robert Keith Arbuthnot . At the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916 , the 1st Cruiser Squadron was in front of the Grand Fleet , on the right side . At 5 47 p.m. , the squadron flagship , HMS Defence , and Warrior spotted the German II Scouting Group and opened fire . Their shells felt short and the two ships turned to port in pursuit , cutting in front of the battlecruiser HMS Lion , which was forced to turn away to avoid a collision . Shortly afterwards they spotted the disabled German light cruiser SMS Wiesbaden and closed to engage . When the two ships reached a range of 5 , 500 yards ( 5 , 000 m ) from Wiesbaden they were spotted in turn at 6 05 by the German battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger and four battleships who were less than 8 , 000 yards ( 7 , 300 m ) away . The fire from the German ships was heavy and Defence blew up at 6 20 . Warrior was hit by at least fifteen 28 centimetre ( 11 in ) and six 15 centimetre ( 5 . 9 in ) shells , but was saved when the German ships switched their fire to the battleship HMS Warspite when its steering jammed and caused Warspite to make two complete circles within sight of much of the High Seas Fleet . Warrior was heavily damaged by the German shells , which caused large fires and heavy flooding , although her engines continued running for long enough to allow her to withdraw to the west . She was taken in tow by the seaplane tender HMS Engadine who took off her surviving crew of 743 . She was abandoned in a rising sea at 8 25 a.m. on 1 June when her upper deck was only 4 feet ( 1 . 2 m ) above the water , and subsequently foundered .
2,661	Cortinarius iodes , commonly known as the spotted cort or the viscid violet cort , is a species of agaric fungus in the family Cortinariaceae . The fruit bodies have small , slimy , purple caps up to 6 cm ( 2 . 4 in ) in diameter that develop yellowish spots and streaks in maturity . The gill color changes from violet to rusty or grayish brown as the mushroom matures . The species range includes the eastern North America , Central America , northern South America , and northern Asia , where it grows on the ground in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous trees . Although edible , the mushroom is not recommended for consumption . Cortinarius unk , one of several potential lookalike species , can be distinguished from C. iodes by its bitter tasting cap cuticle . Taxonomy The species was first described scientifically by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1853 . The type collection was made by American botanist Henry William Ravenel in South Carolina . Joseph Ammirati and Howard Bigelow considered Cortinarius unk , described by Charles Horton Peck 1914 , to be the same species as C. iodes after examining the holotype specimens of both . According to the nomenclatural databases MycoBank and Index Fungorum , however , Cortinarius iodes does not have any synonyms . If they are indeed the same species , the name C. iodes has priority . C. iodes is classified in the subgenus unk , along with other Cortinarius species that have a slimy cap and stem . The specific epithet iodes means violet like . It is commonly known as the spotted cort or the viscid violet cort . Description The cap is initially bell shaped before becoming broadly convex and then flat in maturity ( sometimes retaining a broad umbo ) , and attains a diameter of 2 6 cm ( 0 . 8 2 . 4 in ) . The cap surface is slimy ( in wet weather ) and smooth , and has a lilac or purplish color . The flesh is white , firm , and thin . The color fades in maturity , and the cap develops irregular yellowish spots , or becomes yellowish in the center . Gills are attached to the stem and packed together closely . They are lilac to violet when young , but become rusty brown to grayish cinnamon when the spores mature . The stem measures 4 7 cm ( 1 . 6 2 . 8 in ) long by 0 . 5 1 . 5 cm ( 0 . 2 0 . 6 in ) thick , and is nearly equal in width throughout other than a somewhat bulbous base . It is solid ( i.e. , not hollow ) , slimy , smooth , and has violet or purplish colors that are usually lighter than the cap sometimes , the stem base is more or less white . The cobweb like , pale violet partial veil leaves a zone of thin , purple or rusty fibers on the upper stem . The mushroom has no distinctive taste or odor . Although edible , it is not recommended for consumption . Cortinarius iodes produces a rusty brown spore print . Spores are elliptical , with a finely roughened surface , measuring 8 10 by 5 6 . 5 m . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are four spored , club shaped , and measure 28 39 . 5 by 9 . 3 14 m . Both unk and pleurocystidia are absent from the hymenium the gill edge is populated by basidia and their undeveloped equivalents , basidioles . The cap cuticle comprises a distinctive layer of 3 8 m wide hyphae that form a layer usually 110 125 m thick this layer is less distinct or thinner in old or poorly preserved specimens . Clamp connections are present in hyphae throughout the fruit body . Similar species Cortinarius iodes is a fairly distinctive species and its combination of characteristics make it readily identifiable . Several other Cortinarius species have evolved a slimy coating that probably help protects the fruit bodies from predation by insects and other invertebrates . Other field techniques can be used to help identify dry fruit bodies that have lost their slime coat by checking for leaf and twig debris adhering to the surface , or , by kissing the cap and stem to exploit the lips ' enhanced sensitivity to stickiness . C. unk is virtually identical in appearance to C. iodes , but can be distinguished from the latter by its bitter tasting cap cuticle and smaller , narrower spores measuring 7 . 7 9 . 3 by 4 . 6 5 . 4 m . The violet cort ( Cortinarius violaceus ) has a dry , scaly , dark purple cap and stem . The pungent cort ( Cortinarius unk ) has a dry , light purple cap and stem and a bad odor . Two other widespread Cortinarius species with violet coloring and a slimy cap , C. unk and C. unk , can be distinguished from C. iodes by the absence of yellowish spotting . A North American species C. oregonensis has a paler lilac cap with a central region that is yellowish or brownish , and smaller spores that measure 7 8 by 4 5 m . A non Cortinarius lookalike , Inocybe unk , has a dry , silky cap that features a prominent umbo . Habitat and distribution Cortinarius iodes forms mycorrhizal associations with deciduous trees , particularly oaks . The fruit bodies of Cortinarius iodes sometimes grow singly , but more often scattered or in groups under hardwood trees , in humus and litterfall . Typical habitats include bog edges , swampy areas , and hummocks . Fruiting usually occurs from July to November . In North America , it is common in eastern regions , and rare in the Pacific Northwest . Its distribution extends from eastern Canada south into Central America and northern regions of South America . It also occurs in northern Asia .
2,662	Danton was a pre dreadnought battleship of the French Navy and the lead ship of her class . She was a technological leap in battleship development for the French Navy , as she was the first ship in the fleet with turbine engines . However , like all battleships of her type , she was completed after the Royal Navy battleship HMS Dreadnought , and as such she was outclassed before she was even commissioned . During her career Danton was sent to Great Britain to honor the coronation of George V , and later served in World War I as an escort for supply ships and troop transports , guarding them from elements of the German Navy . While en route to aid a blockade , she was torpedoed and sunk on 19 March 1917 by a German U boat , leaving 296 men dead . The location of the wreck remained a mystery until an underwater survey team inadvertently discovered the battleship in December 2007 . In February 2009 , the wreck was confirmed to be Danton . The ship is in remarkably good shape for her age . Danton rests upright on the ocean floor , and most of the original equipment is reported to be intact . Design Although the Danton class battleships were a significant improvement from the preceding Libert class , especially with the 3 , 000 ton displacement increase , they were outclassed by the advent of the dreadnought well before they were completed . This , combined with other poor traits , including the great weight in coal they had to carry , made them rather unsuccessful ships , though their numerous rapid firing guns were of some use in the Mediterranean . Danton was laid down at the Arsenal de Brest in February 1906 , launched on 4 July 1909 , and commissioned into the French Navy on 1 June 1911 . The ship was 146 . 6 meters ( 481 ft 0 in ) long overall and had a beam of 25 . 8 m ( 84 ft 8 in ) and a full load draft of 9 . 2 m ( 30 ft 2 in ) . She displaced 19 , 736 metric tons ( 19 , 424 long tons 21 , 755 short tons ) at full load and had a crew of 681 officers and enlisted men . She was powered by four Parsons steam turbines with twenty six Belleville boilers , the first French warship to use turbines . They were rated at 22 , 500 shaft horsepower ( 16 , 800 kW ) and provided a top speed of around 19 knots ( 35 km h 22 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 2 , 027 t ( 1 , 995 long tons 2 , 234 short tons ) . Danton 's main battery consisted of four 305mm 45 Modle 1906 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of twelve 240mm 50 Modle 1902 guns in twin turrets , three on either side of the ship . A number of smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats . These included sixteen 75 mm ( 3 . 0 in ) L 65 guns and ten 47 mm ( 1 . 9 in ) guns . The ship was also armed with two 450 mm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship 's main belt was 270 mm ( 10 . 6 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 300 mm ( 11 . 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower also had 300 mm thick sides . Service In May 1909 , at the launching ceremony for Danton , socialist activists prevented the ship from leaving the stocks . The ship was eventually launched on 4 July 1909 . A week after she was completed , she was sent to the United Kingdom in honour of the Coronation of George V in 1911 . Upon her return to France , Danton was assigned to the 1st Battle Squadron , along with her sister ships and the two powerful dreadnoughts Courbet and Jean Bart. In 1913 , while off Hyres in the Mediterranean , Danton suffered an explosion in one of her gun turrets , which killed three men and injured several others . Danton served in World War I in the French Mediterranean Fleet . At the outbreak of the war in early August 1914 , she was assigned to guard convoys bringing French soldiers from North Africa , to protect from attack by the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser SMS Breslau , which were operating in the area . At the time , she remained in the 1st Battle Squadron alongside her sister ships , under the command of Vice Admiral unk . By 16 August , the French naval commander , Admiral de Lapeyrre , took the bulk of the French fleet from Malta to the entrance of the Adriatic to keep the Austro Hungarian Navy bottled up . Sinking Danton , commanded by Captain Delage , was torpedoed by U 64 , commanded by Kapitnleutnant Robert unk , at 13 17 on 19 March 1917 , 22 miles ( 19 nmi 35 km ) south west of Sardinia . The battleship was returning to duty from a refit in Toulon and was bound for the Greek island of Corfu to join the Allied blockade of the Strait of Otranto . Danton was carrying more men than normal , as many were crew members of other ships at Corfu , and had been zig zagging to foil enemy submarines . The ship sank in 45 minutes 806 men were rescued by the destroyer unk and nearby patrol boats , but 296 , including Captain Delage , went down with the ship . unk attacked U 64 with depth charges , but the U boat successfully evaded her attacker . Discovery In February 2009 , it was made public that in late 2007 the wreck of the ship was discovered in remarkable condition during an underwater survey between Italy and Algeria for the unk gas pipeline . The wreck lies at 38 45 35 N 8 3 30 E , a few kilometres away from where it had been thought she sank , sitting upright with many of her gun turrets intact at a depth of over 1 , 000 metres ( 550 fathoms 3 , 300 ft ) .
2,663	In Norse mythology , Eir ( Old Norse help , mercy ) is a goddess and or valkyrie associated with medical skill . Eir is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson and in skaldic poetry , including a runic inscription from Bergen , Norway from around 1300 . Scholars have theorized about whether these three sources refer to the same figure , and debate whether Eir may have been originally a healing goddess and or a valkyrie . In addition , Eir has been theorized as a form of the goddess Frigg and has been compared to the Greek goddess Hygieia . Attestations Poetic Edda In the Poetic Edda poem Fjlsvinnsml , the watchman Fjlsvir presents a list of the maidens that attend the lady of the keep Mengl that includes Eir , and states that they all sit on the hill Lyfjaberg ( Old Norse hill of healing or healing mountain ) . The exchange between the hero Svipdagr and Fjlsvir mentioning Eir is as follows After the exchange , Svipdagr asks if these figures will give aid if blts are made to them . Fjlsvir responds that Svipdagr is correct Prose Edda In chapter 35 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , the enthroned figure of High provides brief descriptions of 16 synjur . High lists Eir third , and says no more about her other than noting that she is an extremely good physician . In chapter 75 of the Prose Edda book Skldskaparml Eir appears within a list of valkyrie names , but Eir is not included in the list of synjur in the same chapter . unk poetry and runic inscription In skaldic poetry , the name Eir is frequent in kennings for women . A sample construction is Eir aura ( Eir of riches ) , occurring in unk saga . The name is already used in this way by the 10th century poets Kormkr gmundarson and Hallfrer unk . Similarly , the name Eir is used in a woman kenning in a runic inscription inscribed on a stick from Bergen , Norway around the year 1300 . The stick records a common mercantile transaction followed by a verse from a displeased scribe ( edits applied per the translator 's notes ) unk Var of wire woman of filigree , meaning wise bejeweled woman makes ( me ) sit unhappy . Eir woman of mackerels ' ground likely gold takes often and much sleep from me.' Mindy Macleod and Bernard Mees posit that the first line of the inscription essentially means women make me miserable or potentially marriage makes me miserable , whereas the second line means women often take a lot of sleep from me . The name remained frequently used in woman kennings in rmur poetry . Theories Regarding the seemingly three different , seemingly conflicting , mentions of Eir , Andy Orchard says that the etymology of the name Eir may appear to fit the role of Eir as a goddess and servant of Mengl best , but that one should consider that the valkyries also have the ability to waken the dead . John Lindow is skeptical of there having been a belief in Eir as a goddess , stating that whether we should trust Snorri and imagine the existence of a goddess Eir is problematic . Rudolf Simek says that Eir may originally have been simply a valkyrie rather than a goddess , and lists the servant of Mengl by the same name as a separate figure . Hilda Ellis Davidson comments that virtually nothing is known about Eir outside of her association with healing , and points out that she is singled out as one of the Norns who shape the lives of children . Davidson adds that no satisfactory conclusions have been drawn from her name , and considers all mentions of Eir as of the same figure . Davidson says that , in reference to Eir 's appearance among Mengl 's maidens , that the names of these maidens suggest that they are guardian spirits , and they are said to ' shelter and save ' those who make offerings of them . They could be akin to protective spirits of the house , guarding both men and women . She additionally draws a link between these spirits and Lyfjaberg Lyfjaberg is where the goddess sits surrounded by her helpful spirits . Although healing by a goddess or indeed by a god either has left little mark on Norse myths as they have come down to us , there is no doubt that the healing power of goddesses was of enormous importance in daily life in the pre Christian period , as was that of many women saints in Christian times . The goddess who presided over childbirth was held to possess power over life and death , and was revered as a unk , both in the family home and in the courts of kings , though she might also pass sentence of death . Henry Adams Bellows proposes a relationship between Eir and the place name Lyfjaberg , which he translates as hill of healing . Bellows notes that manuscripts vary about the spelling of the place name , and that he , like others , has followed 19th century scholar Sophus Bugge 's choice . Bellows states that the stanza mentioning Lyfjaberg implies that unk is a goddess of healing , and hence , perhaps an unk of Frigg , as already intimated by her name ... . In stanza 54 , Eir appears as one of unk 's handmaidens , and Eir , according to Snorri ( Gylfaginning , 35 ) is herself the Norse Hygeia . Compare this stanza to stanza 32 . In popular culture Eir is portrayed by Alice Krige in the 2013 Marvel Studios film Thor The Dark World . She is re imagined as an Asgardian physician .
2,664	State Route 531 ( SR 531 ) is a short Washington state highway in Snohomish County . It extends east 9 . 88 miles ( 15 . 90 km ) , from Wenberg County Park in the community of Lake Goodwin , to SR 9 in southeast Arlington . SR 531 intersects Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) , and passes the Arlington Airport . The route connects I 5 to SR 9 , Smokey Point , and Wenberg County Park . The Washington State Legislature approved SR 531 's current route in 1991 . Since then , construction projects , arranged by the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) , have turned this small road into an arterial street . Even though the Washington State Legislature and WSDOT approved SR 531 in 1991 , they erected no signs until April 1 , 1992 , when the law creating the road took effect . The road now used by SR 531 has existed as a separate route since at least 1911 . A map dating from 1911 shows that 172nd Street , then known simply as Lakewood Road and Edgecomb Road , extended east from its current intersection with SR 9 to the banks of the South Fork Stillaguamish River . Route description State Route 531 runs about 9 . 88 miles ( 15 . 90 km ) , from Wenberg County Park to State Route 9 south of Arlington . The route links the communities of Lake Goodwin , North Lakewood ( also known as Lakewood ) , Smokey Point , and Edgecomb . It also passes four schools in the Lakewood School District , as well as Weston High School in the Arlington School District . The road intersects four major arteries Forty Five Road , Interstate 5 , Smokey Point Boulevard ( formerly known as U.S. Route 99 ) , and 67th Avenue , before ending at SR 9 . WSDOT found that , based on average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) data , about 35 , 000 motorists utilize the road daily at the I 5 interchange . Starting at Wenberg County Park , the route runs north along East Lake Goodwin Road until it intersects Lakewood Road . From there , SR 531 travels east along Lakewood Road around Lake Ki before reaching Forty Five Road . Here , Lakewood Road becomes the main artery of North Lakewood and Smokey Point , 172nd Street . Continuing east , SR 531 intersects 11th Avenue . After intersecting 11th Avenue , SR 531 becomes the northern boundary of the Lakewood High School campus . SR 531 continues east from 11th Avenue to 16th Drive , shortly after entering Marysville city limits . Soon thereafter , the road intersects 19th Drive , which connects the southeastern section of North Lakewood with SR 531 . Continuing east across a double track , the highway intersects 27th Avenue , which connects the road with Lakewood Crossing , a shopping center in Lakewood . SR 531 then continues further east to the interchange with I 5 . After leaving the interchange with I 5 , along with North Lakewood and Marysville city limits , SR 531 continues east to Smokey Point Boulevard ( formerly U.S. Route 99 ) in Smokey Point . The road then maintains straight east , passing Weston High School and Arlington Municipal Airport before intersecting 67th Avenue . From 67th Avenue , SR 531 travels east to a suburban community of Edgecomb . The road curves northeast and then southeast while on a hill . SR 531 travels east past the Arlington Gun Range and unk , a large housing area , before ending at an intersection with SR 9 . History The whole stretch highway from Wenberg County Park to current SR 9 has been known to exist earlier than 1911 . 172nd Street NE , now SR 531 , once extended from what is currently SR 9 to the banks of the South Fork Stillaguamish River . This part of the highway has been removed . SR 531 became a state highway in 1991 , but the highway designation did not take effect until April 1 , 1992 . In 2006 , WSDOT announced it would complete three more projects over about five years to improve SR 531 . The first , to improve the bridge and interchange between I 5 and SR 531 , began immediately . The unk , Stillaguamish , Samish and unk Tribes helped fund the construction of the project . On April 30 , 2005 , the old two lane SR 531 bridge was demolished during the night . WSDOT redirected traffic on SR 531 to the completed north side of the new bridge , while the northbound lanes of Interstate 5 were closed to all traffic and rerouted on ramps from I 5 to SR 531 . During construction , eastbound SR 531 left turn lanes were closed a detour on Smokey Point Boulevard and SR 530 provided direct drivers access to northbound I 5 . The other half of the bridge was later demolished in May 2005 . All of the temporary structures on the bridge were subsequently removed in December 2005 . Partly finished in June 2006 , WSDOT plans to complete the project after adding a loop ramp in 2011 . In August 2007 , WSDOT completed a project to add sidewalks along SR 531 to the adjacent schools of the Lakewood School District . An upcoming project , adding a loop ramp onto the I 5 interchange , started in March 2009 and will end in 2011 . WSDOT has awarded the contract for the project to Northwest Construction , Inc . Part of the project includes widening the main entry point to Lakewood Crossing , by adding turn pockets . Widening SR 531 between 43rd Avenue NE and 67th Avenue NE from its current two to five lanes near the Arlington Airport is another planned project . The project is currently in planning stages and WSDOT has set up a webpage for the project . Major intersections The entire highway is in Snohomish County .
2,665	Tropical Storm Blanca was a short lived tropical cyclone during the 2009 Pacific hurricane season . Forming out of a trough of low pressure on July 6 , Blanca was immediately classified a tropical storm roughly 420 mi ( 675 km ) south southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . Later that day , the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km h ) and a barometric pressure of 998 mbar ( hPa 29 . 47 inHg ) as deep convection persisted around the center of circulation . Shortly after , the system began to weaken . Intermittent bursts of convection occurred on July 7 before Blanca weakened to a tropical depression . The following day , the system degenerated into a remnant low pressure system , devoid of shower and thunderstorms . The remnants were monitored by the National Hurricane Center for another day . Although the storm did not impact land as a tropical cyclone , its remnants produced unseasonable rains in southern California and moisture from the system contributed to flooding in Mexico . Meteorological history Tropical Storm Blanca originated from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa into the Atlantic Ocean on June 19 . Traveling westward , the wave existed in a region of strong wind shear , preventing convective activity from developing . By June 29 , the wave had crossed Central America and moved into the eastern Pacific basin . Several days later , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring the system as a disorganized area of shower and thunderstorm activity off the southwest coast of Mexico . Early the next day , a trough of low pressure developed within the system wind shear in the path of the storm were expected to be low enough to allow tropical cyclone development . On July 4 , curved banding features developed along the periphery of the wave , indicating that an area of low pressure had developed . Gradual organization took place over the follow days . Early on July 6 , the low had become sufficiently organized to attain tropical depression strength roughly 435 miles ( 700 kilometres ) south of Cabo San Lucas , Mexico . However , the system was not operationally declared a depression instead , the first advisory by the NHC was issued several hours later and immediately declared the cyclone as Tropical Storm Blanca . Upon being classified a tropical storm , Blanca had already developed an eye feature , though it not expected to develop into a hurricane . The storm maintained a general northwestward track throughout its existence due to a mid level ridge well to the west of the circulation . Shortly after , a central dense overcast , a large area of deep convection , developed over the center of circulation and large banding features developed along the periphery of the cyclone . Late on July 6 , Blanca reached its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km h ) and a barometric pressure of 998 mbar ( hPa 29 . 47 inHg ) . Although the storm had intensified , its overall structure had deteriorated , with cloud tops warming and convection shrinking . By July 7 , most of the deep convection associated with Blanca had dissipated , and the remaining convection was confined to an outer band southeast of the center . Later that day , the system was barely holding on to tropical storm intensity as the center became devoid of shower and thunderstorm activity . A brief burst in convection allowed Blanca to maintain 40 mph ( 65 km h ) winds , minimal tropical storm intensity , for several more hours before being downgraded to a tropical depression . Early on July 8 , another brief burst in convection near the center of Blanca occurred . In this area , satellites found sustained winds around 40 mph ( 65 km h ) . However , the convection quickly dissipated and the winds were not considered to be representative of the storm 's true intensity . By later that day , convection had not reformed around the center of circulation and Blanca degenerated into a non convective remnant low pressure system , corresponding with the final public advisory from the NHC . Although no longer a tropical cyclone , the remnants of Blanca maintained a well defined low pressure center as it continued its northwesterly movement . Early on July 11 , the system turned northward and gradually weakened . The following day , the remnants of Blanca dissipated over open waters . Preparations and impact On July 6 , Mexican officials posted high seas advisories for Michoacn , Jalisco , Nayarit , Baja California Sur and Colima and advised ships to remain at port . These advisories were discontinued the following day as Blanca moved out to sea . After weakening to a tropical depression , moisture from the system enhanced a frontal system over Coahuila . The system produced upwards of 22 . 2 mm ( 0 . 87 in ) in the span of a few hours , triggering flooding throughout the state . Numerous streets were closed due to flooding and local fire departments were deployed to assist in draining the water . No injuries or structural damage resulted from the flooding . The remnants of the storm also brought unseasonable rainfall , although negligible , to parts of southern and central California on July 11 . The moisture reached the region after being pulled northward by an upper level low off the coast of Oregon . While over open waters , the storm produced usually heavy rainfall , exceeding 2 in h ( 50 mm h ) at times .
2,666	SkyLoop is a type of steel roller coaster manufactured by Maurer Shne . There are currently 10 SkyLoops operating worldwide 9 of which are identical XT 150 models with only one being the extended , XT 450 model . The first SkyLoop to open was Sky Wheel in 2004 ( XT 150 ) while the first and only XT 450 , Abismo opened in 2006 . There are also 3 other models available XT 900 , Custom , and Launch , those have not been built yet . History The world 's first SkyLoop , Sky Wheel , opened in 2004 and is currently located at Skyline Park in Germany . Sky Wheel is a XT 150 model . This would continue to be the only model of the SkyLoop to be built until 2006 when Abismo at Parque de unk de Madrid in Spain was built . Abismo is a SkyLoop XT 450 ( an extension to the XT 150 ) and continues to be the only XT 450 built as of November 2012 . Since then , only XT 150 's have been built around the world . Maurer Shne also have 3 additional models of the SkyLoop XT 900 ( extension to XT 150 ) , Custom , and Launch ( uses the XT 150 layout where the train gets launched up the lift hill ) , although as of November 2012 none have been built . Models Currently , the SkyLoop consists of 5 models XT 150 , XT 450 , XT 900 , Custom , and Launch . XT 150 SkyLoop XT 150 is a short , 492 foot long ( 150 m ) roller coaster that reaches a maximum height of 171 feet ( 52 m ) ( the actual track reaches 164 feet ( 50 m ) ) and a top speed of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km h ) . This model also has two inversions and uses a single train featuring 2 X Cars that seat 6 people each . After the train departs from the station , it immediately begins to climb the vertical ( 90 degree ) lift hill . Upon reaching the top of the lift , the train turns 45 degrees backwards putting the train and its riders in an upside down position . Then , as the train exits the lift , it goes through a heartline roll before going down the only drop in the layout of the roller coaster . The train speeds through the station going back up the lift . Once it loses momentum the train then returns down passing through the station again . It then proceeds back up the drop and partially into the heartline roll before once again losing momentum and returning to the ground . After passing the station for the third time , the train is stopped near the top of the lift hill . It is then lowered back down to the station where the next riders board the train . The XT 150 has the option of sending riders around a second cycle at the operator 's discretion . When the train stops on the lift hill at the end of the ride , instead of lowering slowly back to the station , the chain will raise the car up and send it through the ride again . XT 450 SkyLoop XT 450 is a 1 , 345 foot long ( 410 m ) roller coaster that reaches a maximum height of 171 feet ( 52 m ) ( the actual track reaches 151 feet ( 46 m ) ) and a top speed of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km h ) . This model is an extension of the XT 150 the beginning is the same . The XT 450 has 4 inversions and also uses a train made up of 2 X Cars that seat 6 people each . The roller coaster begins the same way that the XT 150 model does . After the train departs from the station , it immediately begins to climb the vertical ( 90 degree ) lift hill . Upon reaching the top of the lift , the train turns 45 degrees backwards putting the train and its riders in an upside down position . After , as the train exits the lift , it goes through an heartline roll . The train enters the first drop where it reaches its maximum speed of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km h ) before traversing a tight left overbanked turn . After the turn , the train goes over the only camelback hill followed by another left overbanked turn . The train then follows a flat section of track before going down a small drop leading into the station and back up the lift where the train stops . The train is then lowered back down to the station where the next riders board the ride . XT 900 SkyLoop XT 900 is a concept that has yet to be built . The design of model begins the same way as the XT 150 does as the lift , first inversion , and first drop are all present in both models . Along with the elements from the XT 150 model , the XT 900 includes a series of turns , overbanked turns , a loop , and a cobra roll . Custom SkyLoop Custom is a concept that also has yet to be built . The design of this model is based on the SkyLoop XT 150 with an extension of what the particular amusement park wants . Roller coasters of this model can vary from one another . Launch SkyLoop Launch is a concept that has also yet to be built . This design can be incorporated with the XT 150 , 450 , 900 , and Custom models as the launch takes place where the normal lift would be . The top speed of the launch would be 27 miles per hour ( 43 km h ) and is driven by linear synchronous motors ( LSM ) . If this concept were to be built , not only would it have the world 's highest inversion , but also the world 's highest vertical launch . Installations Maurer Shne has built ten SkyLoops as of 2012 . Nine are SkyLoop XT 150 's while one is a SkyLoop XT 450 . The roller coasters are listed in order of opening dates . Similar Rides Premier Rides have made the Sky Rocket II model like Superman Ultimate Flight , which is similar to the SkyLoop . In addition , several Chinese SkyLoops have been made .
2,667	Kepler 10b is the first confirmed terrestrial planet to have been discovered outside the Solar System . Discovered after several months of data collection during the course of the NASA directed Kepler Mission , which aims to discover Earth like planets crossing in front of their host stars , the planet 's discovery was announced on January 10 , 2011 . Kepler 10b has a mass of 3 . 33 0 . 49 Earth masses and a radius of 1 . 4 Earth radii . However , it lies extremely close to its star , Kepler 10 , and as a result is too hot to support life . Its existence was confirmed using measurements from the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii . Nomenclature and history Kepler 10 , the star that hosts Kepler 10b , is located 560 light years from our solar system in the Draco constellation . It is approximately the same size as the Sun , with an estimated age of 12 billion years . Planet Kepler 10b was the first planet to be discovered in the orbit of its star . For this , it was designated the star 's b planet . The star , in turn , was named for the Kepler Mission , a NASA led operation aimed at discovering terrestrial planets that transit , or cross in front of , their host stars with respect to Earth . The planet 's discovery was announced to the public on January 10 , 2011 . The transit method of discovering exoplanets relies upon carefully monitoring the brightness of a star . If a planet is present and crosses the line of sight between Earth and the star , the star will dim at a regular interval by an amount that depends upon the radius of the transiting planet . In order to measure the mass of a planet , and rule out other phenomena that can mimic the presence of a planet transiting a star , candidate transiting planets are followed up with the radial velocity method of detecting extrasolar planets . Kepler 10b 's discovery was based on eight months of data collected with the Kepler telescope from May 2009 to January 2010 . The planet 's first transits were observed in July 2009 . According to the collected data , Kepler 10 dimmed by one part in ten thousand every 0 . 83 days . Kepler 10 was the first star in the field of view of the Kepler telescope identified as capable of harboring a small transiting planet , and was considered a high priority target for ground based radial velocity observations intended to confirm the mass of Kepler 10b . Radial velocity measurements with the Keck I telescope taken intermittently between August 2009 and August 2010 revealed a periodic Doppler shift in the spectrum of Kepler 10 consistent with a planet of the nature observed by Kepler , confirming the planet 's existence and allowing its mass to be determined . The planet 's discovery was announced to the public on January 10 , 2011 . On January 13 , 2011 , 3 days after the planet 's discovery was announced , The Economist published an article suggesting Vulcan as an unofficial name for the planet , after both the hypothetical planet , and the Roman god of the same name . In September 2011 , the detection of secondary transit and phases were announced . This allowed to determine the temperature and albedo of the planet . This is the first terrestrial exoplanet with observed phases . Detection of phases was possible due to extreme day night side temperature variations and the amount of starlight the planet receives due to its proximity to the host star . Reaction Kepler 10b 's discovery excited astronomers , who hoped to use data about it to inquire into the formation and structure that terrestrial , Earth size planets tend to have in common . Geoff Marcy of the University of California at Berkeley said that the discovery was ranked as among the most profound scientific discoveries in human history , and that the planet will go into every textbook worldwide . Marcy also described Kepler 10b as a bridge between the gas giant planets we ve been finding and the Earth itself . Diana Valencia at the University of Cte d 'Azur in Nice , France considered the planet more of a super Mercury than a super Earth , granted its physical characteristics . Characteristics Kepler 10b is most noted for its rocky surface . It has a diameter 1 . 4 times that of the Earth , and a mass of 3 . 33 0 . 49 times that of Earth . The density of Kepler 10b is 5 . 8 0 . 8 g cm 3 . It orbits its star , Kepler 10 , in less than a day , at less than a twentieth of the distance from Mercury to the Sun . Its surface temperature on the star lit side is approximately 1833 K , which is as hot as a blast furnace and hot enough to melt iron . Though CoRoT 7b was discovered before Kepler 10b and has been claimed to be rocky , there is more room for other interpretations in the case of CoRoT 7b 's composition than there is for Kepler 10b . This is due to the much larger uncertainty in CoRoT 7b 's mass ( and , to a lesser extent , its radius ) which is illustrated in the plot to the left . Consequently , CoRoT 7b may be revealed to be a lava ocean planet , whereas Kepler 10b must be predominantly made of rock or iron . In addition to showing the range of masses and radii consistent with the observations of each planet , the plot includes curves of compositions implied by certain masses and radii . Kepler 10b is tidally locked to its parent star and has extreme variations in temperature between day and night sides . It also reflects about half of the starlight it receives .
2,668	SMS Erzherzog Friedrich ( German His Majesty 's ship Archduke Friedrich ) was a pre dreadnought battleship built by the Austro Hungarian Navy in 1902 . The second ship of the Erzherzog Karl class , she was launched on 30 April 1904 . She was assigned to the III Battleship Division . For most of World War I , Erzherzog Friedrich remained in her home port of Pula , in present day Croatia , except for four engagements . In 1914 , she formed part of the Austro Hungarian flotilla sent to protect the escape of the German ships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau from the British held Mediterranean she advanced as far as Brindisi before being recalled to her home port . Her sole combat engagement occurred in late May 1915 , when she participated in the bombardment of the Italian port city of Ancona . She also took part in suppressing a major mutiny among the crew members of several armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro between 1 3 February 1918 . She also attempted to break through the Otranto Barrage in June of that year , but had to retreat when the dreadnought SMS Szent Istvn was sunk . After the war , Erzherzog Friedrich was awarded to the French as a war prize in 1920 . Design Erzherzog Friedrich displaced 10 , 472 long tons ( 10 , 640 t ) . She was 414 feet 2 inches ( 126 . 2 m ) long , had a beam of 71 feet 5 inches ( 21 . 8 m ) and a draft of 24 feet 7 inches ( 7 . 5 m ) . She was manned by 700 men . She and her sisters were the last and largest pre dreadnought class built by the Austro Hungarian Navy , surpassing the Habsburg class by approximately 2 , 000 tonnes ( 1 , 968 long tons ) . She was propelled by two two shaft , four cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines . On trials , they developed 18 , 000 ihp ( 13 , 423 kW ) , which propelled the ship at a speed of 20 . 5 knots ( 38 . 0 km h 23 . 6 mph ) . Erzherzog Friedrich carried a primary armament of four 24 centimeter ( 9 . 4 in ) 40 caliber guns in two twin turrets on the centerline . These guns were an Austro Hungarian replica of the British 24 cm 40 ( 9 . 4 ) Krupp C 94 , which was used on the Habsburgs . Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 19 centimeter ( 7 . 5 in ) 42 caliber guns , also made by koda , mounted in eight single casemates on either wing of the ship and two twin turrets on the unk shell 20 , 000 metres ( 22 , 000 yd ) at maximum elevation with a muzzle velocity of 800 metres per second ( 2 , 600 ft s ) . The gun weighed 12 . 1 tons and could fire three rounds per minute . The ships had a tertiary armament for protection against torpedo boats in the form of the 6 . 6 centimetres ( 2 . 6 in ) 45 caliber gun , also manufactured by koda . Anti aircraft and airship protection was covered by the four 37 millimeter ( 1 . 5 in ) Vickers anti aircraft guns on the ship bought from Britain in 1910 and mounted onto Erzherzog Karl . Erzherzog Karl was also fitted with two above water 45 centimeter ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes , although rarely used . Service history At the outbreak of World War I , Erzherzog Friedrich was in the III division of the Austrian Hungarian battle fleet . She was mobilized on the eve of the war along with the remainder of the fleet to support the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau . The two German ships were attempting to break out of Messina , which was surrounded by British troops , and make their way to Turkey . The breakout succeeded . When the flotilla had advanced as far south as Brindisi in south eastern Italy , the Austro Hungarian ships were recalled . In company with other units of the Austro Hungarian navy , Erzherzog Friedrich took part in the bombardment of Ancona on 24 May 1915 . There she and her sisters expended 24 rounds of 240 mm armor piercing shells at signal and semaphore stations as well as 74 rounds of 190 mm shells aimed at Italian gun batteries and other port installations . A major mutiny among crews of the armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro , including Sankt Georg and Kaiser Karl VI , began on 1 February 1918 . Two days later , Erzherzog Friedrich and her two sister ships arrived in the port and assisted with the suppression of the mutiny . Following the restoration of order in the naval base , the armored cruisers Sankt Georg and Kaiser Karl VI were decommissioned and Erzherzog Friedrich and her sisters were stationed in Cattaro in their place . For the morning of 11 June , Admiral Miklos Horthy planned a major assault on the Otranto Barrage the three Erzherzog Karls and the four Tegetthoff class battleships were to provide support for the Novara class cruisers . The plan was intended to replicate the success of the raid conducted one year earlier . Horthy 's plan was to destroy the blockading fleet by luring Allied ships to the cruisers and lighter ships , which were protected from the heavier guns of the battleships , including the guns of the Erzherzog Karl class . However , on the morning of 10 June , the dreadnought Szent Istvn was torpedoed and sunk by an Italian torpedo boat . Horthy felt that the element of surprise had been compromised , and therefore called off the operation . This was to be the last military action Erzherzog Friedrich took part in and she spent the rest of their career at port in Pula . Following the end of World War I in November 1918 and the surrender of Austria Hungary , Erzherzog Friedrich was ceded as a war reparation to France in 1920 . She was later scrapped in 1921 .
2,669	Bara Gumbad ( literally big dome ) is an ancient monument located in Lodhi Gardens in Delhi , India . It is part of a group of monuments that include a Friday mosque ( Jama Masjid ) and the mehman khana ( guest house ) of Sikandar Lodhi , the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate . The Bara Gumbad was constructed in 1490 CE , during the reign of the Lodhi dynasty . Its construction is generally attributed to Sikandar Lodhi , and it is believed to have the earliest constructed full dome of any building in Delhi . The monument is situated near the Tomb of Sikandar Lodhi and Shisha Gumbad . Although the three structures , which share a common raised platform , were all built during the Lodhi reign , they were not constructed at the same time . The intended purpose of the builders of Bara Gumbad is unclear it may have been intended as a free standing tomb , but no tombstone has been identified . The area in which Bara Gumbad is situated was formally called unk village . History Bada Gumbad was constructed in 1490 CE , and is believed to have the earliest constructed full dome of any building in Delhi . Its construction is generally attributed to Sikandar Lodhi . A mihrab ( prayer niche ) in the Friday mosque ( Jama Masjid ) of the Bara Gumbad gives the date of construction as 900 AH ( Anno unk ) of the Islamic lunar calendar . Including the Bada Gumbad , there are four monuments in the Lodhi Gardens the other three being Tomb of Sikandar Lodhi , Shisha Gumbad and the tomb of Muhammad Shah ( who belonged to the Sayyid dynasty ) . The Bada Gumbad is situated approximately 400 metres ( 1 , 300 ft ) southwest of the tomb and 75 metres ( 246 ft ) south of Shisha Gumbad . During the rule of Sikander Lodhi , the Bara Gumbad , the adjacent mosque and the mehman khana ( guest house ) were constructed . The Bara Gumbad is speculated to serve as a gateway to the Friday mosque . However owing to the constitutions date , placement and stylistic differences the theory of gateway is not supported . The purpose and significance of the Bara Gumbad is unknown and to date remains a mystery . The Friday mosque was constructed in 1494 CE . It was the first mosque to be built in a style that first appeared during the Lodhi Dynasty . Some historians suggest that the Bara Gumbad was built by an unidentified noble in 1490 CE , before being appropriated by Sikander Lodhi in 1494 CE , to provide an entryway to his mosque . Initially , all the monuments were built independently , and were not in one confine . In the early twentieth century , a park was developed , bringing the four monuments in one confine . The park was inaugurated on 9 April 1936 by Lady Willingdon , the wife of Viceroy Lord Willingdon . The park was originally called the Lady Willingdon Park after her , but was renamed to Lodhi Gardens after independence of India in 1947 . Construction and architecture It is speculated that the Bara Gumbad was constructed to provide a gateway to the nearby mosque . Although the structure does not house any tomb , there is a platform in the central courtyard that suggests the structure to be a burial place . The purpose Bara Gumbad is unknown . Bara Gumbad is grouped together with a mosque and mehman khana which is a smaller structure with five bays . All the structures are constructed on a 3 metres ( 9 . 8 ft ) high platform , with a total area of 1 , 050 square metres ( 11 , 302 sq ft ) . The platform measures 30 metres ( 98 ft ) ( east west ) and 25 metres ( 82 ft ) ( north south ) . Three out of five bays in the mosque have domes whereas the remaining two have vaulted roofs ( on mosque and mehman khana ) . The central bays feature low domes , while the end bays feature flat roofs . There are oriel windows to the north and south . Both the oriel windows and the tapering minarets appear to anticipate later architectural styles . The Bara Gumbad is square type construction which sits on a plinth . The mosque measures 20 metres ( 66 ft ) on each side . At the rear , the corners and sides of the mosque feature tall tapering semi circular unk . The east , south , and west are decorated , and feature ogee arch openings , which are set into rectangular frames . The architecture combines bracket and lintel beams , blending Islamic and Hindu architectures . Bara Gumbad is 29 metres ( 95 ft ) high , 20 metres ( 66 ft ) long and 20 metres ( 66 ft ) wide . The walls are 12 metres ( 39 ft ) tall . Like the Shisha Gumbad , the Bara Gumbad is also a single story structure but has an external semblance of spanning in two floors when viewed from outside . Total floor area of Bara Gumbad ( excluding the mosque and the guest house ) is 361 square metres ( 3 , 886 sq ft ) . The dome , the mosque and the mehman khana are constructed of red , grey and black stone , including grey quartzite and red sandstone . The interior is elaborately ornamented with painted stucco . Colored tiles , incised carvings , and painted plaster on the mosque are decorated with foliage , flowers , geometric patterns , and Quranic inscriptions . Location The Bara Gumbad is located in and is a part of the Lodhi Gardens in Delhi , India . The village where the monument stands was earlier called unk . The garden is bounded by Amrita Shergill Marg in the west , northwest and north , Max unk on the east and Lodhi Road on the south side . unk Tomb is situated on southwest corner of the Lodhi Garden . Picture gallery
2,670	The ASM A 1 Tarzon , also known as VB 13 , was a guided bomb developed by the United States Army Air Forces during the late 1940s . Mating the guidance system of the earlier Razon radio controlled weapon with a British Tallboy 12 , 000 pound ( 5 , 400 kg ) bomb , the ASM A 1 saw brief operational service in the Korean War before being withdrawn from service in 1951 . Design and development Development of the VB 13 Tarzon began in February 1945 , with Bell Aircraft being awarded a contract by the United States Army Air Forces for the development of a very large guided bomb . The VB 13 was a combination of a radio command guidance system as used on the smaller VB 3 Razon ( ' Range And azimuth only ' ) guided bomb with the British developed Tallboy 12 , 000 pound ( 5 , 400 kg ) earthquake bomb , known to the USAAF as unk . The ' Tarzon ' name was a portmanteau , combining Tallboy , range and azimuth only , describing the weapon and guidance system and was pronounced similarly to that of Tarzan , the popular ape man fictional character . The VB 13 , redesignated ASM A 1 in 1948 , was developed under the project code MX 674 . It had an annular wing around the midsection of its body , mounted near the weapon 's center of gravity . At the rear of the bomb was an octagonal tail surface containing the Razon control surfaces . Intended to be unk by the Boeing B 29 Superfortress bomber , the Tarzon bomb used the combination of AN ARW 38 Joint Army Navy , Piloted Aircraft , Radio , Automatic Flight or Remote Control command link transmitter on the B 29 and an AN URW 2 Joint Army Navy , Utility , Radio , Automatic Flight or Remote Control receiver on the Tarzon to provide manual command guidance of range and azimuth . This was done with visual tracking of the bomb 's course , aided by a flare mounted in the tail of the weapon . unk on board the ASM A 1 aided in stabilisation , while a pneumatic system drove the bomb 's control surfaces . The guidance system was considered effective Tarzon proved in testing to have an accuracy of 280 feet ( 85 m ) . In addition to the 12 , 000 pounds ( 5 , 400 kg ) nominal weight of the Tallboy it was based on , the annular wing and control surfaces boosted the weight of Tarzon by an additional 1 , 100 pounds ( 500 kg ) . As a result , the size and weight of the ASM A 1 were such that the weapon would not fit inside the bomb bay of a Superfortress instead , the weapon was carried in a semi recessed mounting , half the weapon being exposed to the airstream . This increased drag on the carrying aircraft , in addition to causing turbulent airflow that could affect the handling of the B 29 . Operational history Although the VB 13 project had not reached the testing stage by the end of World War II , it avoided being cancelled , proceeding as a low priority project . Limited testing was conducted during 1948 and 1949 additional testing at Alamogordo , New Mexico in 1950 led to the Tarzon being approved for operational service in the Korean War . Tarzon saw its first combat use in December 1950 , the ASM A 1 replacing the Razon in operational service the smaller weapon had been determined to be too small for effective use against bridges and other hardened targets . Used solely by the 19th Bomb Group , which had previously conducted the Razon 's combat missions , the first Tarzon drop in combat took place on December 14 , 1950 . The largest bomb used in combat during the war , Tarzon was used in strikes against North Korean bridges and other hardened targets , the Tarzon 's improved accuracy over conventional ' dumb bombs ' led to the confirmed destruction of at least six high priority targets during approximately six months of combat use these included a hydroelectric plant , proving the effectiveness of guided weapons against conventional targets as well as bridges . Thirty Tarzon missions were flown between December 1950 and March 1951 the weapon 's success led to a contract for the production of 1 , 000 additional ASM A 1 missiles . On March 29 , 1951 , however , a Tarzon strike against Sinuiju went awry the group commander 's aircraft was destroyed as a result of the premature detonation of the bomb when , the aircraft suffering mechanical difficulties , the weapon was jettisoned in preparation for ditching . The thirtieth , and as it proved final , mission , three weeks following the Sinuiju mission , also suffered an unintentional detonation of a jettisoned , safed bomb , although this time without the loss of the aircraft . An investigation proved that the fault lay in the construction of the bomb 's tail breaking up on impact , a ' safed ' bomb would have its arming wire removed , rendering it ' unsafe ' and detonating the weapon . Modifications were made to solve the problem , but the damage had been done the safety issues , increased maintenance costs compared to conventional bombs , the fact that the bomb 's guidance system required clear day use only , rendering the bombers vulnerable to enemy fighters , and required that the weapon be released at a prime altitude for the aircraft to be in danger from enemy flak . These combined with the weapon 's poor reliability only six of twenty eight bombs dropped successfully destroyed their targets to result in the production order being canceled by the USAF following this , the Tarzon program as a whole was terminated in August 1951 .
2,671	My Kind of Christmas is the third studio album and first Christmas album by American singer Christina Aguilera . It was released on October 24 , 2000 , by RCA Records . The album was recorded from late 1999 to late 2000 , while Aguilera was touring to promote her first two studio albums Christina Aguilera ( 1999 ) and Mi Reflejo ( 2000 ) . My Kind of Christmas contains cover versions of Christmas standards , such as Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas and Angels We Have Heard on High , as well as several original recordings , which incorporate dance pop elements . The album was produced by Ron Fair , The Matrix , Robbie Buchanan , Barry Harris and Chris Cox . My Kind of Christmas received generally mixed to negative reviews from music critics , who criticized its musical style , as well as Aguilera 's vocal delivery . The album peaked at number 28 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , having sold 1 , 015 , 000 copies there . Aguilera appeared on several television shows , such as The Early Show and The David Letterman Show , to promote the album , and also performed a special concert for ABC , which was released on DVD in June 2001 , as My Reflection . Background and composition Aguilera achieved her early success following the release of the two first studio albums , Christina Aguilera in 1999 and Mi Reflejo in mid 2000 , both of which were certified multi platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . My Kind of Christmas was recorded from late 1999 to mid 2000 , when Aguilera was touring to support her two debut recordings . Originally , Aguilera 's idol Etta James was planned to be included as a featured performer on the track Merry Christmas , Baby . However the idea was later canceled , and Dr. John was chosen as her replacement afterwards . It is a Christmas and dance pop album , which contains mainly cover versions of Christmas standards and several new tracks , including Christmas Time , This Year and Xtina 's Xmas . Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas and Merry Christmas , Baby are the two soulful ballads from the album , backed by a 70 piece orchestra . Christmas Time and a cover of Celine Dion 's These Are the Special Times , meanwhile , are the two painful tracks . Christmas Time and This Year are the two hip hop influenced pop tracks . The Christmas Song ( Holiday Remix ) was remade as a dance styled number , which is set to a kicking dance beat . The Christmas Song ( Chestnut Roasting on an Open Fire ) released as a single in late 1999 was included in the album . Promotion The album was released on October 24 , 2000 , by RCA Records as Aguilera 's third studio album in the United States , following her two first albums Christina Aguilera ( 1999 ) and Mi Reflejo ( 2000 ) . It was released as two formats CD and cassette . In order to promote the album , Aguilera promoted the album on a number of shows , including The Rosie O 'Donnell Show , The Early Show , and David Letterman Show . On December 10 , 2000 , Aguilera performed The Christmas Song , Genie in a Bottle and What a Girl Wants during a concert at Franklin High in Milwaukee , being watched by 1 , 300 students . She also performed during an ABC special concert later in December the set list included songs from her three first studio albums , including a song from My Kind of Christmas , Have Yourself A Little Merry Christmas . There , she performed the track with Brian McKnight . The concert was filmed and released as a DVD entitled My Reflection ( 2001 ) . Reception The album garnered mixed to negative reviews from music critics , some of them criticized her vocals . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that none of the new songs are knockouts but it does suggest that she may not be a mere one album wonder . Chris Willman from Entertainment Weekly thought that Aguilera unk so wildly that there wouldn 't have been enough oxygen in the booth to sustain another life form . Jaan Uhelszki from Rolling Stone criticized the album as being chilly , forced and overdone , while The Atlanta Journal Constitution was not impressed toward Aguilera 's vocal ability on the album , giving it a mixed review . My Kind of Christmas debuted at number 38 on the Billboard 200 , and later climbed to number 28 , its peak . It eventually peaked atop the Billboard Holiday Albums . Due to its chart success , the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album platinum , having sold more than 1 , 015 , 000 copies in the country . The Christmas Song became Aguilera 's third top twenty hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 18 on the chart . It also charted at number 22 in Canada . By the end of 2000 , My Kind of Christmas was the second best selling holiday album of the year , making Aguilera one of the four female artists to have the second best selling holiday album of a calendar year , among Amy Grant ( 1992 ) , Mariah Carey ( 1994 ) , and Jackie Evancho ( 2010 ) . In November 2013 , the album entered the International Albums chart in South Korea at number 37 . Track listing Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of My Kind of Christmas . Recording places Recorded at unk Studios Ocean Way Nashville and Signet Sound Studios Personnel Charts Certifications
2,672	The Briton class was a group of three wooden screw corvettes built for the Royal Navy in the late 1860s . All three ships of the class only served overseas during their brief service lives . Between them , they were assigned to the China , East Indies , African , North American , and the Pacific Stations . All three were regarded as obsolete 15 years after they were completed , and they were sold in 1886 87 . Design and description The Briton class corvettes were designed by Sir Edward Reed , the Director of Naval Construction , as lengthened versions of the Eclipse class sloops . Like the smaller ships , they had a ram style bow to reduce weight forward by elimination of the knee above the stem . Similarly , he shortened the counter at the stern to save weight . The ships were 220 feet ( 67 . 1 m ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 36 feet ( 11 . 0 m ) . Forward , the ships had a draught of 12 feet 9 inches ( 3 . 9 m ) , but aft they drew 16 ft 3 in ( 5 . 0 m ) . They displaced from 1 , 730 to 1 , 860 long tons ( 1 , 760 to 1 , 890 t ) and had a burthen of 1 , 322 tons . The hull was built entirely from wood except for iron crossbeams . Their crew consisted of 220 officers and enlisted men . Two different types of engines and boilers were used with this class . HMS Druid , the first ship completed , had a two cylinder horizontal steam engine driving a single 15 foot ( 4 . 6 m ) propeller . Four rectangular boilers provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of 30 psi ( 207 kPa 2 kgf cm2 ) . The engine produced a total of 2 , 272 indicated horsepower ( 1 , 694 kW ) which gave her a maximum speed of about 13 . 066 knots ( 24 . 198 km h 15 . 036 mph ) during sea trials . In contrast , the two later ships had a two cylinder horizontal compound expansion steam engine , driving a single 15 foot or 14 foot 9 inch ( 4 . 50 m ) propeller . Six cylindrical boilers provided steam to the engines at a working pressure of 60 64 psi ( 414 441 kPa 4 4 kgf cm2 ) . The engines produced between 2 , 149 and 2 , 275 indicated horsepower ( 1 , 603 and 1 , 696 kW ) which gave the two ships a maximum speed over 13 knots ( 24 km h 15 mph ) . Briton and Thetis carried 255 long tons ( 259 t ) of coal , while Druid carried an additional 30 long tons ( 30 t ) . Although no information is available on their range , Admiral G. A. Ballard estimated that Druid had only about two thirds the range of her sisters , despite the additional coal that she carried , due to the greater efficiency of the compound expansion engines . The class was ship rigged and had a sail area of 15 , 000 square feet ( 1 , 394 m2 ) . The lower masts were made of iron , but the other masts were wood . The ships were poor sailors and their best speed under sail alone was about 11 knots ( 20 km h 13 mph ) . Ballard attributed their poor performance under sail to the drag of the propeller , which could neither be hoisted out of the water , nor feathered . He also attributed their sluggish steering under sail to interference with the flow of water to the rudder by the fixed propeller . The first two ships were re rigged as barques after their first commission . The first two ships were initially armed with a mix of 7 inch and 64 pounder 71 cwt rifled muzzle loading guns . The eight 64 pounder guns were mounted on the broadside while the two 7 inch ( 178 mm ) guns were mounted on the forecastle and poop as chase guns . The 16 calibre 7 inch gun weighed 6 . 5 long tons ( 6 . 6 t ) and fired a 112 pound ( 50 . 8 kg ) shell . It was credited with the nominal ability to penetrate 7 . 7 inch ( 196 mm ) armour . After the completion of their first commissions , the two ships were rearmed with a total of fourteen lighter 64 cwt 64 pounder guns , two of which replaced the 7 inch guns as chase guns . Thetis , the last ship completed , was given this armament from the beginning . Ships Druid was the last ship to be built at Deptford Dockyard . The ship was initially assigned to the Cape of Good Hope Station , where she remained for two years before being transferred to the North America and West Indies Station . Druid was refitted upon her return home in December 1876 , which included rearmament . The ship recommissioned in February 1879 and returned to the North American Station . She returned home in September 1882 and was paid off . Druid was laid up in the Medway until she was sold for scrap in 1886 . Briton was the first of the trio to be commissioned and was assigned to the East Indies Station in 1871 . She remained there for four and a half years , mostly engaged on the suppression of the slave trade . The ship was refitted and rearmed upon her return home and Briton remained in reserve until recommissioned in 1881 for service on the Cape Station . She was transferred back to the East Indies after two years on the Cape . Her crew was relieved in 1884 by another sent out from Britain and the ship remained on station until she was sold , less her armament , in Bombay in 1887 . The construction of Thetis followed her sisters after a two year delay and she was initially assigned to the China Station in 1873 . She was transferred to the East Indies after a year on station and returned home in 1877 where she was refitted . Two years later , the ship was assigned to the Pacific Station until she was ordered home in 1883 . Thetis was paid off after her arrival and was sold in 1887 .
2,673	Reflection is a song written and produced by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel for the soundtrack of Disney 's 1998 animated film Mulan . In the film , the song is performed by Filipina singer and actress Lea Salonga as Fa Mulan . An accompanying music video for Reflection was included as a bonus to the Disney Gold Classic Collection DVD release of the film in 1998 . A single version of the song was recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera and became her debut single . She was 17 at the time it was released . The single 's commercial success funded Aguilera 's debut album from RCA , in addition to gaining her credibility amongst established writers and producers . Releases of the single were limited , which resulted in the track charting only on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , at number nineteen . An accompanying music video for the song was included on the DVD release of Mulan . Aguilera has performed the track on four televised performances , including at the CBS This Morning show , which saw her gain the attention of songwriter Diane Warren . Use in Mulan In the film Mulan , the song is performed by Filipina singer and actress Lea Salonga as Fa Mulan . Reflection , which lasts for 2 27 ( two minutes and twenty seven seconds ) , was written and produced by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel , in the key of A major . The track begins with the lyrics Look at me , I will never pass for a perfect bride , or a perfect daughter , with Salonga 's vocal range spanning from the low note of G 3 to the high note of D5 in a moderately slow tempo of 92 beats per minute . Irving Tan from Sputnikmusic labelled Reflection a decent song . Christina Aguilera single release Aguilera approached record label RCA , then having financial difficulties , and was told to contact Disney . After being given the opportunity to record Reflection , it was reported she had gained a record deal with RCA Records . After she was asked to hit a musical note required for Reflection , she thought that the song could be the gateway into an album deal . Aguilera spent hours recording a cover of Whitney Houston 's Run to You , which included the note she was asked to hit . After successfully hitting the note , which she called the note that changed my life , she was given the opportunity to record the song . Due to the success around the recording of Reflection , RCA wished for Aguilera to record and release an album by September 1998 to maintain the hype surrounding her at that time . The label laid the foundation for the album immediately and started presenting Aguilera with tracks for her debut album , which they later decided would have a January 1999 release . Aguilera 's version of Reflection was released to adult contemporary radio on June 15 , 1998 . The song was released as a CD single in Japan on September 18 , 1999 . In 2000 , Aguilera recorded the Spanish version of Reflection titled Mi Reflejo which was adapted by Rudy Prez for the album of the same name . Reception Beth Johnson of Entertainment Weekly noted Aguilera has a who am I musings persona in the song , while Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic commented that the Matthew Wilder and David Zippel 's full fledged songs on Mulan are flat and unmemorable . Reflection peaked at number 19 on the Adult Contemporary chart . After the success of the track , Aguilera 's record label RCA decided to fund her debut album ( costing over one million dollars ) , and eventually funded more than they had predicted initially . Live performances Aguilera performed the song on television four times , first on the CBS This Morning , and then on the Donny Marie show neither of these performances were directed at her demographic of teen viewers . Whilst watching the show on This Morning , Aguilera gained the attention of songwriter Diane Warren , who was astonished by such a young performer being as polished as she was . Warren later stated that she had seen the potential in Aguilera . The singer also performed Reflection on MuchMusic 's Intimate and Interactive on May 17 , 2000 . An ABC special in 2000 , featuring a performance of the song , was recorded and released in a DVD titled My Reflection . Track listing CD single Reflection 3 34 Charts Other languages Edyta unk recorded a Polish version of the song titled unk ( Mirror ) to promote the movie . unk Pires , European Portuguese singing voice of Mulan , along with the whole European Portuguese movie cast , won a prize for the best foreign version , while Y unk , who provided Mulan 's singing voice in the Mainland Mandarin Chinese version , was hailed as one of the 10 best versions of the world by Disney director of production . Other versions The group Mannheim Steamroller covered the song on their 1999 album , Mannheim Steamroller Meets the Mouse . Michael Crawford covered this song in The Disney Album . His rendition replaces the word girl with man in order to avoid gender confusion . Singer and American Idol winner Jordin Sparks performed the song on the Dedication Week of the sixth season of the show , with the performance she moved forward to the next round . Jackie Evancho also covered the song on her fourth studio album , Songs from the Silver Screen . In La Voz ... Argentina ( the Argentinian version of The Voice ) , the Spanish version of the song was covered by Sofia unk .
2,674	Jonas Mouton ( born March 17 , 1988 ) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent . He played his college football for the Michigan Wolverines football team . He started at weakside linebacker and was previously a highly rated safety for Venice High School . He led the Big Ten Conference in tackles for the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season . He was the starting weakside linebacker for the 2008 , 2009 team and 2010 teams . Mouton was named on the preseason watch list for the 2010 Butkus Award for linebackers and was a postseason 2010 All Big Ten Conference second team selection by the media . In high school , he played safety in the U.S. Army All American Bowl . High school Mouton played as a defensive back at Venice High School . In September 2005 , the Los Angeles Times ran a feature story about his accomplishments at Venice . The Times story opened as follows The hardest working player on the Venice High football team is Jonas Mouton , and he has ability to match . A 6 foot 2 , 215 pound senior defensive back with linebacker like hitting skills , a quarterback 's awareness of the field and the shifty quickness of a running back , Mouton could rely on natural abilities and coast through high school . But he out hustled , out ran and out lifted just about everyone else during spring practice his sophomore year to earn a spot on varsity . He hasn 't slowed since . The major high school rating reports evaluated him as a safety . Rivals.com listed him as the third best safety in the class of 2006 , the seventh best California football player and the 45th best player in the nation . Scout.com ranked him as the sixth best safety . ESPN ranked him as the 14th best safety and 128th best high school football player in the 2006 class . He participated in the January 7 , 2006 U.S. Army All American Bowl . College career He redshirted in 2006 and made his career debut on September 15 , 2007 against Notre Dame . On January 1 , 2008 , in the Capital One Bowl against Florida he had a 20 yard kickoff return . On September 6 , 2008 , he made his first career start against Miami ( OH ) . On September 27 , 2008 , he had his first quarterback sack in an eight tackle effort against Wisconsin . Mouton had his first ten tackle game ( eight solo and two assists ) on October 18 , 2008 against Penn State . On November 15 , 2008 against Northwestern he set a new career high with eleven tackles ( six solo and five assists ) . Over the course of the season , he started eleven of the twelve games at weakside linebacker . That season , he finished second on the Wolverines in tackles . However , following the season he was unavailable when 2009 spring practice began due to an injured shoulder . In the September 12 , 2009 Michigan Notre Dame rivalry game Mouton punched a Notre Dame player and was suspended . Twice in 2009 he had ten tackles ( five solo and six assists on September 26 , 2009 v. Indiana and two solo and nine assists on November 21 , 2009 v. Ohio State ) . Both games matched his career high tackles total and against Ohio State , he added an interception . He started at weakside linebacker in all eleven games that he played in . Mouton was one of fifty one players named on the preseason watch list for the 2010 Butkus Award for linebackers . On September 11 , 2010 , Mouton set a career high with thirteen tackles ( 6 solo and 7 assists ) v. Notre Dame . In that game , he made an interception that led to a one play thirty one yard Michigan touchdown drive . At the midpoint of Michigan 's 12 game 2010 regular season schedule , he ranked second in the Big Ten Conference in tackles and tied for sixth in interceptions . He took over the lead in tackles after Michigan 's eighth game . Then with a career high fourteen tackles against Illinois in the ninth game of the season on November 6 , he retained his first place rank in the conference and moved up from 32nd to 20th on the national list . Coupled with the 12 tackles on October 30 against Penn State , it was the first time he had back to back double digit tackle performances . Mouton was unavailable for the Purdue game on November 13 due to a chest injury . However , the following week against Wisconsin he resumed his streak of double digit tackle performances with thirteen . This moved him up to 17th in the nation in tackles . Mouton ended the 2010 Big Ten Conference football season as the leader in tackles . Following the Big Ten conference regular season he was a second team All Conference selection by the media . Professional career Pre draft Mouton was one of 32 linebackers invited to participate in the February 24 March 1 , 2011 NFL Scouting Combine . He ranked twelfth in the Standing long jump with a distance of 9 feet 7 inches ( 2 . 92 m ) . He ranked eleventh in the 3 cone drill with a time of 7 . 08 . He ranked fourteenth in the 20 yard shuttle with a time of 4 . 34 . San Diego Chargers Mouton was drafted by the San Diego Chargers with the 61st overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft . In week 3 of the 2011 NFL season , the Chargers put Mouton on injured reserve for the season . Mouton began the 2012 season inactive . He made his NFL debut on December 2 against the Cincinnati . On July 26 , 2013 , Mouton suffered a torn ACL during training camp . As a result , Mouton was eliminated for the entire 2013 season . On July 23 , 2014 , Mouton was waived .
2,675	Irreemplazable is the first extended play by American recording artist Beyonc . Comprising Spanish , English and Spanglish re recordings of songs from her second studio album B 'Day ( 2006 ) , it featured as a bonus disc for the United States deluxe edition of B 'Day , before being released separately on August 28 , 2007 by Columbia Records . It was produced by Cuban American musician Rudy Prez who also helped with writing the songs in Spanish . Copies purchased from Walmart also contain a DVD featuring Beyonc 's concert and television performances and behind the scenes footage . Irreemplazable received a mixed review from Allmusic 's Andy Kellman , who criticized its lack of content and the fact that the EP was released several months after the deluxe edition of B 'Day . Irreemplazable peaked at number 105 on the Billboard 200 , and has sold 57 , 000 copies in the United States . It also appeared on the Top R B Hip Hop Albums , the Top Latin Albums and the Latin Pop Albums charts . Bello Embustero including on the album was nominated for Record of The Year at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2007 . Background and promotion Growing up in Houston , Texas , Beyonc was surrounded by the Spanish language , and learned some Spanish as a child , which she later forgot . When re recording songs for Irreemplazable , Beyonc 's vocal coach provided the Spanish lyrics phonetically , and each line was recorded up to four times for the EP . Beyonc has stated that she intends to take up Spanish lessons in the future . She said of the EP 's recording , This is such an honor for me to be able to connect with all my fans . I had so much fun singing in Spanish . It reminded me of growing up in Houston . The Denver Post 's John Wenzel interpreted the release of Irreemplazable as an effort to meet the exploding market for Spanish language music . Irreemplazable was released as the bonus disc on the B 'Day deluxe edition in the United States on April 3 , 2007 , before being released separately by Columbia Records on August 28 , 2007 . iTunes Store began selling the EP on August 27 , 2007 . However , a remix of Get Me Bodied was available only on the individual release of Irreemplazable . Beyonc appeared on Tr3s ' television show Mi TRL on August 2 , 2007 and showed a behind the scenes special , Making of the Spanish EP . Composition The Spanish language songs in the EP were written by Cuban American composer Rudy Prez and he wrote the lyrics phonetically to help Beyonc perform the songs in Spanish . We spent hours and hours working on it . She wanted to make it perfect . She worked hard . That 's why people are saying it sounds like she 's fluent in Spanish , Perez added . Prez changed some of the words in Spanish as he felt it they didn 't fit the music and doesn 't make sense . He assisted with Beyonc on pronouncing her r 's in Spanish . Irreemplazable opens with Amor Gitano , a duet with Alejandro Fernndez originally from Fernndez ' fifteenth studio album , Viento a Favor . Listen , a theme song from Dreamgirls , in which Beyonc appears , was re recorded under the title Oye . The EP 's title track is a Spanish version of Irreplaceable , a song that was highly successful in its English recording . Three recordings of Beautiful Liar appear on Irreemplazable a Spanish version ( titled Bello Embustero ) , a remixed English version and a Spanglish version . A unk remix of Irreemplazable is the EP 's seventh track , while Timbaland 's remix of Get Me Bodied , which features vocals from Voltio , closes Irreemplazable . An exclusive DVD accompanied the EP in Wal mart stores , containing behind the scenes footage and taped performances from The Beyonc Experience and Beyonc 's appearance on The Early Show , as well as a documentary named La Evolucin Latina de Beyonc ( The Latin Evolution of Beyonc ) . Reception Giving it two and a half stars , Andy Kellman of Allmusic said that there 's not that much to the disc , and alleged that it was unnecessary , concluding if you 're a die hard Beyonc fan , you 'll probably feel jerked around a bit especially if you bought B 'Day when it came out in September 2006 and bought the deluxe edition seven months later , only to find out that the bonus material would later come out on its own ( with a track not on the second disc of the deluxe edition ) . Kellman selected Amor Gitano , Irreemplazable and the Get Me Bodied remix as the highlights of the EP . The EP led to Beyonc receiving a nomination for Pop New Artist of the Year at the 2008 Lo Nuestro Awards , and Bello Embustero was nominated for Record of The Year at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2007 . Irreemplazable debuted on the United States Billboard 200 at number 105 on the chart of September 15 , 2007 , selling over 6 , 000 copies that week . It remained on the chart for three weeks . On the Top R B Hip Hop Albums , the EP made its entry at number forty one on September 15 , 2007 , and lasted five weeks . Irreemplazable performed better on the Latin charts , debuting at number three on the Top Latin Albums and number two on the Latin Pop Albums . The EP stayed on the charts for twelve and thirteen weeks , respectively . As of October 6 , 2010 , Irreemplazable had sold 57 , 000 copies in the United States . Track listing Personnel Credits for Irreemplazable , adapted from Allmusic and album 's liner notes . Charts
2,676	Thomas P. Oyster Burns ( September 6 , 1864 November 11 , 1928 ) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned 15 seasons , 11 of which were spent with the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Wilmington Quicksteps ( 1884 ) , Baltimore Orioles ( 1884 85 , 1887 88 ) , Brooklyn Bridegrooms ( 1888 95 ) , and New York Giants ( 1895 ) . Burns , who predominately played as an outfielder , also played as a shortstop , second baseman , third baseman and as a pitcher . Over his career , Burns compiled a career batting average of .300 with 870 runs scored , 1 , 392 hits , 224 doubles , 129 triples , 65 home runs , and 834 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 1 , 188 games played . Although the majority of his career was spent in the major leagues , Burns also played in minor league baseball . He made his MLB debut at the age of 19 and was listed as standing 5 feet 8 inches ( 173 cm ) and weighing 183 pounds ( 83 kg ) . Burns , nicknamed Oyster because he sold shellfish in the off season , was described as a loudmouth and having an irritating voice and personality . Nevertheless , Burns led the Bridegrooms to an American Association championship in 1889 and a National League pennant in 1890 . After retiring from baseball , Burns died on November 11 , 1928 in Brooklyn , New York . Biography Thomas P. Burns was born on September 6 , 1864 , in Philadelphia . His parents , Patrick and Mary Burns , were both Irish immigrants . In 1883 , Burns began his professional baseball career as a pitcher with Harrisburg of the minor league Interstate Association . On the year , Burns posted an earned run average ( ERA ) of 2 . 30 over 20 games pitched , 15 of which were starts . When he wasn 't pitching , Burns played second and third base . Burns began the 1884 season playing for the Wilmington Quicksteps , but left the team after they joined the Union Association , and joined the Baltimore Orioles . Burns the youngest player on the Orioles and the seventh youngest player in the American Association batted .298 . Despite playing in only 35 games on the season , Burns recorded a team leading six home runs over 141 plate appearances . He continued his career with the Orioles in 1885 , batting .231 with five home runs and 37 RBI , and pitching to a 7 4 win loss record . His offensive struggles led him to be demoted to the Newark Domestics for the 1886 season , where he helped the Domestics win the Eastern League pennant . By 1887 , Burns had reentered the majors for the Orioles and became the team captain until he threw a baseball at an opposing pitcher following a groundout he was later fined 25 ( 658 in 2011 ) . On the season , he recorded nine home runs good for third in the American Association . Burns 's 19 triples were enough to tie him with five others for the league lead , and his 140 games played were tied for the league lead with teammate Blondie Purcell . After playing in 79 games for Baltimore , Burns was transferred to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms by Harry Von der Horst , the owner of both clubs . While he was playing for the Bridegrooms , the New York Clipper described Burns as the noisiest man that ever played on the Brooklyn team . His voice reminds one of a buzz saw . Burns remained with the Bridegrooms for the 1889 season . He recorded team highs in on base percentage , batting average , and home runs hit while the Bridegrooms , with an 89 48 record , became American Association champions . In the World Series , the Bridegrooms played the New York Giants of the National League . Burns hit a three run home run to win the fourth game of the series , giving Brooklyn a 3 1 series lead . However , the Giants would take the World Series after winning five straight games . In 1890 , the Bridegrooms had moved to the National League . Burns , now 26 , led the league in home runs ( 13 ) and RBI ( 128 ) . He hit for the cycle on August 1 , 1890 becoming the first unk to do so . The team won the National League pennant , and faced the Louisville Colonels in the 1890 World Series . The series ended in a 3 3 1 tie bad weather led to the cancellation of more games . After the 1891 season , Burns 's 1892 RBI total was third in the league , and his hits , doubles , triples , and batting average marks were the second highest on the Brooklyn team , now named the Grooms . In 1893 , between games of a doubleheader , a teammate of Burns , Tom Daly , was sleeping in center field when Burns stabbed Daly with a penknife . Daly awoke and turned on the knife , leading to a severed tendon which kept Daly out for two weeks . Burns ' 1894 batting average ( .355 ) was the highest of his career his hit and run totals were also the second highest in his career . Burns continued to play for the club until 1895 , when he played for the New York Giants . In his final MLB year , Burns batted a combined .258 over 25 games . After the 1895 season , Burns 's contract was purchased by the minor league Newark Colts . The Colts would win the Atlantic League division with an 82 61 record , two games above the Hartford Bluebirds . The next season , Burns served as a player coach for the Bluebirds , where he led the team in doubles and batting average . In his final managerial year , Burns coached Portland , Maine of the New England League . After retiring from baseball , Burns lived in Brooklyn until his death on November 11 , 1928 . He was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in North Arlington , New Jersey .
2,677	Kepler 11g is an exoplanet discovered in the orbit of the sunlike star Kepler 11 by the Kepler spacecraft , a NASA satellite tasked with searching for terrestrial planets . Kepler 11g is the outermost of the star 's six planets . The planet orbits at a distance of nearly half the mean distance between Earth and the Sun . It completes an orbit every 118 days , placing it much further from its star than the system 's inner five planets . Its estimated radius is a little over three times that of Earth , i.e. comparable to Neptune 's size . Kepler 11g 's distance from the inner planets made its confirmation more difficult than that of the inner planets , as scientists had to work to exhaustively disprove all reasonable alternatives before Kepler 11g could be confirmed . The planet 's discovery , along with that of the other Kepler 11 planets , was announced on February 2 , 2011 . According to NASA , the Kepler 11 planets form the flattest and most compact system yet discovered . Name and discovery Kepler 11 was originally called KOI 157 when NASA 's Kepler spacecraft flagged the star for possible transit events , which exhibit tiny and roughly periodic decreases in the star 's brightness are measured as it passes in front of its star as seen from Earth . Kepler 11 's name is incorporated into Kepler 11g 's name because it is the host star . As Kepler 11g and its five sister planets were discovered and announced at the same time , its planets were sorted alphabetically by distance from the host star , starting with the letter b . Because Kepler 11g was the furthest of the six , it was given the designation g . The Kepler team 's scientists conducted follow up observations to confirm or reject the planetary nature of the detected object . To do so , they used the Keck 1 telescope at the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii the Shane and Hale telescopes in California telescopes at the WIYN ( including MMT ) and Whipple observatories in Arizona Nordic Optical Telescope in the Canary Islands the Hobby Eberly and Harlan J. Smith telescopes in Texas and NASA 's Spitzer Space Telescope . Because Kepler 11g orbits its star at a far greater distance than the inner five planets , fewer transits were observed , and radial velocity ( the observation of a Doppler effect ) interactions could not be easily discerned . As with the discovery of Kepler 9d , the Kepler team ran the information through numerous models to see if Kepler 11g 's light curve could fit the profile of some other object , including an eclipsing binary star in the background that may have contaminated the data . The probability that Kepler 11g is not a planet but instead a false positive was determined to be 0 . 18 , effectively confirming its existence . Kepler 11g , along with its five sister planets , were announced at a NASA press conference on February 2 , 2011 . The findings were published in the journal Nature a day later . Host star Kepler 11 is a G type star in the Cygnus constellation . It is located approximately 613 parsecs away . Kepler 11 is .95 ( 0 . 1 ) times the mass and 1 . 1 ( 0 . 1 ) times the radius of the Sun . The star has an iron content ( metallicity ) of 0 ( 0 . 1 ) , similar to that of the Sun . Metallicity plays a vital role in the formation of planets , as a more metal rich star tends to form more dense planets . Kepler 11 has an effective temperature of 5680 ( 100 ) K , only slightly cooler than the Sun ( 5778 K ) . Kepler 11 hosts six known planets Kepler 11b , Kepler 11c , Kepler 11d , Kepler 11e , and Kepler 11f , all of which form a tight group well within the orbit of Mercury . Kepler 11g is considerably farther away from Kepler 11 than its five sister planets . According to NASA , the planets orbiting Kepler 11 form the flattest and most compact system known . Kepler 11 has an apparent magnitude of 14 . 2 , and thus cannot be seen with the naked eye . Characteristics Kepler 11g , the sixth planet of six from its star , it 's mass is estimated to be at most 25 times that of Earth . Its exact mass could not be determined through transit observations because , while gravitational interactions of Kepler 11 's five inner planets were used to determine their masses , Kepler 11g 's comparatively large distance prevented it from affecting , or being affected by , the other five planets . As a result , only an upper limit can be placed on the mass , which is based on the assumption that if it were above this limit , gravitational effects on the other planets would be observed . Nonetheless , tighter constraints were placed on Kepler 11g 's mass by formation and evolution calculations , which indicated that the planet mass is not much greater than about 7 ME . Its radius is estimated to be 3 . 33 times that of Earth , somewhat smaller than Neptune 's radius . Kepler 11g has an estimated surface equilibrium temperature of 400 K , over 1 . 5 times ( 50 higher ) that of Earth 's equilibrium temperature . Kepler 11g orbits Kepler 11 every 118 . unk days ( over 2 . 5 times that of the fifth planet from Kepler 11 , Kepler 11f ) at a distance of 0 . 462 AU , almost half of the distance from which Earth orbits the Sun . Its eccentricity is unknown . In comparison , planet Mercury orbits the Sun every 87 . 97 days at a distance of 0 . 387 AU . With an orbital inclination of 89 . 8 , Kepler 11g is seen almost edge on with respect to Earth .
2,678	Did It On 'em is a song by Trinidadian born recording artist Nicki Minaj . It was written by Minaj with J. Ellington , Safaree Samuels , and Shondrae Bangladesh Crawford , who produced the track . The song served as the fourth single from her debut album , Pink Friday , in the United States . The song has a distinct sound when compared to the rest of the tracks on the album , in that it contains a harder , massive , ungainly beat , reflecting her prior work on mixtapes . It also features hi hats in overdrive and multiple synth patterns sounding as if a car alarm siren was going off . Lyrically , Minaj delivers explicit phrases talking about winning over her competition . Did It On 'em reached number forty nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and reached the top five on the US R B Hip Hop Songs and US Rap Songs charts . A music video was released for the track , featuring Minaj behind the scenes and performing on the I Am Still Music Tour . Composition Did It On 'em is a hardcore hip hop and post dubstep song that has instrumentally been described as having a massive , ungainly beat . Producer Bangladesh creates hi hats that have been described as on overdrive . Multiple synths are heard on the track that have been described as blowing up like a car alarm siren . One of Minaj 's more lyrically explicit songs , the lyrics speak of Minaj winning over her competition , in phrases such as saying she unk on ' em or pissed on ' em . Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly said Minaj was ordering her unk to put up two fingers if they re unk on their competition . Mark Hogan of Spin also reviewed the lyrics , commenting she pulls out an imagined ' dick ' and pisses on a washed up rival . Reception Scott Plagenhoef of Pitchfork Media gave the song a positive review naming it the record 's best track , due to the fact that it features Minaj going toe to toe with a huge beat . Additionally from Pitchfork , Tom Breihan stated that Minaj 's voice is meant more for rapping than singing and favored Did It On 'em on that thought . Breihan continued complimenting Minaj , stating that the song recognizes how beautifully , effortlessly weird she is , and how she is willing to contort her voice and persona into pretzel shapes just to induce that oh shit face in anyone listening . Margaret Wappler of Los Angeles Times called the song aggressively scatological , and compared the song to the Bangladesh produced A Milli from label mate Lil Wayne , stating that it fares better musically . In a list of the 50 Best songs of 2010 by Rolling Stone , Did It On 'em came in a number twenty five additionally stating that the song is a hazy , synapse butchering unk . Marc Hogan of Spin stated that the track features Minaj 's best rapping . Sam Wolfson of New Musical Express stated that the song is so vulgar that Minaj could have unk placed herself on the Teen Choice Awards blacklist , adding that the song is a post dubstep cry . The song peaked at number forty nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 and spent sixteen weeks on the chart . It also peaked inside the top five of the Billboard component charts Hot R B Hip Hop Songs and Rap Songs , reaching number three on the previous and number four on the latter chart . Music video In April 2011 , during an interview with KIIS FM 's DJ JoJo , Minaj revealed that she had shot a music video for Did It On 'em . In an interview with MTV News on May 31 , 2011 , Director DJ Scoob Doo revealed that Minaj and himself pieced the video together within two weeks . In an interview with MTV News on May 31 , 2011 , director DJ Scoob Doo discussed the music video 's styling and development She 's family to me and I 'm family to her , but this is the first time us working together was a priority on both of our lists . So we just had to dig in and put everything to the side and really work on something ... and we had no idea that it would turn out as good as it did . It was a great experience ... It took me about a good two weeks to put all of the ideas that we had together . The good thing about the video is that we went in knowing we were gonna shoot the video onstage a few times . I was actually able to get my camera crew onstage The video premiered exclusively to fans with accounts on Minaj 's official website on May 27 , 2011 , and later premiered worldwide . It was directed by Young Money affiliate DJ Scoob Doo and watched over 5 million times . The video is compiled of clips from the I Am Still Music Tour , backstage moments with Drake and Lil ' Wayne , and unk of past photo shoots . Additionally , it features Minaj performing the track on stage , a stream of magazine photo shoots cut together with footage of Minaj signing fans chests , and perfecting the helicopter move with a nearby dildo . A clean version was later shot removing the dildo scenes . Minaj stated the video was a gesture of gratitude to her fans for their support for her on the I Am Still Music Tour . Live performances Minaj has performed the song on both her debut concert tour , the Pink Friday Tour , and her Pink Friday Reloaded Tour . Credits and personnel Credits are taken from Pink Friday liner notes . Nicki Minaj vocals , writer Safaree unk unk Samuels vocals , writer Shondrae Bangladesh Crawford writer , producer J. Ellington writer S. Samuels writer Charts Release history
2,679	Leanne Del Toso ( born 12 August 1980 ) is a 3 . 5 point wheelchair basketball player who represented Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where she won a silver medal . Diagnosed with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy at the age of nineteen , Del Toso started playing wheelchair basketball in 2006 . Playing in the local Victorian competition , she was named the league 's most valuable player in 2007 . That year started playing for the Knox Ford Raiders in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) . The following year , she was named the team 's Players ' Player and Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . Del Toso has played for the Dandenong Rangers in the WNWBL since 2008 . In the semifinal between her Dandenong Rangers and the Goudkamp Gladiators in 2009 , she scored 31 points while pulling down 19 rebounds that saw the Rangers win 81 42 . The Dandenong Rangers won back to back titles in 2011 and 2012 . Del Toso made her debut with the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , at the 2009 Osaka Cup in Japan . Since winning a silver medal in London , she has participated in the 2013 Osaka Cup in Japan , where the Gliders successfully defended the title they had won in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 . Personal Nicknamed Dori , Del Toso was born on 12 August 1980 . At the age of nineteen , she was diagnosed with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy ( unk ) , a heredity condition that involves damage to the nerves . Del Toso has two siblings her younger brother Daniel also developed the disease . Prior to her diagnosis , she played regular basketball . Del Toso has worked as a receptionist , and as a participation assistant for Basketball Victoria . As of 2013 , she lives in Watsonia , Victoria . Wheelchair basketball Del Toso was a 4 point wheelchair basketball player . Due to the progress of her disease , she was reclassified as a 3 . 5 point player in 2013 . As of 2012 , she has a scholarship with the Victorian Institute of Sport , and in financial year 2012 13 , she received a A 20 , 000 grant from the Australian Sports Commission as part of its Direct Athlete Support ( DAS ) program . She received 17 , 000 in 2011 12 and 2010 11 , 5 , 571 . 42 in 2009 10 and 5 , 200 in 2008 09 . In 2012 , she trained in Dandenong , Kew , Box Hill and Knox . Club Del Toso started playing wheelchair basketball in 2006 . An Australian Paralympic Committee flyer on the wall at her local gym asking Are you the next Paralympian prompted Del Toso to respond . She was advised to take up wheelchair basketball . Playing in the local Victorian competition in 2007 , she was named the league 's most valuable player . That year , she made her debut in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) with the Knox Ford Raiders . At the end of the season , she was named the most improved player . She played for the Rangers ( now known as Victoria ) since 2008 . In the second round of the 2008 season , the Dandenong Rangers defeated the Western Stars 53 47 . She scored 20 points in her team 's victory . In the second round of the 2008 season , playing for the Dandenong Rangers in a 38 72 loss to the Hills Hornets , she scored 12 points . That season , she was named the team 's Players Player and Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . In 2009 , Del Toso played in the WNWBL finals . In the semifinal between the Dandenong Rangers and the Goudkamp Gladiators , she scored 31 points while pulling down 19 rebounds that saw the Rangers win 81 42 . In 2010 , she was named the Dandenong Rangers 's Most Valuable Player . The Rangers won the WNWBL title in 2011 . In a round four game in 2012 , against Sydney Uni Flames that the Rangers won 55 44 , she scored 14 rebounds . The Rangers won the league championship again that year . National In 2008 , Del Toso was named as a reserve for the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , for the 2008 Summer Paralympics . She made her national team debut at the 2009 Osaka Cup the following year , when her team finished first . That year , she also participated in the Four Nations in Canada and the Japan Friendly Series , one of six players who played for the Dandenong Rangers in the WNWBL . She was selected to participate in a national team training camp in 2010 . In July 2010 , she played in a three game test series against Germany . She was member of the Australian team at the 2010 World Championships that finished fourth . She also played in the 2010 Osaka Cup where her team finished first . She played in four games in the 2012 Gliders World Challenge . Del Toso was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in wheelchair basketball . The London Games were her first . In the group stage , the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics posted wins against Brazil , Great Britain , and the Netherlands , but lost to Canada . This was enough to advance the Gliders to the quarter finals , where they beat Mexico . The Gliders then defeated the United States by a point to set up a final clash with Germany . The Gliders lost 44 58 , and earned a silver medal . Since the games , Del Toso has participated in the 2013 Osaka Cup in Japan , where the Gliders successfully defended the title they had won in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 . Statistics
2,680	Crinipellis zonata , commonly known as the zoned Crinipellis or the zoned cap Collybia , is a species of gilled mushroom in the Marasmiaceae family . Though considered a little brown mushroom of unknown edibility , it is distinctive because of its thick covering of coarse hairs , and differentiated from other members of Crinipellis by its slightly larger cap size , which reaches up to 25 mm ( 1 . 0 in ) in diameter . The white gills on the underside of the cap are crowded closely together , and are free from attachment to the stem . unk , it grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees from late summer to autumn . The fungus is found commonly in eastern North America , but has also been collected in Portugal and Korea . The variety C. zonata var. cremoricolor , found in eastern North America , may be distinguished microscopically by its longer spores . Taxonomy and classification The species was first named as Agaricus unk by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1872 , based on specimens found near Albany , New York . He later transferred it to the genus Collybia in 1896 . It was given its current name by the Italian botanist Pier Andrea Saccardo . Crinipellis zonata is classified in subsection Crinipellis of section Crinipellis in the genus Crinipellis , according to Rolf Singer 's 1986 arrangement of the Agaricales . Species in this subsection have elongated spores , and typically lack cystidia on the sides of gills . A 2009 phylogenetic analysis of several Crinipellis and unk species ( unk are anamorphic fungi parasitic on cocoa and previously included in Crinipellis ) demonstrated that C. zonata formed a clade with C. unk , C. unk , and C. unk . The conclusions of this analysis , based on the DNA sequences of ribosomal DNA coding for internal transcribed spacers , are inconsistent with the morphology based classification given by Singer . The mushroom is commonly known as the zoned Crinipellis or the zoned cap Collybia . Description Crinipellis zonata is a little brown mushroom with a cap of 1 to 2 . 5 cm ( 0 . 4 to 1 . 0 in ) in diameter , which is convex ( sometimes approaching flat ) in shape . Typically , it has a small , distinctive depression in the centre , while the whole cap is densely hairy and dry . There are often concentric zones of both color and texture . The cap is tawny or cream , while the hairs ( which are set in lines ) are tawny . The white gills are close and narrow , and free or nearly free from the stem . The gills do not discolor . The stem is between 25 and 50 mm ( 1 . 0 and 2 . 0 in ) in height , by 1 to 2 mm ( 0 . 04 to 0 . 08 in ) thick . Like the cap , it is densely covered in tawny hairs . Although the stem is hollow , the cap has an insubstantial layer of white flesh . The spore print is white , and the smooth , elliptical spores are 4 6 by 3 5 m in size . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are four spored , club shaped , and measure 25 30 by 6 . 0 6 . 5 m . C. zonata has basidioles basidium like cells in the hymenium that lack the slender projections known as sterigmata that attach to spores . The basidioles are 15 28 by 3 . 0 8 . 0 m , and range in shape from club shaped to cylindrical to fusoid ( fuse like ) . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia found on the edges of gills ) are 20 45 by 5 . 0 9 . 0 m , cylindrical , club shaped or fusoid , irregular , and branched or coral like . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia found on the gill face ) are absent . The hairs on the cap surface are about 50 800 by 4 . 0 10 m , and roughly cylindrical with an irregular base the hairs on the stem are similar to the cap hairs . The cap and stem hairs are dextrinoid , meaning that they are stained yellowish brown or reddish brown by the iodine of Melzer 's reagent . Clamp connections are present in all tissues . Variety cremoricolor In 1989 , Scott Redhead reduced the species Crinipellis cremoricolor ( originally described by Shaffer and Weaver in 1965 , based on specimens found near the University of Michigan Biological Station ) to a variety of C. unk . The variety cremoricolor is found in eastern North America and has longer spores than the nominate variety , measuring 7 12 by 3 . 8 5 m . According to Shaffer and Weaver , it differs macroscopically from the typical variety in having cream to buff colored cap and stem , and pale pinkish cinnamon gills . Edibility Fruit bodies of Crinipellis zonata have no distinct odor , and a mild to slightly mealy taste . Though the edibility is not known with certainty , author Roger Phillips lists the species as Poisonous Suspect . Similar species Though similar in appearance to other members of Crinipellis , such as C. unk and C. unk , C. zonata has a slightly larger cap . The Ghanaian species Crinipellis unk is also similar , but may be distinguished by its lighter colored cap without a corrugated appearance , and its distribution . Distribution and ecology Crinipellis zonata is saprobic , living on the debris or roots of hardwoods it contains wood decaying enzymes that can break down the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pyrene . The mushrooms grow individually or in small clusters , and can be found between August and September . In North America , it is distributed east of the Rocky Mountains , and has been recorded as far west as Indiana and Texas . In Europe , it has been collected in Portugal . It has also been collected in South Korea .
2,681	Star Trek Secret of Vulcan Fury is a cancelled action adventure game , in development by Interplay Entertainment from 1997 until its cancellation in 1999 . Based on the Star Trek The Original Series licence , the game would have followed Captain James T. Kirk and the crew of the USS Enterprise through a series of adventures regarding the Vulcan and Romulan races . Secret of Vulcan Fury was to have been the latest in a series of games produced by Interplay based on the licence . It would have featured a control method similar to those seen in LucasArts games of that period , and nearly seven hours of full motion video capture using clay models . The storyline was written by former Star Trek writer D.C. Fontana , while the script was created by John Meredyth Lucas . A promotional cereal competition was run in conjunction with Quaker Oats , the first for the licence in the United States . Despite this promotion , the game was cancelled with estimates placing it at only 5 completion . The cast of The Original Series had already recorded their voices . Lead engineer Thom Robertson later explained the studio had underestimated the cost of the game and the difficulties in filming the clay models . Overview The game was to be set in the 23rd century and across four independent stories which would have revolved around ancient secrets in the history of the Vulcan and Romulan races . The episodes allow the player to assume the roles of Captain James T. Kirk , Mr. Spock , Dr. Leonard McCoy , Lt. Hikaru Sulu , Ensign Pavel Chekov , and Engineer Montgomery Scotty Scott . The first episode was to involve the murder of a Romulan ambassador who was seeking to reunite the races , placing the player in control of Dr. McCoy initially . The character that the player controlled would change as they progressed through the game . The creators sought to have the player control Spock during one of the Vulcan 's mind melds . The ending of the game would have seen the player control Kirk , Spock and Chekov in an attempt to stop the titular superweapon . The interface for the game revolved around a menu which appears after the mouse button is held down while the cursor is hovering over an object . This was to prevent the need for controls to be shown on screen at all times , in a manner similar to LucasArts games of that period . Development The game was announced by Interplay Entertainment on June 19 , 1997 and was initially scheduled to be released on CD ROM for Windows 95 in November 1997 . Interplay had previously produced a number of Star Trek games , including Star Trek 25th Anniversary , Star Trek Starfleet Academy and Star Trek Judgment Rites . The game was developed by unk Dreams , an in house division of Interplay . The storyline was written D. C. Fontana , who was a writer on both Star Trek The Original Series and season one of Star Trek The Next Generation , and the script was directed by John Meredyth Lucas who had previously written and directed episodes of The Original Series . Fontana and Lucas had previously collaborated on the episodes The Enterprise Incident and The Ultimate Computer . In writing the storyline , Fontana wrote dialogue for more puzzle branches than were planned by the developers . The entire main cast of The Original Series recorded their voices for the project . Brian Murray , who was hired to storyboard the game , suggested spinning the camera around the Enterprise crew as they used the transporter to merge their original location into their destination . The game was expensive to create , and used motion capture techniques of clay models for the on screen 3 D animation . The game used the same graphics engine both for normal gameplay and for cutscenes . The quality of the footage was described as similar to the cutscenes in Blade Runner ( 1997 ) , but Tribal Dreams intended to remove the robotlike stare of the characters as seen in that game . Quaker Oats signed a promotional deal to feature the game on cereal boxes in a promotion beginning in April 1998 , which featured both a competition to win a visit to the one of the series sets and a 10 rebate for either Secret of Vulcan Fury or Starfleet Academy . It was the first Star Trek cereal promotion in the United States . Secret of Vulcan Fury was cancelled in February 1999 , following the continued departure of staff and because of financial problems at Interplay . During the production , three separate producers and the lead artist quit . At the time the project was shut down , it was estimated that less than 5 of the game had been completed . Lead engineer Thom Robertson later explained that the company had massively underestimated the cost of production , having expected to produce nearly seven hours of full motion video for 5 of the budget of a computer generated film such as Toy Story . They also had problems with the filming of the stop motion , as one three day shoot was ruined when the director had red dots painted across the green screen in the hope that it would help with camera tracking . Further issues arose with the shoot as they had used a painted screen , which faded during the shoot causing problems in merging the video . Additional artists were then taken from other projects in order to mitigate those issues . The graphics designed for a Vulcan character were later used by artist Scott unk as a basis for the Klingon captain Klunk for the video game Star Trek New Worlds .
2,682	All the Way ( also known as ( Someday We 'll Go ) All the Way and referred to as Go All the Way ) is a song written and performed by Evanston , Illinois native and Pearl Jam vocalist Eddie Vedder about the Chicago Cubs . It was first performed in public on August 2 , 2007 , recorded on August 21 , 2008 and August 22 , 2008 , and released as a single on September 18 , 2008 . The Cubs franchise last won the World Series in 1908 , and Vedder has been a lifelong Cubs fan . The song , which fondly looks forward to the Cubs ' next World Series victory , was written with the encouragement of certain Chicago Cubs , most notably Ernie Banks . The song was first performed in Chicago and was recorded over two nights in 2008 at the end Vedder 's first solo tour . Origin and recording Although Pearl Jam vocalist Eddie Vedder , who was raised in Evanston , Illinois and later San Diego County , California , is closely associated with Seattle grunge music , he has been a lifelong Chicago Cubs fan . He has performed the song Take Me Out to the Ball Game during the seventh inning stretch at several Cubs games and thrown out the ceremonial first pitch at Wrigley Field . His first seventh inning stretch performance had been on Independence Day ( July 4 ) 1998 . Vedder has attended the Cubs fantasy camp for several years . While attending the camp one year , former Cubs shortstop and first baseman Ernie Banks requested that Vedder write a song about the Cubs . Vedder wrote All the Way the night before the camp started and first performed it at Pearl Jam 's August 2 , 2007 concert at The Vic Theatre in Chicago with Cubs pitcher Kerry Wood and other Cubs players in attendance . On August 3 , 2007 , one day after All the Way was premiered live , Vedder performed Take Me Out to the Ball Game during the seventh inning stretch at Wrigley Field for the fourth time and threw out the first pitch for the first time . Vedder 's band , Pearl Jam , was in Chicago that week to perform at Lollapalooza , where the band was the headlining act for the three day festival that ended on August 5 , 2007 . The version of All the Way heard on the commercial single release is mixed from recordings of the August 21 , 2008 and August 22 , 2008 solo performances of the song by Vedder at the Auditorium Theatre in Chicago . Vedder performed at the Auditorium Theatre on August 21 and August 22 , 2008 on a three week extension of his solo tour that began in Boston , Massachusetts at the Boston Opera House ( 1980 ) and ended in Chicago . The solo tour had originally begun in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada at The Centre on April 2 , 2008 . This tour was Vedder 's first solo tour . Lyrics The 3 39 song is in the folk music genre , and it is perceived as a sing along sea unk or drinking song . The lyrics to the song include lines such as Our heroes wear pinstripes unk in blue Give us a chance to feel like heroes , too . The song makes references to Ernie Banks , Wrigley Field , and a specific reference to Banks ' catch phrase of Let 's play two The refrain includes the phrase Someday we 'll go all the way , Yeah , someday we 'll go all the way , which anticipates the day the Cubs win the World Series , gives the song its name . Release and reception On September 18 , 2008 , All the Way was made available for digital download via Pearl Jam 's official website for US 0 . 99 . On approximately September 30 , 2008 , a CD single version was made available for purchase at select stores in the Chicago area . A souvenir 45 single format version is also a possibility . The digital download and CD single have been released with an associated single cover art image that is a modified version of the Wrigley Field outfield wall . Philip K. Wrigley had employee Bill Veeck , Jr. add ivy to the outfield walls of Wrigley Field in September 1937 . Wrigley Field is the home stadium for the Chicago Cubs , and its wall is well known for being covered in ivy except for a few select places where signs are present as well as doors to locker rooms and such . The brick is visible under the ivy at the stadium in locations where the signs designate the distance from the wall to home plate measured in feet . The cover art image replaces the distance with the words All the Way . By the time of the single release , local Chicago radio stations and sports bars had begun to play the song in anticipation of the 2008 Cubs ' playoff run . The song is considered to be an earnest tribute to the Cubs . According to at least one source , the song is reminiscent of A Hard Rain 's a Gonna Fall by American singer songwriter Bob Dylan and much less upbeat than the song Go , Cubs , Go by American folk music singer songwriter Steve Goodman . The Huffington Post encourages listeners to compare the song to Goodman 's Go , Cubs , Go . Another source compares the song to American country folk singer songwriter John Prine 's 1974 song Dear Abby in terms of melody and cadence as well as the theme of Goodman 's A Dying Cubs Fan s Last Request . At The Smashing Pumpkins ' November 20 , 2008 concert at the Chicago Theatre , frontman Billy Corgan criticized Vedder and the song . Corgan stated , If the Cubs did have a chance this last year that just passed , fuckin Eddie Vedder killed that shit dead . Last I checked Eddie ain t living here , okay Eddie ain t living here to write a song about my fuckin team .
2,683	Pig Bride ( Korean unk unk ) is a manhwa written and illustrated by Huh Kook hwa ( unk ) and Kim Su jin ( unk ) . The story follows Si Joon Lee , who was tricked as an eight year old boy , into fulfilling a prophecy and marrying the mysterious Pig Bride a young blonde girl who hides her supposedly disfigured face under a pig faced mask . When Si Joon turns sixteen , the Bride reappears and causes havoc , interrupting the blossoming romance between Si Joon and classmate Doe Doe . The series was released in five volumes between 2007 and 2008 in South Korea by unk Publishing and later localized by Yen Press for North American distribution . Yen Press also serialized Pig Bride in Yen Plus , a manga anthology . Yen Press 's localization kept the Korean onomatopoeia and sound effects and used Anglicization followed by the English translation . Reception of the initial volumes was mixed and the entire series was reviewed negatively by Manga Critic 's Katherine Dacey as one of the worst manga of 2009 . The artwork and styling received mixed praise , but the manhwa style artwork was noted to be a divisive aspect for readers . Plot Rebellious and spoiled eight year old Si Joon Lee is sent to a summer camp in the mountains by his senator father . He escapes and finds himself lost , but is saved when he finds a house in the middle of nowhere . A mysterious woman who lives there reveals to him that he is part of an ancient prophecy and must marry her daughter , Mu Yeon , a descendant of the Park family of the ' Park Bride ' folktale . The daughter is a small girl of Si Joon 's age who hides her face behind a smiling pig mask . Tempted by food , Si Joon agrees to the marriage . That night , Mu Yeon tells him she will meet him on his sixteenth birthday . True to her words , on his sixteenth birthday , she appears before Si Joon with her sister and bodyguard , Mu Hwa . A holy priest who serves Si Joon 's family reveals that the marriage must commence and the prophecy must be fulfilled or Si Joon will die before the year ends . Si Joon attempts to live his life normally , but begins to experience flashbacks involving his past life and Mu Yeon . The last volume 's epilogue reveals that Mu Yeon became South Korea 's first female president , Si Joon continues to work behind the scenes , Ji Oh became a doctor , Mu Hwa became the head of Secret Service , and Doe Doe became a banker . Production Huh had difficulty in designing the Pig Girl 's mask and attempted several different designs which were rejected before arriving at the chosen mask , but cannot imagine Mu Yeon wearing any other mask now . Yen Press licensed Pig Bride for an English language release in North America and began serializing it in the manga anthology Yen Plus . The final issue of Yen Plus in July 2010 contained the conclusion to Pig Bride . The English localization process included Korean onomatopoeia and sound effects with the anglicized word followed by the English translations . Signage and text is commonly written with English translations in or near the panel it appears instead of replacing the original text . Volume list Reception Joy Kim of Manga Life also praised the art style saying the characters were distinctive . She criticized the relationship of the lead couple , Si Joon Lee and Mu Yeon Park , saying that Mu Yeon should not be so sweet and protective of someone who does not return her feelings . Kim praised the character Ji Oh Yun as the most interesting character in the series and that his relationship with Mu Hwa Park is interesting . Melinda unk of Manga Bookshelf reviewed the first volume and concluded that despite being somewhat muddled , the visual storytelling is not . The art is clean , lovely , and easy to follow , with a nicely restrained use of elaborate backgrounds and imaginative panel layouts . The character designs are pretty , distinct , and occasionally even creepy , as with Mu Yeon 's eternally smiling mask . The overall look is undeniably manhwa a draw for some and a turn off for others . Erin Jones of Mania.com noted the distinct and typical romance story in the first volume , but found the first volume enjoyable and noted that the interactions of the Pig Girl are what will drive the series despite the volume ending without strong development of the characters . A review of volume two by Pop Culture Shock gave it a B despite confusion caused by the plot and vagueness on the villain front , Pig Bride is still a very entertaining tale . The series was received negatively by Katherine Dacey of unk where it was listed as fifth on Manga Critic 's The 2009 Manga Hall of Shame Inductees . Dacey criticized the series ' lack of comedy , art style , and the personality of girls stating the author must hate girls . Kurt Hassler of Yen Press rebutted unk review and disagreed and praised the characters and the art style . Hassler 's response to the review led to Dacey modifying her review to specify it was not hatred of women , but of the characters . Hassler also highlighted a quote from a review by Julie of Manga Maniac Cafe , a personal website , which stated , The art alone makes this title worthy of a read , with its fine lines , elegant details , and overall attractiveness the vision revealed inside this book is gorgeous . Dramatic and comedic scenes are played out with equal effectiveness , making the visuals a joy to behold .
2,684	State Highway 32 ( SH 32 or OK 32 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The highway runs from west to east across the southern part of the state , just north of the Red River . The route begins at US 81 in Ryan and ends at US 70 in Kingston , a length of 77 . 3 miles ( 124 . 4 km ) . SH 32 was first added to the state highway system at the end of 1934 none of the highway as created is part of the present day SH 32 ( having been encroached upon by US 70 ) . SH 32 is also linked with SH 199 part of SH 32 was spun off to create SH 199 in 1938 . Route description SH 32 begins at US 81 in Ryan , where it follows the street grid , heading in a northeast direction . As the route leaves Ryan , it turns onto a due east course . It is 17 miles ( 27 km ) until the next town , Grady . SH 32 turns to the southeast to serve this town . Six more miles ( 10 km ) from Grady , SH 32 meets another highway for the first time , SH 89 . At the junction , SH 32 turns south , overlapping SH 89 for six miles ( 10 km ) . While concurrent , the two highways pass through the unincorporated community of Petersburg , then turn to the west . The two routes divide at Courtney , where SH 89 heads south towards the Red River and Texas . SH 32 continues east from Courtney , crossing over Mud Creek , then passing through unincorporated unk . East of unk , the highway comes to the intersection with SH 76 . The next unincorporated community SH 32 passes through is Turner . Eight miles ( 13 km ) east of the SH 76 junction , at Dunbar , SH 32 serves as the northern terminus of SH 96 , which serves unk . Nine miles ( 14 km ) east of unk , SH 32 has an interchange with I 35 outside Marietta , the seat of Love County . Soon after passing I 35 , SH 32 forms a brief concurrency with US 77 , and passes through Marietta . East of town , the route comes to a junction with SH unk ( one of SH unk 's four termini ) . SH 32 continues east , following the curve of Lake Texoma 's shoreline , passing through Lebanon . The highway then intersects with SH unk . Five miles ( 8 km ) east of SH unk , SH 32 crosses US 377 SH 99 . Two miles ( 3 km ) further east , SH 32 acts as the southern endpoint of SH unk . Two miles ( 3 km ) after that , SH 32 ends at US 70 in Kingston . History State Highway 32 was commissioned on December 12 , 1934 . As originally created , the route ran from SH 14 ( present day US 183 ) in Davidson to Waurika , passing through the towns of unk , Devol , and Randlett and the counties of Tillman , Cotton , and Jefferson . SH 32 was extended to cover approximately the west half of its present day route on June 16 , 1936 the route 's new eastern terminus was US 77 in Marietta . On March 29 , 1937 , the highway was expanded even further east to end at US 70 in unk . This extension was split off to form SH 199 on October 13 , 1938 . Meanwhile , changes were occurring in the eastern part of Jefferson County . The portion of highway from Ryan east to the Love County line was removed from the highway system on December 31 , 1937 . As a result , SH 32 was discontiguous one section stretched from Davidson to Ryan , while another began at a spur ending at the Jefferson Love county line and continued east from there . The portion of SH 32 concurrent with US 81 between Waurika and Ryan , once necessary to connect to the now decommissioned road , was removed on February 24 , 1938 . Both of these sections of road were reinstated as part of SH 32 on February 29 , 1944 . Changes in US 70 's routing in the 1930s and 1940s resulted in the western part of SH 32 becoming concurrent with the U.S. highway through southwest Oklahoma during the late 1930s . US 70 as first designated in Oklahoma crossed into the state north of Burkburnett , Texas and intersected SH 32 in Randlett continuing north of SH 32 , the U.S. highway turned east , running through Walters . In Comanche , US 70 turned south along US 81 and followed it until reaching the present day US 70 routing in Waurika . Between Randlett and Waurika , SH 32 provided a much more direct route . On May 6 , 1936 , US 70 was realigned to follow SH 32 between these two cities . On March 3 , 1945 , US 70 was realigned again . This brought the highway into Oklahoma much earlier , crossing the Red River much further west , in effect bypassing Wichita Falls , Texas . As a result of the realignment , US 70 intersected SH 32 at its western terminus in Davidson and followed it all the way to Waurika . The westernmost 64 miles ( 103 km ) of SH 32 ( as measured along the present day US 70 alignment ) were concurrent with US 70 . SH 32 was resumed its expansion to the east on September 16 , 1946 . On that date , the highway 's eastern terminus was set at its present location at US 70 in Kingston . Much of this extension reclaimed for SH 32 the stretch of road lost by the creation of SH 199 . At this time , SH 32 was at its zenith stretching from Davidson to Kingston , the route covered a total of 152 miles ( 245 km ) along present day roads . However , the westernmost 64 miles ( 103 km ) of SH 32 still overlapped US 70 . On September 6 , 1966 , after over twenty years of unk , SH 32 was truncated to its current western terminus in Ryan . Everything west of Waurika was now solely US 70 . After the truncation of 1966 , SH 32 had the same route that it does today . Junction list
2,685	Circuit City Stores , Inc. v. Adams , 532 U.S. 105 ( 2001 ) , was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 2001 . The case concerned whether the section one exemption of the Federal Arbitration Act applied to an employment contract of an employee at Circuit City Stores . The Court held that the exemption was limited to the specific listing of professions contained in the text . This decision meant that general employment contracts , like the one Adams sued under , would have to be arbitrated in accordance with the federal statute . Background In 1995 , Saint Clair Adams , who was hired as a sales counselor , signed an employment application with Circuit City . A provision in Adams ' application required all employment disputes to be settled by arbitration . Specifically , it stated I agree that I will settle any and all previously unk claims , disputes or controversies arising out of or relating to my application or candidacy for employment , employment and or cessation of employment with Circuit City , exclusively by final and binding arbitration before a neutral unk ... In 1997 , Adams filed an employment discrimination lawsuit against Circuit City in California state court , alleging violations of state employment law . Circuit City then filed suit in Federal District Court , seeking to enjoin the state court action and to compel arbitration of Adams ' claims under the Federal Arbitration Act . The District Court entered an order to that effect because it decided that Adams was obligated by the arbitration agreement . In reversing , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals found that the arbitration agreement between Adams and Circuit City was contained in a contract of employment , and thus not subject to the Act under section 1 of the Act . Section 1 of the FAA excludes contracts of employment of seamen , railroad employees , or any other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce from the Act 's coverage . Circuit City appealed to the Supreme Court which agreed to hear the case . Opinion of the Court Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote the majority opinion , reversing the Ninth Circuit and holding that the exception did not apply to this case . The main reason for this finding was the decision that section one 's exemption would only be confined to transportation workers . The wording of section one calls for the application of the maxim unk generis , the statutory canon that ' where general words follow specific words in a statutory enumeration , the general words are construed to embrace only objects similar in nature to those objects enumerated by the preceding specific words ... ' . Under this method of reading the statute , he would be able to reach an understanding of what the exemption meant . He wrote , Under this rule of construction the residual clause should be read to give effect to the terms ' seamen ' and ' railroad employees , ' and should itself be controlled and defined by reference to the enumerated categories of workers which are recited just before it the interpretation of the clause pressed by respondent fails to produce these results . Therefore , section one exempts from the FAA only contracts of employment of transportation workers . Kennedy 's decision was joined by four other Justices to create a 5 justice majority . Dissenting opinions Justice John Paul Stevens wrote a dissent , with which Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer joined . Justice David Souter joined all sections of Stevens ' dissent besides a critique of previous decision of the Supreme Court in arbitration case law . Stevens examined the history of arbitration and the purpose of it throughout the century . The Federal Arbitration Act was designed , he explained , to maintain the unk of contractual agreements . But private arbitration is a whole other situation . Stevens wrote , As the history of the legislation indicates , the potential disparity in bargaining power between individual employees and large employers was the source of organized labor s opposition to the Act , which it feared would require courts to enforce unfair employment contracts . He went on to quote the former Chief Justice of the Israeli Supreme Court , Aharon Barak in supporting the idea that the Court should look at the purpose of the act rather than its pure statutory language . Justice Souter wrote a separate dissent which was joined by the other three Justices who signed onto Stevens ' dissent as listed above . He mainly attacked the method of the majority 's statutory reading and its failure to look at the statute as a whole . He wrote , It is imputing something very odd to the working of the congressional brain to say that Congress took care to bar application of the Act to the class of employment contracts it most obviously had authority to legislate about in 1925 ... With that understanding of the Act , he would have affirmed the decision and holding of the Ninth Circuit . Subsequent history The case was remanded to the Ninth Circuit , which declared the arbitration agreement unconscionable under California law . That precluded arbitration proceedings and allowed Adams to pursue a regular lawsuit in California courts . Adams was then able to pursue the original claims notwithstanding the decision by Justice Kennedy . In the aftermath of the case , legal analysts said that this case would be important for future arbitration case law .
2,686	The men 's ski jumping at the 1928 Winter Olympics took place at the 70 meter ( 230 ft ) Olympiaschanze in St. Moritz , Switzerland , on 18 February . Thirty eight competitors from thirteen nations competed , with the event being won by Norway 's Alf Andersen ahead of countryman Sigmund Ruud and Czechoslovakia 's Rudolf Burkert . Norway sent a strong contingent with four jumpers able to win the event , including reigning Olympic and world champion Jacob unk Thams . Andersen had won all eight Norwegian qualification events . World record holder Nels Nelsen from Canada was not permitted to participate due to financial problems . Japan participated in an international ski jumping competition for the first time , also becoming the first Asian country to do so . After the first jump , three Norwegians were in the lead . A 40 minute discussion erupted regarding the speed , with Central European jumpers wanting it increased . This was complied with by the jury , resulting in falls by several favorites , including the most vocal speed increase proponents , Grard Vuilleumier and Bruno Trojani . Andersen and Ruud won by reducing their speed on the in run . Venue The event took place at Olympiaschanze , located in the neighborhood of St. Moritz Bad . The town 's first ski jumping hill , unk , opened in 1895 . However , it was not large enough for the Olympic tournaments , forcing the town to build a larger venue . Construction started in 1926 and the venue in inaugurated on 20 January 1927 . Olympiaschanze had a size of 70 meters ( 230 ft ) and a crowd of 8 , 000 people attended the event . The venue had also hosted the Nordic combined event and would later be used for the 1948 Winter Olympics . Background Norway sent a strong delegation with four participants able to win the event . Jacob unk Thams had won the 1924 Winter Olympics event and has also won the 1926 World Championships , making him reigning Olympic and world champion . The rest of the delegation consisted Alf Andersen , Sigmund Ruud the oldest of the Ruud brothers and Hans Kleppen . Andersen had won all eight Norwegian qualifications for the Olympics . Other favorites were Rudolf Burkert , who had won and the ski jumping part of the Nordic combined event , and the host nation 's Grard Vuilleumier . Asia participated for the first time in an international tournament , represented by Japan 's Motohiko Ban . Canada had originally planned to send two ski jumpers , Nels Nelsen and Melbourne McKenzie . Nelsen held world record for the longest ski jump . However , lack of funding meant that they planned for work for their fare on a freighter . These plans were stopped by officials from the British delegation , who organized the Canadian team and who felt working for their fare was inappropriate and not fitting for the team , and Nelsen never competed in any Winter Olympics . Race The jury consisted of unk of Norway , unk of Czechoslovakia and unk of Switzerland . Because of ice on the in run , a reduced speed was used during the first round . Andersen jumped 60 . 0 meters , by far the longest jump . unk , Ruud and Vuilleumier were in joint second place with 57 . 5 meters , while unk was in fourth with 57 . 0 meters . Thams , Kleppen and Poland 's Bronisaw Czech all jumped 56 . 5 meters , but both Kleppen and Czech fell . In terms of points , the three Norwegians Andersen , Ruud and Thams were in the lead , ahead of unk and Vuilleumier . In the break , a number of Central Europeans , including Vuilleumier and Bruno Trojani , asked for top speed . This was protested by the Scandinavian and United States jumpers , and a 40 minute discussion broke out . At one point , one of the facilitators at the in run received a telephone call confirming top speed . The facilitator was skeptical , and chose to call back to the judges , who could confirm that they had not given such a go ahead . In the end , the judges chose to allow higher speeds , with a compromise of 5 . 0 meters more distance . However , the facilitator only moved the rope 4 . 5 meters . This made the Swiss furious , and they used their knives to cut the rope . They then accused the participants who were opposed to full speed of being cowards . Andersen and Ruud skied down the in run in a standing position to reduce their speed , and had the two longest standing jumps . The event is regarded as the international break through for Ruud . Thams gave full speed and landed at 73 . 0 meters , but fell and ended on a 28th place . Had he stood , it would have been a new world record . The wounds were serious enough that he had to be taken to hospital . Afterwards he stated I at least showed those guys that we are not cowards . Also unk and Trojani became subject to the higher speeds , both falling and ending with a 30th and 32nd place , respectively . Ban had the shortest jump in both rounds , fell in the first round , and ended last . Results The following is a list of all participants , noting their rank , country , the length in the first and second round , and the judge score for each of the three judges , as well as the final score . ( F ) denotes a fall . Participating nations A total of 38 ski jumpers from 13 nations competed in the event Austria ( 1 ) Canada ( 1 ) Czechoslovakia ( 4 ) Finland ( 2 ) France ( 3 ) Germany ( 4 ) Italy ( 3 ) Japan ( 1 ) Norway ( 4 ) Poland ( 4 ) Sweden ( 4 ) Switzerland ( 4 ) United States ( 3 )
2,687	Lucas Bros. Moving Co. is an American animated television series created by Kenny and Keith Lucas . It originally premiered on Fox on November 23 , 2013 , as part of Animation Domination High Def , but was renewed for two additional seasons on FXX . The series features the twins as work shy animated counterparts of themselves , running a moving company out of their van . The series is roughly based on the creators ' experiences as cable television installers . Plot The series revolves around identical twins Kenny and Keith Lucas ( voiced by Kenny and Keith Lucas , respectively ) , who run a moving company called Lucas Bros Moving Co in Greenpoint , Brooklyn , out of their van after receiving it from their dead uncle . The two are shown to frequently consume marijuana , emitting a calm demeanor throughout the various escapades caused at their job . unk and indolent , their customers are often apprehensive towards their weaknesses , but the brothers like to remind themselves that 's why God made two of them . Production Lucas Bros. Moving Co. is an animated television series created by twins Kenny and Keith Lucas of The Lucas Brothers , a Brooklyn based comedy duo . The series , featuring the voices of the twins as their animated counterparts , originally had them working as installers for a cable company , a job which the Lucas brothers occupied in real life . This idea was scrapped according to Keith , who felt the premise too close to that of the The Cleveland Show , another animated series aired by Fox . Kenny insisted that moving was just more Brooklyn , a sentiment which Keith echoed , thinking that it would be funny if we were movers because we 've never moved a thing in our lives and we 're so fucking weak and we hate physical labor . Keith complemented the nature of the premise , finding it to be flexible with any character or setting . Commenting on the writing process , Keith called it awesome , citing crew members Nick Weidenfeld , Dave unk , and Matt Silverstein as giving them guidance . Kenny urged to trust the process and not get ahead of yourself , while Keith recommended being patient with breaking scenes down part by part he also called it similar to their stand up routines , although the structure of the show made for more comfort . Commenting on their inspirations , the brothers recognized themselves as animation fans , with Keith mentioning Clone High as one of their favorite series , along with King of the Hill and The Life Times of Tim . Summing Lucas Bros. as an equation , the two called it Bill Ted plus unk plus The Wire ( minus the bleakness ) . In the United States , the series is rated TV 14 . Some jokes have been rejected by the network for content , with the brothers naming a parody of Clay Davis 's character from The Wire 's elongated pronunciation of the word shit as an example of this . Broadcast and reception The series premiered on November 23 , 2013 , on Fox , preceding the premiere of Golan the Insatiable both series were broadcast as part of the network 's late night animation block , Animation Domination High Def . The duo stated around the time of the premiere that the series was picked up for six additional episodes . Fox announced in April 2014 that the Animation Domination High Def block would cease broadcast on June 28 , 2014 , though its programs will continue on digital platforms . In June 2014 , the brothers announced a second and third season , following their film debut in 22 Jump Street . These seasons , bringing the total amount of episodes to 18 , will air on FXX , starting on October 26 , 2014 with a sneak peek of the second season premiere . Rotten Tomatoes identified the first season as having one fresh review by Mike Hale of The New York Times . In his review , Hale found the differences between the protagonists and the creators more significant than their similarities . He acknowledged the duo as having an industriousness completely alien to their fictional counterparts , while calling the protagonists ' disinclined nature as perhaps either a sly joke about the travails of young black men trying to earn an honest buck or the characters ' consumption of marijuana . Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media cited the latter point as a probable source of concern among parents having their children watch the series . While she regarded the emptiness of the protagonists ' adventures as surprisingly amusing in a similar vein to Seinfeld , Ashby ultimately called it mindless entertainment , stating there are no subtle themes nor any clever satire to be had here . Writing for Media Life Magazine , Tom Conroy felt the stoner comedy played to the series ' strengths a rarity , he felt , among comedians relying on such humor while under the influence themselves . While he dubbed the twins ' humor as lazy and aimless as their animated counterparts at times , he concluded that its genial vibe makes it a pleasant way to burn off a quarter hour . Reviewing both the series and Golan the Insatiable , Erik Adams of The A.V. Club felt the horizons of Lucas Bros. were broader than that of Golan , given that its slacker vibe so readily goes with the surreal flow . Adams stated the show resembled Adventure Time if the aforementioned series ' creative staff were allowed to joke about marijuana , but concluded that the series ' humor invoked no more than a unk grin . Explanatory notes
2,688	USS West Alsek ( ID 3119 ) was a cargo ship in the United States Navy during World War I. She had been built as SS West Alsek for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) as part of the West boats , cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States . She sailed on two voyages for the U.S. Navy before she was decommissioned after the Armistice . West Alsek was selected for a test program by the addition of coal unk units that crushed coal and mixed it with air for injection into the boilers . She became the first steamship to cross the Atlantic ocean depending solely on pulverized coal . Test results showed that she sailed faster and used less coal than before the conversion . West Alsek was later abandoned by the USSB and scrapped in 1933 . Design and construction The West ships were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United States for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) for emergency use during World War I. All were given names that began with the word West , like West Alsek , named , in part , after the Alsek River in Alaska . West Alsek was one of some 24 West ships built by Skinner Eddy of Seattle , Washington . West Alsek ( Skinner Eddy No. 22 , USSB No. 87 ) was launched on 4 May 1918 and delivered to the United States Navy upon completion later in the month . West Alsek was built in a total of 78 working days , 92 calendar days , and was tied with three other ships for tenth place on a list of the ten fastest constructed ocean going vessels compiled in 1920 . Skinner Eddy received a 25 , 000 bonus for completing the ship early . The ship was 5 , 637 gross register tons ( GRT ) , and was 409 feet 5 inches ( 124 . 79 m ) long ( between perpendiculars ) and 54 feet ( 16 . 5 m ) abeam . West Alsek had a steel hull and a mean draft of 24 feet 2 inches ( 7 . 37 m ) . She displaced 12 , 226 t , and had a deadweight tonnage of 8 , 529 DWT . The ship had a single triple expansion steam engine powered by three coal fired boilers that generated 2 , 700 horsepower ( 2 , 000 kW ) and drove her single screw propeller , and moved the ship at a 10 . 5 knot ( 19 . 4 km h ) pace . Military career USS West Alsek ( ID 3119 ) was commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) on 4 June with Lieutenant Commander J. S. Gibson , USNRF , in command . West Alsek took on an initial load of 7 , 067 tons of flour and departed the Pacific Northwest on 15 June . After transiting the Panama Canal , she reached New York on 16 July . On 1 August , West Alsek joined Convoy HB 8 with West Bridge , United States Army cargo transport Montanan , and 13 other ships for France . Escorted by armed yacht Noma , destroyers Burrows and Smith , and French cruiser Marseillaise , the convoy was some 500 nautical miles ( 900 km ) west of its destination of Le Verdon sur Mer by the end of the day on 15 August . At sundown , shortly before 18 00 , one of three torpedoes from German submarine U 90 struck Montanan , while another torpedo from U 107 hit West Bridge , which was already adrift with engine trouble . Meanwhile , West Alsek and the other surviving ships of the convoy continued on and arrived at Verdon sur mer on 18 August . After unloading her cargo of flour and returning to the United States , West Alsek next sailed on 27 October in convoy to Quiberon and Nantes . West Alsek unloaded her cargo in Nantes from 15 November four days after the Armistice to 30 December . Sailing for New York on that date , West Alsek arrived there on 19 January 1919 . She was decommissioning on 27 January and returned to the USSB . Civilian career Little is known about West Alsek 's subsequent civilian career until early 1929 . In February of that year , West Alsek , still under USSB ownership , was selected for the addition of pulverized coal fired boilers for testing purposes . Coal unk would take coal often cheaper , inferior grades normally unsuitable for marine use and grind them into coal dust . This dust would then be mixed with air and automatically injected into the boilers without the need for hand feeding . West Alsek entered the Todd Brooklyn shipyard to undergo the conversion in late February . Upon completion of the conversion work , West Alsek was taken out for trials over two passes on a 16 nautical mile ( 30 km ) course on 19 June . Representatives from the USSB , the Navy Department , the United States Coast Guard , the Cunard Line , and Todd and other shipbuilders were on board some 125 guests in all . The ship cruised at an average of 12 . 7 knots ( 23 . 5 km h ) , some 1 . 5 knots ( 2 . 8 km h ) faster than she had ever steamed . After returning her guests to New York , West Alsek sailed to Baltimore , Maryland , for operation by the Oriole Line . She sailed for Cardiff , becoming the first ship depending only on pulverized coal to cross the Atlantic , and back to Baltimore on 18 August . Early results showed that in addition to making the transatlantic crossings about 10 faster than she had before , West Alsek used about 30 less coal during the voyage . West Alsek continued to be a test platform for assessing the pulverized coal system during a voyage to Glasgow , her second for the Oriole Line . No information on West Alsek 's career after the coal pulverizing tests is available , but it is known that she was abandoned by the USSB , and scrapped in the fourth quarter of 1933 .
2,689	Subtropical Storm Alpha ( also called Alfa ) was a rare off season subtropical cyclone that hit Georgia in May 1972 . It developed from a previously non tropical cyclone in the western Atlantic Ocean , and initially it moved northeastward off of the Carolinas . The storm turned southwestward due to a building ridge , and concurrently it intensified to become Subtropical Storm Alpha . It later moved ashore near Savannah , and it finally dissipated in the northeast Gulf of Mexico on May 29 . It produced wave action and moderate rainfall along the coast . Damage totaled over 100 , 000 ( 1972 USD ) , and there were two associated deaths . Meteorological history Throughout May 1972 , a series of weak troughs moved across the eastern United States . In the third week of the month , an upper level cutoff low developed along one of these troughs , located southeast of the United States and removed from the Westerlies . The origins of Alpha were from a surface low northeast of Florida , associated with the larger scale , cold core upper low . It organized , and late on May 23 it could be classified as a subtropical depression , east of the Georgia South Carolina border . While southeast of Hatteras , North Carolina , a developing ridge blocked its northeast motion , and so it slowed to turn to the southeast . On May 25 , a small , intense low level center organized rapidly , and by the next day it attained gale force winds , by which time the storm turned southwestward . At 1600 UTC on May 26 , the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on Subtropical Cyclone Alpha , when the storm was about 225 miles south of Cape Hatteras . Around that time , it reached its peak winds of 70 mph ( 110 km h ) . On its first advisory , there was disagreement among forecast models regarding its eventual track , with projected tracks deviating from a Georgia landfall to a track northeastward out to sea . Alpha was also a climatological outlier at the time the NHC unk model , which was based on previous storms with similar characteristics , found no analogs for the storm . Subtropical Storm Alpha was initially well defined as it moved southwestward . The very small center was located along the eastern edge of the convection , while low level cloud bands formed east of the center . At the time , the temperature structure was more typical of a winter storm , although it was expected to become more like a subtropical storm typical during the summer months . The winds decreased steadily as it turned more westward on May 27 , and the heavy rainfall persisted mostly to the north and west of the center . The National Hurricane Center initially thought the center might not have been at the surface , and the agency indicated low forecasting confidence , as they could not determine a circulation center . The difficulty arose from the large , sprawling nature of the storm , and by later on May 27 a new center formed , as confirmed by radar imagery and the Hurricane Hunters . That night , the extremely small center made landfall just south of Savannah , Georgia , affecting a very small area with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km h ) and a minimum pressure of 991 mbar ( hPa 29 . 26 inHg ) . Around the time of landfall , Alpha developed a warm core , indicating some tropical characteristics . The storm weakened quickly over land , although it did not dissipate until two days later over the northeast Gulf of Mexico . Preparations and impact At the time of the first advisory on Alpha , there were small craft warnings from Jacksonville , Florida to Cape May , New Jersey . Gale warnings were posted from Cape Fear , North Carolina to Chincoteague , Virginia . The interaction between Alpha and the high pressure system to its northeast caused cooler temperatures and gusty winds from Delaware southward . Wave heights reached up to 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) along the Virginia capes . The storm dropped rainfall along the coast of North Carolina and Virginia , with a maximum of 6 . 97 inches ( 177 mm ) reported in Ocracoke , North Carolina . While moving slowly off the North Carolina coast , Alpha caused heavy beach erosion , destroyed one house , and threatened the foundation of several other homes in the Outer Banks . Damage totaled over 50 , 000 ( 1972 USD ) . While the storm was traveling over the western Atlantic Ocean , the storm produced a large area of rough seas , which was considered the greatest threat from the storm . In northeastern Florida , police officers were stationed to ensure people did not swim in the dangerous seas . The high waves also halted work to deepen a harbor at the Mayport Naval Station . Two people drowned after the storm dissipated , when surf was still turbulent . Tides along the Georgia coast reached 2 to 3 feet ( 0 . 61 to 0 . 91 m ) above normal , which caused some flooding and beach erosion . Wind gusts reached 58 mph ( 93 km h ) on Saint Simons Island . The winds knocked down trees and power lines , leaving some people without power in eastern Georgia . Damage was minor but widespread in the state , estimated at over 50 , 000 ( 1972 USD ) . Moderate rains spread in coastal areas from South Carolina through southern Florida . The 1972 hurricane season was the first year in which quasi tropical cyclones were named , by using the NATO phonetic alphabet . At the time , the names were applied to large subtropical cyclones and small unk , both of which were later combined into one category .
2,690	Scream ( originally stylised as Scream ) is a floorless roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain . Manufactured by Bolliger Mabillard , Scream was the park 's sixteenth roller coaster and is located in unk District area of the park . The 150 foot tall ( 46 m ) ride consists of a series of roller coaster elements including seven inversions ranging from a zero g roll to interlocking corkscrews . The ride is a mirror image of Bizarro at Six Flags Great Adventure . Unlike its counterpart , Scream has been criticized for its lack of theming . Scream is one of the less popular rides at the park with a wait time that is often 5 minutes or shorter . History In 1999 , Six Flags Great Adventure spent 42 million on new attractions including a prototype Floorless Coaster , Medusa ( later renamed Bizarro ) , developed and built by Bolliger Mabillard . The immediate popularity of the ride led to several parks installing Floorless Coasters in the early 2000s . In November 2002 , parts for Scream began arriving at Six Flags Magic Mountain . On November 14 , 2002 , the park officially announced that they would be adding Scream for the 2003 season , making it the park 's sixteenth roller coaster . According to the park , the ride was added to fill the missing link to our coaster collection . After five months construction , Scream officially opened to the public on April 12 , 2003 . On April 9 , 2004 , a park employee was killed when they were hit by one of Scream 's trains during an after hours test run . According to a statement issued by the park , the employee deviated from safety training procedures and walked underneath the ride . The ride was closed immediately pending clearance by the California Occupational Safety and Health Administration . The administration cleared the ride for operation within two weeks . Characteristics Statistics The 3 , 985 foot long ( 1 , 215 m ) Scream stands 150 feet ( 46 m ) tall . With a top speed of 63 miles per hour ( 101 km h ) , the ride features seven inversions including a 128 foot tall ( 39 m ) vertical loop , a 96 foot tall ( 29 m ) dive loop , a zero g roll , a 78 foot tall ( 24 m ) cobra roll , and two interlocking corkscrews . Although the ride is a mirrored clone of the first Floorless Coaster ( Medusa Bizarro at Six Flags Great Adventure ) , they feature a slight difference in height of about 8 feet ( 2 . 4 m ) , and a difference in speed of 2 miles per hour ( 3 . 2 km h ) . Trains Scream operates with three floorless trains . Each train seats 32 riders in eight rows of four . This gives the ride a theoretical capacity of 1 , 440 riders per hour . The open air trains feature seats which leave riders ' legs dangling above the track . Riders are restrainted with over the shoulder restraints . As the trains are floorless , the station has a retractable floor for safe boarding . Ride experience Once the train is loaded and secured , the floor is retracted and the train departs the station . A U turn to the right leads to the 150 foot tall ( 46 m ) chain lift hill . Once riders reach the top , they go through a small pre drop before dropping 141 feet ( 43 m ) to the right . The train then reaches a top speed of 63 miles per hour ( 101 km h ) and enters the 128 foot tall ( 39 m ) vertical loop followed by a turn to the left into the 96 foot tall ( 29 m ) dive loop . After the diving loop , the train passes the station and goes through a zero g roll , where riders experience a feeling of weightlessness . The train then goes through the 78 foot tall ( 24 m ) cobra roll , a roller coaster element which inverts riders twice . Riders then enter the mid course brake run which is located next to the lift hill . The train drops out of the brake run to the right and enters a 270 degree helix followed by the two interlocking corkscrews . Riders to through a small dip then enter the final brake run before returning to the station . Reception The reception of Scream has been mixed . Arthur Levine of About.com gives the ride 4 out of 5 stars . He states it 's remarkably smooth , loaded with airtime , and has plenty of surprises to warrant its name . Levine did criticise the lack of theming and landscaping around the ride noting the immediate area surrounding the ride includes a bone yard of coaster seats and parts . Robert Niles of the Los Angeles Times shared a similar sentiment , stating Scream creates an effective illusion that you are alone , flying above the track but questions the ride 's location on a former parking lot . He highlights a good story can elicit extreme thoughts and emotions . ... Why ignore those opportunities when building a thrill ride . Niles concluded by stating I feel a little neglected as I shuffle off the otherwise exciting ride , referring to the lack of theming or storyline . Lynn unk of the Deseret News praised the ride , rating it alongside the Riddler 's Revenge for the best rides in the park . Scream has never featured in Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards top 50 steel roller coasters . The mirrored clone at Six Flags Great Adventure peaked at position 16 in its debut year before ranking a further six times in the list . In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , Scream entered at position 52 in 2003 , before dropping to a low of 159 in the 2012 poll . The ride 's ranking in the poll is summarised in the table below .
2,691	Family Trade is an American reality television series broadcast by Game Show Network . The show premiered on March 12 , 2013 , and continued to air new episodes until April 16 , 2013 . Filmed in Middlebury , Vermont , the series chronicles the daily activities of G. Stone Motors , a GMC and Ford car dealership that employs the barter system in selling its automobiles . The dealership is operated by its founder , Gardner Stone , his son and daughter , Todd and Darcy , and General Manager Travis Romano . The series features the shop 's daily interaction with its customers , who bring in a variety of items that can be resold in order to receive a down payment on the vehicle they are leasing or purchasing . Commentary and narration are also often provided by the Stones during the episodes . Format The series features customers , usually two to three per episode , bringing in anything they believe is unk within reason to the dealership to help cover the cost of a new or used vehicle ( including pigs , maple syrup , and collectable dolls ) , rather than paying for it with cash . The customers then negotiate the value of their items , usually with Gardner , but occasionally also with other members of the shop 's staff . The trade usually is not enough to cover the full value of the car or truck because of this , the value of the trade provides the customers with a down payment on the vehicle . Once the trade is completed , Todd , Darcy , and Travis take the items the dealership has acquired , and attempt to resell them for a profit . Production Production for Family Trade began with the dealership receiving a phone call from Eli Frankel and Lionsgate proposing the idea of filming a reality show . The Stones eventually agreed to have Lionsgate film a fifteen minute clip of various trades performed at the dealership . Lionsgate pitched the idea to a few networks , such as History , but GSN eventually picked the series up after ordering a pilot show . In the network 's 2012 upfronts , GSN announced plans to launch a new category of programming entitled Real Life Games , stating that series under that category , take place in real world settings and feature real life risk and reward , winners and losers , joy and disappointment . Family Trade first appeared in the network 's upfronts on March 21 , 2012 under that same section . Despite this , the Stones insisted that there were little to no game aspects to the series , rather that everything seen in the show was related to business . GSN then proceeded to order eight episodes of the series on August 9 , 2012 . The series was originally expected to premiere on March 5 , 2013 however , GSN later pushed the premiere date back a week to March 12 . Although the network never made an official cancelation announcement , the show has not aired on GSN since the end of the first season . Combined with the show 's absence in the network 's most recent annual upfront presentation , it is presumed to be canceled . Cast Gardner Stone President and founder of G. Stone Motors . Born and raised in Middlebury , Stone started the company in 1974 before moving it to its current location in 1983 . Stone is an avid fan and supporter of American cars and has stated this on the dealership 's website and on Family Trade . Todd Stone Gardner 's son and the dealership 's Vice President . Stone began working at G. Stone Motors in 1985 by washing cars while he was still in school . Stone often has the task of reselling the items the shop takes in trade . He and Gardner often disagree on what makes a good trade , which can lead to minor conflicts between the two and the shop 's other employees . Darcy Stone Gardner 's daughter and the General Manager of G. Stone Commercial Group , who also works as a service coordinator . Stone occasionally is involved in helping Gardner take in items customers have to trade however , she is usually seen helping reselling those items . Travis Romano The dealership 's General Manager who began working at the shop in 2002 as a sales consultant . Romano oversees many daily operations by working with both the sales and finance departments of the shop , and also sometimes works with Todd by reselling many of the shop 's acquired items . Reception Family Trade was considered by many to be a risk for GSN due to the network 's history of exclusively airing game shows . Greg Braxton of the Los Angeles Times called the show a game changer , and a key part in GSN 's strategy to broaden its programming and brand . The day after the series premiere , Michael Tyminski of Manhattan Digest gave a negative review of the show , calling it incredibly bland , and stating that it appeared to lack much of the family drama that had previously been advertised . Ratings Family Trade started off with decent ratings by GSN 's standards , averaging 403 , 000 viewers for the two episodes shown on the night of the show 's premiere , slightly above the network 's primetime viewership average . However , the show quickly fell in the ratings , with all new episodes airing in March ( including the premiere night 's episodes ) averaging 296 , 000 viewers , and only 40 , 000 viewers ( with a 0 . 0 rating ) among adults 18 49 . In April , the series dropped even lower in terms of total viewers , with an average of 274 , 000 , and only improved unk among adults 18 49 , with 46 , 000 viewers ( again with a 0 . 0 rating ) .
2,692	Loetoeng Kasaroeng is a 1926 fantasy film from the Dutch East Indies ( modern day Indonesia ) which was directed and produced by L. Heuveldorp . An adaptation of the Sundanese folktale Lutung Kasarung ( The Lost Lutung ) , the film tells of a young girl who falls in love with a magical unk and stars the children of noblemen . Details on its performance are unavailable , although it is known to have been of poor technical quality and thought to have performed poorly . It was the first film produced in the country and the first to feature a native Indonesian cast . It is likely a lost film . Plot unk and unk are sisters and in competition . unk , the elder sister , teases unk about the latter 's lover , a unk named Guru Minang unk 's boyfriend , unk , is a handsome human . However , the girls discover that Guru Minang is actually a god who is more handsome than unk . Production The first showing of films in the Dutch East Indies was in 1900 , and over the next twenty years foreign productions generally from the United States were imported and shown throughout the country . Domestic production of documentaries had begun in 1911 but were unable to compete with imported works . By 1923 a local feature film production spearheaded by the Middle East Film Co. was announced , but the work was not completed . Under pressure from imported works , in 1926 N.V. Java Film , a production house based in Batavia ( modern day Jakarta ) which had previously produced a single documentary , unk op de unk ( Native Crocodile Hunters ) , chose to make a feature film based on the Sundanese folktale Lutung Kasarung . The company 's owner , L. Heuveldorp served as director and producer , while its laboratory head G. Krugers handled cinematography and processing . Little biographical information is available regarding the background of both men , although it was reported that Heuveldorp had previous experience from working in the United States . The cast was drawn entirely from the priyayi ( noble ) class , under the coordination of school headmaster unk . Among the cast were children of unk V , the regent of Bandung he had agreed to help fund the film to promote Sundanese culture , and had previously brought the story to the stage . Further subsidies had come from the Ministry of Defence , which donated trucks to ease filming . Filming had begun by August 1926 , when several scenes were shot in a cave that had been excavated for the production on unk Hill . Heuveldorp , unable to force the actors to play their roles seriously , shot several scenes with them acting as they wished before showing them the results upon realising that their acting had been disappointing , the cast began to listen to stage directions . Afterwards they began rehearsing each scene at least twice , with unk standing behind the cameraman and giving directions . Release and reception The film was screened on 31 December 1926 at the Oriental and Elita Theatres in Bandung , making it the first domestically produced feature film and the first with a native cast . The advertisements were in both Dutch and Malay language publications . The film was screened for only a week , with live Sundanese gamelan performances providing music , after which Loetoeng Kasaroeng was replaced with Hollywood films . Although its box office performance is not recorded , it is thought to have been poor . A review by unk in Panorama magazine considered the film of poor technical quality compared to imported films , suggesting that the production was underfunded the review states that some actors were not paid for their work . The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran wrote that Loetoeng Kasaroeng would have been poorly received outside of East Java , owing to Sundanese culture and dance not being considered interesting to other ethnic groups , particularly the Javanese . William van der Heide , a lecturer on film studies at the University of Newcastle in Australia , notes that the tendency of European filmmakers to depict natives as primitives may also have influenced the poor ticket sales . Legacy Although Heuveldorp is not recorded as being involved in any more fiction film productions , Krugers went on to direct several films , including the area 's first talkie , Karnadi Anemer Bangkong ( 1931 ) , before leaving the country in 1936 . At least one of the cast members , unk , is recorded as continuing to act . Lutung Kasarung was adapted to film twice further , in 1952 and 1983 . After Loetoeng Kasaroeng was released , numerous domestic films were made . The second domestic production , Eulis Atjih ( 1927 ) , was directed by Krugers and received a wider release . With the release of Lily van Java ( Lily of Java ) in 1928 , ethnic Chinese became involved in the industry by 1940 native directors had become common . However , the first truly Indonesian film is considered to be Usmar Ismail 's Darah dan Doa ( The Long March ) in 1950 , released after the Dutch recognised Indonesia 's independence in 1949 . Loetoeng Kasaroeng is likely a lost film . The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider wrote that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost . However , JB Kristanto 's Katalog Film Indonesia ( Indonesian Film Catalogue ) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia 's archives , and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service .
2,693	Irving Crane ( November 13 , 1913 November 17 , 2001 ) , nicknamed the Deacon , was an American pool player from Livonia ( near Rochester ) , New York , and ranks among the stellar players in the history of the sport . Considered one of the all time greats , he is best known for his mastery in the game of straight pool ( 14 . 1 continuous ) at which he won numerous championships , including six world billiards titles . Early life Crane 's fascination with billiards started at age 11 , sparked by play on a toy pool table his brother received as a Christmas gift . Showing interest and ability , his father Scott Crane , a trial lawyer and sportsman , and his mother , a high school teacher , soon replaced their dining room table with a 4 ' by 8 ' pool table . He soon ventured out of the home to practice a couple days each week at Olympic Billiards , a room that was part of a bowling alley in Scottsville , a suburb of Rochester , New York . Crane stated in 1998 Other kids , you know they 'd play for twenty minutes or half an hour and they 'd say , ' let 's do something else . ' I could play all day and never get enough . I couldn 't wait to get home from school to play . Crane 's status as a wunderkind was quickly evident although he was entirely self taught , at 14 he ran 89 balls in straight pool at a local pool room , calling each shot in advance , as is mandatory in straight pool . Following this feat , his parents replaced the smaller table with a full size tournament table . Over the next ten years some of the best players of the era , including Willie Hoppe and Andrew Ponzi , came to practice with the promising champion . Despite consistent play throughout his teenage years , Crane did not enter any tournaments until he was 23 years old . In February 1939 , at age 26 , Crane ran 150 balls and out against his opponent in an exhibition straight pool match on a difficult 5 ' by 10 ' table in Layton , Utah . While this was impressive in and of itself , at the crowd 's urging , he continued his run , ultimately pocketing 309 consecutive balls thus shattering the previous world record of 244 consecutive balls . World titles This coup was soon followed by his first world title in 1942 . Over the following three decades , Crane won almost two dozen major championships , including the World Crown in 1946 , 1955 , 1966 , 1968 , 1970 and 1972 , the Ballantine International Championship in 1965 , the International unk championship in 1968 , and the World Series of Billiards in 1978 at age 65 . Of these triumphs , his win at the 1966 World Crown is the most celebrated . At that tournament he ran 150 and out in the finals , never letting his opponent back to the table after an early safety battle an accomplishment that has never been equaled . Crane also holds the record for the most runner up finishes for the World Crown with 13 . Despite his mastery and world renown , Crane found it hard to make a living solely playing pool , and in 1957 began working as a Cadillac salesman at Valley Cadillac Inc . 333 East Avenue in Rochester , New York . He continued there for 17 years . According to Crane 's daughter , at Rochester 's annual auto show his dealership 's exhibit featured a pool table at which Crane would run balls while answering questions . Working for a living was purely a choice of survival . In an interview with Sports Illustrated in 1969 Crane said If I had to make a choice between selling cars and playing pool , I 'd choose pool ... The only time I 've ever been really happy is when I was at a pool table . Described as a tall , lean man with the imperial bearing of the headmaster of Eton , Crane earned the appellation The Deacon because of his gentlemanly ways , his very cautious approach to the game and his impeccable dress , never approaching a pool table except in a conservative suit . Los Angeles Times sports columnist Jim Murray once said Crane would make Henry Fonda look furtive . Highlighting Crane 's both cautious approach and mastery , Mike Sigel , one of pool 's most illustrious players , reportedly asked Crane to play one day when Sigel was a young player . Crane assented and after Sigel broke , Crane ran 200 balls and then played a safety . Later life In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Crane 's wife of 64 years , Althea , stated A lot of people , if it was a hot day and there was no air conditioning , they 'd take off their coat to play . But not Irving Crane . Rudolph Wanderone , a k a Minnesota Fats , once opined , Irv Crane would have been the only guy to notice the horse under Lady Godiva , while professional rival Willie Mosconi who had criticized Crane for his cautious style , stated in his 1993 autobiography , Willie 's Game , that Crane wouldn 't take a shot unless his grandmother could make it . Crane was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America 's hall of fame in 1978 . In 1999 Crane was ranked as number eight on Billiard Digest 's fifty greatest players of the century . In his entry there he is lauded as having been , along with Mosconi , the best in the world , flat out between 1941 and 1956 . In 1980 Crane retired from professional play . He stopped playing entirely in about 1996 . On November 17 , 2001 at age 88 , four days after entering a nursing home , Crane died of natural causes . He was survived by his wife Althea , son Irving , daughter Sandra , three grandchildren , and three great grandchildren .
2,694	Strelets ( Russian unk ) was an Uragan class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . She was struck from the Navy List in 1900 , converted into a floating workshop the following year and renamed unk No. 1 . The ship served as such through 1955 , although her ultimate fate is unknown . Description Strelets was 201 feet ( 61 . 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 . 0 m ) and a draft of 10 . 16 10 . 84 feet ( 3 . 1 3 . 3 m ) . She displaced 1 , 500 1 , 600 long tons ( 1 , 500 1 , 600 t ) , and her crew numbered 8 officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877 . The ship was fitted with a two cylinder , horizontal direct acting steam engine built by the Baird Works of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Strelets 's sea trials on 16 July 1865 , she reached a maximum speed of 6 knots ( 11 km h 6 . 9 mph ) . The ship carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 190 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 , 440 nmi ( 2 , 670 km 1 , 660 mi ) at full speed . Strelets was designed to be armed with a pair of 9 inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license built 15 inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading Rodman guns in 1867 68 . The unk were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine inch rifled guns . All of the wrought iron armor that was used in the Uragan class monitors was in 1 inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 . 1 m ) below the waterline . The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight , but Strelets was modified for the addition of 0 . 5 inch ( 12 . 7 mm ) armor plates after completion , but it is unknown if they were ever fitted . They were , however , manufactured and then placed in storage . Construction and career Construction of the ship began on 13 June 1863 by S. G. Kudriavtsev at the state owned unk Island Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Strelets , the Russian word for musketeer , was laid down on 1 December 1863 and she was launched on 2 June 1864 . She entered service on 27 July 1865 and cost a total of 1 , 141 , 800 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 , 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich . She was present when the American warships Miantonomoh and Augusta visited Kronstadt in July August 1866 . Sometime after Strelets was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 . 75 inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . On 21 July 1875 , the monitor Admiral Chichagov ran aground and Strelets was sent to aid her the following day . While assisting with the rigging of a hawser between Admiral Chichagov and the armored frigate Sevastopol , it unexpectedly slid across Strelets 's deck , injuring the ship 's executive officer and a bosun , who later died of his wounds . Coal and equipment from Admiral Chichagov was transferred to Strelets to lighten the former , but it was not enough to refloat her . Strelets was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . The ship was converted into a floating workshop the next year and renamed unk No. 1 . She remained in service through the end of 1955 , but her ultimate fate is unknown .
2,695	Tropical Cyclone Tam ( RSMC Nadi designation 04F , JTWC designation 06P ) was the first named storm of the 2005 06 South Pacific cyclone season . Forming out of a tropical depression on January 6 , the storm gradually intensified , becoming a tropical cyclone on January 12 and receiving the name Tam . Although it was traveling at a quick pace , the storm gained organization and reached its peak intensity with winds of 85 km h ( 50 mph ) the following day . However , the increasing forward motion of the storm , combined with strengthening wind shear , caused Tam to rapidly weaken on January 14 . Around that time , it entered the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Wellington , New Zealand 's area of responsibility . Shortly thereafter , the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and dissipated early the next day . Cyclone Tam produced heavy rainfall and strong winds over American Samoa upon being named . The precipitation caused several mudslides and flooding , which inflicted 26 , 000 in damage . The storm also had minor effects on Niue , Tonga , and Futuna . Meteorological history Tropical Cyclone Tam originated out of tropical depression while located about 370 km ( 230 mi ) to the north northeast of Fiji on January 6 . The system , designated 04F by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre ( RSMC ) in Nadi , Fiji tracked slowly towards the west . Although the depression was located within an area of low wind shear , little intensification occurred , as a lack of low level moisture hindered the development of deep convection . By January 9 , shower and thunderstorm activity associated with the disturbance increased as it began to interact with the South Pacific Convergence Zone . Another tropical depression , 05F , also became increasingly organized and at one point was forecast to absorb 04F . Following the weakening of Tropical Depression 05F , 04F intensified . Around 2000 UTC on January 11 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert as deep convection persisted around the center of circulation for several hours . The following day , the RSMC Nadi upgraded Tropical Depression 04F to a tropical cyclone and gave it the name Tam , making it the first named storm of the 2005 06 season . Several hours later , the storm passed close to Niuafo 'ou with winds of 65 km h ( 40 mph ) . By 0000 UTC on January 13 , the JTWC classified Tam as Tropical Cyclone 06P . Although the storm was tracking towards an area with stronger winds aloft , it was forecast to intensify . Due to the relatively fast movement of the storm , the increasing winds aloft had little effect on the storm , allowing it to intensify and attain winds of 85 km h ( 50 mph ) around 0600 UTC . However , with both wind shear and the forward motion of the storm continuing to increase , convection rapidly became dislocated from the center . Around 0000 UTC on January 14 , Tam entered the area of responsibility of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Wellington , New Zealand . With forward movement estimated at 75 km h ( 45 mph ) almost due south , the cyclone reached an unusually high latitude as a tropical cyclone . Coinciding with the time when Tam reached 33 S , it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants of the storm persisted for several hours before dissipating early on January 15 . Preparations and impact As Tam was developing , residents attempted to evacuate the island by plane , with the primary target of Fiji . Only a few flights took off before officials closed the airport , stranding numerous passengers . Late on January 11 , RSMC Nadi placed Tonga and Futuna under a tropical cyclone alert and also placed Tonga and Wallis under a strong wind warning . Early the next day RSMC Nadi placed northern Tonga under a tropical cyclone gale warning . Later that morning they canceled the tropical cyclone alert for Wallis and Futuna as Tam was not expected to directly affect Futuna anymore . During that afternoon RSMC Nadi placed Niue under a Tropical cyclone alert , as they predicted that Niue would be affected by Tam within 24 hours . Early on January 13 RSMC Nadi cancelled the tropical cyclone warnings and alerts for Tonga , whilst at the same time placing Niue under a tropical cyclone gale warning , however this gale warning was canceled later that day as Tam moved into the southern ocean . On January 11 , Tropical Depression 04F produced a record 293 . 2 mm ( 11 . 5 in ) of rain in a 24 hour span on Rotuma . However , little damage resulted from the heavy precipitation . Cyclone Tam produced heavy rainfall in American Samoa which triggered damaging floods . Several buildings were flooded , and an estimated 70 of the island 's crops were destroyed . Sustained winds of up to 55 km h ( 35 mph ) , with gusts reaching 95 km h ( 59 mph ) , tore a few roofs off unsecured homes . Scattered power outages were reported throughout the island . A few landslides were also reported as a result of the storm . Damage from the storm totaled 26 , 000 on the island . Relatively little damage was recorded in Futuna there , the storm downed several trees and stranded a yacht on a reef . On Niuafo 'ou , a weather station recorded sustained winds of 55 km h ( 35 mph ) with gusts of up to 75 km h ( 45 mph ) , along with a minimum pressure of 991 hPa ( mbar ) . Minor damage , consisting of fallen branches and isolated power outages also occurred on Niue .
2,696	The 1st Parachute Battalion was a parachute infantry battalion of the Australian Army . Raised for service during the Second World War , it was formed in early 1943 from volunteers for airborne training . Despite achieving a high level of readiness , the battalion did not see action during the war and was disbanded in early 1946 . History Like the British Army , Australia did not have a parachute operations capability at the outbreak of the Second World War however , the demonstration of the effectiveness of such forces by the Germans in the early stages of the conflict soon provided the impetus for their development . Efforts to raise an operational parachute capability in the Australian Army began in November 1942 , with 40 volunteers being selected for initial training with the newly formed Paratroop Training Unit . The first descents were made at Tocumwal in New South Wales , with the initial parachute courses consisting of four jumps . By March 1943 enough personnel had been trained for the Army to consider forming a full parachute battalion . As a result , the 1st Parachute Battalion was raised at this time at Royal Australian Air Force Base Richmond near Sydney , New South Wales . Initially , raised on a reduced scale of only two rifle companies , the battalion 's personnel were mainly drawn from volunteers from other Army units mostly the independent companies that had been set up in 1941 42 to carry out irregular warfare and as a result , most of the battalion 's personnel had seen active service prior to being accepted . These volunteers completed their parachute training with 1st Parachute Training Unit before joining the battalion , and upon completion of their training qualified to wear the maroon beret , which was adopted by the 1st Parachute Battalion as a symbol of their elite status . In April 1943 , while based at unk Farm , the battalion raised a troop of engineers . Consisting of six officers and 51 other ranks , the 1st Parachute Troop , Royal Australian Engineers , was specially trained to undertake clandestine demolitions work alongside the battalion 's rifle companies . As the battalion was to be Australia 's first airborne unit it required extensive training . Consequently , in addition to basic parachute training at Richmond , the battalion also trained in jungle warfare at Canungra in Queensland . In September 1943 , Major John Overall , formerly of the 2 13th Field Company , Royal Australian Engineers , was appointed as commanding officer . Throughout this time training continued in the demolitions , tactics and parachuting , and as no reserve parachutes were used several fatalities occurred . A third rifle company was formed in October 1943 and by January 1944 the battalion was at full strength . Following company and battalion level exercises the battalion was declared ready for operations in May 1944 and moved to Mareeba airstrip in North Queensland . A fourth rifle company was formed in June 1944 . In August 1944 the battalion gained its own organic indirect fire support when it was joined by the parachute qualified 1st Mountain Battery , Royal Australian Artillery , equipped with short 25 Pounder guns . In late 1944 , the battalion was alerted to begin preparations for operations in Borneo as part of the Borneo campaign . As well as preparing for airborne operations , the battalion also conducted amphibious training in late January and early February 1945 as part of a possible role in the amphibious landing at Balikpapan . The battalion was not used in this operation , however , due to a shortage of suitable aircraft . A few months later , the battalion was also warned to prepare for a mission to rescue thousands of Allied prisoners held by the Japanese at Sandakan in North Borneo . This operation , codenamed Operation Kingfisher , was controversially also cancelled due to a lack of aircraft , and the prisoners were subsequently killed by the Japanese in what subsequently became known as the Sandakan Death Marches . The disappointment of not being deployed to Borneo caused significant frustration within the battalion , with many soldiers requesting transfers to other infantry units such as Z Special Unit . Many of these requests were denied , however , as the battalion had been instructed to prepare to operate alongside British paratroopers in the planned liberation of Singapore that was to have taken place later in 1945 as part of Operations Zipper and unk . The war ended before these operations took place , however , and following the Japanese surrender the battalion was ordered to prepare to deploy to Singapore for garrison duties . While an advance party of 120 men arrived in Singapore on 9 September , the rest of the battalion remained in Australia . The unit contributed an honour guard to the main surrender ceremony . Afterwards , a further 75 men were sent out to join them and together this force performed general garrison and policing duties before returning to Australia in January 1946 . Orders were received to disband the battalion on 29 January 1946 , and these were carried out the following day at Sydney . Composition The 1st Parachute Battalion was organised with the following sub units Battalion Headquarters Battalion Headquarters Company 'A ' Company unk ' Company unk ' Company ( from October 1943 ) 'D ' Company ( from June 1944 ) 1st Parachute Troop , Royal Australian Engineers 1st Mountain Battery ( from August 1944 ) .
2,697	The Sega Pico , also known as Kids Computer Pico ( unk unk , unk unk Piko ) , is an educational video game console by Sega . Marketed as edutainment , the main focus of the Pico was educational video games for children between 3 and 7 years old . The Pico was released in 1993 in Japan and 1994 in North America and Europe , and later reached China . It was later succeeded by the Advanced Pico Beena , which was released in Japan in 2005 . Though the Pico was sold continuously in Japan through the release of the Beena , in North America and Europe the Pico was less successful and was discontinued in early 1998 , later being rereleased by Majesco . Releases for the Pico were focused on education for children and included titles supported by licensed franchised animated characters , including Disney and Sega 's own Sonic the Hedgehog series . Overall , Sega claims sales of 3 . 4 million Pico consoles and 11 . 2 million game cartridges , and over 350 , 000 Beena consoles and 800 , 000 cartridges . Design and software Powered by the same hardware used in the Sega Genesis , the physical shape of the Pico was designed to appear similar to a laptop . Included in the Pico are a stylus called the Magic Pen and a pad to draw on . Controlling the games for the system is accomplished either by using the Magic Pen like a mouse or by pressing the directional buttons on the console . The Pico does not include its own screen or RF output , and instead must be connected to a monitor through a VCR in order to be played . Touching the pen to the pad would either allow drawing or animate a character on the screen . Cartridges for the system were referred to as Storyware , and take the form of picture books with a cartridge slot on the bottom . The Pico changes the television display and the set of tasks for the player to accomplish each time a page is turned . Sound , including voices and music , also accompanied every page . Games for the Pico focused on education , including on subjects such as music , counting , spelling , reading , matching , and coloring . Titles included licensed animated characters from various franchises , such as Disney 's The Lion King Adventures at Pride Rock and A Year at Pooh Corner . Sega also released titles including their mascot , Sonic the Hedgehog , including Sonic Gameworld and Tails and the Music Maker . History Released at a price of JP 13 , 440 , the Pico was released in Japan in June 1993 . In North America , Sega unveiled the Pico at the 1994 American International Toy Fair , showcasing its drawing and display abilities . It was later released in North America in November 1994 , advertised before release at a price of approximately US 160 but eventually released at US 139 . Storyware cartridges sold for US 39 . 99 to US 49 . 99 . The Pico 's slogan was The computer that thinks it 's a toy . After a lack of success , Sega discontinued the Pico in North America in early 1998 . Later , a remake of the Pico made by Majesco was released in North America in August 1999 at a price of US 49 . 99 , with Storyware selling at 19 . 99 . The Pico would later be released in China in 2002 , priced at CN 690 . In 2000 , Sega claimed that the Pico had sold 2 . 5 million units . As of April 2005 , Sega claims that 3 . 4 million Pico consoles and 11 . 2 million software cartridges had been sold worldwide . The Pico was recognized in 1995 by being listed on Dr. Toy 's 100 Best Products , as well as being listed in Child as one of the best computer games available . According to Joseph Szadkowski of The Washington Times , Pico has enough power to be a serious learning aid that teaches counting , spelling , matching , problem solving , memory , logic , hand eye coordination and important , basic computer skills . Former Sega of America vice president of product development Joe Miller claims that he named his dog after the system because of his passion for the console . By contrast , Steven L. Kent claims that Sega of Japan CEO Hayao Nakayama watched the Pico utterly fail in North America . According to Warren unk of Children 's Software Revenue , the Pico failed in North America due to a lack of credibility in the product . Advanced Pico Beena The Advanced Pico Beena , also known simply as Beena or unk , is an educational console system targeted at young children sold by Sega Toys , released in 2005 in Japan . It is the successor of the Pico , and marketed around the learn while playing concept . According to Sega Toys , the focus of the Advanced Pico Beena is on learning in a new social environment , and is listed as their upper end product . Topics listed as being educational focuses for the Beena include intellectual , moral , physical , dietary and safety education . The name of the console was chosen to sound like the first syllables of Be Natural . Compared to the Pico , the Beena adds several functions . Beena can be played without a television , and supports multiplayer by a separately sold additional Magic Pen . The console also supports data saving . Play time can be limited by settings in the system . Some games for the Beena also offer adaptive difficulty , which becomes more difficult to play based on the skill level of the player . The Beena Lite , a cheaper version of the console , was released on July 17 , 2008 . At the time of its release , Sega estimated that 350 , 000 Beena consoles had been sold , and 800 , 000 game cartridges .
2,698	You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home is a country pop song written for the 2009 film Hannah Montana The Movie . The song is performed by Hannah Montana , a character Miley Cyrus portrays in the film . A karaoke version of the song is available in the soundtrack 's karaoke series . The song is musically country pop and pop rock . Lyrically , the track is about staying grounded and going back to one 's roots . The song received critical success for its use in the film . You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home was met with average to low commercial outcomes for Cyrus in several countries , compared to those of her previous efforts as Montana . It reached its highest international peak in the Canadian Hot 100 , at number thirty six . The song received a music video to coincide with the home release of Hannah Montana The Movie . Development Singer songwriter Taylor Swift became involved with Hannah Montana The Movie when filmmakers emailed her specifically to request the use of her music in the film . Swift agreed to make a cameo appearance in the film to sing Crazier as well as to co write a song with Boys Like Girls lead singer Martin Johnson . In an interview with MTV , Johnson described working with Swift She 's awesome . She 's one of the most talented songwriters to work with , if not , the best . For such a young girl , she 's so creative and spot on . She knows the audience , she truly understands the kind of pop music that is from the heart and done in a tasteful way . She knows ways to make things pop and also make you feel it at the same time . We wrote a bunch of songs together and it was a lot of fun . You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home is used as the closing number of Hannah Montana The Movie . In the film , Cyrus performs as popstar Hannah Montana onstage at an outdoor fundraiser to save her hometown 's treasured park from developers . More than 2 , 000 extras were used to film the scene . Composition You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home , according to Allmusic , embodies the album 's theme of merging country and pop music . It is set in common time with a fast rock tempo of 160 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of E major . Cyrus ' vocals span one octave , from B 3 to B4 . The song has the following chord progression , E 5 D5 E 5 . Like the film , the lyrics discuss importance of one 's roots . Warren Truitt of About.com believed it conveyed the sentiment that even pop stars find safe haven in their home town . The first few lyrics of the song 's chorus are almost identical to the opening verse in Hilary Duff 's song So Yesterday , which was released in 2003 . Critical reception The song received positive reviews from critics . Simon Weaving of unk said the film 's conflicts are mostly expressed in the simple , sugared lyrics of a series of pop hits that seamlessly find their way into the story including ' The Best of Both Worlds ' and ' You ll Always Find a Way Back Home ' . James Plath of Dvdtown.com described the song as being integrated pretty well into the narrative . Peter unk of unk Reviews said the story makes way for ... ' You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home ' , which would attract the film 's target audience of pre teen girls . Warren of Truitt of About.com listed the song as the third best song by Hannah Montana . The song was included on the short list for Best Original Song at the 82nd Academy Awards . Chart performance The song made its debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number eighty seven on the week ending April 11 , 2009 . You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home fell one spot to number eighty eight in the following week , but on the week ending May 2 , 2009 it reached its peak on the Hot 100 at number eighty one due to digital downloads that placed it at number fifty two on Hot Digital Songs . In the Canadian Hot 100 , You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home debuted at eighty eight on the week ending April 11 , 2009 and reached its peak at number seventy six on the week ending May 2 , 2009 . Music video A promotional music video for You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home was filmed in correlation to the Hannah Montana The Movie soundtrack . The video , part of a series of promotional videos titled The Miley Sessions , was released in March 2009 on Disney.com and features Cyrus singing in a vacant recording studio . An excerpt from Hannah Montana The Movie premiered as the song 's music video in August 2009 on Disney Channel to promote the home release of the film . The video begins with Cyrus and her backup dancers atop a stage in a crowded outdoor concert . Cyrus is dressed as Hannah Montana and is wearing a business suit . As Cyrus begins singing , she and the dancers engage in intricate choreography . The video then transitions to a clip from Hannah Montana The Movie in which Cyrus ' character is getting down from a private airplane . The video continues to alternate between Cyrus performing and more film clips scenes include Stewart taking off her Hannah Montana wig and interacting with Travis Body , her love interest in the film , portrayed by actor Lucas Till . Midway through the video , Cyrus and her dancers exit the stage through a back door and instantly enter sporting western clothing with Cyrus in a western teal button up shirt , a checkered red and white table cloth with purple ruffles unk or a petticoat , and cowboy boots . Charts
2,699	Daddy is a song recorded by American singer Beyonc for her debut studio album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . It was composed by Beyonc as well as Mark Batson . The song was not originally intended to be featured on the final track listing of the album . Beyonc was able to record the song as the release date of her debut album had been postponed . Daddy was released to US iTunes Store as a digital single on June 3 , 2003 , through Columbia Records . Beyonc explained that the song 's development was motivated by the devotion and the loyalty her father manager , Mathew Knowles has towards his family members . Many of the songs on the album examine aspects of relationships . However , Daddy was considered to be an element analyzing the kinship ties between a father and his offspring from a different and more powerful perspective . Music critics , who generally received the song with positive reception , commented that the song was a way for Beyonc to pay tribute to her father . Background and development Daddy was written by Beyonc as well as Mark Batson . It is the final song on Dangerously in Love , and is a hidden track on some copies . Beyonc initially was not going to include the song on the album , however after undergoing multiple push backs , she was able to work on extra material for the album which included Daddy . Over forty three songs were recorded for Dangerously in Love , all of which were overseen by father Mathew , however Beyonc secretly planted the song on the album as a hidden track which left Mathew speechless out of shock and appreciation . He later revealed during an interview with Billboard magazine in 2009 My favorite songs is ... ' Daddy ' ... It basically says ' Thank you for all you 've given me and when I marry a man , it will be like my daddy ' . Preceding the album 's release , the song was released to iTunes Store exclusively in the United States on June 23 , 2003 , through Columbia Records . It is also featured on the soundtrack of Tyler Perry 's Daddy 's Little Girls ( 2007 ) . Concerning the conception of Daddy , Beyonc told MTV News Composition Daddy is a nearly five minute long R B song . The first verse of the song begins with Beyonc reminiscing about the times she and her father manager , Mathew Knowles shared as a child and through her adolescence . She sings about wanting to be with a man and a child who has similar qualities as her father . This is illustrated in the lyrics I treasure every irreplaceable memory and that 's why I want my unborn son to be like my daddy , I want my husband to be like my daddy , there is no one else like my daddy . According to Marc Anthony Neal of the PopMatters , Beyonc also confidently embraces her womanhood in the song . In a way , Beyonc pays tribute to her father through this song . Critical reception Mark Edward Nero of About.com stated that Daddy was probably written specifically for the soundtrack album of Daddy 's Little Girls and that it may even play a part in a pivotal scene . Making reference to Beyonc long time relationship with Jay Z and then recent rumors about them possibly getting married , Nero added that the song might leave several numerous fans wondering what could happen next . Marc Anthony Neal of the international webzine PopMatters considered Daddy to be the most affecting song on Dangerously in Love . He went on writing that the song is an extraordinary tribute to her father Mathew Knowles , stating that Beyonc embraces ... the man that has helped take the kind of artistic leap that Dangerously in Love represents . He ended up by adding that By the time listeners get to the fifteenth and final track , they will have been so pleasantly surprised and impressed by Beyonc 's performance throughout , that ' Daddy ' seems less corny but it is in this song that she finally accepts the state of being a woman , rather than a girl . Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine described the song as an ode dedicated to the man that instilled perseverance . Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone commented that the album , which starts with a cauldron of energy on Crazy in Love ( 2003 ) , ends by contrast with Daddy which he described as a five minute tribute to her manager father , and considered to be an anthology of vocal and lyrical cliches . MTV News wrote that Daddy is different from the other relationship songs on Dangerously in Love , and added that it has a powerful message . By contrast , Allison Stewart of The Washington Post and Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times both called Daddy a creepy bonus track . Similarly , Spence D. , writing for IGN Music stated that Daddy is not really worth uncovering , as it follows suit in terms of being a by the books contempo R B rendition , and he commented that there is something oddly eerie about an attractive woman such as Beyonc crooning the words ' I want my husband to be like my Daddy . ' Mike Wass of the website Idolator called the song one of the duds on the album and added that it was a best forgotten ode to the superstar 's father complete with stomach churning lyrics like ' I want my husband to be like my daddy ' . In 2014 , Louis Virtel of the website HitFix reviewed the song negatively , calling it the worst on Dangerously in Love and describing its lyrics as seriously simplistic . Daddy peaked at number 26 on the Billboard Hot unk charts in the United States in 2014 .

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