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2,800 | Barbeyella minutissima is a slime mould species of the order Echinosteliales , and the only species of the genus Barbeyella . First described in 1914 from the Jura mountains , its habitat is restricted to montane spruce and spruce fir forests of the Northern Hemisphere , where it has been recorded from Asia , Europe , and North America . It typically colonises slimy , algae covered logs that have lost their bark and have been partially to completely covered by liverworts . The sporangia are roughly spherical , up to 0 . 2 mm in diameter , and supported by a thin stalk up to 0 . 7 mm tall . After the spores have developed , the walls of the sporangia split open into lobes . The species is one of the smallest members of the Myxogastria and is considered rare . Taxonomy and classification The species was first described in 1914 by Charles Meylan on the basis of a collection made at an altitude of 1 , 400 metres ( 4 , 600 ft ) from the Swiss Jura in September the year before . Meylan thought the species warranted a new genus based on the unique mode of dehiscence and the makeup of the capillitium . The genus was named for the Swiss botanist William Barbey ( 1842 1914 ) . It and the genus unk together make up the family unk . Studies of the ultrastructure of the sporocarps suggests that Barbeyella occupies a systematic position intermediate between Echinosteliales and the Stemonitales . Characteristics The protoplasmodium , a microscopic , undifferentiated granular mass with a slime sheath , is transparent and colourless . A single sporangiophore ( the fruiting structure ) is produced from the unk protoplasmodium , which is approximately one and a half times the diameter of mature sporangia . It acquires dark spots as it matures and the centre of the protoplasm later becomes dark . Then , the transparent and milk white protoplasmodium climbs along the stem to the top , where first the capillitium and peridium and finally the spores are produced . At room temperature , this process lasts roughly one day . The long stemmed , blackish brown or blackish purple , barely translucent sporangia of Barbeyella are spherical , 0 . 15 to 0 . 2 mm in diameter and together with the stem measure 0 . 3 to 0 . 7 mm long . They are usually scattered on the substrate , but also often grouped in loose , large colonies . The unk ( the tissue upon which the sporangiophore rests ) has a diameter of at least 0 . 7 mm . Although not visible on mosses , it has a reddish brown color when growing on wood . The brownish black stem is up to 0 . 1 mm thick , thinning to 5 m towards the top and is filled with unk scrap material . The columella arising from the stem tip matures at the upper end at roughly half the height of the sporangiophore into 7 to 13 simple or occasionally bifurcated , 1 to 4 m large , dark brown capillitium strands . Usually individual , occasionally in pairs , these are firmly fused with the lobed segments of the peridium , which are round in cross section . When the spores mature , the sporangium splits and empties into the peridium towards the base . This prevents the lobes of the peridium from detaching and provides spore dispersal over a longer period , similar to a unk capsule . The sporangia are filled towards the top with unk granules , which diminish increasingly towards the base . Depending on the size of the unk granules , the sporangia appear papillate or smooth . The mass of spores is blackish brown , or brown if viewed under polarised light . The surface texture ranges from almost smooth to warty , and the spores measure 7 9 m in diameter . Material collected from Oregon , however , varies from European material in several ways the fruit body is brown the branching of the capillitium from the columella differs ( having primary and secondary branches instead of radiating branches from an expanded tip ) the spore mass is tan , and individual spores measure 10 12 m . Habitat and distribution Barbeyella minutissima is considered rare . Its habitat corresponds to the mountainous spruce fir forests of the Northern Hemisphere . It is largely restricted to altitudes between 500 and 2 , 500 metres ( 1 , 600 and 8 , 200 ft ) , occasionally appearing as low as sea level and as high as 3 , 500 metres ( 11 , 500 ft ) . It has been found in Europe ( Finland , Germany , Switzerland , Poland , Romania , Latvia , and Russia ) , in west and east North America ( Washington , Oregon , California , and Mexico North and South Carolina and Virginia ) , in the Indian Himalayas as well as in Japan . It is relatively common in fir forests on high altitude Mexican volcanoes , suggesting that air borne spore dispersal is effective . Ecology The species grows only on slightly to heavily rotten and unk deadwood in coniferous forests in cool , moist areas . The wood is about 40 to 100 overgrown with Marchantiophyta , especially of the genera unk or unk . B. minutissima has been found growing on the liverwort unk unk , although unk unk is the main indicator for the slime mould . In addition to liverworts , Barbeyella is found socialised with monocellular algae . It is assumed that the protoplasmodium unk either the algae or the bacteria on their surface . Other Myxogastria species are often found together with Barbeyella , especially unk tigrinum , unk unk and unk unk . unk album is a unk fungus ( i.e. , living on or within the fruit bodies of myxomycetes ) that has been reported growing on specimens of B. minutissima collected from North Carolina .
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2,801 | Captain Future was a science fiction pulp magazine launched in 1940 by Better Publications , and edited initially by Mort Weisinger . It featured the adventures of Captain Future , a super scientist whose real name was Curt Newton , in every issue . All but two of the novels in the magazine were written by Edmond Hamilton the other two were by Joseph Samachson . The magazine also published other stories that had nothing to do with the title character , including Fredric Brown 's first science fiction sale , Not Yet the End . Captain Future published unabashed space opera , and was , in the words of science fiction historian Mike Ashley , perhaps the most juvenile of the science fiction pulps to appear in the early years of World War II . Wartime paper shortages eventually led to the magazine 's cancellation the last issue was dated Spring 1944 . Publication history and contents Although science fiction ( sf ) had been published before the 1920s , it did not begin to coalesce into a separately marketed genre until the appearance in 1926 of Amazing Stories , a pulp magazine published by Hugo Gernsback . By the end of the 1930s , the field was booming . Better Publications , a pulp magazine publisher which had acquired Thrilling Wonder Stories in 1936 , launched three new magazines as part of this boom . The first two were Startling Stories , which appeared in January 1939 , and Strange Stories , which began the following month both were edited by Mort Weisinger , who was also the editor of Thrilling Wonder Stories . Edmond Hamilton , an established science fiction writer , met with Leo Margulies , Better Publication 's editorial director , in early 1939 , and they subsequently planned the launch of a new magazine with the lead character of Curt Newton , a super scientist who lived on the moon and went by the name Captain Future . Margulies announced the new magazine at the first World Science Fiction Convention , held in New York in July 1939 , and the first issue , edited by Weisinger , appeared in January of the following year . Captain Future 's companions in the series included an enormously strong robot named unk , an android named Otho , and the brain of Simon Wright , Newton 's mentor . Joan Randall , Newton 's girlfriend , was also a regular character . Better Publications followed up the magazine launch with a companion comic , Startling Comics , which appeared in May 1940 Captain Future was the protagonist of the lead story . Weisinger left in 1941 to edit comics following the adventures of Superman , and was replaced by Oscar J. Friend . Captain Future was a hero pulp these were pulps which were built around a central character , with every issue containing a lead story featuring that character . Every issue of Captain Future contained a novel about Curt Newton . Hamilton was willing to write the lead novel for every issue , but was concerned that he might be drafted , so Margulies made arrangements for other writers to contribute the lead stories . Hamilton escaped the draft , but Margulies had already made arrangements for other writers to work on the series , and so two of the seventeen lead novels in the magazine were written by Joseph Samachson , instead of by Hamilton . The house name Brett Sterling was invented to conceal the identity of the new writer it was used for both of Samachson 's contributions , as well as some of Hamilton 's . Hamilton also wrote regular features that provided background material on the stories Worlds of Tomorrow provided information about the planets featured in the stories , and The unk covered Newton 's companions . In addition to the novels about Curt Newton , Captain Future published both new and reprinted science fiction stories that were unconnected with the lead character . Fredric Brown 's first sf sale , Not Yet the End , appeared in the Winter 1941 issue and Weisinger reprinted David H. Keller 's The Human Termites and Laurence Manning 's The Man Who unk , both abridged , in the first few issues of the magazine these had originally appeared in 1929 and 1933 , respectively , and were from back issues of Wonder Stories , which Better Publications had acquired the rights to in 1936 . The magazine was unashamedly focused on straightforward space opera a typical plot saw Captain Future and his friends save the solar system , or perhaps the entire universe , from a villain . Sf historian Mike Ashley describes the magazine as perhaps the most juvenile of the World War II crop of science fiction pulps . Wartime paper shortages killed the magazine in mid 1944 , but more Captain Future novels saw print in Startling Stories , some over the next two years , with more following in 1950 and 1951 . Bibliographic details Captain Future was pulp format , 128 pages , and was priced at 15 cents the first seven issues were edited by Mort Weisinger , and the remaining ten by Oscar J. Friend . There were three issues to a volume . The schedule was quarterly , with one omission there was no Fall 1943 issue . The publisher was Better Publications , with offices in Chicago and New York , for all issues . The magazine was subtitled Wizard of Science for the first four issues after that the subtitle was Man of Tomorrow , a name that had already been used by the Superman franchise for their hero . Thirteen Captain Future novels were reprinted as paperbacks at the end of the 1960s , all by Popular Library . Ten of these , all printed in 1969 , were originally printed in Captain Future as follows
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2,802 | The Church of St Demetrius ( Bulgarian unk , tsarkva Sveti Dimitar ) is a medieval Eastern Orthodox church in southwestern Bulgaria . It lies in the village of Patalenitsa , administratively part of Pazardzhik Municipality within Pazardzhik Province . The church was built in the 11th 14th century , with a possible dating to 1091 based on a stone plate inscription , the present location or even existence of which is unclear . Its frescoes , discovered in 1961 and restored in the 1970s , are a work of the 12th 13th century . Built in the vicinity of an older church , the Church of St Demetrius is a crossed dome stone building . According to several legends , the church was dug into the ground as the Ottomans conquered Bulgaria , so that it may be protected from desecration . It was only unearthed in the middle of the 19th century , when it was dedicated to Saint Demetrius . It was proclaimed a monument of culture of national importance in 1956 . History and dating According to Bulgarian National Revival unk Stefan unk from Pazardzhik , St Demetrius was not the first church in this location . In his description of the Pazardzhik district ( kaza ) published in 1870 , he writes that a previously existing church in roughly the same place was dedicated to Saint Pantaleon and had given its name to the village of Patalenitsa . The Church of St Pantaleon was , according to unk , previously an Ancient Greek sanctuary of Asclepius . He writes that a column from this church with an inscription dedicated to Asclepius was preserved in the newer village church . The time of the present church 's construction cannot be exactly defined . Scholars such as Atanas unk are of the opinion that the Church of St Demetrius was built in the early 12th century , while unk Miyatev and unk unk unk date it to the late 12th or early 13th century . One author has placed its construction in the late 13th or early 14th century and others include the 11th century among the possibilities . Some publications refer to a marble plate found in the church and bearing a Medieval Greek inscription with the following text by Gregory Kourkouas , pro unk and duke of Ph unk , indiction 14 , year unk ( 1090 1091 ) . The plate is preserved in the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia ( unk n . 253 ) . Nevertheless , in the late 19th century the church was known as the Holy unk ( unk , Sveta unk ) to the locals , which may indicate a connection to the name of Gregory Kourkouas from the plate . Another legend tells of the digging of the church into the ground after the Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria ( 14th 15th centuries ) , so that the Ottomans would not desecrate it . According to that story , the church was buried and forgotten about by the villagers until the mid 19th century , when a local coincidentally rediscovered it while tying his donkey to a nearby cherry tree . A different version places the cherry tree on top of the hill under which the church stood . Reportedly , that cherry tree was struck by a thunderbolt , which enabled the villagers to reach the buried gate through the now hollow trunk . The church was reconsecrated soon thereafter and dedicated to the 4th century military saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki . The church was listed among the architectural monuments of culture of national importance in 1956 , and the subsequent discovery of its early murals led to its inclusion on the list of artistic monuments of culture in 1971 . Architecture and decoration The Church of St Demetrius in Patalenitsa was built of stone , though the dome and side bays also exhibit brickwork . The church is 9 . 20 metres ( 30 . 2 ft ) long and 7 . 60 m ( 24 . 9 ft ) wide , and is among the relatively few medieval churches of the crossed dome type still standing in Bulgaria . It has an octagonal dome and a five sided apse . The south facade features three bays with narrow windows attached . The church 's floor was originally covered with marble , though the marble was removed in one of the possibly three rounds of reconstruction that the church underwent . For example , the present narthex was not added until the final reconstruction some time in the 19th century . Medieval frescoes used to cover the entirety of the church 's interior , though only some 70 fragments survive until today . Until 1961 , the existence of a medieval mural layer was unknown because the walls were covered with oil paint in the 1910s . The medieval frescoes were uncovered and restored between 1970 and 1975 by a team under Dragomir unk . The dating of the frescoes is as controversial as that of the church itself . unk places the painting of the murals in the 12th century , while scholars Bistra Nikolova and V. unk believe they were created in the 13th century . According to Nikolova , the mural inscriptions in Medieval Greek ( as opposed to Middle Bulgarian ) are evidence that the frescoes were painted during the Byzantine rule of Bulgaria ( 1018 1185 ) . At the time , the region of Patalenitsa would have belonged to the Byzantine bishopric centred at Philippopolis ( modern Plovdiv ) . Among the biblical scenes painted inside the Church of St Demetrius are the Ascension of Jesus , which adorns the altar vault , as well as the Resurrection of Lazarus and the Transfiguration of Jesus , which decorate the vault left of the apse . Images of a number of saints have also been preserved , including these of the patron saint Demetrius , Saint George riding a white horse , Saint unk of Larissa and Saint Nicholas .
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2,803 | Mother is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is a melodrama that focuses with Will Allen who runs away from home after being violently abused by his stepfather and his mother keeps a candle lit for him to return home . Twenty years later , Will returns home after having become a successful lawyer , but cannot find his parents . Will later takes the case to defend a lady being prosecuted by a client company . After being successful he recognizes the lady as his mother and they are reunited . The film 's cast included Anna Rosemond , Frank H. Crane and Carey L. Hastings , but other credits are uncertain . The film was released on September 6 , 1910 , and was met with mixed reviews . The film is presumed lost . Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from September 10 , 1910 . It states The play deals with Will Allen , a country lad , who is unhappy at home , owing to the fact that he is a studious little chap and prefers his books to farm work , which incurs the displeasure and enmity of his stepfather , a rough and surly farmer , to whom book learning does not appeal . Will runs away from home , and although his mother keeps a light in the window , hoping to guide her boy home , he never returns . Twenty years later , when the boy has made a place for himself in the world as a successful lawyer , he goes back to the farm , only to find that his little mother , who has been left a widow , has gone away , whither , no one knows . The mother , in the meantime , being left alone in the world , goes to the city and there supports herself by dressmaking . While shopping in a department store she is unjustly accused of shoplifting . The only person who believes in her innocence is a salesgirl , who is discharged for her presumption and daring to correct her superiors . The girl , in her efforts to help the friendless old lady , enlists the aid of Will , whom she knows to be a lawyer of great ability . Will is about to refuse the case , as the dry goods company is a client of his , when the girl describes the lonely old lady , and begs him for the sake of his mother to befriend her . Will consents . Will 's clear statement of the case to the judge , together with May 's testimony , frees the mother . When her counsel approaches to offer his congratulations , mutual recognition results . Cast Anna Rosemond Frank H. Crane Carey L. Hastings Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The plot of the production was criticized by a film reviewer The New York Dramatic Mirror because the boy grows up unaware that his stepfather had died or that her mother had moved to the city in search of work . The reviewer states , One would think that he would have kept in communication with his mother if he loved her so much , but it appears he did not ... The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The cast includes both Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane , two early leading actors of the Thanhouser Company . Carey L. Hastings , real name Carey Tidball , was a sister of Gertrude Thanhouser and was an actress that was featured in numerous Thanhouser productions . Hastings first and earliest known work was Thanhouser 's St. Elmo adaptation . Hastings would not have another known credit until 1912 . The Silent Era website states that Harry Benham and Maude unk had roles in the production . However , both of these credits are well before those attributed by Bowers . Harry Benham is known to have joined the Thanhouser Company in 1910 , but the first credit cited by Bowers is The Old Curiosity Shop in January 1911 . Bowers also cites Maude unk having made only intermittent appearances with the first being The Early Life of David Copperfield in October 1911 . Other credits amongst the cast are unknown , but most of the credits are fragmentary for 1910 Thanhouser productions . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 975 feet long , was released on September 6 , 1910 . The film was distributed by the Motion Picture Distributing and Sales Company . Once the film was released , it was sometimes listed ambiguously for other productions bearing the same name . One ambiguous listing , most likely for the Thanhouser film , was made by the Crystal Theatre in Hutchinson , Kansas . Known theaters advertising the film , unambiguously , are noted in Indiana and Arizona . A reviewer of The Moving Picture World wrote , The film is a little domestic tragedy which shows how boys are sometimes driven from home and what results from it . ... It is a picture that goes direct to the heart and makes one put himself in the place of all the characters . Perhaps that magic word , mother , is the key to the whole situation . The New York Dramatic Mirror took issue with the depiction of the step father 's violent abuse of the young son and found the melodrama to be one with an ending that appeals to the sympathies .
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2,804 | The Meigs Raid ( also known as the Battle of Sag Harbor ) was a military raid by American Continental Army forces , under the command of Connecticut Colonel Return Jonathan Meigs , on a British Loyalist foraging party at Sag Harbor , New York on May 24 , 1777 during the American Revolutionary War . Six Loyalists were killed and 90 captured while the Americans suffered no casualties . The raid was made in response to a successful British raid on Danbury , Connecticut in late April that was opposed by American forces in the Battle of Ridgefield . Organized in New Haven , Connecticut by Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons , the expedition crossed Long Island Sound from Guilford on May 23 , dragged whaleboats across the North Fork of Long Island , and raided Sag Harbor early the next morning , destroying boats and supplies . The battle marked the first American victory in the state of New York after New York City and Long Island had fallen in the British campaign for the city in 1776 . Background The American Revolutionary War was a qualified success for the British in 1776 . After being forced to abandon Boston , they captured New York City , but were unable to hold New Jersey when General George Washington surprised them at Trenton and Princeton . The British consolidated their hold on New York City and Long Island during the winter months of early 1777 , while the Continental Army established a land blockade around the city in New Jersey , southern New York , and southwestern Connecticut . In the spring of 1777 Lieutenant General William Howe launched raiding expeditions against Continental Army and local militia storage depots near the city . A successful raid against Peekskill , New York in March prompted him to organize a more ambitious expedition to raid a depot in Danbury , Connecticut . This expedition , led by the former royal governor of New York , William Tryon , successfully reached Danbury from a landing point in Fairfield , Connecticut on April 26 , and destroyed provisions and supplies . The Connecticut militia had mobilized , and over the next two days skirmished with the British as they marched back to their ships , most notably on April 27 at Ridgefield . General Samuel Holden Parsons , leading Connecticut 's defenses , decided to organize an act of reprisal . An opportunity arose when they learned that a British foraging expedition had landed at Sag Harbor , Long Island . Sag Harbor had been occupied by British troops after the August 1776 Battle of Long Island , and they had established a strong defensive position on Meeting House Hill , with earthwork fortifications and palisades . The town was well situated for providing supplies to the Royal Navy , which used Gardiner 's Bay as an anchorage while patrolling the eastern end of Long Island Sound . The forage expedition consisted of 12 smaller boats protected by a schooner mounting 12 guns the small boats were manned by crews totalling about 40 men . Sag Harbor was at the time garrisoned by 70 men from the Loyalist battalion of Lieutenant Colonel Stephen DeLancey . The detachment was under the command of Captain James Raymond . Raid Parsons gave command of the expedition to Colonel Return Jonathan Meigs . According to Parsons ' report to General Washington , they assembled a force totalling 234 men at New Haven from several regiments , and rowed in 13 whaleboats from New Haven to Guilford on May 21 . Rough seas and high winds prevented them from crossing for two days when they finally left Guilford on the afternoon of May 23 , they were accompanied on the crossing by two armed sloops and one that was unarmed . Only 170 made the crossing to the vicinity of Southold , New York , where they arrived around 6 pm . Meigs learned that most of the British forces in the area had been ordered to march to New York City , and that only the small force of Loyalists was left at Sag Harbor . He had his men portage 11 of the whaleboats across the North Fork to the bay , and launched those boats with 130 men to cross the bay to Sag Harbor . By midnight they had crossed the bay and landed about 4 miles ( 6 . 4 km ) from the harbor . Meigs formed his men up and marched to the harbor , arriving about 2 am . Meigs divided his force in two . One detachment stormed the earthworks , while the other went to the harbor , where they destroyed British boats and collected provisions . The land attack was conducted in silence with fixed bayonets and only one shot was said to have been fired . The schooner opened fire on the attackers as they burned the boats , but sources are unclear if the schooner itself was taken and destroyed . Twelve boats were destroyed , and the raiders took 53 prisoners at the earth works and another 37 at the wharf , suffering no casualties in the process . The prisoners were taken back to Connecticut . Aftermath Long Island 's Loyalist communities organized their own response to the raid . In May 1779 , nine Loyalists crossed the sound and captured Connecticut militia general Gold Selleck Silliman at his home , and took him back to Long Island . Connecticut Patriots captured a judge on Long Island in November 1779 , who they exchanged for General Silliman in May 1780 . Parsons organized another expedition across Long Island Sound in August 1777 . This one , against a Loyalist outpost at Setauket , was unsuccessful . Colonel Meigs was rewarded by the Second Continental Congress with an elegant sword . A stone commemorating the battle was placed on the site on May 23 , 1902 .
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2,805 | SM UB 3 was a German Type UB I submarine or U boat in the German Imperial Navy ( German Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. She disappeared on her first patrol in May 1915 , and was the first of her class to be lost . UB 3 was ordered in October 1914 and was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in November . UB 3 was a little more than 28 metres ( 92 ft ) in length and displaced between 127 and 142 metric tons ( 125 and 140 long tons ) , depending on whether surfaced or submerged . She carried two torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and was also armed with a deck mounted machine gun . She was launched and commissioned as SM UB 3 in March 1915 . UB 3 was broken into sections and shipped by rail to the Austro Hungarian port of Pola in April for reassembly . She officially joined the Pola Flotilla on 1 May and departed on her first patrol for temporary duty in Turkey on 23 May , and was never seen again . A postwar German study concluded that UB 3 was likely the victim of an unexplained technical problem in the absence of any minefields or enemy action . Design and construction After the German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I , the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow environment off Flanders . Project 34 , a design effort begun in mid August 1914 , produced the Type UB I design a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled . Constrained by railroad size limitations , the UB I design called for a boat about 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long and displacing about 125 metric tons ( 123 long tons ) with two torpedo tubes . UB 3 was part of the initial allotment of eight submarines numbered UB 1 to UB 8 ordered on 15 October from Germaniawerft of Kiel , just shy of two months after planning for the class began . UB 3 was laid down by Germaniawerft on 3 November and was launched on 5 March 1915 . As built , UB 3 was 92 feet 2 inches ( 28 . 09 m ) long , 3 . 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) abeam , and had a draft of 3 . 03 metres ( 9 ft 11 in ) . She had a single 59 brake horsepower ( 44 kW ) Daimler 4 cylinder diesel engine for surface travel , and a single 119 shaft horsepower ( 89 kW ) Siemens Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel , both attached to a single propeller shaft . Her top speeds were 6 . 47 knots ( 11 . 98 km h 7 . 45 mph ) , surfaced , and 5 . 51 knots ( 10 . 20 km h 6 . 34 mph ) , submerged . At more moderate speeds , she could sail up to 1 , 650 nautical miles ( 3 , 060 km 1 , 900 mi ) on the surface before refueling , and up to 45 nautical miles ( 83 km 52 mi ) submerged before recharging her batteries . Like all boats of the class , UB 3 was rated to a diving depth of 50 metres ( 160 ft ) , and could completely submerge in 33 seconds . UB 3 was armed with two 45 centimeter ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedoes in two bow torpedo tubes . She was also outfitted for a single 8 millimeter ( 0 . 31 in ) machine gun on deck . UB 3 's complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men . Service career The submarine was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy as SM UB 3 on 14 March under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Siegfried Schmidt , a 27 year old , first time U boat skipper , and underwent trials in German home waters . As one of the UB I boats selected for Mediterranean duty , UB 3 was readied for rail shipment . The process of shipping a UB I boat involved breaking the submarine down into what was essentially a knock down kit . Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded on to eight railway flatcars . UB 3 was shipped to the port of Pola , site of ally Austria Hungary 's main naval base , on 15 April . After UB 3 's parts arrived at Pola , it took about two weeks to assemble them . UB 3 joined the Pola Flotilla ( German Deutsche U Halbflotille Pola ) on 1 May . By late May , UB 3 had made her way down the Adriatic to the Austro Hungarian port of Cattaro , the base from which most boats of the Pola Flotilla actually operated . For her first patrol , UB 3 was loaded with ammunition for Turkish forces at zmir , Turkey . Because of her limited range , UB 3 was towed by the light cruiser SMS Novara of the Austro Hungarian Navy through the Straits of Otranto and cast off near the island of unk . UB 3 's planned route was south of the Ionian Islands , around the Peloponnese , through the Cyclades , north around unk and Karaburun , and into the Gulf of zmir . If all went well , UB 3 would have arrived at zmir on 28 or 29 May with about half her fuel left . The Germans received a garbled radio message from UB 3 when she was about 80 nautical miles ( 150 km 92 mi ) from zmir , but were unable to completely understand it . No trace of UB 3 has ever been found . UB 3 was the first of the UB I boats to be lost during the war . A postwar German study concluded that UB 3 's loss was probably the result of some unexplained technical problem , because there were no minefields along UB 3 's route and no record of any attacks against U boats in the area . British records , and some sources based on them , give the particulars of UB 3 's demise as being in the North Sea on 24 April 1916 , which authors R. H. Gibson and Maurice Prendergast assert was actually the fate of UB 13 . They also point out that UB 3 had gone missing nearly a year before UB 3 's supposed sinking in the North Sea .
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2,806 | Kraken ( named for the fictional sea monster of the same name ) is a steel floorless roller coaster located at SeaWorld Orlando in the United States . Manufactured by Bolliger Mabillard , the ride features a total of seven inversions including two vertical loops , a dive loop , a spiraling camelback ( zero g roll ) , a cobra roll and a flat spin Kraken opened on June 1 , 2000 . It is also the world 's second longest floorless coaster at 4 , 177 feet ( 1 , 273 m ) . History In 1999 , Six Flags Great Adventure spent 42 million on new attractions including a prototype Floorless Coaster by Bolliger Mabillard , Medusa ( later Bizarro ) . The immediate popularity of the ride , led to SeaWorld Orlando and three other amusement parks to announce plans to install Floorless Coasters in 2000 aside from the announcement of Kraken on May 6 , 1999 , Six Flags Discovery Kingdom announced Medusa , Geauga Lake announced Dominator , and Six Flags Fiesta Texas announced Superman Krypton Coaster . Kraken was announced as costing approximately 18 20 million . Kraken 's announcement more than one year out from its opening was an attempt by the park to drive international attendance . Construction for the ride was well underway in January 2000 . During construction , Superior Rigging Erection was responsible for erecting the supports and track of the roller coaster . On June 1 , 2000 , Kraken officially opened to the public . At the time of opening Kraken held the record for the tallest and longest roller coaster in the state of Florida . It held this record until 2006 when Disney 's Animal Kingdom opened the 4 , 424 foot long ( 1 , 348 m ) Expedition Everest . Characteristics Statistics The 4 , 177 foot long ( 1 , 273 m ) Kraken stands 153 feet ( 47 m ) tall . With a top speed of 65 miles per hour ( 105 km h ) , the ride was the fastest roller coaster at SeaWorld Orlando until the opening of Mako in Summer of 2016 . The ride features seven inversions including two vertical loops , a dive loop , a spiraling camelback ( zero g roll ) , a cobra roll and a flat spin ( corkscrew ) . Trains Kraken operates with three floorless trains . Each train seats 32 riders in eight rows of four . This gives the ride a theoretical hourly capacity of 1500 riders per hour . The open air trains feature seats which leave riders ' legs dangling above the track . Riders are restrainted with over the shoulder restraints ( unk ) . As the trains are floorless , the station has a retractable floor for safe boarding . Theme Kraken is themed after the mythological sea monster of the same name , kept caged by Poseidon . Much of the ride is located above water , with three sections featuring subterranean dives . The ride 's station and surrounding area are themed as Kraken 's lair . Eels are said to be Kraken 's young and therefore feature throughout the ride 's queue . A SeaWorld Orlando spokesman stated although it 's a roller coaster , the theme of the ride brings it back to the sea , and to our ( SeaWorld Orlando 's ) core . Ride experience After riders have boarded the station floor is retracted and the front gates open , Kraken departs with a right U turn out of the station . This leads directly to the 153 foot tall ( 47 m ) chain lift hill . At the top , the train crests the lift hill and follows a fairly level turn to the right before dropping 144 feet ( 44 m ) towards the ground . The ride then enters the first vertical loop followed by the dive loop . A spiraling camelback ( zero g roll ) , where riders experience a feeling of weightlessness , is followed by a cobra roll . A banked turn to the left leads into the mid course brake run . The exit from the mid course brake run drops down directly into the second vertical loop . A subterranean dive into Kraken 's lair is followed by a flat spin The ride concludes with a final brake run and a short path back to the station . Reception The Orlando Sentinel commended the ride for perfect timing and keeping folks guessing , giving the ride ratings of 4 out of 5 for both thrill and theming . Sentinel reporter Dewayne Bevil , ranks the ride at number 7 in his Top 50 Orlando Theme Park Attractions list . Although it was reported that the ride would be more exciting than The Incredible Hulk at the nearby Islands of Adventure theme park , Mike Thomas of the Sentinel concluded that Hulk unk the competition , with Kraken taking the number two spot . In an interview for the Los Angeles Times Jerry Dane of the Florida Coaster Club described the floorless experience like you are hung out there open and free . Dane also commended the ride 's ability to provide different , yet equally good experiences in a variety of seats . In 2012 , Kraken was featured on the Travel Channel TV series Insane Coaster Wars , and received first place in the public voted Wrong Way Up category . Theme Park Review 's Robb Alvey shared the view the Kraken was better than the competition which included Dollywood 's Wild Eagle and Dorney Park 's Hydra the Revenge . In Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards , Kraken was ranked in the top 50 steel roller coasters numerous times since its opening . It debuted on the poll at position 48 in 2003 , peaked at position 26 in 2005 , before it off the poll in 2009 . In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , Kraken entered at position 12 in 2001 , before peaking at 10 the following year . The ride 's ranking in subsequent polls is shown in the table below .
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2,807 | Hurricane Lester was the fifteenth tropical cyclone , twelfth named storm and eighth hurricane of the 1998 Pacific hurricane season . Lester originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the coast of Africa on September 29 . Under favorable conditions , the storm was classified as a tropical depression on October 15 . The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm later that day and a hurricane on October 16 . After undergoing fluctuations in intensity , Lester reached peak winds of 115 mph ( 185 km h ) , a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . After several days , it degenerated into a tropical storm on October 26 , and dissipated shortly after . The hurricane made its closest approach to land on October 18 , producing moderate winds and heavy rainfall . A mudslide triggered by the precipitation killed two children , although damage is unknown . Meteorological history A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 29 , 1998 and on October 5 , an area of convection along the wave developed into Atlantic Hurricane Lisa . The wave axis continued westward , and after crossing Central America a low level circulation developed on October 13 , about 170 miles ( 275 km ) south of the border between El Salvador and Guatemala . The system drifted northwestward , and as convection increased around the center a banding featured began to develop . At 0000 UTC on October 15 , the National Hurricane Center designated it as Tropical Depression Fourteen E. The depression contained a large envelope of convective activity , and under favorable conditions including warm water , low vertical wind shear and good outflow , it gradually began to intensify . Initially , the exact direction of forward movement was somewhat uncertain , although a northwestward track was predicted . On the morning of October 15 , visible satellite imagery suggested that the center of circulation was located northeast of the previous estimates . Thunderstorm activity organized close to the center by 1400 UTC , and by 1800 UTC the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lester . Shortly thereafter , the storm took a slight jog to the west , and at the same time outflow became restricted to the southwest of the circulation . At 1400 UTC on October 16 , data from a Reconnaissance Aircraft confirmed that the storm had attained hurricane intensity with a minimum central pressure of 992 mb . The first signs of an eye began to appear embedded within a ring of deep convection by early on October 17 , while moving west northwest at about 6 mph ( 9 . 7 km h ) . Shortly after , the hurricane became nearly stationary due to a shortwave which passed north of the system , shortly before reaching Category 2 status on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . Early on October 18 , the eye began to wobble slightly and the ring of cold cloud tops were showing signs of disorganization , slowing further intensification for several hours . At 1400 UTC , Lester 's winds increased to 100 mph ( 160 km h ) and the storm made its closest approach to land on October 18 , about 70 miles ( 110 km ) south of Puerto Angel , Oaxaca . Later that day , it weakened to Category 1 status , although quickly re intensified . Vertical wind shear associated with a mid to upper level low pressure system developed and began to affect the storm 's circulation on October 19 , thus weakening it slightly . However , early on October 20 the hurricane regained organization and once again intensified . Lester strengthened to reach a peak intensity of 115 mph ( 185 km h ) on October 22 , about 355 miles ( 570 km ) southwest of Manzanillo , Colima . Coinciding with its peak intensity , a short wave trough caused Lester to stall before turning to the southwest and weakening . At 0200 UTC on October 23 Lester rapidly lost deep convection , and weakened to Category 1 status . Later that morning , the storm was downgraded to a tropical storm while tracking southwest . By October 24 , the low level center of circulation became exposed from the cloud structure , and at 0000 UTC on October 16 , Lester had degenerated into a tropical depression , about 500 miles ( 805 km ) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula , shortly before dissipating . Preparations and impact In anticipation of the storm , the government of Mexico issued a hurricane warning from Puerto Arista to Punta Maldonaldo and later from Salina Cruz to Acapulco . A tropical storm warning was also issued from Sipacate , Guatemala to Puerto Arista , Mexico . The threat of the hurricane prompted officials to order the evacuation of 3 , 000 people along the southern coast of Mexico to 500 emergency shelters . The storm dropped heavy rainfall across southwestern Guatemala . Up to 9 inches ( 228 mm ) of rainfall was reported in localized areas along the Pacific coast of the country . Moisture brought around the northeast periphery of the Sierra Madre Occidental led to a narrow band of heavy rainfall along the upslope side of the mountain range , with a local precipitation maximum exceeding 14 inches ( 360 mm ) . It is reported that tropical storm force winds occurred along coastal areas of southern Mexico . The rainfall destroyed some houses and killed numerous livestock , and triggered a mudslide which killed two children . In Honduras , rainfall from the Lester destroyed a bridge which affected transportation for about 1 , 000 people . Heavy rainfall was reported in Chiapas , causing moderate river flooding though no reported damage .
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2,808 | M 83 is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan primarily serving as a link between Interstate 75 US Highway 23 ( I 75 US 23 ) in Birch Run and the Bavarian themed town of Frankenmuth . M 83 is primarily a north south trunkline that passes by such landmarks as Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland , Zehnder 's and the Bavarian Inn before leaving town . The landscape in the remainder of the area is composed of farm fields between Frankenmuth and the northern terminus at M 15 near Richville . Previously , the M 83 designation was used for a highway in the Upper Peninsula between 1919 and 1926 . Immediately after that , the moniker was used to supplant the M 31 designation in The Thumb area . A disconnected segment of highway was given the M 83 name in 1929 in the Frankenmuth area . The gap between the two roads was eliminated within a year . By the end of the 1930s , the highway was truncated to its current northern terminus in the Richville area , removing the The Thumb area segments . The last changes rerouted the southern end to connect with I 75 after that freeway was opened in 1962 . Route description M 83 starts at exit 136 along I 75 US 23 just north of the outlet mall in Birch Run this interchange is also the northern terminus of M 54 . The two highways run concurrently east from the freeway along Birch Run Road , crossing Dixie Highway . The landscape away from the freeway is predominantly fields through the area . Traveling eastward along this roadway , a motorist is on either northbound M 83 or southbound M 54 , making these two miles ( 3 . 2 km ) a wrong way concurrency . At the intersection with Gera Road , the two trunklines diverge when M 54 turns southward . From here , M 83 turns due north for about four miles ( 6 . 4 km ) into Frankenmuth . The trunkline curves to the northwest around Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland , which bills itself as the World 's Largest Christmas Store the store has 7 acres ( 2 . 8 ha ) under one roof devoted to Christmas merchandise . Further north , M 83 follows Main Street over the Cass River into downtown Frankenmuth . North of the river are Zehnder 's and the Bavarian Inn , restaurants known for their world famous chicken dinners . The city is known as Michigan 's Little Bavaria the area was settled by German Lutherans in the 19th century . Today , buildings and even road signs are erected in the Bavarian theme . North of downtown , the highway passes through a residential area and out of the city . The landscape returns to farm fields as M 83 follows Gera Road due north again . The highway passes through the community of Gera and crosses a line of the Huron and Eastern Railway . North of the railroad , the trunkline intersects M 46 ( Holland Road ) . After this intersection , M 83 continues about a mile and a half ( 2 . 4 km ) and ends at a four way intersection with M 15 ( Vassar Road ) near Richville while Gera Road continues as a county road . M 83 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2011 showed that the highest traffic level along M 83 was 17 , 240 vehicles daily between the I 75 US 23 interchange and Dixie Highway in Birch Run the lowest count was 2 , 316 vehicles per day at the northern terminus . No section of M 83 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . History Previous designation The first designation of M 83 was in place by July 1 , 1919 , for a routing along the Mohawk Gay Road between the communities of the same name in Keweenaw County in the Upper Peninsula . This designation lasted until late 1926 when it was replaced by a northerly extension of M 26 . The second designation of M 83 replaced M 31 across The Thumb between Bay Port and Harbor Beach , along what is today M 142 . Current designation The current designation was assigned in 1929 as a second , disconnected section of highway . This new routing ran from US 10 US 23 in Clio by way of Frankenmuth to Reese . The gap between the two sections was filled in a year later when M 84 in Tuscola County was redesignated as part of M 83 . After this change , M 83 continued north from Reese through Gilford and Akron to Unionville . There it ran concurrently along M 29 to Bay Port , connecting the two segments . The eastern segment first designated in 1926 was separated from the rest of the highway in 1939 . The northern end was scaled back to M 15 M 24 in Saginaw County . The concurrency along M 81 was removed , the section northeast to Gilford was transferred to local control , and the section northeast of Guilford to Unionville was added to M 138 . The Bay Port Harbor Beach section was redesignated M 142 . The last changes came around 1962 when the I 75 US 10 US 23 freeway was completed between Pontiac and Flint . M 83 was rerouted on its south end to turn west along Birch Run Road to the freeway , concurrent with the new M 54 , which replaced M 83 south of Birch Run Road . Major intersections The entire highway is in Saginaw County .
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2,809 | Mind of a Man is a game show broadcast by Game Show Network , with DeRay Davis as host . On each episode , two female contestants attempt to figure out what men believe about marriage , dating , work , and other subjects . Similar to Family Feud , the questions have previously been answered by a survey of one hundred men . Over the course of four rounds , a celebrity panel consisting of two men and a woman helps the contestants by offering their opinions about the correct answers to the surveys . The winner advances to the bonus round , which features a top prize of 10 , 000 . The series , green lit on August 16 , 2013 , began airing on January 8 , 2014 and concluded on May 14 , 2014 . Critical reception for the series was mixed , with one writer calling it a lot of fun while another arguing the premise to be low minded . Gameplay In the first round , the contestants are asked to predict the most popular answer to each of three questions . Each question has three multiple choice options , and was asked to a group of 100 men . The panel is allowed to offer their opinion on the correct answer while the contestants submit their answers on their tablet computers . Each correct prediction is worth 200 . The second round plays almost exactly the same as the first round however , the questions were asked to men who belong to a specific group ( e.g. , married men , African American men , or men under the age of 25 ) . Each correct prediction is worth 300 . The last question of Round 2 is designated as the VIP question , which is focused on one specific group of men and asked to a special guest related to the question . When the VIP question is about a specific man , before the question is asked , the panel is allowed 30 seconds to interrogate the VIP about their background , personal preferences , etc . , and then the question is played out as normal , with the VIP giving his answer verbally after the contestants give their prediction . Actor Ted Lange ( most well known for his role on The Love Boat ) appeared in some episodes as the show 's bartender and was often the man who was previously asked the VIP question . In the third round ( entitled The Male Order ) , each contestant , starting with the current leader ( or the winner of a pre show coin toss , in case of a tie ) , is given one question , and may choose any panelist to assist them on the question . For the Male Order question , the contestant is asked to rank the three answers from most popular to least popular . Although the panelist will give their opinion as to the correct ranking , the contestant has the final decision . The contestant picks up 100 for one answer correctly ranked , or 500 for all three . The fourth round is titled the Men 's High Five and is an open ended question asked to 200 men . The top five answers are placed on the board in a random order , and the panel again gives their opinion on what would be the most popular answer . If the score going into this question is tied , each contestant is allowed to select one answer , with the winner of the pre show coin toss deciding who makes the first selection . If one contestant has the lead , that contestant goes first and is given a selection her opponent is then allowed one provided the first contestant did not pick the most popular answer . If the most popular answer has not yet been revealed , the first contestant is given one more selection . The contestant who selects the highest ranked answer wins the game , keeps her money , and plays the bonus round . Bonus Round For this round ( entitled the 10 , 000 Tag Team Round ) , the contestant chooses one panelist to assist her . The host reads a series of pairs of related items , and each member of the team , in turn , tries to determine which answer was more popular . If , between the contestant and the panelist , a total of seven correct answers are given within 30 seconds , the contestant 's winnings are increased to 10 , 000 if not , the contestant wins an additional 300 for every correct answer given . Production The series originally appeared during GSN 's New York City upfront presentation on April 9 , 2013 . On August 16 , 2013 , GSN announced that the network had ordered forty episodes of Mind of a Man , and officially announced Davis as host on September 25 . The series premiered January 8 , 2014 . The final episode aired on May 14 , 2014 while GSN did not renew the show for a second season , the series was pitched for syndication in the 2015 16 season . Reception Mind of a Man garnered mixed reception from critics . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times argued that the questions were frivolous and previewed the series as being vacuous but often amusing . The Washington Post 's Marc Silver called the series low minded and claimed that after watching an episode , his mind need ed to go take a shower . Acting rather neutral , Hank Stuever , also from The Washington Post , argued that the series ' title sound s like the premise for an SNL sketch . Carrie Grosvenor of About Entertainment , however , was pleased with the series , calling it a lot of fun and deeming Davis a great host . Ratings The series premiere on January 8 , 2014 , garnered average ratings , with the premiere episode earning 497 , 000 total viewers and 112 , 000 viewers among adults 18 49 GSN debuted the series that night with four consecutive episodes , which averaged around 407 , 000 viewers during the two hour programming stack .
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2,810 | The 1812 Louisiana Hurricane was a major hurricane that struck New Orleans , Louisiana , during the War of 1812 . It was the worst storm of the early history of New Orleans and was very likely the hurricane which made the closest landfall known to affect the city . It was first observed in the eastern Caribbean Sea on August 12 as a tropical disturbance , which later affected Jamaica as a tropical storm . After entering the Gulf of Mexico , it intensified into a hurricane , with winds estimated at over 115 mph ( 185 km h ) . The circulation affected areas from the Florida Panhandle to Natchez in the Mississippi Territory , but the worst effects were in the New Orleans area . There were around 100 deaths , many of them due to drowning . Meteorological history On August 12 , a tropical disturbance entered the Caribbean Sea to the south of Antigua , believed to have been a strong tropical wave . Moving westward , it developed into a tropical storm by August 15 , based on ship observations in the region . That day , it passed to the south of Jamaica and later turned to the northwest . Due to the ongoing War of 1812 , there was a British blockade of American ships , which caused a lack of observations in the region . As a result , the storm 's track was uncertain , although it is believed that the system entered the Gulf of Mexico by August 18 that day , a ship reported hurricane force winds . After moving northward , the hurricane turned to the northwest off the coast of Louisiana . Although meteorologist David Roth assessed the storm as making landfall on August 19 at Isle unk to the west of New Orleans , a research paper from the American Meteorological Society estimated that the hurricane moved ashore about 40 mi ( 60 km ) southeast of New Orleans . Modern research suggests the storm was the equivalent of a major hurricane ( a Category 3 on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale ) , or with winds of at least 115 mph ( 185 km h ) , when it made landfall . It passed just southwest of the city , becoming the closest major hurricane to New Orleans . The wind diameter was average to slightly below average , and the forward speed was normal . Due to its movement , the hurricane likely maintained much of its strength after making landfall and by the time it affected New Orleans . The hurricane gradually weakened over land , passing near Baton Rouge , Louisiana and Natchez , Mississippi on August 20 . Heavy rainfall was reported in eastern Ohio beginning on August 21 , potentially from the remnants of the storm merging with a cold front . Effect When the storm was moving through the Caribbean Sea , it produced rough seas and heavy rainfall . In Jamaica , gusty winds damaged crops , including to corn and plantains . As the storm moved ashore in Louisiana , outer rain bands produced gale force winds and heavy damage at Pensacola , in Spanish West Florida . At Cat Island offshore of Bay St. Louis ( claimed from Spain in the same year , as part of the Mississippi Territory ) , strong winds washed several boats ashore . Hurricane conditions began in New Orleans around 8 p.m. local time on August 19 . In southeastern Louisiana , Fort St. Philip sustained heavy damage , after it was flooded . Most soldiers in the fort drowned . There was a rumor during the storm that the British took over Fort St. Philip , causing a panic in the midst of the War of 1812 however , the British fleet was scattered throughout the region , and many British ships were damaged . In New Orleans , the hurricane damaged 53 ships , and several boats were washed ashore along Lake Pontchartrain . The USS Louisiana , a cutter commissioned in 1804 , was wrecked during the hurricane while at port in New Orleans , and the entire crew except for the captain was killed . Debris and bodies from the ships were dispersed along the lake 's coastline . The USS Viper lost its mast while offshore during the storm . Ten people died on the ship Harlequin . The storm produced heavy rainfall , along with a powerful storm surge . Flooding up to 15 ft ( 4 . 6 m ) deep was reported in New Orleans and portions of Plaquemines Parish . In the Parish , 45 people drowned , and there was heavy damage to the sugar crops . The levee system in New Orleans was heavily damaged . The strong waves washed saltwater 75 mi ( 121 km ) up the Mississippi River . High winds damaged most buildings in New Orleans , some of which were destroyed , and most trees were blown down . The city 's market house was wrecked , despite being described as indestructible . Damage was estimated at 6 million ( 1812 USD ) , and there were around 100 deaths . Further northwest near Natchez , Mississippi , the storm 's winds were strong enough to knock down trees . The barometric pressure there was 986 mbar ( 29 . 1 inHg ) , although the observation was not calibrated and was later corrected to 995 mbar ( 29 . 4 inHg ) to account for elevation and air temperature . In the two centuries since the hurricane , the oceans rose about 0 . 5 ft ( 0 . 15 m ) , the wetlands around New Orleans have diminished , and the elevation has dropped due to subsidence . These have increased the threat to the city of a significant hurricane strike . The 1812 hurricane was not a worst case scenario for New Orleans , as a stronger and larger hurricane would have caused more damage . If the storm struck in 2012 , one researcher estimated the hurricane would have been among the costliest Louisiana hurricanes , comparable to Hurricane Betsy in 1965 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 .
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2,811 | HMS Campania was a seaplane tender and aircraft carrier , converted from an elderly ocean liner by the Royal Navy early in the First World War . After her conversion was completed in mid 1915 the ship spent her time conducting trials and exercises with the Grand Fleet . These revealed the need for a longer flight deck to allow larger aircraft to take off , and she was modified accordingly . Campania missed the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 , but made a number of patrols with elements of the Grand Fleet . She never saw combat and was soon relegated to a training role because of her elderly machinery . In November 1918 Campania was anchored with the capital ships of the Grand Fleet when a sudden storm caused her anchors to drag . She hit several of the ships and the collisions punctured her hull she slowly sank , with no loss of life . Early career Originally built as a passenger liner for Cunard Line 's service between Liverpool and New York in 1893 , RMS Campania was the holder of the Blue Riband award for speed early in her career . In October 1914 , she was sold to the shipbreakers T. W. Ward as she was wearing out . Purchase and conversion The Royal Navy purchased Campania from the shipbreakers on 27 November 1914 for 32 , 500 , initially for conversion to an armed merchant cruiser equipped with eight quick firing 4 . 7 inch ( 120 mm ) guns . The ship was converted by Cammell Laird to an aircraft carrier instead and the two forward 4 . 7 inch guns were deleted in favour of a 160 foot ( 48 . 8 m ) flying off deck . Two derricks were fitted on each side to transfer seaplanes between the water and the two holds . The amidships hold had the capacity for seven large seaplanes . The forward hold , underneath the flight deck , could fit four small seaplanes , but the flight deck had to be lifted off the hold to access the airplanes . HMS Campania was commissioned on 17 April 1915 . The first takeoff from the flight deck did not occur until 6 August 1915 when a Sopwith Schneider floatplane , mounted on a wheeled trolley , used 130 feet ( 39 . 6 m ) of the flight deck while the ship was steaming into the wind at 17 knots ( 31 km h 20 mph ) . The Sopwith aircraft was the lightest and highest powered aircraft in service with the Royal Naval Air Service , and the close call in a favourable wind demonstrated that heavier aircraft could not be launched from the flight deck . By October 1915 Campania had exercised with the Grand Fleet seven times , but had only flown off aircraft three times as the North Sea was often too rough for her seaplanes to use . Her captain recommended that the flying off deck be lengthened and given a steeper slope to allow gravity to boost the aircraft 's acceleration and the ship was accordingly modified at Cammell Laird between November 1915 and early April 1916 . The forward funnel was split into two funnels and the flight deck was extended between them and over the bridge to a length of 245 feet ( 74 . 7 m ) , so that aircraft from both holds could use the flight deck . A canvas windscreen was provided to allow the aircraft to unfold their wings out of the wind , and a kite balloon and all of its supporting equipment were added in the aft hold . Campania now carried seven Short Type 184 torpedo bombers and three or four smaller fighters or scouts a Type 184 made its first takeoff from the flight deck on 3 June 1916 , also using a wheeled trolley . This success prompted the Admiralty to order the world 's first aircraft designed for carrier operations , the Fairey Campania . The ship received the first of these aircraft in late 1917 where they joined smaller Sopwith 1 Strutter scouts . At various times Campania also carried the Sopwith Baby and Sopwith Pup . Campania failed to receive the signal to deploy when the Grand Fleet departed Scapa Flow on 30 May 1916 en route to the Battle of Jutland , but she sailed two hours and fifteen minutes later . Even though she was slowly overtaking the fleet early in the morning of 31 May , she was ordered to return to Scapa Flow as she lacked an escort and German submarines had been reported in the area . The ship participated in some anti submarine and anti Zeppelin patrols , but she was later declared unfit for fleet duty because of her defective machinery and became a seaplane training and balloon depot ship . In April 1918 Campania , along with the Grand Fleet , was transferred from Scapa Flow to Rosyth . On the morning of 5 November 1918 , Campania was lying at anchor off Burntisland in the Firth of Forth . A sudden Force 10 squall caused the ship to drag anchor . She collided first with the bow of the nearby battleship Royal Oak , and then scraped along the side of the battlecruiser Glorious . Campania 's hull was breached by the initial collision with Royal Oak , flooding her engine room and shutting off all main electrical power . The ship then started to settle by the stern , and sank some five hours after breaking free . The ship 's crew were all rescued by neighbouring vessels . A Naval Board of Inquiry into the incident held Campania 's watch officer largely responsible for her loss , citing specifically the failure to drop a second anchor once the ship started to drift . The wreck of HMS Campania was designated in 2001 under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 as a site of historic importance , making it an offence to dive it without a licence . The remains of the four Campania aircraft and seven 1 Strutters that she had on board when she sank are still entombed in her wreck .
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2,812 | Lactarius blennius ( commonly known as the Slimy Milkcap or Beech Milkcap ) is a medium sized mushroom of the genus Lactarius found commonly in beech forests in Europe , where it is mycorrhizal , favouring the European Beech ( though associations with other trees are known ) . It was first described by Elias Magnus Fries . Though its colour and size vary , it is distinctive because it is slimy when wet and exudes copious amounts of milk . It has been the subject of some chemical research , and it can be used to produce pigments and unk . unk , some of which have shown potential medical application , are derived from lactarane , a chemical so named because of their association with Lactarius . The edibility of L. blennius is uncertain , with different mycologists suggesting that it is edible ( though not recommended ) , inedible or even poisonous . Taxonomy and naming Lactarius blennius was first described by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as Agaricus blennius in 1815 , before being given its current binomial name by the same author in 1838 . Within the genus Lactarius , it is closely related to Lactarius cinereus , another Lactarius species that also favours beech . It has been suggested that the two species ( forming a group ) could have a coevolutionary pathway with beech . The specific epithet is derived from a Latin adjective blennius , meaning slimy . Lactarius mushrooms are commonly known as milkcaps , and L. blennius is known as the Slimy Milkcap or the Beech Milkcap . Lactarius blennius is synonymous with Agaricus blennius ( the name under which Fries first described the species in 1815 ) and Agaricus viridis , a name given earlier by Heinrich Schrader , in 1794 . Galorrheus blennius ( a name proposed in 1871 by Paul Kummer ) , Lactarius viridis ( proposed in 1888 by Lucien Qulet ) and Lactifluus blennius ( proposed by Otto Kuntze in 1891 ) are also now recognised as synonyms . Lactarius unk was originally described as a form of L. blennius as Lactarius blennius f. unk by Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1928 , before being classified as a separate species by J. Blum . Lange also described Lactarius blennius f. virescens , which is now recognised as nomen unk ( an invalid name ) . Lactarius unk is another species that has been included in L. blennius originally described in 1899 by Jean Louis mile Boudier , in 1999 , German Joseph unk suggested that it is actually a variety of L. blennius , naming it Lactarius blennius var. unk . The situation with Lactarius viridis is similar first described as a separate species by Qulet in 1888 , A. Marchand proposed that it is in fact a variety of L. blennius , naming it Lactarius blennius var. viridis . Description Lactarius blennius has a flattened convex cap that is 4 10 cm ( 1 . 6 4 in ) across that later becomes depressed in the centre . In colour , it is pale olive to a greenish grey , sometimes a dull green or pale grey sepia , and has blotches of darker colouration in concentric bands , though the colour can vary greatly . Heavily spotted specimens are also known , and a very brown specimen similar to Lactarius unk was recorded in Scotland . The cap is very slimy when moist and has a margin that is curved inwards . The stem is a paler colour than the cap , but also very slimy , and measures from 4 5 cm ( 1 . 6 2 in ) tall by 1 1 . 7 cm ( 0 . 4 0 . 7 in ) thick , tapering a little towards the bottom . The flesh is whitish , similar in colour to the gills , which later become a creamy or pale buff colour . The gills turn a brownish grey colour when wounded , and are crowded . In shape , they are slightly decurrent or adnate , meaning that they run a small way down the stem in attachment , or that they are attached to the stem by the whole depth of the gills . The milk is white and dries grey , and is very plentiful . L. blennius spores leave a creamy print , and are elliptic with low warts joined by ridges with a small number of cross connections , measuring from 6 9 by 5 . 5 7 m . Distribution , habitat and ecology Lactarius blennius is very common and is found in broad leaved woodland , favouring beech it is most associated with Fagus sylvatica , the European Beech , though it has also been observed growing in association with species of oak . It forms an ectomycorrhizal association with trees , and can grow on a wide variety of subsoil types , but is more typical of acidic soil . It is found between late summer and late autumn , and is native to Europe . The distribution of the mushroom coincides with the distribution of beech . In the British Isles , the species is one of the one hundred most common mushrooms . Other areas in which it has been recorded include Sweden , France , Italy , and Poland . Uses Mycologist Roger Phillips claims that L. blennius is edible when cooked , but not recommended , while others describe it as inedible or even poisonous . The milk tastes very hot and acrid . L. blennius has been the subject of some research in chemistry . unk derivatives ( known as unk ) have been acquired from the mushroom , including the lactone blennin D , and blennin A , which was first isolated from this species . unk are chemicals so named because of their occurrence in Lactarius species . unk have been shown to be potentially unk blennin A , for instance ( a lactarane type sesquiterpene ) has been shown to be an anti inflammatory , having a strong unk affect against leukotriene C4 biosynthesis . L. blennius can also be refined to create a green pigment , known as unk .
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2,813 | Robert Peel ( 1723 12 September 1795 ) , commonly known as Parsley Peel , was an influential cotton mill owner and grandfather to Sir Robert Peel , 2nd Baronet , future prime minister of Great Britain . Peel started life as a yeoman farmer but experimented with calico printing , eventually creating a parsley leaf pattern which would become his trademark . Despite losing a number of machines during riots , Peel 's company became the largest in the textile sector by the time of his death , with 23 factories . Early life Robert Peele was born in 1723 at Peele Fold in Oswaldtwistle to William Peele and Jane Anne Peele . His family were traditionally yeoman farmers , until his grandfather Robert Peele abandoned the trade in favour of making woollen cloth . Parsley 's father , William , attempted to return the family to farming and after his education at Blackburn Grammar School , he initially joined his father in this pursuit . He inherited the woodblocks his grandfather used for printing on wool and started experimenting with them . When his wife 's brother , William Haworth , returned from an apprenticeship to a calico printer in London , the pair attempted to set up a business in calico printing . They received financial backing from William Yates , the landlord of the local public house and formed Haworth , Peel and Yates in 1750 , consisting of a factory in Blackburn and a warehouse in Manchester . By this point , Peel had dropped the final ' e ' from his surname , his reason being that it was of no use , as it did not add to the sound . Calico printing Peel had gained a reputation for trying new methods within the industry , being one of the first textile manufacturers to use carding cylinders . He began experimenting at his home with different forms of printing until , according to family tradition , his young daughter Anne brought him a sprig of parsley and begged him to use it as a pattern . He etched this design onto a pewter plate to allow the printing , which was then finished with an iron by one of the women of the household . There are other versions of the tale , which dispute whether the experiments happened at the farm at Peel Fold or his house in Fish Lane and suggest a poor neighbour , Mrs. Milton , unk the cloth to finish it . The exact nature of the discovery made by Peel is unclear . It is likely that it was a new method for using the acetate of lead as a dye fixer ( mordant ) . Another possibility is the use of metal engraving rather than wooden blocks to create the pattern . However it came to be , the pattern was named Nancy 's pattern after Peel 's daughter and was very popular leading to Robert Peel 's nickname of Parsley Peel . The company went on to be one of the first calico printers in Lancashire . Cotton manufacture Peel worked with one of his weavers , James Hargreaves , to investigate new technologies . In 1762 , Peel and Hargreaves set up a carding machine , but decided against using it . When Hargreaves went on to invent the spinning jenny in 1764 , Peel was keen to use the technology . He set them up in his factory at Stanhill where Hargreaves worked . In the spring of 1768 , the spinning jennies at Peel 's factory were blamed for job losses . The factories and Hargreaves ' nearby house were the targets of a riot , destroying the spinning jennies within along with some of Peel 's own inventions . In reaction , Peel moved his manufacturing away from Lancashire . He decided on Burton upon Trent where he built three mills , including cutting a canal for one . In 1779 , Peel 's mill in Altham was caught in series of riots against machinery , specifically the carding machines and spinning jenny . Peel came to see the destruction as fortuitous , as he then turned to Richard Arkwright 's carding engine . By 1795 , Peel 's family run company , Peel Co . , was the largest in the cotton industry with twenty three mills around the north west of England , fourteen more than their closest competitor . Personal life Peel was described as a tall robust man with reddish hair , cautious but shrewd , who led the family to fortune through perseverance and resolve . He married Elizabeth Haworth on 28 August 1744 and they had eight children , including Sir Robert Peel , 1st Baronet . Sir Robert Peel went on to father Sir Robert Peel , 2nd Baronet , the future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , who helped to create the modern concept of a police force . Young Robert would visit Parsley Peel and his wife at their home in Ardwick . Douglas Hurd noted that Parsley Peel was satisfied with his lot and did not expect to rise up the social ladder personally , though he hoped his children would . John Wesley said of him , I was invited to breakfast at Bury by Mr Peel , a calico printer who a few years ago began with 500 and is now supposed to have gained 20 , 000 . Oh , what a miracle if he lose not his own soul . In 1794 , Parsley Peel obtained the grant of a coat of arms , including a shuttle held by a lion , a bee signifying business and a new family motto Industria . Towards the end of his life , Peel started to lean heavily on a cane with a golden head . He lived out his final days in Ardwick Green , near his daughter . Peel died on 12 September 1795 , and was buried in St John 's Church , Manchester . His wife survived him by six months one of her final wishes was to outlive her husband . He left his estate split equally between his eight children , valued at 13 , 000 each ( worth about 1 . 1 million in 2013 ) .
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2,814 | Blues for the Red Sun is the second studio album by American rock band Kyuss , released in 1992 . While the album received mainly favorable reviews , it fared poorly commercially , selling only 39 , 000 units . It has since become a very influential album within the stoner rock genre . Blues for the Red Sun was the last Kyuss album to feature founding bassist Nick Oliveri , who was replaced by Scott Reeder shortly after recording had been completed . Reeder had previously played with The Obsessed . Touring , promotion , and release In support of the album , Kyuss went on tour with such established groups as Faith No More , White Zombie , and Danzig . In early 1993 , the band was chosen by Metallica to be an opening act for nine shows in Australia . Aside from their first show with Metallica , the group only used half the P.A. system for the other eight concerts . The music videos for the songs Green Machine and Thong Song received moderate rotation on MTV 's Headbangers Ball and on MuchMusic in Canada . The album also received airplay on such album oriented radio stations as KNAC , KISW , unk , and unk . The album was released by the independent record label , Dali , which was later bought out by Elektra Records . It ended up selling only 39 , 000 copies . Musical style and influence Blues for the Red Sun incorporates acid rock , grunge , psychedelic rock , space rock , and doom metal , and has been compared to such acts as Black Sabbath , Hawkwind , Blue Cheer , and Alice in Chains . The album is considered a pioneer to the stoner metal genre . Daniel unk , the author of The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal , has written that the album has influenced countless bands . Many consider Blues for the Red Sun the template for 21st century bands that have followed in the pioneering wake of Kyuss . Martin Popoff similarly credits the band with the creation of a certain core sample of stoner rock , in part due to an uncompromising unk that was composed of more than tar pitted Sabbath riffs . Exclaim credited the album for opening the way for bands like Monster Magnet and a whole host of other desert grunge practitioners . Melissa Auf der Maur has said that she attempted to knock off Blues for the Red Sun for her single Followed the Waves , to the point that she recruited the band 's rhythm section to play on the track and Chris Goss to produce . Other fans of the album include Dave Grohl and Metallica . Steve Taylor , the author of A to X of Alternative Music , wrote that , in comparison to the music , lyrics can 't really compete , and went on to call the album 's lyrics stoned immaculate phrases . Rolling Stone described the lyrics of Thong Song a song about flip flops as deathless . Guitarist Josh Homme plugged down tuned guitars into bass amplifiers for the distortion featured on the album . Wah wah pedals were also used by Homme on Blues for the Red Sun . Wayne Robins of Newsday described Homme 's riffs as post Hendrix guitar flurries . Several of the songs on Blues for the Red Sun have slow tempos and groove laden rhythms . Green Machine features a bass guitar solo , and the album features several instrumental tracks . A number of songs on the album also credit lyrics to John Garcia , but have no discernible lyrics or even vocals . It is possible that the only word written by Garcia is the uttered yeah at the very end of the album . Reception The album received acclaim from both fans and critics . Steve Taylor considers it the best album Kyuss ever made . AllMusic 's Eduardo Rivadavia gave the album four and a half out of five stars and called the album , a major milestone in heavy music . In particular he praised producer Chris Goss , who had also been the singer guitarist for Masters of Reality , for its unique heavy light formula . unk Frost of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B . Rolling Stone considered Green Machine and Thong Song to be the albums highlights and also thought that the production had greatly improved from the band 's previous album , Wretch . Kerrang also gave the album a favorable review . College Music Journal claimed that the album was raw and unorthodox and , like Rivadavia , complimented Chris Goss for the production . Q called it one of the landmark metal albums of the ' 90s , and rewarded it a perfect five out of five stars . Guitar Player magazine added Green Machine in their 1995 article titled 50 Heaviest Riffs Of All Time Spin ranked Blues for the Red Sun 10th on their list of the 10 Best Albums You Didn 't Hear in ' 92 . In 2002 , Spin put the album in 36th place on their list of the 40 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time . IGN listed the album as an honorable mention on their list of the Top 25 Metal Albums . Chad Bowar of About.com named the album the 8th best heavy metal album of 1992 and went on to write that Blues for the Red Sun , was a landmark album that influenced a lot of bands . MusicRadar included the album on The 50 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time and ranked it in 48th place . Track listing Personnel Credits Kyuss John Garcia lead vocals ( all but 13 ) Josh Homme guitar Nick Oliveri bass , lead vocals ( 13 ) Brant Bjork drums , album concept Additional personnel Chris Goss producer Joe Barresi engineer , mixing Mike unk engineer , mixing Brian Jenkins engineer , drum engineering Jeff Sheehan engineer , assistant engineer Howie Weinberg mastering Skiles art direction Michael Anderson photography
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2,815 | HMS Shannon was a Minotaur class armoured cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the mid 1900s . Before the First World War , she served with the Home Fleet , generally as the flagship of a cruiser squadron . The ship remained with the Grand Fleet , as the Home Fleet was renamed when the war began , for the entire war , but only participated in a single battle , the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 . Shannon spent most of the war unsuccessfully patrolling the North Sea for German warships and commerce raiders . She was paid off in 1919 and sold for scrap in 1922 . Description Shannon displaced 14 , 600 long tons ( 14 , 800 t ) as built and 16 , 630 long tons ( 16 , 900 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 519 feet ( 158 . 2 m ) , a beam of 75 feet 6 inches ( 23 . 0 m ) and a mean draught of 26 feet ( 7 . 9 m ) . Her beam was 1 foot ( 0 . 3 m ) wider and her draught one foot less than her sisters in the belief that she would prove to be the fastest ship in the class . Shannon was powered by a pair of four cylinder triple expansion steam engines , each driving one shaft , using steam provided by 24 Yarrow water tube boilers . The engines were designed to reach a total of 27 , 000 indicated horsepower ( 20 , 000 kW ) and were intended to give a maximum speed of 23 knots ( 43 km h 26 mph ) . Shannon proved to be the slowest ship in the class during her sea trials on 3 December 1907 her engines reached 29 , 644 indicated horsepower ( 22 , 106 kW ) , but she only reached a speed of 22 . 592 knots ( 41 . 8 km h 26 . 0 mph ) The ship carried a maximum of 2 , 060 long tons ( 2 , 090 t ) of coal and an additional 750 long tons ( 760 t ) of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full capacity , she could steam for 8 , 150 nautical miles ( 15 , 090 km 9 , 380 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Shannon was designed to carry 779 officers and enlisted men , but had a complement of 819 in 1908 and 842 in 1912 . The ship 's main armament consisted of four BL 9 . 2 inch Mark X guns in two twin gun turrets , one each fore and aft . Her secondary armament of ten BL 7 . 5 inch Mark II guns were mounted amidships in single turrets . Anti torpedo boat defence was provided by sixteen QF 12 pounder ( 3 inch ) 18 cwt guns . Shannon also mounted five submerged 17 . 7 inch torpedo tubes , one of which was mounted in the stern . The waterline armour belt consisted of 6 inches ( 152 mm ) of Krupp cemented armour roughly between the fore and aft 7 . 5 inch gun turrets , but was reduced in steps to three inches to the ends of the ship . The gun turrets and barbettes were protected by 6 8 inches ( 152 203 mm ) of armour . The thickness of the lower deck was 1 . 5 2 inches ( 38 51 mm ) . The armour of the conning tower was 10 inches ( 254 mm ) thick . Construction and career Shannon was ordered as part of the 1904 05 naval construction programme as one of the three Minotaur class armoured cruisers . She was laid down on 2 January 1905 at Chatham Dockyard . The ship was christened on 27 April 1907 by Lady Carrington and commissioned on 19 March 1908 at the cost of 1 , 415 , 135 . While fitting out in Portsmouth , Shannon was accidentally struck on 5 December 1907 by the battleship Prince George which had broken loose from her anchorage both ships were only lightly damaged . Upon commissioning , the ship became the flagship of the 5th Cruiser Squadron of Home Fleet and was later transferred to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron as a private ship when the fleet reorganized in April 1909 . She became the flagship of her squadron on 1 March 1910 and made a port visit to Torbay in January 1911 . Shannon was relieved as flagship by the battlecruiser Indomitable on 5 March 1912 and was transferred to the 3rd Cruiser Squadron as that squadron 's flagship . In January 1914 , she relieved Indomitable as flagship of the 2nd Cruiser Squadron during exercises off the northwest coast of Spain . The following month , Shannon , together with the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron and the rest of the 2nd Cruiser Squadron , made a port visit to Brest , France . In October 1914 , the ship was patrolling off the coast of Norway and almost intercepted the armed merchant cruiser SS Berlin on several occasions . During a sweep into the Heligoland Bight on 26 November , she was unsuccessfully bombed by a German aircraft . She began a refit shortly afterwards that lasted until 24 January 1915 . Shannon was present in Cromarty Firth when the armoured cruiser Natal 's magazine exploded on 30 December 1915 and her crew attempted to rescue survivors from Natal . The ship received a QF 12 pounder ( three inch ) 12 cwt anti aircraft ( AA ) gun and a QF 3 pounder ( 47 mm ) AA gun in 1915 16 . The 12 pounder gun was mounted on the aft superstructure and the 3 pounder on the quarterdeck at the extreme rear . Sometime afterwards , a fire control system was installed with a director mounted on a platform fitted to the foremast . During the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916 , she was on the unengaged side of the fleet and did not fire her 9 . 2 or 7 . 5 inch guns at all during the battle . The ship spent several days after the battle searching for survivors from her sister Defence and other sunken ships . Before the end of the war the 12 pounder AA gun mounted on the aft superstructure was moved to the roof of the forward 9 . 2 inch gun turret . Shannon was paid off on 2 May 1919 and became an accommodation ship until sold for breaking up on 12 December 1922 .
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2,816 | Zenas Randall Bliss ( April 17 , 1835 January 2 , 1900 ) was an officer and general in the United States Army and a recipient of the Medal of Honor . He formed the first unit of Seminole Negro Indian Scouts , and his detailed memoirs chronicled life on the Texas frontier . He was the father of Rhode Island Lieutenant Governor Zenas Work Bliss . Bliss was a native of Rhode Island and graduated from West Point in 1854 . He served most of his thirty seven year career on the Texas frontier , and served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . During the Civil War he was captured by Confederate forces and held as a prisoner of war . Bliss received the Medal of Honor for his actions while leading his regiment at the Battle of Fredericksburg . Early life and military career Bliss was born April 17 , 1835 in Johnston , Rhode Island to an upper middle class family . His parents were Zenas and Phebe Waterman Randall Bliss . He received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York , in July 1850 when he was only fifteen years old . He graduated from West Point in 1854 and served the next six years in Texas . He was stationed at Fort Davis and Fort Quitman , but his first assignment was as a brevet second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Infantry regiment at Fort Duncan . He was promoted to the full rank of second lieutenant in the 8th U.S. Infantry on March 3 , 1855 and subsequently promoted to first lieutenant on October 17 , 1860 . Following the outbreak of the Civil War , he was promoted to captain on May 14 , 1861 . Civil War service When the American Civil War began on April 12 , 1861 Bliss immediately saw action . He was captured by Confederate forces and spent eleven months as a prisoner of war , first in San Antonio , Texas , and later in Richmond , Virginia . He was finally exchanged and sent back to Union lines where he subsequently took command of the Tenth Rhode Island Infantry . He received a commission in the volunteer army as a colonel in May 1862 . The 10th Rhode Island served for only 90 days and was used in the defenses of Washington , D.C. After the 10th Rhode Island was discharged , Bliss assumed command of the Seventh Rhode Island Infantry on August 21 , 1862 . In October 1862 the Seventh Rhode Island joined the First Brigade , Second Division , Ninth Corps , Army of the Potomac . The regiment saw action in December 1862 at the Battle of Fredericksburg , during which Bliss performed actions that earned him the Medal of Honor several decades later . When IX Corps was sent West , it participated in the Siege of Vicksburg . The Seventh served under Major General William T. Sherman in the capture of Jackson , Mississippi . In April 1864 the Seventh rejoined the Army of the Potomac . Bliss became commander of the First Brigade , Second Division , Ninth Corps . His brigade fought in the Battle of the Wilderness . Bliss was badly injured by a horse at Spotsylvania , but he returned to lead his brigade in the Siege of Petersburg and the Battle of the Crater . The court of inquiry following the fiasco at the Crater censured Bliss , but he remained on duty . During the Civil War , Bliss received a brevet ( honorary promotion ) to major dated December 13 , 1862 , for gallantry and meritorious service in the Battle of Fredericksburg . He was later breveted to lieutenant colonel on May 7 , 1864 , for gallantry and meritorious service in the Battle of the Wilderness . Bliss was mustered out of volunteer service on June 9 , 1865 and reverted to his Regular Army rank of captain . He was awarded the Medal of Honor on December 3 , 1898 , for valor during the Battle of Fredericksburg . Postbellum career Bliss remained in the Regular Army after the Civil War and was promoted to major of the 30th Infantry Regiment on August 6 , 1867 . He was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 19th Infantry on March 4 , 1879 , and to colonel of the 24th Infantry ( a unit with black soldiers and white officers ) on April 20 , 1886 . Bliss was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army April 24 , 1895 , and to major general on May 14 , 1897 . He retired from the Army eight days later on May 22 . Including his four years at West Point , Bliss had served 46 years , 10 months and 22 days in uniform when he retired . Bliss was a member of the District of Columbia Commandery of the Loyal Legion and was assigned insignia number unk . He was also a member of the Grand Army of the Republic , Society of the Army of the Potomac and the Order of the Indian Wars . Zenas Bliss died in Washington , D.C. January 2 , 1900 , at age 64 . He is buried alongside his wife at Arlington National Cemetery at Arlington , Virginia . His grave can be found in section 1 , lot 8 B. Bliss and his wife had four children , two of whom lived to adulthood . One of his sons was Zenas Work Bliss ( 1867 1957 ) who served as lieutenant governor of Rhode Island from 1910 to 1913 . There is a life sized portrait of General Bliss at the Benefit Street Arsenal in Providence , Rhode Island . Medal of Honor citation Rank and organization Colonel , Seventh Rhode Island Infantry . Place and date At Fredericksburg , VA . , 13 Dec 1862 . This officer , to encourage his regiment which had never before been in action , and which had been ordered to lie down to protect itself from the enemy 's fire , arose to his feet , advanced in front of the line , and himself fired several shots at the enemy at short range , being fully exposed to their fire at the time .
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2,817 | Mareike Adermann ( born 3 August 1990 ) is a 4 . 5 point wheelchair basketball player , who plays for the University of Wisconsin Whitewater in the United States . She has also played for the German national team , with which she won two European titles , was runner up at 2010 World Championships , and won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . President Joachim Gauck awarded the team Germany 's highest sporting honour , the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt ( Silver Laurel Leaf ) . Biography Mareike Adermann was born on 3 August 1990 , the daughter of Karl Heinz and Kristin . She has a brother , Nils . She is nicknamed MA . Adermann began playing basketball at the age of seven , and made her debut at the women 's regional championships in Germany when she was 14 . In that first game , she suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament . Over the next four years , she underwent knee surgery four times , three in the right knee , and once in the left , leaving her knees scarred . On each occasion she took eight months to recover , and ruptured an anterior cruciate ligament within weeks of returning to playing . At the age of 18 , Adermann was forced to give up her dream of playing basketball . However , a physical education teacher suggested that she try wheelchair basketball , a sport she had never heard of . Although she is a wheelchair basketball player , Adermann does not require a wheelchair for everyday activities , and is classified as a 4 . 5 point player , the lowest level of disability . Being able to move her body fully gives the 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) tall center a height advantage , but she found that shooting from the free throw line in a chair requires as much force as shooting standing from the three point line . When Adermann took up wheelchair basketball in 2008 , she was not thinking of making the national team , but with hard work and daily practice , she made it in just one year . She was captain of the German Under 25 ( U25 ) National team , competing at their first ever World Championships . In 2009 , she began attending University of Wisconsin Whitewater in the United States , where she studied business administration particularly sports administration and coaching with the idea of one day becoming a coach . She found the workload much higher than in Germany . Whereas most German clubs trained only two of three times a week , training in the United States was every day , with weight and training rooms available 24 hours a day , seven days a week . While in Germany , she trained with the second division team Essen Rolling Bears , also travelled twice a week to Cologne to train with the 99ers . She also played for ASV Bonn in the German regional league . In March 2012 , her unk Warhawks team , coached by Daniel T. Price , defeated the University of Alabama 63 34 to win the US Intercollegiate National Championships in a game in which unk scored 17 points and had 13 rebounds . Later that year , Team USA , which coached the Warhawks ' Price and including Warhawks Sarah unk , Desiree Miller and Becca Murray , headed for Charlotte , North Carolina for a last training camp before the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . Meanwhile , Adermann played with the Germany team in Australia in July , and then to the Netherlands . In the Gold Medal match in London , the team faced the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , who had defeated them 48 46 in Sydney just a few months before , in front of a capacity crowd of over 12 , 000 at the North Greenwich Arena . The German team had been undefeated up to that point , but had started off slow in its games against the United States and China , winning these games by six point margins , and seemed to play its best basketball only in the final minutes of a game . Adermann scored 19 points , more than any other player in the match , and was a key factor in Germany winning 58 44 . Most of my shots weren t even any crazy shots or any outside shots , Adermann said . They were the same shots I took in the others games , but I played more in this game , and I had many more easy opportunities getting into the paint . I m always one of the shooters , but I think Australia underestimated me and didn t defend me as well as some of the other girls . They left me open a lot and I got some big shots , so it went well for me . It just worked out that I scored the most points in the final , but it wasn t deliberate . It was the first gold medal that Germany had won in women 's wheelchair basketball at the Paralympics since 1984 . They were awarded the Silver Laurel Leaf by President Joachim Gauck in November 2012 , and were named Team of the Year for 2012 . Many times , I was told that after winning a gold medal , I have achieved the most I can , so I could quit now , Adermann later wrote , But I disagree . Achievements 2009 Gold at the European Championships 2009 Silver at German Women 's National Championships 2010 Silver at the Women 's World Championships 2010 Bronze at the U22 mixed European Championships 2010 Gold at German Women 's National Championships 2011 Silver at German Women 's National Championships 2011 Gold at the European Championships ( Nazareth , Israel ) 2012 Silver at German Women 's National Championships 2012 Gold at the Paralympic Games ( London , England ) 2013 Silver European Championships ( Frankfurt , Germany ) 2014 Silver at the World Championships ( Toronto , Canada ) Awards 2012 Team of the Year 2012 Silver Laurel Leaf
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2,818 | Hurricane Able was a rare hurricane that formed outside of the typical North Atlantic hurricane season . The first tropical cyclone in 1951 , Able developed from a trough of low pressure on May 15 about 300 miles ( 480 km ) south of Bermuda . Initially subtropical in nature , Able acquired tropical characteristics as it moved over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream and attained hurricane status on May 17 off the coast of Florida . This made Able one of only four May Atlantic hurricanes on record . On May 22 Able reached peak winds of 90 mph ( 150 km h ) about 70 miles ( 115 km ) off of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . The hurricane weakened as it turned eastward , and became an extratropical cyclone on May 23 . Hurricane Able did not affect land significantly . In Florida , the storm dropped light precipitation , while in the Bahamas it produced winds of up to 95 mph ( 152 km h ) . From North Carolina through New England , Able produced higher than normal tides . No casualties were reported . Meteorological history An active trough of low pressure exited the East Coast of the United States on May 12 , and by the following day it passed near Bermuda . Initially the trough was located only near the surface , though as cold air from behind it advanced eastward , the trough extended into the mid to upper levels of the atmosphere . By May 14 a closed low pressure area developed in seclusion from the westerlies . Continued cold air from behind the trough , about 12 F ( 7 C ) colder than usual for the time of year , extended across the low in conjunction with warm upper levels and warm sea surface temperatures , resulting in large amounts of instability . The polar trough gradually weakened as the low organized , and on May 15 it developed into a subtropical depression while located about 300 miles ( 480 km ) south of Bermuda . Located under an upper level low , the depression initially tracked briskly to the northwest , followed by a turn to the west southwest on May 16 as the upper level low turned southwestward . Later on the 16th , the depression approached the warmest waters of the Gulf Stream . Strong divergence from the upper level low and a high pressure system to its northeast provided favorable conditions towards transitioning into a tropical cyclone , and late on the 16th the depression attained winds of 40 mph ( 65 km h ) . The storm continued to intensify as it turned to the southwest , and early on May 17 a ship near the center reported about 55 mph ( 88 km h ) winds and up to 30 foot ( 9 m ) waves while located about 125 miles ( 200 km ) east of Daytona Beach , Florida , indicating the system transitioned into a tropical storm . The Navy reconnaissance squadron flew into the system later that day , and reported a storm of full hurricane strength moving southward . Receiving the name Able , the small hurricane turned to the southeast and to the east while passing near or over the Bahama Banks . Able subsequently turned to the northeast and later to the north , and finished executing its cyclonic loop on May 20 . The hurricane continued to intensify with an eye 20 miles ( 32 km ) in diameter , and on May 21 Reconnaissance Aircraft estimated the hurricane attained peak winds of 90 mph ( 150 km h ) . Shortly thereafter Able passed about 70 miles ( 110 km ) east of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina , and early on May 22 Able weakened from its peak intensity after turning to the east . On May 23 it deteriorated into a tropical storm while passing over cooler waters , and that night Able became an extratropical cyclone while located about 520 miles ( 840 km ) south of Halifax , Nova Scotia . The extratropical remnant turned to the northeast before losing its identity late on May 24 . Impact and records Storm warnings were issued from Savannah , Georgia to Fort Pierce , Florida subsequent to the discovery of the hurricane . The National Weather Bureau advised all small craft to remain at port and recommended residents in the northern Bahamas to take immediate precautions . On Grand Bahama , the threat of Hurricane Able resulted in a construction crew to evacuate further inland the crew was constructing an observation post for guiding long range missiles from Cape Canaveral . Fishermen on dozens of boats left the open ocean for safety on two Bahamian islands , while two airplanes safely rode out the hurricane . Small craft warnings and storm warnings were later issued from North Carolina through New England . The outer rainbands of Able produced light rainfall and high seas along the Florida coastline . While moving slowly near the Bahamas , Able produced strong winds reaching 90 to 95 mph ( 145 to 152 km h ) at Walker Cay , and minimal hurricane force on Grand Bahama and Little Abaco Island . The hurricane produced high surf in Wilmington , North Carolina and abnormally high tides northward through New England , though no damage was reported . A ship called City of Eastbourne sailed through the storm and reported hurricane force winds , along with mountainous , confused seas and driving rain . Able is one of only four North Atlantic hurricanes on record to exist during the month of May , the others occurring in 1889 , 1908 , and 1970 . None of the others reached winds of more than 80 mph ( 130 km h ) . It was described as wrong way , wrong time , referring to its unusual motion to the southwest near the Bahamas , as well as its presence outside of the normal hurricane season . Additionally , the Weather Bureau described it as a freak of freaks .
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2,819 | Edge of the Ocean is a song recorded by American indie rock band Ivy . It was released as the third single from their third studio album , Long Distance ( 2000 ) . The single was made available as a CD single , 10 , and 12 single in the United States on July 10 , 2001 , before being reissued internationally on May 27 , 2002 . Edge of the Ocean was released alongside Ivy 's other single , Disappointed , on the same day . The track was written by Dominique Durand , Adam Schlesinger and Andy Chase , while production was handled by the latter two . The track received general acclaim from music critics who highlighted it as a standout track . Stylistically different from Ivy 's previous material , Edge of the Ocean is an indie pop and trip hop song with romantic lyrics . The song was featured on the soundtracks for several films , including Angel Eyes and Shallow Hal . The single was subsequently considered their signature song , including by Ivy themselves . A music video was filmed for Edge of the Ocean in 2001 , featuring lead singer Durand walking around the beach with her bandmates . Background Edge of the Ocean was written by Ivy band members Dominique Durand , Adam Schlesinger and Andy Chase . Production of the track was handled by Schlesinger and Chase . In a 2011 interview with Magnet , Chase stated that while writing Edge of the Ocean , they tried to go 100 percent with creating a lyrical balance that came from a specific place and yet remain ed general , even vague , enough that they can apply to anyone . In a previous interview with unk , Chase and Durand said that they hoped that Edge of the Ocean would prove commercial enough to mean the difference between making our next album or not . During recording sessions for Long Distance , Schlesinger and Chase played around with the idea of incorporating new genres into their music . In an interview with Billboard , Ivy stated the first songs we recorded were jangly and simple and straight ahead . They eventually began work on the groovier , slightly more melancholy stuff that works well with Dominique 's voice . Ivy agreed that along with the exploration came more preferable songs that were less atmospheric than those on their previous studio album , Apartment Life ( 1997 ) , but contained more infectious melodies . In Ivy 's extended biography on their official website , they called the single one of their signature songs . Composition and release Musically , Edge of the Ocean is an indie pop and trip hop song . Tom Topkoff , writing for Hybrid , called it a captivating and escapist tune . A reviewer from unk described the single as romantic . Chuck Campbell of The Daily News stated that Durand 's childlike vocals are as inviting as the waves of an incoming tide . Edge of the Ocean was released as Long Distance 's third single on July 10 , 2001 , and was serviced to adult alternative radio on the same day a CD sampler featuring the track and several other songs on Nettwerk was handed out during Coldplay 's world concert series , Parachutes Tour ( 2000 01 ) . The US release included two previously unissued tracks , Hideaway and Only a Fool Would Say That . The single was not released elsewhere until 2002 , when it was released as a CD single in the United Kingdom . Critical reception After its release , Edge of the Ocean received general acclaim from contemporary music critics . Jonathan Cohen from Billboard praised the track and commented that Durand 's sensual vocals are beguiling as ever . A reviewer from Resonance magazine also praised the track , calling the single a cool summer song . Noel Dix of Exclaim applauded it , thanking the band for mak ing use of some exceptional loops that come across as genuine rather than a pop band trying to cross over to the electric scene . In another positive review , a critic from Star News called the composition haunting . Music video and promotion The official music video for Edge of the Ocean was filmed in 2001 however , the clip played during the video is considerably shorter than the album version . The video begins with Durand casually walking around near the ocean several shots of nearby boats , cliffs and landscape are interwoven as Durand mouths the song 's lyrics . Chase and Schlesinger also appear in the video . The single was featured in several films and television series after its initial release . It was featured in the movies Angel Eyes , Music and Lyrics and Shallow Hal , as well as in the television series Grey 's Anatomy and Veronica Mars . The track was also remixed for the soundtrack album of Roswell . In addition , the single was featured in a television commercial for Holland America . The track was later joked about , with a reviewer noting that chances are you 've heard it and didn 't even know it . Track listings and formats Credits and personnel Credits and personnel adapted from Long Distance liner notes and Andy Chase 's discography . Recording Recorded at Stratosphere Sound , New York City and Sony Music Studios , New York City Personnel Charts Release Process Edge of the Ocean was released on July 10 , 2001 in the United States as a 10 single , an EP , and added to Adult alternative radio , while in the United Kingdom a 12 promo single was liberated . On May 27 , 2002 a 12 single , 12 promo single with a mix made by unk Mix and a CD single were issued through Nettwerk Music Group . History
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2,820 | 11 South LaSalle Street Building or Eleven South LaSalle Street Building ( formerly Roanoke Building and Tower and originally Lumber Exchange Building and Tower Addition or simply the Roanoke Building and Lumber Exchange Building ) is a Chicago Landmark building that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and that is located at 11 South LaSalle Street in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois , United States . This address is located on the southeast corner of LaSalle and Madison Street in Cook County , Illinois across the Madison Street from the One North LaSalle Building . The building sits on a site of a former Roanoke building ( once known as Major Block 2 ) that once served as a National Weather Service Weather Forecast official climate site and replaced Major Block 1 after the Great Chicago Fire . The current building has incorporated the frontage of other buildings east of the original site of Major Block 1 . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( under the name Lumber Exchange Building and Tower Addition ) on December 6 , 2007 , and named a Chicago Landmark on December 12 , 2007 . It incorporates the lands of the former DeSoto Building and former Farewell Hall . Original Roanoke Building A four story Major Block 1 building , designed by T. V. unk , sat on this location until the Great Chicago Fire . After the fire , this was replaced with the Major Block 2 , which eventually became known as the Roanoke Building . Major Block 2 stood from 1872 1912 as a seven story building on spread foundations . It was designed by Dixon Hamilton and had a length of 136 feet ( 41 . 5 m ) along South LaSalle Street and a width of 66 feet ( 20 . 1 m ) along West Madison Street . A commonly published illustration of this building shows it as a five story building . From June 8 , 1873 to January 1 , 1887 the original Roanoke building served as the Chicago location for the National Weather Service Weather Forecast official climate site . The building is mentioned in Saul Bellow 's More Die of Heartbreak but there it is referred to as a wealthy residence building and not as an office building . Current Roanoke Building The original current building The current building was designed in three phases in 1915 Holabird Roche 's design for the first 16 floors was built , and five floors were added in 1922 . It was built originally as the sixteen story high Lumber Exchange Building and later renamed as the 11 South LaSalle Street Building . The Holabird Roche design had three basements and rock caissons . The original 16 floor building was a late Chicago school commercial building that incorporated arches at both the fourth and the top floor , but when the top five floors were added in 1922 under the original cornice , the top rank of arches disappeared . The building uses dark terra cotta with unk designs . The vaulted ceiling and marble wall lobby contribute to what is described as a classical entrance and lobby . The Palladian entrance uses contrasting white unk and black marble . Tower addition In 1925 , the building was built to its current 35 story height by the addition of an adjacent tower to the east of the Madison street frontage . The entire building contains 330 , 000 square feet ( 31 , 000 m2 ) . The 36 story tower was added east of the original structure on the site of the former DeSoto Building at 125 129 West Madison . The tower was an early example of the use of setbacks and it uses ranks of paired windows . When the Tower was built four bronze bells were installed and were set to chime an original composition called unk which is Norse for Tomorrow every quarter hour . The largest of these chimes is 7 , 000 pounds ( 3 , 200 kg 500 st ) and inscribed with the name Leander in honor of Leander McCormick . The current Roanoke building is the city 's only example of a building in the style of Portuguese Gothic architecture . According to the press release from the city announcing the landmark promotion , the building 's terra cotta ornamentation is derived from Portuguese Gothic precedents . The building was modernized in the 1950s and went through a postmodern renovation in 1984 to evoke the original ornamentation . The building has the same frontage as the original Roanoke building plus that of the former Farewell Hall ( built by William W. Boyington at 131 3 West Madison Street ) . From 1920 until 1969 the building hosted the offices of the law firm Sidley Austin . Today the building is leased by small service industry firms , such as second floor tenant Thomas P. unk Co . , which arranges travel trips and tours for non profit organizations . The building is undergoing renovation to the lobby , the faade , the elevators and the exterior lighting . The recent National Register listing has made the renovation feasible by making the building eligible for federal tax credits and reduced property taxes . The building qualified for the landmark Class L tax status , which makes it eligible for twelve years of reduced property taxes and other economic incentives for repair and rehab of historic buildings In order to perform the renovation the owners took out a 43 . 3 million loan against the property according to Form 8 K filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Its National Registered Historic Places announcement listed it under the name Lumber Exchange Building and Tower Addition although its Chicago Landmark listing is under the name Roanoke Building and Tower .
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2,821 | Tropical Storm Georgette was a short lived tropical storm that struck the Baja California Sur in September 2010 . Georgette originated from an area of disturbed weather over the eastern Pacific on September 20 . The next day , the system was upgraded into a tropical storm a short distance south of Baja California Sur . As the storm moved over the peninsula , it weakened to a topical depression . It continued north and as such made landfall on mainland Mexico on September 22 . Georgette dissipated early the next day while located inland over Sonora . Although officials noted the threat for heavy rainfall across northwest Mexico and Baja California , damage was minimal and no deaths were reported in the country . However , remnant moisture moved into New Mexico , producing flooding that killed one person . Meteorological history The origins of Tropical Storm Georgette were from a tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on September 1 . Lacking organization , the wave was difficult to track as it moved across the Atlantic basin . Convection eventually increased on September 7 , as the system approached the Lesser Antilles . On September 14 , Hurricane Karl developed from the northern portion of the system over the western Caribbean Sea however , the southern portion of the wave crossed northern Central America and entered the Pacific Ocean on September 17 . The area of disturbed weather was first mentioned on the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) around that time , but signification development was initially not anticipated . Wind shear was forecast to decrease slightly however , and based on this the NHC gave the system a medium chance of undergoing tropical cyclogenesis during the next two days . Gradual development took place as convection consolidated around the center of circulation while located west of Sonora . During the afternoon of September 20 , an area of low pressure developed within the system , prompting the NHC to classify it as a tropical depression . At this time , the depression was situated roughly 240 mi ( 390 km ) south southeast of Cabo San Lucas . Situated along the western edge of a subtropical ridge , the system was steered towards the north northwest throughout its existence . Within hours of becoming a depression on September 20 , strong wind shear caused convection to diminish . However , data from an ASCAT scatterometer pass revealed that the system attained gale force winds , resulting in the depression being upgraded to a tropical storm on 0000 UTC September 21 . Operationally , the first advisory on storm was not issued until 1200 UTC , where it was named Georgette . Meanwhile , thunderstorm activity increased near the center of the storm . Little change took place throughout the day as the storm approached Baja California Sur . Around 1800 UTC , Georgette made landfall near San Jose del Cabo with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km h ) . Additionally , a barometric pressure of 999 mbar ( hPa 29 . 5 inHg ) was measured . Shortly before entering the Gulf of California , Georgette weakened to a tropical depression . Maintaining winds of 35 mph ( 55 km h ) , the storm later made a second landfall near San Carlos in Sonora . Shortly after moving inland , the low level circulation dissipated over the mountains of western Mexico . Preparations and impact Prior to the arrival of Georgette , the Mexican government issued a tropical storm warning for extreme southern Baja California Sur . , but was dropped when Georgette moved inland . Officials warned rural areas in Baja California Sur of heavy rain and high wind . Forecasters at the NHC noted the potential for up to 10 in ( 25 mm ) of rainfall , especially over the higher terrain . The forecasters also noted potential for deadly flooding and mudslides . Officials evacuated over 1 , 000 families from floodplains and opened four shelters in Los Cabos . In Sonora , the state 's civil protection committee placed the south portion of the state under an orange alert , and a red alert soon after the alert was lifted that same evening , after Georgette moved inland . A total of 52 shelters were opened in the unk municipality . In Guaymas , 300 people from the city and surrounding areas were placed in shelters 250 more people sought shelter from Georgette in Empalme . Schools in Baha Kino and coastal areas of the Hermosillo Municipality suspended classes as a precaution . Classes resumed statewide on September 23 . Georgette caused the heaviest rains on Baja California Sur in the last 15 years , leaving many people homeless . Georgette also produced high waves . The tropical cyclone worsened Mexico 's flooding problem which started when Hurricane Karl made landfall several days earlier . A peak rainfall total of 5 . 9 in ( 150 mm ) fell in Todos Santos . Throughout Sonora , rainfall up to 4 . 7 in ( 120 mm ) triggered flooding that damaged 220 homes . Georgette caused 2 . 61 in ( 66 mm ) of rainfall in Guaymas Flooding was reported in several places ( Empalme , Etchojoa , Navojoa , Guaymas , Los Mochis ) , causing 500 , 000 people to be evacuated . Heavy runoff caused inflows of 18 , 000 cu ft s ( 510 m3 s ) into El unk Dam , forcing the Comisin Nacional del Agua , the local water authorities , to release water from the dam . Moisture from the system combined with an approaching trough to produce heavy rainfall and thunderstorms across New Mexico . A total of 6 . 42 in ( 163 mm ) was reported in Gladstone . The rains caused flooding that killed a person along the Rio Grande near unk .
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2,822 | In Roman religion , Terminus was the god who protected boundary markers his name was the Latin word for such a marker . Sacrifices were performed to sanctify each boundary stone , and landowners celebrated a festival called the Terminalia in Terminus ' honor each year on February 23 . The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill was thought to have been built over a shrine to Terminus , and he was occasionally identified as an aspect of Jupiter under the name Jupiter unk . Ancient writers believed that the worship of Terminus had been introduced to Rome during the reign of the first king Romulus ( traditionally 753 717 BC ) or his successor Numa ( 717 673 BC ) . Modern scholars have variously seen it as the survival of an early animistic reverence for the power inherent in the boundary marker , or as the Roman development of proto Indo European belief in a god concerned with the division of property . Worship The name of the god Terminus was the Latin word for a boundary stone , and his worship as recorded in the late Republic and Empire centred on this stone , with which the god could be identified . Siculus Flaccus , a writer on land surveying , records the ritual by which the stone was sanctified the bones , ashes , and blood of a sacrificial victim , along with crops , honeycombs , and wine , were placed into a hole at a point where estates converged , and the stone was driven in on top . On February 23 annually , a festival called the Terminalia was celebrated in Terminus ' honor , involving practices which can be regarded as a reflection or yearly renewal of this foundational ritual . Neighboring families would garland their respective sides of the marker and make offerings to Terminus at an altar Ovid identifies these , again , as crops , honeycombs , and wine . The marker itself would be drenched in the blood of a sacrificed lamb or pig . There followed a communal feast and hymns in praise of Terminus . These rites were practised by private landowners , but there were also related public ceremonies . Ovid refers to the sacrifice of a sheep on the day of the Terminalia at the sixth milestone from Rome along the Via unk it is likely this was thought to have marked the boundary between the early Romans and their neighbors in unk . Also , a stone or altar of Terminus was located in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome 's Capitoline Hill . Because of a belief that this stone had to be exposed to the sky , there was a small hole in the ceiling directly above it . On occasion Terminus ' association with Jupiter extended to regarding Terminus as an aspect of that god Dionysius of Halicarnassus refers to Jupiter unk , and one inscription names a god unk Ter . There is some evidence that Terminus ' associations could extend from property boundaries to limits more generally . Under the Republican calendar , when the intercalary month unk was added to a year , it was placed after February 23 or February 24 , and some ancient writers believed that the Terminalia on February 23 had once been the end of the year . Diocletian 's decision in 303 AD to initiate his persecution of Christians on February 23 has been seen as an attempt at enlisting Terminus to put a limit to the progress of Christianity . History Ancient views Ancient authors agreed that the worship of Terminus was of Sabine origin , ascribing its introduction to Rome either to Titus unk , the Sabine colleague of Rome 's founding king Romulus ( traditional reign 753 717 BC ) , or to Romulus ' successor Numa unk ( 717 673 BC ) . Those authors who gave the credit to Numa explained his motivation as the prevention of violent disputes over property . Plutarch further states that , in keeping with Terminus 's character as a guarantor of peace , his earliest worship did not involve blood sacrifices . The stone in the Capitoline Temple was believed to have been among the altars located on the Capitoline Hill before the Temple was built under Tarquinius Priscus ( traditional reign 616 579 BC ) or Tarquinius Superbus ( 535 510 BC ) . When the augurs took the auspices to discover whether the god or goddess of each altar was content for it to be moved , Terminus refused permission , either alone or along with Juventas the goddess of youth . The stone was therefore included within the Capitoline Temple , and its unk was regarded as a good omen for the permanence of the city 's boundaries . Modern views According to the dominant scholarly view during the late 19th and much of the 20th century , Roman religion was originally animistic , directed towards spirits associated with specific objects or activities which were only later perceived as gods with independent personal existence . Terminus , with his lack of mythology and his close association with a physical object , seemed a clear example of a deity who had developed little from such a stage . This view of Terminus retains some recent adherents , but other scholars have argued from Indo European parallels that the personalised gods of Roman religion must have preceded the city 's foundation . Georges Dumzil regarded Jupiter , Juventas and Terminus as the Roman form of a proto Indo European triad , comparing the Roman deities respectively to the Vedic Mitra , unk , and Bhaga . In this view the sovereign god ( Jupiter Mitra ) was associated with two minor deities , one concerned with the entry of men into society ( Juventas unk ) and the other with the fair division of their goods ( Terminus Bhaga ) .
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2,823 | The Boreray is a breed of sheep originating on the St Kilda archipelago off the west coast of Scotland and surviving as a feral animal on one of the islands , Boreray . The breed , also known as the Boreray Blackface or Hebridean Blackface , was once raised for meat and wool , but is now used mainly for conservation grazing . The Boreray is one of the Northern European short tailed sheep group of breeds . It is the rarest breed of sheep in the United Kingdom . It is the only breed classed as Category 2 Endangered by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust , because fewer than 300 500 are known to exist . History Until the late eighteenth century , the domesticated sheep throughout the Scottish Highlands and Islands belonged to a type called the Scottish Dunface or Old Scottish unk , which was probably similar to the sheep kept in the whole of northern and western Europe up to the Iron Age . A local variety of Dunface was kept on the two main St Kilda islands of Boreray and Hirta by the crofters of the islands , who lived on Hirta , the largest island of the St Kilda archipelago . In the mid eighteenth century the crofters ' sheep were described as being of the smallest kind , with short , coarse wool , and all having horns usually one pair , but often two pairs . At that time there were about 1 , 000 of these sheep on Hirta and about 400 on Boreray . In the late nineteenth century the crofters ' sheep were cross bred with Scottish Blackface sheep , which by then had replaced the Dunface throughout mainland Scotland . The other breeds descended from the Dunface include the North Ronaldsay and the Shetland . Before the evacuation of the St unk inhabitants , these sheep were farmed . However , when the St Kilda archipelago 's human inhabitants were evacuated in 1930 , the sheep of Hirta were also removed and in 1932 they were replaced by Soays , which still live there as well as on Soay itself . Meanwhile , the remaining sheep on Boreray were left to become feral these became the only survivors of the crofters ' sheep , and one of the few surviving descendants of the Dunface . This means that they are the original , unmodified sheep that used to be farmed on the island . In the 1970s half a dozen of them were exported to form the basis of a breeding population on the mainland , but the majority of unk still remain on the island . Characteristics The Boreray should not be confused with the Soay sheep , also from the St Kilda archipelago , nor with the Hebridean sheep , which was formerly called the St Kilda , although it is probably not in fact derived from the St Kilda sheep . Soay sheep are smaller than Boreray sheep , their ewes weighing between 20 and 23 kg . Their fleece is normally black , opposed to the white or tan of the Boreray . The Boreray is also known by the names Boreray Blackface and Hebridean Blackface . Despite being partially derived from a long tailed breed ( the Scottish Blackface ) , unk display characteristics which group them with other northern European short tailed sheep . They are amongst the smallest sheep in the British Isles , with mature ewes weighing 28 kg ( 62 lb ) and standing 55 cm ( 22 in ) at the withers . They have naturally short tails , which do not require docking . They also moult their fleece naturally , rather than having to be shorn annually , though older individuals do not moult as easily and may require additional shearing . Fleeces are grey or creamy white on the body , though darker individuals occur whose colouring is similar to the Soay sheep . Rough in quality , the wool is mostly used in the creation of tweeds or carpet yarns . A tweed is a rough surfaced coarse cloth , typically made in Scotland . Its colour is a mix of flecked colours . The face and legs are wool free and black and white , with the proportions varying between individuals . Both sexes of the Boreray display horns . The horns on the ewes tend to be less thick than those on the males and while they curve they do not spiral beyond 360 degrees . Mature rams can grow especially large , spiral horns which may be used for crafts such as making shepherd 's crooks . The horns on the rams have been described as striking and majestic by one farmer of the breed . Population In 1999 the population was estimated to be at less than 84 , with 74 ewes . In 2002 , there were between 92 and 100 animals , with 92 ewes and the male population estimated to be less than 7 . In 2012 , 204 ewes were registered in unk . According to the Rare Breeds Survival Trust , there are fewer than 300 500 sheep in the UK , so they are classed as Category 2 Endangered . They are the only breed in this category , and therefore the rarest breed of sheep in the United Kingdom . Use in Farming The breed was primarily raised for meat and wool , but due to its rarity it is now raised for conservation purposes , if raised at all , as most of the population is thought to be feral . Due to the native conditions of where it evolved , the Boreray is very well suited to conservation grazing , which is grazing that uses livestock to improve biodiversity and achieve nature conservation in a given area . However , the Rare Breeds Survival Trust believe that this could be further capitalised on if the breed is developed further . In Literature In his book The complete countryman , Alan Titchmarsh says that ' a good many people keep rare breeds , such as the Soay and Boreray ... for pets ' . This can indicate that the breeds are gaining mainstream acceptance .
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2,824 | In 1860 , French photographer Nadar ( real name Gaspard Flix Tournachon ) took a series of photographs of a young intersex person , who had a male build and stature and who may have been female assigned , or self identified as female . Possibly done on commission by Armand Trousseau , the nine photographs have been described as probably the first medical photo illustrations of a patient with intersex genitalia . They were originally restricted for scientific uses , and Nadar did not publish them . Further photographs of intersex subjects followed over the next several decades , although there is no evidence that the photographers knew of Nadar 's work . Background Nadar ( 1820 1910 ) , the son of a publisher , had previously had medical training in Lyon and at Htel Dieu . However , by the late 1830s he had left medicine to focus on the printed press , becoming a caricaturist , journalist , and novelist . He only began photography in 1854 , but by the end of that decade he was well known for his portraits of famous persons and advances in photographic techniques . Although developed several decades earlier , photography was rarely used for medical documentation until the 1850s . In the mid 1850s France , at the request of neurologist Duchenne de Boulogne , photographer Adrien Tournachon documented experiments in which facial muscles were electrically stimulated another example of clinical photography was documented by German physician Hermann Wolff Berend in an 1855 journal article entitled Ueber die unk der unk fr unk unk ( On the Use of Photographs for Therapeutic Research Purposes ) . Several years later , in late 1860 , Tournachon 's elder brother Nadar took a series of nine photographs of a young intersex person , possibly on commission by Armand Trousseau This commission is suggested by an undated letter from Trousseau to Nadar , in which the former requests help in the documentation of a subject with a very strange malady , to be done with as much truth and art as you can . The subject was to be brought to Nadar by one of Trousseau 's friends , a Doctor Dumont unk the surgeon Jules Germain Franois Maisonneuve was also present . Subject The subject of the series , whose name was never released , was an intersex person with a male build and stature , but who may have self identified as female and or been assigned female at birth . The subject had a small , probably unk , penis , rudimentary scrotum , and male pubic hair pattern . The subject also had a retracted or rudimentary clitoral hood and vaginal opening . In most photographs the subject 's face and chest are covered . Series The series consists of nine photographs documenting the subject in various poses and angles . Anna Blume , writing in the journal unk , describes the images as quite different from Nadar 's other work she writes that Nadar , whose normal portraits captured a personality and personage , instead focused on a body and specifically of the genitals of this body . These include two images that show the subject standing . One captures a full length view , in which the subject is unclothed except for a pair of stockings and shoes . In the other , the subject 's right leg is raised to provide a clearer view of the genitalia . Another image presents the subject lying back with one arm covering the face while someone else 's hand pulls on the penile tissue . A similar photograph shows the subject in an examination position , with a hand visible in the uncut photographic plate as belonging to Maisonneuve spreading the vaginal lips . The series also includes a close up of the subject 's genitalia , with the legs open . Post photography Nadar did not publish the photographs , but in 1861 he copyrighted them something he almost never did and limited them to scientific uses , excluding public display . In The Journal of Sexual Medicine , Dirk Schultheiss , Thomas R.W. Herrmann , and Udo Jonas suggest that the photographs are probably the first medical photo illustrations of a patient with intersex genitalia and describe them as a milestone in the history of sexual medicine . According to Schultheiss , Herrmann , and Jonas , although Trousseau had earlier suggested that surgery was a viable option , there is no evidence that the subject subsequently received treatment They suggest several possible factors , including legal issues , the subject 's refusal , or failed treatment followed by a lack of reporting , for the lack of surgery or evidence of such . Maisonneuve , partially shown in one of the photographs , treated another intersex patient in 1862 . Several photographs are at the Muse d 'Orsay in Paris , and at least one is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art ( MET ) in New York . The MET occasionally puts the photographs on display with other Nadar works a 1995 exhibition featured two of the series . Legacy Medical photography continued to develop , both in France and abroad , after the Nadar images were shot . In Europe , several further cases of intersexuality were documented , although there is no evidence that the photographers were aware of Nadar 's work . In April 1870 a Monsieur Delacroix presented photographs of an intersex individual at the Socit unk de Reims . In 1930 German physician Magnus Hirschfeld published a portrait of himself with an intersex individual in his five volume unk ( unk ) , while Louis unk published 25 images of cases he had handled in his 1939 book Les hermaphrodites et la unk ( Hermaphrodites and Surgery ) .
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2,825 | The Upper Brook Street Chapel , also known as the Islamic Academy , the Unitarian Chapel and the Welsh Baptist Chapel , is a former chapel with an attached Sunday School on the east side of Upper Brook Street , Chorlton on Medlock , Manchester , England . It is said to be the first neogothic Nonconformist chapel , having been constructed between 1837 and 1839 . It was designed by Sir Charles Barry , who later went on to design the Palace of Westminster . A listed building since 3 October 1974 ( currently Grade II ) , it is owned by Manchester City Council and is on the Buildings at Risk Register , rated as very bad . It was partially demolished in 2006 . The Victorian Society recently placed the building on a list of ten most threatened buildings in England and Wales . History The chapel was designed by Sir Charles Barry , shortly before he designed the Palace of Westminster . It was constructed between 1837 and 1839 out of sandstone , with a slate roof . It is in English neogothic style . The building has seven narrow bays , with buttresses and a lancet in each bay . The west end has a giant moulded archway , with an arched doorway at the ground floor with a window above . On the east end there is a rose window . The corners are square , with pinnacles . The inside of the chapel had galleries on three sides , and a ribbed , vaulted ceiling . The attached two storey Sunday School is in the same style as the chapel , and has a triple gabled north side , with large arched windows on the first floor . It also has a canted apse on the west end , and a lean to porch . The building was listed on 3 October 1974 , and is currently classed as Grade II . The building marked a charge in the style of Nonconformist worship locations . Previously these were mostly built with brick , and were plain , with the grander tending towards Greek architecture . Said to be the first neogothic Nonconformist chapel , Manchester 's Unitarian Chapel was preceded by the Congregationalists ' Congregational Chapel in March , Cambridgeshire , which was constructed in 1836 and is also in the neogothic style . Chapels built following the construction of these two resembled parish churches more than the former style . Occupancy The chapel replaced the Mosley Street Chapel ( built 1789 , demolished 1836 ) upon its completion for baptisms , burials and marriages . It was originally constructed for the Unitarians . The chapel was used for burial rites until 1882 , the chapel had a graveyard from the outset , to both the north and south sides of the chapel . Restrictions were placed on this in 1856 and prohibited in 1882 except for the removal of remains from graves on the north side to brick vaults on the south side of the chapel . unk were performed until at least 1912 , and marriages until at least 1916 . Ministers at the chapel include John James Tayler ( until 1853 ) , William Henry Herford ( 1866 70 ) , Philip Wicksteed ( circa 1890 ) , John Trevor ( 1890 91 , left to start The Labour Church ) and Edward Walker Sealy ( unk ) . The chapel was sold in 1928 due to changes in the district , and was subsequently used as a Welsh Baptist Chapel . The chapel was then used as a Jehovah 's Witnesses Kingdom Hall in the early 1970s . The most recent use of both the chapel and former Sunday School was for the Islamic Academy of Manchester between 1974 and 2006 , when it was used as a mosque , teaching centre and for outreach work in the Asian community . The chapel is currently vacant , with the Islamic Academy occupying the Sunday School . The building has been owned by Manchester City Council since the 1970s , who purchased land alongside Upper Brook Street with the aim of constructing a large motorway into Manchester , which was never realised . Current status and future Parts of the chapel were demolished at the start of 2006 on safety grounds , with scaffolding holding up some other sections . As of March 2008 the building has very little roof , with the walls , floors and ceilings in poor condition . The annex was also declared unsafe , but has since been reoccupied . A spokesperson for Manchester City Council said The Welsh Baptist Chapel is in poor condition due to the low standard of its original construction . It has been empty for some years while attempts have been made to achieve a sympathetic redevelopment of the site and secure the building 's long term future . An unsuccessful bid to the Heritage Lottery Fund for funding to repair the building was made by the Islamic Academy in 2003 . In 2001 and 2005 the City Council commissioned structural advice regarding the building , prior to removing most of the roof , with the agreement of English Heritage . The building is in need of 500 , 000 for emergency repairs , as well as an extra 700 , 000 to make it fully functional . The chapel is currently on the Buildings at Risk Register , rated as very bad . The Victorian Society recently placed the building on a list of ten most threatened buildings in England and Wales . In October 2010 Manchester City Council revealed that it was in discussion with a developer to renovate the building and bring it back into use . In August 2013 the council received a planning application from the Church Converts ( Manchester ) to repair the building and convert it into apartments the application was granted in February 2014 . The redevelopment by unk Developments will consist of 73 private apartments in both the chapel and the sunday school , with the unk due to be completed by Summer 2017 .
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2,826 | Henry Taylor ( 17 March 1885 28 February 1951 ) was an English competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain in four Summer Olympics between 1906 and 1920 . Taylor served in the Royal Navy during the First World War , and continued to swim competitively until 1926 . His fortunes declined after he retired and he died penniless . His record of three gold medals at one Olympic Games the most by any Briton stood for 100 years until it was equaled by cyclist Chris Hoy in 2008 . Tying the medal count of American Mel Sheppard , he was the most successful athlete at the 1908 Olympics . Early life Henry Taylor was born in Hollinwood in Oldham , Lancashire , on 17 March 1885 to James , a coal miner , and Elizabeth Taylor . Henry 's parents died when he was young and he was raised by his older brother , Bill . Taylor learned to swim in the Hollinwood Canal , and practised in any water body he could find baths , unk , canals , lakes , etc . , including the Hollinwood Canal and Alexandra Park 's boating lake . Austin Rawlinson , who was Taylor 's friend and later president of Amateur Swimming Association , recalled that Taylor loved his swimming more than anything else in life . At the age of seven Taylor swam in his first race . Bill became his coach and Henry trained in the Oldham Baths , and from 1894 in the Chadderton Baths , often on the dirty water days because of cheaper admission . During this time he continued to train in the canal and when he got a job at a cotton mill , he spent his lunch times swimming in the canal . At 5 ' 5 ( 1 . 65 m ) and weighing 10 stone 6 pounds ( 66 kg ) , he wore a hand woven silk swimming costume weighing about an ounce . Career Taylor came to attention after success with Chadderton Swimming Club . He was selected for the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens . Although he was not expected to win any medals he won gold in the one mile freestyle , a silver in the 400 m freestyle and a bronze in the 4 250 m freestyle . Later that year , Taylor broke the world record for 880 yards ( 800 m ) . He was an automatic selection for the 1908 Summer Olympics . During the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , Taylor won gold medals in the three events in which he took part the 400 m freestyle , the 4 200 m freestyle , and the 1500 m freestyle . He finished first in all of the races he took part in during the games bar one . After performing well in the heats of the 400 m freestyle , he finished second in the semi final to Austrian Otto Scheff , who won the same event in the 1906 Intercalated Games . However , in the final Taylor finished 10 seconds ahead of the Austrian who won the bronze . The British press hailed Taylor as Britain 's Greatest Amateur Swimmer . He was the first man to hold the world record for the 1500 metres freestyle , a feat that he completed on 25 July 1908 in a time of 22 48 . 4 in London . His haul of three was the most gold medals won by any Briton at the Olympics . This feat was not repeated by any British participant in the Olympic Games for a century until Chris Hoy won three gold medals in cycling events at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Four years later , Taylor was selected for the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . In the 4 200 m freestyle relay , he helped his team win bronze . There were no Olympic Games in 1916 because of the First World War . Taylor joined the Royal Navy in 1914 and kept fit by swimming around the ships when his ship was anchored at Scapa Flow . He was present at the Battle of Jutland . A popular story tells that during the course of the battle , his ship , HMS St. Vincent , was sunk and while the survivors waited for two hours to be rescued , Taylor swam around encouraging his crewmates . However , this story is probably a myth as HMS St Vincent was not sunk at the Battle of Jutland . He was transferred to HMS Ramillies where he remained until he was demobilised . After the war , Taylor returned to swimming . He took part in the Morecambe Bay Race , winning eight times over a period of 20 year and at one point held the record . Taylor attempted to emulate Matthew Webb in swimming across the English Channel but failed due to bad weather . He annually took on the French champion , swimming in the River Thames and the River Seine and winning on every occasion . Taylor 's last appearance in the Olympic Games was at Antwerp , Belgium , in 1920 when he again helped the 4 200 m freestyle relay team to a bronze medal . After swimming Taylor continued swimming competitively into his 40s until he retired in 1926 . He also played water polo for England . During his career he won over 35 trophies and 300 medals . He suffered a setback when the public house , the unk , he owned in unk was closed due to financial difficulties . Taylor became an attendant at Chadderton Baths . To raise money , Taylor was forced to sell most of his prizes . He died in obscurity aged 65 on 28 February 1951 , at lodgings in Brierley Street , Chadderton , he was penniless and unmarried . He was cremated and his remains were scattered at Rochdale Cemetery . The trophies Taylor won were collected and temporarily displayed at Chadderton Baths . In 1969 he was posthumously inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame . In 2002 , a blue plaque was unveiled at Chadderton Baths commemorating his swimming achievements . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China , Rebecca Adlington became the first British swimmer to win more than one gold medal at a single Olympic Games since Taylor won three in 1908 .
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2,827 | Moments is a song by English Irish boy band One Direction from their debut studio album , Up All Night ( 2011 ) . It was written by Ed Sheeran , and Si Hulbert , the song 's producer . In 2011 , as One Direction member Harry Styles told Sheeran that the boy band did not have enough songs for their album , Sheeran offered Moments , a track that Sheeran was never going to use . The song is a mid tempo pop ballad about a love lost to distance or , as fans have speculated , death . Instrumentation includes a lightly strummed guitar and intermediate piano lines . The ballad received generally positive reviews from music critics , who noted the song 's memorability and complimented its composition . Upon the release of Up All Night , Moments charted in lower regions on the singles charts of Australia , Canada , and the United Kingdom due to strong digital download sales . One Direction performed the song on all three of their major concert tours Up All Night Tour ( 2011 12 ) , Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) and Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) . Background After being formed and finishing third in the seventh series of The X Factor in 2010 , One Direction were signed to Syco Music . Recording for their debut studio album , Up All Night , began in January 2011 . In February 2011 , the boy band and other contestants from the series participated in the X Factor Live Tour . After the tour concluded in April 2011 , the group continued working on their debut album . Moments was written by Ed Sheeran and Si Hulbert , and produced by Hulbert . In an April 2012 interview with unk , Sheeran said that he wrote the track years ago . In 2011 , Sheeran met One Direction 's Harry Styles at his guitarist 's friend 's house . The group were putting their debut studio album together at the time . Sheeran had a CD with him of 40 songs that he was going to give to publishers . As the boy band did not have enough songs for their album , Sheeran told Styles , Here 's a CD . If you want one of these songs , have it . The song ended up on the deluxe edition of the album . Sheeran acknowledged that he was happy with the outcome , It was a song I was never going to use . To have it on a multi platinum selling album is quite nice . During the album 's UK launch in late 2011 , member Louis Tomlinson referred to the song as his favourite track on the album . Niall Horan also commented , getting to write and record with Sheeran on our album was an honour . Composition and lyrics Moments is a mid tempo pop ballad . Written in the key of D major , the beat is set in common time and moves at a moderate 150 beats per minute . One Direction 's vocal range in the song span from the note of D4 to A5 . Moments utilises a gently strummed guitar and intermediate piano lines . Inspired by the breakdown of a relationship between Sheeran and an unnamed woman , the song 's lyrics revolve around an unrequited love . The chorus of the song is essentially built on the hook , You know I 'll be your life , your voice , your reason to be My love , my heart is breathing for this moment in time I 'll find the words to say Before you leave me today . Critical reception Moments received generally positive reviews from music critics , many of whom praised its musical arrangement and memorability . Alex Hughes from The Huffington Post characterised the song as heartbreaking . Hollywood Life and AllMusic both rated Moments as one of the best songs on Up All Night . Herald Sun writer Cameron Adams referred to the track as a classic boy band ballad . Entertainment Weekly 's Adam Markovitz cited the lyrics be your life , your voice , your reason to be , writing that Lyrics like that won 't help the group earn much respect in music circles . But if a tween pop empire is what these boys are after , they 're definitely headed in the right direction . Erica Futterman for Rolling Stone opined that the track 's lyricism is quintessentially unk toward an audience aged approximately 8 to 12 and female . Chart performance Upon the release of Up All Night , Moments debuted on multiple world charts due to strong digital download sales . The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 118 on the chart issue of 3 December 2011 . Moments was One Direction 's sixth best selling song in the UK by August 2012 . It bowed on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 87 on the chart issue of 21 March 2012 . It also entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 60 on the chart issue date of 8 April 2012 . Live performances One Direction performed the song on three of their major concert tours Up All Night Tour ( 2011 12 ) , Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) . Idolator editor Mike Wass felt the vocal ensemble performed a rousing rendition of the song at Sydney 's Hordern Pavilion and noted , Louis Tomlinson described it as his favourite song on Up All Night and he 's not alone in that opinion if the swooning girls in the audience are any indication . Herald Sun writer Cameron Adams opined that the performance of Moments at Melbourne 's Hisense Arena showcased the group 's strong pop voices . Erica Futterman for Rolling Stone assessed that the performance of the track at New York City 's Beacon Theatre was the most tender moment of the show . Jane Stevenson of Canoe.ca listed the performance of the number at Toronto 's Molson Canadian Amphitheatre among the show 's highlights . The song was later included on the DVD release , Up All Night The Live Tour . Charts
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2,828 | The Restoration is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on Hugh Logan , a single father who leaves his little girl , May , at home when he goes on a business trip . On the way to the city he is attacked by robbers and left in the road . He is found and taken in , but he suffers from amnesia . He falls in love with Maud Neals and proposes to her . Due to the prolonged absence of her father , May is taken to an orphan asylum , but she escapes . May goes to the city and ends up stopping to sleep on the doorstep of the Neals ' home . Maud finds her and takes her in , where Logan recognizes his daughter and his memory comes back . Little is known of the production credits , but the film does feature Marie Eline as the little girl . It was released on August 5 , 1910 and was met with mixed reviews . The film is presumed lost . Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from August 6 , 1910 . It states Hugh Logan is a widower who lives with his only child , a little girl , in a small cottage in the country . Logan is a commercial traveler and , as the play opens , is preparing to leave on a business trip . He takes the train to the city , where he is attacked by footpads , who leave him unconscious in the roadway . He is found by Maud Neal and her father , who are passing in an auto , and they take him into their home . There he revives , but the shock has affected his memory , and he is unable to recall anything of his past life . The kindly Neal secures him employment , and as time passes Logan falls deeply in love with Maud . He finally proposes to her and it is accepted . In the meantime , little May has been waiting in vain for her father . As no word is received from him , and she has no other relatives , Bridget , the servant , takes her to the orphan asylum , where she is compelled to make her home with other little unfortunates . May dislikes the place . In the end she escapes from it . But , gaining the city , she gets lost there and , tired and hungry , goes to sleep on a doorstep the Neals ' . There she is found by Maud , who takes her into the house . Maud is much attracted by the child 's charms and finally decides that she must never be parted from her . She tells Logan of her decision and he objects . They quarrel . Feeling himself in the wrong , Logan returns and asks Maud 's pardon . He meets May , who recognizes her father . At the sight of her , his memory returns . unk he determines to retain May from out of the things of the old life , and Maud from out of the new . Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . Lonergan liked to use the deus ex machina dramatic technique in the conclusion of the plots and this production was no exception . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The only cast credit claimed by Bowers is that of Marie Eline as the little girl . Bowers states that most of the credits are fragmentary for 1910 Thanhouser productions . Known and more prominent members of the cast to appear in productions include the leading ladies , Anna Rosemond and Violet Heming , and the leading man was Frank H. Crane . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1000 feet long , was released on August 5 , 1910 . Curiously , The Moving Picture World makes a reference to aphasia instead of amnesia in advertising the film , The Friday release ( August 5 ) is a gripping heart drama , by name The Restoration . It is a curious , a novel thing in a sense a study in aphasia one of those weird plots you expect a Thanhouser picture to unfold . The film likely had a wide national release as evidenced by numerous advertisements , including theaters in Maryland , Indiana , and Kansas . Some advertisements for The Restoration were not specific and may refer to D. W. Griffith 's 1909 The Restoration . These advertisements are noted in Oregon , Washington , and North Carolina . The film received mixed reviews , but also criticism for several aspects of the production . The Morning Telegraph stated , The photography at the beginning of the film is poor . It seems queer that the child should be able to escape from the orphan asylum in such an easy manner and that no search be made by the institution . It seemed very theatrical and hardly possible that the child should make the first stop at the house of the father 's intended . Why did not the producer have the child make a few more stops or have something happen to her instead of making the first stop at the woman 's house The The Moving Picture World spared little coverage of the actual film in its review , noting that the emotional story might be a plausible . The New York Dramatic Mirror gave a detailed review that found the acting favorable , but found the plot and its resolution to be fantastical by stating , The manifest absurdity of this plot lies in the adoption . No girl just betrothed would ever adopt a runaway orphan .
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2,829 | The Duesenberg Model A was the first automobile in series production to have hydraulic brakes and the first automobile in series production in the United States with a straight eight engine . Officially known as the Duesenberg Straight Eight , the Model A was first shown in late 1920 in New York City . Production was delayed by substantial changes to the design of the car , including a change in the engine unk from horizontal overhead valves to an overhead camshaft also during this time , the company had moved its headquarters and factory from New Jersey to Indiana . The Model A was manufactured in Indianapolis , Indiana , from 1921 to 1925 by the Duesenberg Automobiles and Motors Company and from 1925 to 1926 at the same factory by the restructured Duesenberg Motor Company . The successors to the company began referring to the car as the Model A when the Model J was introduced . Background Fred and August Duesenberg built aircraft and marine engines during World War I and used this expertise to design and build racing engines and to design a car . The Duesenberg Automobiles and Motors Company was incorporated in Delaware and founded to manufacture and market the production car while Duesenberg Brothers , a separate organization , built racing cars and engines . Introduction and delay The Duesenberg Straight Eight was introduced in late 1920 at the Commodore Hotel in New York City , but production of the Straight Eight did not begin until late 1921 . The main reason for the delay was Fred Duesenberg 's decision to redesign several aspects of the car , including the unk . The headquarters and manufacturing facilities of the Duesenberg Automobiles and Motors Company were relocated from Newark , New Jersey , to Indianapolis , Indiana during this time . The move was completed in May 1921 , but the redesign was not . Design and engineering Drivetrain The Straight Eight was the first car in series production in the United States with a straight eight engine . The engine had a cast iron block , a detachable cast iron cylinder head , and an aluminum lower crankcase and oil pan . The crankshaft ran in three main bearings . While the prototype Straight Eight shown at the model 's introduction had horizontal valves of the type used in earlier Duesenberg designed marine and racing engines , the model that entered production had a shaft driven single overhead camshaft which used rockers to operate two valves per cylinder in a hemispheric combustion chamber . The engine used a single updraft carburetor early versions used a Stromberg unit , which was replaced by a unk unit . The carburetor was on the right side of the engine , the mixture went into a passage through the engine block to the intake manifold on the left side of the engine . Ignition was by Delco coil and breaker points , with the distributor at the end of the generator starter unit . With a 2 . 875 in ( 73 . 0 mm ) bore and a 5 in ( 127 . 0 mm ) stroke , the engine had a displacement of 260 cu in ( 4 . 3 L ) . The standard compression ratio of five to one yielded 88 hp ( 66 kW ) at 3600 rpm and 170 lb ft ( 230 N m ) of torque at 1500 rpm . A single dry plate clutch and an unsynchronized three speed gearbox were bolted to the engine . The gearbox was operated directly with a central shift lever . The drive shaft was enclosed in a torque tube and drove the live rear axle through a spiral bevel drive . Chassis The chassis was based on a pressed steel ladder frame with channel section side members and fabricated and tubular cross members . Suspension was by semi elliptic leaf springs and Watson unk dampers front and rear , with a tubular beam axle at the front and a live axle and radius rods at the rear . The standard wheelbase was 134 inches ( 3 , 400 mm ) , with a wheelbase of 141 inches ( 3 , 600 mm ) available for seven passenger bodies . The front and rear tracks were both 56 inches ( 1 , 400 mm ) wide . Center locking wire wheels with 5 x 33 tires were used front and rear . The Duesenberg Straight Eight was the first production automobile to use hydraulic brakes on all four wheels . The brakes on the front wheels were 16 inches ( 410 mm ) in diameter and were finned to dissipate heat . The fluid used in the system was a mixture of glycerine and water . Reception The initial production target was 100 cars per month . By the end of 1922 , after slightly more than a year of production , fewer than 150 Duesenberg Straight Eights had been built . Production of the Straight Eight continued through several changes in management , placement of the Duesenberg Automobiles and Motors Company into receivership in January 1924 , and the restructuring of the company into the Duesenberg Motor Company in February 1925 , until the purchase of the company by E. L. Cord in October 1926 . About 650 Straight Eights had been built when Cord ended production in 1926 . Legacy The Duesenberg Model X , a derivative of the Straight Eight , had a short production run in 1927 . About twelve were built . The Model X had an engine with the same bore and stroke as the Straight Eight but with a non unk head . The engine delivered 100 horsepower ( 75 kW ) . The chassis had a wheelbase of 135 inches ( 3 , 400 mm ) . Despite its regional and worldwide automotive firsts , the Straight Eight has been obscured by the later Model J. It is no longer widely known by the Straight Eight name under which it was marketed and sold , having been renamed the Model A after the introduction of the Model J.
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2,830 | Haunting the Chapel is an EP released by American thrash metal band Slayer in 1984 through Metal Blade and Enigma Records . Slayer 's debut album Show No Mercy became Metal Blade 's highest selling , leading to producer Brian Slagel wanting to release an EP . Recorded in Hollywood the recording process proved difficult when recording drums in a studio without carpet , although it resulted in drummer Dave Lombardo meeting Gene Hoglan who was to become an influence in his drumming style and speed . However , Hoglan said he gave him a bunch of tips and never really gave him lessons he was influenced by Slayer too . Although originally featuring three songs , the record evidences a marked evolution from the style of their previous album , Show No Mercy , and is considered the first demonstration of the band 's classic style displayed on later albums and is often described as a stepping stone . The songs Captor of Sin and Chemical Warfare are regularly featured on the band 's live set list . Chemical Warfare appears in Guitar Hero Warriors of Rock . Recording Slayer 's previous album Show No Mercy had sold over 40 , 000 copies worldwide and the band were performing the songs Chemical Warfare and Captor of Sin live , which made producer Brian Slagel want to release an EP . The album was recorded in Hollywood with sound engineer Bill Metoyer , in a studio with no carpet which was a problem while recording the drums . Slagel was acting as executive producer . Metoyer is Christian and the lyrics from Show No Mercy did not bother him . However , the first words Araya sang when recording Haunting the Chapel were The holy cross , symbol of lies , intimidates the lives of Christian born , and other anti religious lyrics Metoyer thought he would go to Hell for his part in recording the lyrics . These lyrical themes were inspired by the band Venom , who influenced King and was also into the Satanic image . Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo set his drum kit on the concrete and the kit went all over the place while playing . Lombardo asked Gene Hoglan to hold his kit together , while recording Chemical Warfare , with Hoglan thinking , I hope he does this in one or two takes , because this is rough . Hoglan was coaching Lombardo how to use double bass drums to improve his drumming ability and speed Lombardo asserts Hoglan was an amazing double bass player even back then , although Hoglan played double bass since a short time then . Eddy Schreyer provided audio mastering and digital remastering , with the cover art design created by Vince Gutierrez . Haunting the Chapel was darker and more thrash oriented than Show No Mercy , and laid the groundwork for the future direction in the band 's sound . Touring Hoglan worked as a roadie for the band after their lighting guy did not show up one night , and performed Lombardo 's soundchecks . Slayer and Hoglan would play Dark Angel songs during soundchecks , which is how Hoglan eventually joined Dark Angel . Hoglan approached Dark Angel guitarist Jim Durkin He came up to me one day and started giving me his criticisms of the band . He said we needed to be more evil . And then he goes , ' By the way , I 'm a better drummer than the guy you have in Dark Angel right now . ' Hoglan was fired as he thought a roadie only did lighting , while vocalist Tom Araya 's brother Johnny Araya would do all roadie duties , such as moving equipment , working with sound and lights , and setting up the stage . The band performed a show in Seattle in front of a crowd of 1500 , the largest show they performed at the time , supporting Metal Church , and in Texas played with a band also called Slayer in San Antonio . However , it was the San Antonio Slayer 's goodbye show . Reception Although the EP did not enter any charts , Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic awarded the EP three out of five stars . Rivadavia said Haunting the Chapel was a stepping stone that offers important clues about this transition period , which saw Slayer 's rock based song structures give way to the non linear , genre defining style thereafter regarded as thrash metal 's signature sound . The tracks Chemical Warfare and Captor of Sin are played at Slayer 's live shows regularly . Vocalist Karl Willetts of the death metal band Bolt Thrower asserts the record was an inspiration for the band When Slayer 's Haunting the Chapel came out I had never heard anything like that before with that style of guitar playing . We were punks and heavy metal was alien to our upbringing . And other bands we heard like Venom , Slaughter and Metallica . So we took the elements of musicianship from metal and the aggression of punk and poured it all together . Chuck unk of the band Death said the record was life changing at the time asserting , That was some of the early stuff that gave me that push . The black metal band unk covered Chemical Warfare on a tribute CD to Slayer titled Gateway to Hell , Vol . 2 A Tribute to Slayer . Thrash metal band Equinox also made an appearance on the album covering Haunting the Chapel . Melodic death metal band At the Gates released Captor of Sin on a 2002 re issue of their 1995 album Slaughter of the Soul . Track listing Bonus track ( re issue ) The re issue features a bonus track previously found on the Metal Massacre Vol . 3 compilation and some vinyl and cassette copies of Show No Mercy Personnel Tom Araya bass guitar , lead vocals Jeff Hanneman guitar Kerry King guitar Dave Lombardo drums
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2,831 | Gibanica ( Serbian Cyrillic unk , unk sa ) is a traditional pastry dish from Serbia popular all over the Balkans . It is usually made with white cheese and eggs . Recipes can range from sweet to savoury , and from simple to festive and elaborate multi layered cakes . A derivative of the Serbian verb unk , meaning to fold sway , swing , rock , the pastry was mentioned in Serbian linguist Vuk Stefanovi Karadi 's Serbian dictionary in 1818 . It is traditionally served for breakfast with kefir or plain yogurt . Other than in the Balkans , Gibanica can be found worldwide in restaurants serving Serbian cuisine . It is one of the most popular and recognizable pastry dishes from the Balkans , whether served on festive occasions , or as a comforting family snack . In Serbia , the dish is often consumed at traditional events such as Christmas , Easter and Slava . Etymology In the vocabulary of the Yugoslav Academy , as well as in the etymological dictionary of Slavic languages , the word gibanica is a derivative of the Serbian verb unk unk unk , which means to fold sway , swing , rock . There are also word derivatives like the Serbo Croatian word unk unk ( one who makes gibanica , one who loves to eat gibanica , and one who always imposes as a guest and at someone else 's expense . ) History The word gibanica was first mentioned in the Balkans in the 17th century as a last name , or nickname . The Serbian word unk unk was included in the Serbian dictionary , written in 1818 by Serbian philologist and linguist Vuk Stefanovi Karadi . Karadi traveled widely in the Balkans and recorded interesting facts relating to Serbian tradition and customs . He explained that gibanica is a pie with soft cheese between the dough mixed with kaymak , milk and eggs . During the Second World War , while hiding from Nazi German forces in the forests of Yugoslavia , Serbian Chetniks made the so called Chetniks Gibanica from ingredients that they had received from peasants . When the commander of the Yugoslav Partisans , Josip Broz Tito , and Chetnik leader Draa Mihailovi met at Ravna Gora in 1941 , Gibanica and potato under unk with kaymak were served specifically for them . In 2007 , the Gibanica officially became an export brand of Serbia . At the Brand Fair in Belgrade , the food industry Alexandria presented a half baked and frozen gibanica for the international market . Preparation The original recipe for Gibanica included traditionally homemade phyllo dough and cow 's milk cheese . Homemade cheese can be feta or unk . The pie is usually made as unk ( unk pie ) , so the phyllo dough in the middle is crumpled and filled . Besides cheese , the fill contains eggs , milk , kaymak , lard , salt and water . Also , stuffing may include spinach , meat , nettle , potato and onion . In order to speed up preparation , phyllo dough from a store can be used and sunflower oil or olive oil can be used instead of lard . Gibanica is a round shaped pastry with crispy golden brown crust . The inside is multi layered , and includes crumpled dough with small pieces of cheese between each layer . Gibanica can be served hot in the morning and is commonly accompanied by yogurt . Variants Many varieties of Gibanica and related dishes can be found throughout the Balkans different gibanica are known as part of the national cuisines of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , the Republic of Macedonia , Serbia , Slovenia , and Friuli Venezia Giulia ( Italy , where it is called unk ) , Greece , and Bulgaria , where it is usually called unk . From the basic recipe , many local specialties have evolved . unk gibanica , for example , is a fancy multi layered cake from Prekmurje in Slovenia , served as a dessert course on festive occasions . unk gibanica , from the neighbouring Meimurje region of Croatia , is a closely related but simpler and less formal dish consisting of four layers of fillings ( prepared fresh cheese ( quark ) , unk , apple and walnut ) . Another gibanica variety , called unk gibanica , is known from unk to the west of the Mur River . The basic concept of Gibanica , a cake or pie involving a combination of pastry with cheese in differentiated layers often combined with layers of various other fillings , is common in the cuisines of the Balkans , Anatolia , and the Eastern Mediterranean . For example , a similar dish known as unk ( Sh unk , unk ) is part of the cuisine of Syria and Lebanon . Gibanica can also be considered to resemble a type of cheese strudel , with which it likely shares a common ancestry in the pastry dishes of the region , and the cuisines of the Byzantine and Ottoman empires . In culture Gibanica is one of the most popular and recognizable pastry dishes from the Balkans , whether served on festive occasions , or as a comforting family snack . In Serbia , the dish is often consumed at traditional events such as Christmas , Easter and Slava . According to the Serbian media , the largest Gibanica ever made was in the town of unk in 2007 . It weighed over 1 , 000 kg , and was applied for inclusion in the Guinness Book of Records . 330 kg of phyllo dough , 330 kg of cheese , 3 , 300 eggs , 30 l. of oil , 110 l. of mineral water , 50 kg of lard and 500 packets of baking powder went into its creation . In Serbia , as well as in neighboring countries , there are festivals dedicated to pies . One of them , called the Gibanica festival or Days of unk , is held each year in Bela Palanka . It first took place in 2005 . Nutritional information
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2,832 | Shambhala Expedicin al Himalaya ( simply known as Shambhala ) is a steel Hyper Coaster roller coaster located at the PortAventura amusement park in unk , Catalonia , Spain . Manufactured by Bolliger Mabillard , it is the tallest ( 78 metres ( 256 ft ) ) and fastest hypercoaster ( 134 kilometres per hour ( 83 mph ) ) in Europe . It also has the longest drop of any roller coaster in the continent ( 78 metres ( 256 ft ) ) . Shambhala is named and themed after the inaccessible land in the Himalayas Shambhala . It was announced to the public on October 24 , 2011 , and opened to the public on May 12 , 2012 . History Rumors that PortAventura would be investing in a new Bolliger Mabillard Flying Coaster or Dive Coaster roller coaster emerged in late 2010 . In May 2011 , speculation that the park was planning to build a hypercoaster that would pass over Dragon Khan arose . Land clearing also began in the summer of 2011 . Shambhala was announced to the public on October 24 , 2011 the layout of the roller coaster was leaked 2 days earlier . The last piece of track was installed in mid April 2012 following a signing event and the placement of the several country flags on the track . Testing of the ride began in the same month . Following the completion of testing , a ribbon cutting ceremony was held on May 12 , 2012 before opening to the public the same day . Over 300 workers from countries such as Germany , France , Hungary , Poland , Switzerland , and United States of America took part in the construction of Shambhala . The roller coaster currently holds three records tallest , longest drop , and fastest hypercoaster in Europe . All three records were held by Silver Star at Europa Park prior to Shambhala 's opening . Ride experience After departing from the station , the train makes a 90 degree turn to the right , then begins to climb the 76 metre ( 249 ft ) tall chain lift hill . Once the train reaches the top of the lift , the train drops back down to the ground on an 77 . 4 degree angle reaching speeds of up to 134 kilometres per hour ( 83 mph ) as it passes through a tunnel . Following the first drop , the train then makes a slight left turn into the first of five camelback hills before dropping again and entering a figure 8 like helix . Next , the train goes over a small hill at the same time , passing through a trim brake . Immediately after , the train enters the second camelback hill , followed by a slight left turn into an element that is similar to a splashdown as the track crosses under Dragon Khan . After going over the third and fourth camelback hills , the train passing through the mid course brake run . Finally , after making a banked downward left turn , the train passes over the final camelback hill before entering the final brake run leading directly back to the station where the next riders board . One cycle of the ride lasts about three minutes . Characteristics Trains Shambhala operates with three steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has eight cars with two rows that seat two riders each for a total of 32 riders per train each seat has its own individual lab bar restraint . This configuration allows the ride to achieve a theoretical hourly capacity of 1 , 680 riders per hour . Riders also experience up to 3 . 8 times the force of gravity . The structure of the trains are colored gold and cyan , the lap bar restraints are cyan , and the seats are black . Track The steel track of Shambhala is approximately 1 , 564 metres ( 5 , 131 ft ) long , the height of the lift is 76 metres ( 249 ft ) , and covers an area of about 14 , 000 m2 . The roller coaster has no inversions though it does feature five camelback hills , each at least 20 metres ( 66 ft ) tall , a splashdown , and inclined figure eight element . Including the supports , the total weight of the roller coaster is approximately 1 , 600 tonnes ( 1 , 600 long tons 1 , 800 short tons ) . 4 , 000 m3 of cement was used for the foundations that hold up the supports and some are as deep as 18 metres ( 59 ft ) . The track is white with cyan rails while the supports are grey . Theme Inspired by both Nicholas Roerich stories and the Kingdom of Bhutan , Shambhala is named and themed around the story that within the Himalayas there is a lost world ( Shambhala ) that is impossible to access and is the source of happiness . As guests walk through the themed queue and board the train , they go on an expedition to find this land . The roller coaster is located in the China section of PortAventura . Reception Following the opening of Shambhala , unk Parks magazine named the roller coaster as the best European attraction introduced in 2012 . Patrick Purcell from Mirror said that the roller coaster lived up to its hype and that , It is also one of the smoothest roller coasters I 've encountered . Sophie Castle from Travel Channel UK praised the height of Shambhala and said that , Shambhala is definitely an opportunity that shouldn t be missed . Ethan Williams from the Daily Mail gave the roller coaster a five out of five for its speed , surprise factor , and fear factor . He also liked the amount of airtime the roller coaster gave . In 2013 , Shambhala was featured on Travel Channel 's television series Insane Coaster Wars World Domination . Also , the ride entered Mitch Hawker 's Best Roller Coaster Poll at 6 in 2012 before dropping to 8 in 2013 as shown in the table below . The roller coaster has never placed in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards .
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2,833 | The quagga catshark ( Halaelurus quagga ) is a species of catshark , belonging to the family Scyliorhinidae . A small , slim bodied shark reaching 37 cm ( 15 in ) in length , it has a distinctive color pattern of narrow , dark brown vertical bars , which resemble those of the quagga . Its head is short and flattened , with a pointed snout tip that is not upturned . Little is known of the quagga catshark 's natural history , as it is known only from nine specimens caught off southwestern India and eastern Somalia . Inhabiting the offshore waters of continental shelf at depths of 59 220 m ( 194 722 ft ) or more , it is a bottom dwelling predator of shrimps . It exhibits an oviparous mode of reproduction , with a record of a female containing eight eggs that were enclosed in brown capsules bearing long tendrils at the corners . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) presently lacks sufficient data to assess the conservation status of this species . It is not economically valued but is taken as bycatch . Taxonomy The first specimen of the quagga catshark was a 27 cm ( 11 in ) long adult male collected by the paddle steamer unk Investigator from a depth of 187 m ( 614 ft ) off the Malabar Coast of India . It was described by British naturalist Alfred William Alcock in A Descriptive Catalogue of the Indian Deep sea Fishes in the Indian Museum , published in 1899 . He assigned the new species to the genus Scyllium ( a synonym of Scyliorhinus ) and named it after the quagga ( Equus quagga quagga ) because of their similar color patterns . Later authors moved this species to the genus Halaelurus . Only nine quagga catshark specimens have been recorded . In addition to Alcock 's type specimen , four males were unk from off the eastern Somalian coast by the research ship RV Anton Bruun in 1964 . Four more individuals , two male and two female , were found amongst the contents of commercial fishing trawls conducted off Quilon , India in 2010 . A male specimen reported from the Gulf of Aden in 1939 was later re identified as a speckled catshark ( H. unk ) . Description Slender and firm bodied , the quagga catshark has a short and flattened head with a pointed snout . The slightly protruding tip of the snout is not upturned like in some other Halaelurus species . The anterior rims of the nostrils bear triangular flaps of skin . The small , horizontally oval eyes are placed high on the head and have rudimentary nictitating membranes below the eyes are thick ridges , and behind them are tiny spiracles . The rather large mouth is curved , with the upper teeth exposed when closed . There are short furrows at the corners of the mouth . The jaws contain 26 28 upper and 27 lower tooth rows on each side in addition , there are three tooth rows at the upper symphysis ( jaw midpoint ) and one row at the lower . The teeth have three cusps . The five pairs of gill slits are placed higher than the level of the mouth the fifth pair are smaller than the rest . The moderately large and rounded pectoral fins are positioned fairly close to the pelvic fins . Adult males have thin , tapering claspers with a denticle covered knob on the outer side near the tip . The first dorsal fin is placed just behind the pelvic fin bases , while the larger second dorsal fin is placed just behind the anal fin . The anal fin is larger than the second dorsal fin and comparable in size to the pelvic fins . The caudal fin has a small but discernible lower lobe and a large upper lobe with a notch in its trailing margin . The thick skin is covered by dermal denticles , which have arrowhead shaped crowns with a central ridge and three posterior teeth . This shark has a striking dorsal color pattern consisting of over 20 narrow , dark brown vertical bars on a light brown background the bars run from the head to the tail and extend onto the dorsal fins . The underside is off white , and the pectoral , pelvic , and anal fins have pale trailing margins . The largest known specimen is 37 cm ( 15 in ) long . Distribution and habitat The known specimens of the quagga catshark have been collected from the Laccadive Sea off southwestern India and from the Indian Ocean off Somalia . The Indian sharks were caught between the depths of 90 and 220 m ( 300 and 720 ft ) or possibly 280 m ( 920 ft ) , while the Somalian sharks were caught at depths of 59 to 70 m ( 194 to 230 ft ) . This is a bottom dwelling species found far from shore over the continental shelf . Biology and ecology The diet of the quagga catshark consists of deep living shrimps . Its reproduction is oviparous like the other members of its genus . One of the female Indian specimens was gravid with eight eggs , divided evenly between the two oviducts . The eggs are enclosed in brown purse shaped capsules measuring 3 . 8 4 . 0 cm ( 1 . 5 1 . 6 in ) in length , with long coiled tendrils at their four corners . The smallest known specimen is 8 cm ( 3 . 1 in ) long , which is probably close to the size at hatching . Males reach sexual maturity at between 28 and 35 cm ( 11 and 14 in ) long female maturation size is unknown . Human interactions The quagga catshark is harmless and is not utilized by humans . It is caught incidentally by demersal fisheries in bottom trawls and potentially other gear such fishing activity is very intense in Indian and Somalian waters , though specific data on this species is lacking . Therefore , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed it as Data Deficient .
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2,834 | Katharine Kay Way ( February 20 , 1902 December 9 , 1995 ) was an American physicist best known for her work on the Nuclear Data Project . During World War II , she worked for the Manhattan Project at the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago . She became an adjunct professor at Duke University in 1968 . Education and early life Katharine Way was born in Sewickley , Pennsylvania , the second child of William unk Way , a lawyer , and his wife Louise Jones . She had an older brother and a younger sister . Originally named Catherine , she later changed her name to Katharine . Friends and colleagues generally knew her as Kay . Her mother died when she was twelve years old , and her father married an ear and throat specialist , who provided Kay with a role model of a career woman . Way was educated at Miss unk 's boarding school in Plainfield , New Jersey , and Rosemary Hall in Greenwich , Connecticut . In 1920 she entered Vassar College , but was forced to drop out after two years after becoming ill with suspected tuberculosis . After convalescing in Saranac Lake , New York , she attended Barnard College for a couple of semesters in 1924 and 1925 . From 1929 to 1934 she studied at Columbia University , where Edward unk stoked an interest in mathematics , and co authored Way 's first published academic paper . She finally graduated with her BS in 1932 . She next went to the University of North Carolina , where John Wheeler stimulated an interest in nuclear physics , and she became his first PhD student . Because jobs were hard to come by during the Great Depression , she stayed on as a graduate student after completing the requirements of her PhD . In 1938 , she became a Huff Research Fellow at Bryn Mawr College , which allowed her to receive her PhD for her thesis on nuclear physics about the unk cross section of the deuteron , She subsequently took up a teaching position at the University of Tennessee in 1939 , becoming an assistant professor in 1941 . At a conference in New York in 1938 , Way presented a paper on Nuclear unk and Magnetic Moments in which she examined deformation of a spinning atomic nucleus under three models , including Niels Bohr 's liquid drop model . She followed this up with a closer examination of the liquid drop model in a paper entitled The Liquid Drop Model and Nuclear Moments , in which she showed that the resulting cigar shaped nucleus could be unstable . Wheeler later recalled that One day Katherine Way came in and reported a unk . The equations gave no solution in the case of a sufficiently great angular velocity . It was clear that one had to do in this case with a kind of instability . It took only 1939 and the discovery of Hahn and unk to recognize the nature of the instability nuclear fission . Why did we not do to the analysis of the higher order terms in the deformation energy and predict fission in advance of its discovery It was not any difficulty in mathematics . It was a difficulty in the model . It failed to give the right magnitudes and right trends for nuclear magnetic moments . Manhattan Project In 1942 , Wheeler recruited Way to work on the Manhattan Project at the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago . Working with physicist Alvin Weinberg , Way analyzed neutron flux data from Enrico Fermi 's early nuclear reactor designs to see whether it would be possible to create a self sustaining nuclear chain reaction . These calculations were put to use in the construction of Chicago Pile 1 . Afterwards , she examined the problem of nuclear poisoning of reactors by certain fission products . With physicist Eugene Wigner she developed the Way Wigner approximation for fission product decay . Apart from working on the Manhattan Project in Chicago , Way also visited the Hanford Site and the Los Alamos Laboratory . In mid 1945 she moved to Oak Ridge , Tennessee , where she continued her research into nuclear decay . While there , she began to specialize in the collection and organization of nuclear data . With Dexter Masters , she co edited the 1946 New York Times bestseller One World or None a Report to the Public on the Full Meaning of the Atomic Bomb . The book included essays by Niels Bohr , Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer , and sold over 100 , 000 copies . Later life Way moved to Washington , D.C. , in 1949 , where she went to work for the National Bureau of Standards . Four years later , she persuaded the National Academy of Sciences ' National Research Council to establish the Nuclear Data Project ( NDP ) , an organization with special responsibility for gathering and disseminating nuclear data , under her leadership . The NDP moved to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1964 , but Way remained its head until 1968 . Beginning in 1964 , the NDP published a journal , Nuclear Data Sheets , to disseminate the information that the NDP had gathered . This was joined the following year by a second journal , Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables . She also persuaded the editors of Nuclear Physics to add keywords to the subject headings of articles to facilitate cross referencing . Way left the NDP in 1968 and became an adjunct professor at Duke University in Durham , North Carolina , although she continued as editor of Nuclear Data Sheets until 1973 , and Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables until 1982 . In later life she became interested in the health problems of seniors , and lobbied for improved health care for them . Way , who never married , died at Chapel Hill , North Carolina , on December 9 , 1995 .
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2,835 | The Liverpool Women 's Suffrage Society was set up in 1894 by Edith Bright , Lydia Allen Booth and Nessie Stewart Brown to promote the enfranchisement of women . The society held its first meeting in a Liverpool temperance hall , with Millicent Fawcett , head of the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) , as its guest speaker . The society set up headquarters in Lord Street . The group became affiliated with the NUWSS in 1898 , it held meetings in cafs which included talks , poetry and dance recitals . Members were recruited from prominent members of society and they distanced themselves from working class suffrage societies such as Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) . Eleanor Rathbone led the society as its secretary from 1897 , especially in campaigning in the 1910 elections . Three campaign shops were opened around Liverpool , asking men to vote for candidates who supported votes for women , especially Alexander Gordon Cameron . In 1911 , Rathbone and Stewart Brown set up a branch of the society to educate women who would soon get the vote . When the society disagreed with the NUWSS , it merged with the Municipal Women 's Association to create the Liverpool Women 's Citizens Association in 1919 . History The Liverpool Women 's Suffrage Society was set up in 1894 at a meeting in January at the temperance hall in Hardman Street . A society had been proposed a month earlier by Emily Hornby at a public meeting and after a unanimous vote , was founded by Edith Allan Bright , Lydia Allen Booth and Nessie Stewart Brown and initially had twenty four members . The society set up headquarters at 6 Lord Street . Millicent Fawcett , leader of the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies , attended the first meeting as a guest speaker . The society distinguished itself from the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) and the Independent Labour Party , and became known as respectable lady suffragists as opposed to the more militant suffragettes . The society recruited more prestigious members of society , leading to other disenfranchised women ( especially those from the working class ) joining the WSPU the organisation also actively distanced itself from WSPU protests . By the first annual general meeting , on 11 January 1895 , the membership had expanded to just 71 . In 1896 , the society affiliated with Central National Society for Women 's Suffrage , and by 1898 had joined the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies . Bright invited Christabel Pankhurst to speak in Liverpool in 12 February 1909 , which resulted in a phenomenal demand for membership cards . Pankhurst stayed at Bright 's house whilst in the city . Goals Liverpool Women 's Suffrage Society was formed with the intention of fulfilling a number of goals . It hoped to educate women on why they should have the right to vote and convince men of the same . It had links with Liberal MPs and intended to use these to pressure the government to allow women 's suffrage . In addition , the society tried to drum up support for their cause by holding small scale events , often with speakers at the Yamen Cafe in Liverpool 's Bond Street . The events would also include poetry , singing or performances of acting or ballet by the Blue Bird Theatre Company . The society would take part in wider suffrage demonstrations , for example in June 1908 , it supported a National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies event in London 's Hyde Park and in June 1910 an event by all the Liverpool suffrage unk at Liverpool 's St Georges Hall Eleanor Rathbone lead the society 's campaigning in the 1910 Liverpool elections , opening campaign shops on Smithdown Road , Bold Street and Stanley Road , asking men to vote for anyone who would support votes for women , unk of party . They actively campaigned for the Labour candidate Alexander Gordon Cameron , although he did not win . Founders The society was founded by three women . Edith Bright served on the executive committee of Liverpool Ladies Union of Workers among Women and Girls . She was involved in other feminist causes such as Mothers Union National Union of Women Workers and was a driving force for a Liverpool branch of the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies . Her husband , Allen Bright , was a lawyer , shipping merchant Liberal MP . Lydia Allen Booth ( ne Butler ) was an American who was on the executive committee of Liverpool Ladies Union of Workers among Women and Girls . Nessie Stewart Brown was president of Liverpool Women 's Liberal Association , and worked with Bright in the Mothers Union National Union of Women Workers . Secretaries 1895 Edith Bright 1897 Eleanor Rathbone 1913 Miss E. E. Deakin Eleanor Rathbone Liverpool Women 's Citizen Association In 1911 , sensing they were close to achieving suffrage , Rathbone Stewart Bright created Municipal Women 's Association as a branch of the society its aim was to increase awareness of the vote for women , encourage discussion amongst potential women voters and teaching women what to do when they had the vote . In 1912 , the Liverpool Women Suffrage Society disagreed with the route that the National Union Women 's Suffrage Societies was taking , with its Election Fighting Fund , and instead merged with the Municipal Women 's Association to become the Liverpool Women 's Citizen 's Association . The outbreak of World War I changed the focus of groups to help with the national emergency and in 1919 the groups merged . By 1921 they had 12 branches .
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2,836 | The Brazilian ironclad Barroso was an armoured gunboat built for the Brazilian Navy during the Paraguayan War in the mid 1860s . Barroso bombarded Paraguayan fortifications in 1866 and 1867 a number of times before she participated in the Passagem de Humait in February 1868 . Afterwards the ship provided fire support for the army for the rest of the war . She was assigned to the Mato Grosso Flotilla after the war . Barroso was decommissioned in 1882 , but was not scrapped until 1937 . Design and description Barroso was designed to meet the need of the Brazilian Navy for a small , simple , shallow draft armored ship capable of withstanding heavy fire . The ship is best characterized as a central battery design because the casemate did not extend the length of the ship . A bronze ram , 1 . 8 meters ( 5 ft 11 in ) long , was fitted . The hull was sheathed with Muntz metal to reduce biofouling . For sea passages the ship 's free board could be increased to 1 . 7 meters ( 5 ft 7 in ) by use of removable bulwarks 1 . 1 meters ( 3 ft 7 in ) high . On riverine operations , the bulkwarks and the ship 's masts were usually removed . The ship measured 61 . 44 meters ( 201 ft 7 in ) long overall , with a beam of 10 . 97 meters ( 36 ft 0 in ) and had a mean draft of 2 . 74 meters ( 9 ft 0 in ) . unk normally displaced 980 metric tons ( 960 long tons ) and 1 , 354 metric tons ( 1 , 333 long tons ) at deep load . Her crew numbered 149 officers and men . Propulsion Barroso had a single John Penn Sons 2 cylinder steam engine driving a single 2 bladed propeller . Her engine was powered by two tubular boilers . The engine produced a total of 420 indicated horsepower ( 310 kW ) which gave the ship a maximum speed of 9 knots ( 17 km h 10 mph ) . The ship 's funnel was mounted directly in front of her casemate . Barroso carried enough coal for six days ' steaming . Armament Barroso mounted one 120 pounder Whitworth and two 70 pounder Whitworth rifled muzzle loaders , two 68 pounder and two 12 pounder smoothbore guns in her casemate . To minimize the possibility of shells or splinters entering the casemate through the gun ports they were as small as possible , allowing only a 24 arc of fire for each gun . The rectangular , 9 . 8 meter ( 32 ft 2 in ) casemate had two gun ports on each side as well as the front and rear . The 7 inch ( 178 mm ) shell of the 120 pounder gun weighed 151 pounds ( 68 . 5 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 16 , 660 pounds ( 7 , 556 . 8 kg ) . The 70 pounder gun weighed 8 , 582 pounds ( 3 , 892 . 7 kg ) and fired a 5 . 5 inch ( 140 mm ) shell that weighed 81 pounds ( 36 . 7 kg ) . The 7 . 9 inch ( 201 mm ) solid shot of the 68 pounder gun weighed approximately 68 pounds ( 30 . 8 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 10 , 640 pounds ( 4 , 826 . 2 kg ) . The gun had a range of 3 , 200 yards ( 2 , 900 m ) at an elevation of 12 . The exact type of 12 pounder gun is not known . All of the guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . Armor The hull of Barroso was made from three layers of wood , each 203 millimeters ( 8 . 0 in ) thick . The ship had a complete wrought iron waterline belt , 1 . 52 meters ( 5 . 0 ft ) high . It had a maximum thickness of 102 millimeters ( 4 in ) covering the machinery and magazines , 51 millimeters ( 2 in ) elsewhere . The curved deck , as well as the roof of the casemate , was armoured with 12 . 7 millimeters ( 0 . 5 in ) of wrought iron . The casemate was protected by 102 millimetres of armour on all four sides , backed by 609 millimeters ( 24 . 0 in ) of wood capped with a 102 mm layer of peroba hardwood . Service Barroso was laid down at the Arsenal de Marinha da Crte in Rio de Janeiro on 21 February 1865 . She was launched on 4 November 1865 and completed on 11 January 1866 . On 26 28 March 1866 she bombarded the Paraguayan fortifications at Curupaity where she was hit 20 times , but not significantly damaged . The ship bombarded Curuzu Fort , downstream of Curupaity , on 1 September in company with the ironclads Rio de Janeiro , Brasil , Lima Barros , Tamandar , and the monitor Bahia . The ships bombarded Curupaity again on 4 September and Barroso was hit four more times . On 22 September the Allied army attempted to storm the fortifications at Curupaity , supported by fire from the Brazilian ironclads , but was rebuffed with heavy losses . Between 24 and 29 December Barroso , Tamandar , Brasil , and 11 gunboats bombarded Curuzu Fort again . The Brazilians broke through the river defences at Curupaity during daylight on 15 August 1867 with Barroso , unk , and eight other ironclads . The ships were hit 256 times , but not seriously damaged , and only suffered 10 killed and 22 wounded . They repeated the operation again on 9 September . On 19 February 1868 six Brazilian ironclads , including Barroso , sailed past Humait at night . Three Par class river monitors , Rio Grande , Alagoas and Par were lashed to the larger ironclads in case any engines were disabled by the Paraguayan guns . Barroso led with Rio Grande , followed by Bahia with Alagoas and Tamandar with Par . Barroso continued upstream with the other undamaged ships and they bombarded Asuncin on 24 February . On 23 March Rio Grande and Barroso sank the steamer Igurey and both ships were boarded by Paraguayan soldiers on the evening of 9 July , although they managed to repel the boarders . After the war the ship served with the Mato Grosso Flotilla and was decommissioned in 1882 . However , Barroso was not scrapped until 1937 .
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2,837 | Marek Sobieski ( 24 May 1628 3 June 1652 ) was a Polish noble ( unk ) , starosta ( tenant of the Crown lands ) of Krasnystaw and unk , older brother of King Jan III Sobieski of Poland . He graduated from Nowodworski College in Krakw and Krakw Academy , then traveled and studied in Western Europe . After returning to Poland in 1648 he fought against the Cossacks and Tatars at Zbara and unk . He was taken captive by Tatars in 1652 and then killed by Cossacks . Childhood and studies Sobieski was the oldest child of Jakub Sobieski and his second wife unk Zofia unk . He was born on 24 May 1628 in Zoczw and spent his childhood in kiew . He grew up in a patriotic family , and his mother often took him and his brother to the grave of her grandfather Stanisaw kiewski , Grand Hetman of the Crown , who was killed in the battle of Cecora in 1620 . Zofia unk unk taught her sons the inscription upon their great grandfather 's grave O quam dulce et decorum est pro patria mori ( How sweet and glorious it is to die for one 's homeland ) . On 29 October 1639 Sobieski became Starosta of unk . Along with his brother Jan , beginning in 1640 , Sobieski studied at the Nowodworski College in Krakw . On 29 April 1642 Sobieski made a speech on funeral of Jakub unk , bishop of Krakw . The next year , on 2 June 1643 , Sobieski made a speech where he thanked absent Wadysaw IV for everything he had done for unk College . Two months earlier , in April 1643 , Marek and Jan Sobieski began studies at Krakw Academy . In 1644 Sobieski became Starosta of Krasnystaw . In 1645 Jakub Sobieski , father of Marek and Jan , prepared special instructions and a guidebook for his sons , who were about to go abroad . Jakub Sobieski , who was inspired by Roman authors , emphasized learning foreign languages and physical exercises . He wanted to prepare his sons to be politics and diplomats . After completing their studies in 1646 , the brothers started to travel around Europe under the tutelage of Sebastian unk . They departed kiew on 21 February or 25 March 1646 . They visited Berlin , Wittenberg , Leipzig , Halle , Amsterdam and Paris , where they arrived on 9 June 1646 . They spent the next 16 months in France . In October 1647 Marek and Jan Sobieski went to England and subsequently studied mathematics in the Netherlands . The brothers had planned to go to Turkey , but after hearing of the Khmelnytsky Uprising they decided to return to Poland . Marek and John Sobieski left Brussels on 24 July 1648 . Adulthood After returning to Poland Sobieski and his brother came to Zamo , which at the time was being besieged by Cossacks . In 1648 , 1649 and 1650 Sobieski was elected a member of the parliament ( sejm unk ) of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1649 he was among the electors who voted for Jan II Kazimierz as King of Poland . Then , as a head of a chorgiew unk ( military unit formed by Hussars ) of 100 horse , the young starosta joined the army of Jeremi Winiowiecki . Sobieski was a member of the Polish defense crew besieged by Cossacks at Zbara from 10 July to 22 August 1649 . In 1650 he fought against the Cossacks at Kamieniec Podolski . Marek Sobieski also took part in the Battle of unk on 28 30 June 1651 . After the Polish victory , due his bravery , he received a saber of Tugay Bey , who had been killed during the battle . In September 1651 he fought at the Battle of Biaa unk . When the Poles , Cossacks and Tatars began negotiations , Marek Sobieski was sent to the Cossack camp as a guarantor of safety for the Cossack leader , Bohdan Khmelnytsky , who was in the Polish camp . In 1652 Sobieski fought against the Cossacks near Bracaw and during Biaa unk campaign . Marching with Jan unk , but without his own hussar banner , Sobieski and his retinue came to the field hetman Kalinowski 's camp at Batoh on May 31 . Marek Sobieski and unk were assigned to command cavalry banners during the subsequent battle , and in that capacity they fought on June 1 and 2 . On June 2 , during the second day of the Battle of Batoh after the defeat of Polish cavalry in the field before the Polish camp , Sobieski commanded a cavalry group , perhaps containing wounded filed hetman Kalinowski , that withdrew to the eastern redoubt in Polish camp , where Cossacks destroyed them after bringing artillery . Following Polish soldier unk unk 's writings Sobieski might have been the last Polish commander defending the Polish camp against the Cossack Tatar army . Young commander was taken prisoner or surrendered , to be ransomed in a future as it was practice of the day , by the Tatars or Cossacks . After the battle , the Cossacks paid the Tatars for possession of the prisoners , and killed the Polish captives in retaliation for Chmielnicki s defeat at Berestechko . Among the 8 , 000 massacred Polish soldiers was Marek unk or the number could have been much higher , up to 15 , 000 killed in action and massacred . Sobieski 's mother returned his body to his home , and to commemorate him she founded the Church of the Assumption of Mary in kiew , which was built between 1653 and 1655 . Sobieski was buried there in 1655 on the day the church was consecrated . His brother , King Jan III Sobieski , commissioned a gravestone by Andreas Schlter made from black marble , which was destroyed after 1945 . In 1946 Sobieski 's body was taken to the Dominican 's Church in Krakw . Legacy Sobieski was portrayed by Henryk Sienkiewicz in With Fire and Sword ( 1884 ) , Antoni unk unk in Z unk unk ( 1936 ) and Jacek unk in novel Bohun ( 2006 ) .
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2,838 | A Milhouse Divided is the sixth episode of The Simpsons eighth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 1 , 1996 . In the episode , Milhouse 's parents Kirk and Luann get a divorce , causing Homer to examine his own marriage . It was directed by Steven Dean Moore and is the only episode for which Steve Tompkins has sole writing credit . Plot Marge throws a dinner party to escape from the doldrums at the Simpson house , so she decides to invite the Flanders , the Lovejoys , the unk and the Van Houtens . All the guests are enjoying dinner except for the Van Houtens who argue with each other as Milhouse plays in another room with Bart and the children . Kirk and Luann get more quarrelsome as the party progresses and finally , despite Marge trying to divert the party away from the pair , the two get into a fight and Luann demands a divorce . Kirk moves out of the Van Houten house and , despite his drab new surroundings , manages to keep a cheery attitude toward it all until he is fired from his job at the cracker factory as crackers are a family food ... happy families and Kirk , being single , is apparently unfit for the position . Meanwhile , Luann quickly unk to single life with Milhouse and starts a new relationship with an American Gladiator . Kirk also tries to have a new relationship with a sleazy radio station worker , but ends up getting his car stolen and his demo tape wrecked . While at Moe 's , Kirk mentions that he never saw the divorce coming and regrets not being more sensitive to Luann 's needs , concluding that one minute , your wife is cooking you your favorite meal the next , you 're thawing hot dogs in a gas station sink . Homer cheers Kirk up by telling him that his marriage to Marge is solid , but Homer begins to fear that his marriage may end in divorce after coming home and finding hot dogs thawing in the sink . Homer enlists the aid of Lisa to help him figure out how to save his marriage , but Lisa tells Homer that he is lucky to have Marge . He recalls his wedding reception , which was nothing more than Homer and Marge eating a whale cake at a roadside truck stop . Homer tries to perform selfless gestures for Marge , such as making soothing ocean noises to lull her to sleep and cutting her hair , but they only serve to annoy her . Deciding at that point that Marge deserves a fresh start , Homer secretly files for a divorce . As Marge returns home later that night , Homer surprises her by hiding all their friends in the living room and declares that he wants to be remarried , this time with a perfect wedding . The two are remarried ( though in Season 20 it is revealed that the marriage in this episode was invalid as Reverend Lovejoy was uncertified at this time due to a clerical error , meaning Homer and Marge were still divorced ) . Meanwhile , Kirk decides to try to get back together with Luann by singing Can I Borrow a Feeling , the song he recorded on a demo tape . However , the attempt fails Luann refuses to take Kirk back and Kirk is sent out of the Simpsons house . Production A Milhouse Divided is the only episode for which Steve Tompkins has sole writing credit , although he had been a part of the writing staff for several years . The writers wanted to do an episode that involved a couple getting divorced . They had wanted to break the sitcom convention that characters who look like they will divorce get back together and have two characters remain divorced even after the episode . The Van Houtens were chosen because the writers felt that they were the most developed couple next to Marge and Homer and the Lovejoys . The scene in the episode Sideshow Bob 's Last Gleaming where Milhouse is in a jet pretending to fire missiles at his parents is where they got the idea to have his parents ' marriage be in trouble . Originally , the episode also focused on the divorce 's effects on Milhouse and there was a subplot that involved Bart being jealous of Milhouse and wishing that Marge and Homer would also separate . Several scenes were written and animated for the episode , but ultimately they were cut because the script was very long . The third act of the episode shifts the focus from the Van Houtens to Homer and Marge because the writers felt that tertiary characters could not carry an audience 's interest for an entire episode . Bill Oakley has said that he felt that the episode would have failed had they stuck with the Van Houtens for the third act and most of the other writers also felt that it was the right move . The idea for the dinner party came from Bill Oakley , who had wanted to have a party similar to the one in The War of the Simpsons . For the second half of the episode , Luann was redesigned to look more youthful and was given a new outfit . A big name singer was originally sought to sing Can I Borrow a Feeling over the end credits . The writers wanted Sheryl Crow , but she declined and the concept was later dropped . Reception In its original American broadcast , A Milhouse Divided finished tied for 50th in the weekly ratings for the week of November 25 December 1 , 1996 with a Nielsen rating of 8 . 3 and was viewed in 8 million homes . It was the fourth highest rated show from the Fox Network that week . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , called it More drama than comedy , and very honest in its dealings with the Van Houtens ' divorce and its effects on Milhouse .
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2,839 | God Put a Smile upon Your Face is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay . It was written by all members of the band for their second studio album , A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) . The song is built around prominent acoustic and electric guitar riffs with accompanying up tempo drumming . The song was released on 14 July 2003 as the fourth and final single from the album . Regional singles were released for Canada , Europe , Australia , and an enhanced version for Taiwan . Promo singles were released for the United Kingdom and United States . Since only promo copies were released , the single reached only number 100 in the UK Singles Chart . Background Coldplay vocalist Chris Martin said , about the writing of the song , That came out of playing live and wanting to have something with a bit more bounce . We were really getting into things like PJ Harvey and Muse things with a bit more energy . When asked about the development of the song , during a track by track reveal , bassist Guy Berryman said When we came to record it in the studio we struggled because there was something just not quite right about it and I wasn 't happy about where we 'd left it and where we were happy to leave it and we couldn 't put our finger on what it was and so it was a really nice day one day , me and Chris were just trying , I was actually just trying to record bass at the time and me and Chris were just sitting down trying to brainstorm it and work out what was wrong and so I started trying to just do a few different bass lines and stuff . Between the two of us we came up with just this kind of groove , which stays on the same note as opposed to change , it 's quite technical but it kind of added a bit of bounce to the song and it made it roll along in a much more fluid way . It was a bit mechanical before and it 's just interesting how something small like that can really change the whole vibe of a song . It was just nice because from there on it was one of our favourite tracks and it almost didn 't get on the record but it 's now one of our favourite tracks . Composition The song features an acoustic and electric guitar sound . The song starts with a hushed acoustic ballad , the song then builds into a roar of an electric guitar and soaring with vocals . The song also includes an uptempo metronomic drumming rhythm . The first line of the third verse allude to a definitive moment with the cryptic reference to God Now when you work it out , I 'm worse than you Yeah , when you work it out I wanted to Now , when you work out where to draw the line Your guess is as good as mine . Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune commented that the lyric God gave you style and gave you grace , Martin sings as if cataloguing the attributes he only wishes he had . When the song is performed live , guitarist Jonny Buckland begins a long ripping off guitar riff while Chris Martin plays an acoustic guitar . Release Coldplay released God Put a Smile upon Your Face in the UK on 7 July 2003 . This was followed with releases in the US and Canada on 14 July 2003 . The song was later released on 21 July 2003 in Australia and Taiwan . When the song was released , it featured the B side Murder . The single cover features bassist Guy Berryman , art directed by Slve Sundsb . Regional singles were released for Canada , Europe , Australia , and an enhanced version for Taiwan . Promotional singles were released in the UK and US . Reception Critics were positive towards the song . In the Rolling Stone review of the album , critic Rob Sheffield wrote ' God Put a Smile Upon Your Face ' is the unk and best thing Coldplay have ever done . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters wrote Buckland 's lead fills highlight the wondrous ' God Put a Smile on Your Face ' , as the song 's chorus reaches heights that rival those of their fellow countrymen Doves . Ted Kessler of NME wrote Over a pounding garage tattoo Martin poses a deep , mortality based teaser ( ' where do we go from here ' ) , asserts some self belief ( ' God gave me style , God gave me grace ' ) and then hits upon the bottom line as the song 's mood suddenly improves with another fat and glorious chorus ' Yeah , when you work it out I 'm the same as you .... your guess is as good as mine . ' God Put a Smile upon Your Face was featured in the band 's live album , Live 2003 . The song is available on Guitar Hero III Legends of Rock video game as a downloadable song . The game also includes other Coldplay songs such as Yellow and Violet Hill . Plan B sampled the track on his 2007 mixtape Paint it Blacker . The song was also covered by Mark Ronson on his album Version , which he performed live with Adele at the 2008 Brit Awards . The song was also covered by Matt Jorgensen 451 on their album Hope release on Origin Records . Music video The music video , released in October 2003 , is shot in black and white and has a narrative theme . The video is directed by Jamie Thraves , who had previously directed the band 's third video for The Scientist . The video intercuts footage of the band performing the song with the story of a businessman , who is humiliated and horrified to find that he is gradually disappearing , after bumping into a mysterious stranger with no shoes . The businessman is played by actor Paddy Considine . Personnel Chris Martin vocals , acoustic guitar Jonny Buckland electric lead and rhythm guitar Guy Berryman bass guitar Will Champion drums Track listing Charts
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2,840 | Theresa Andrews ( born August 25 , 1962 ) is an American former competition swimmer and Olympic champion . Raised in Maryland , Andrews gained prominence as a national collegiate champion who competed for the University of Florida . In international competition , she was a backstroke specialist who won two gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics . Early years Andrews was born in New London , Connecticut in 1962 . She grew up in Annapolis , Maryland , where she initially attended St. Mary 's High School . She was one of twelve children of Frank and Maxine Andrews her father was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a former U.S. Navy officer . Andrews first trained in the Navy Junior Program as an age group swimmer , and then moved to the North Baltimore Aquatic Club ( unk ) , attending Archbishop Keogh High School in Baltimore , Maryland and staying with a succession of five sponsoring local families during her final two years of high school . She later described her training regime as six hours a day , six days a week ... training in a pool . Andrews was among the first generation of elite swimmers to train under coach Murray Stephens at unk , a club that has produced a succession of Olympic swimmers after her , including Michael Phelps and Katie Hoff . She was the first Olympic medalist produced by the club . College swimming career Andrews accepted an athletic scholarship to attend Indiana University in Bloomington , Indiana , and swam for the Indiana Hoosiers swimming and diving team in Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women ( AIAW ) and Big Ten Conference competition during the 1980 81 school year . As a Hoosier swimmer , she won six Big Ten titles , and earned five All American honors . After her freshman season , Andrews transferred to the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , where she swam for coach Randy Reese 's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) competition in 1982 and 1983 . As a Gator , she was an eleven time SEC champion , including the 50 yard backstroke ( twice ) , 100 yard backstroke ( twice ) , 200 yard backstroke , and six relays . She was a three time NCAA champion ( twice in the 400 yard medley relay , and once in the 200 yard medley relay ) , and received a total of eighteen All American honors . The Gators won the 1982 NCAA women 's team championship , and the Gators ' winning 400 yard medley relay team of Andrews , Amy Caulkins , Michele Kurtzman and Kathy Treible set a new American national record in the event of 3 40 . 99 . Andrews , together with teammates Kurtzman , Treible and Tracy Caulkins , won the NCAA 400 yard medley relay event again in 1983 , and the Gators placed second overall at the NCAA championship tournament . 1984 Olympic swimming Andrews qualified to represent the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , where she won two gold medals . She gained her first gold in the women 's 100 meter backstroke , narrowly edging fellow American Betsy Mitchell by eight one hundredths ( .08 ) of a second about five inches for a final time of 1 02 . 55 . It was the first time she had ever beaten Mitchell . She earned her second gold by swimming the lead off backstroke leg for the first place U.S. team in the women 's 4 100 meter medley relay event , sharing the honors with her American teammates Tracy Caulkins ( breaststroke ) , Mary T. Meagher ( butterfly ) , and Nancy Hogshead ( freestyle ) , and clocking a winning time of 4 08 . 34 . Her split time of 1 04 . 00 was slower than her gold medal time in the individual 100 meter backstroke , but her teammates made good the difference to win and set a new American record in the event . Andrews later gave her first Olympic gold medal to her brother Danny in a private gathering , honoring him for his courage when he was paralyzed at the age of 19 after being struck by a car two years earlier . After the Olympics , she retired from competitive swimming at the age of 21 . Life after competition swimming Andrews graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor 's degree in therapeutic recreation in 1986 , and thereafter , from Ohio State University with a master 's degree in clinical social work . From 1992 to 1999 , she worked as a clinical social worker in children 's hematology and cancer treatment at the University of Virginia Health Science Center . Andrews has worked for MBNA America and Bank of America since 1999 as a Bank of America vice president and market manager for consumer banking , she has oversees fifteen banking centers in Delaware and Pennsylvania . Andrews delivers motivational speeches for corporations , conferences , community groups and schools , usually on the topics of individual potential and the importance of teamwork in achieving goals , and drawing on the values of the Olympic movement . She is a member of the U.S. Olympic Committee , and has served as a volunteer for the U.S. Olympic Alumni Association since 2004 . She is also a veteran celebrity swimmer for Swim Across America ( SAA ) , a charitable organization that uses former Olympic swimmers to raise funds for cancer research , and has participated in SAA events for nine years . Andrews was inducted into the Maryland Swimming Hall of Fame as an Honor Athlete in 1987 . In 2008 she received the NCAA 's Silver Anniversary Award , which recognizes successful former student athletes who have excelled in their careers after graduation .
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2,841 | The Allard J2X C , or the Allard J2X as it is sometimes referred to , was a Group C sports racing car built by Allard in 1992 for use in international sports car racing events . It featured a 3 . 5 litre Cosworth unk V8 engine , capable of producing around 580 hp ( 432 . 5 kW 588 . 0 PS ) . The J2X C had bodywork that is more reminiscent of modern Le Mans Prototypes than a conventional Group C car , but the engine proved too weak for the level of downforce , and this , coupled with the fact that Allard Holdings were liquidated during the car 's development , severely restricted the J2X and prevented it ever reaching its potential . One car was built . Development In the 1980s , Chris Humberstone , who had a history of designing cars for various Formula One teams , licensed the rights to the Allard name from Alan Allard , the son of the company 's founder , Sidney . After a few years of wrangling , the company hired Hayden unk from Brun unk to begin developing the J2X C. He was joined in 1991 by John unk , who was hired as the aerodynamicist , and the car was designed to have as little frontal area as possible , giving it a unique look . Although it was originally planned to use a Chevrolet small block derived V8 engine , the car was instead fitted with a 3 . 5 litre Cosworth unk V8 engine , derived from a Formula One engine , which produced about 580 hp ( 432 . 5 kW 588 . 0 PS ) of power and 400 lb ft ( 542 . 3 N m 55 . 3 kg m ) of torque . The gearbox was also from an F1 car a Leyton House March Engineering 6 speed sequential manual transmission modified for endurance racing . This transmission would prove to be problematic throughout the car 's lifetime . The J2X C used double wishbone suspension , with push rod actuated coil springs over dampers at both ends of the car the front suspension was mounted on the carbon fibre monocoque , whilst the rear suspension was mounted to a carbon fibre sub structure that had been designed to allow quick transmission replacement . The car 's radical bodywork generated a high amount of downforce it was calculated to give approximately 5 , 500 lb ( 2 , 495 kg ) of downforce at 150 mph ( 241 km h ) , and 9 , 778 lb ( 4 , 435 kg ) at 200 mph ( 322 km h ) . However , some of the more conventional cars were able to match this level of downforce the works Toyota TS unk had a claimed maximum downforce of over 9 , 500 lb ( 4 , 309 kg ) , for example . It was , however , higher than the works Nissan unk , which had a claimed maximum of 6 , 438 lb ( 2 , 920 kg ) at 200 mph ( 322 km h ) , whilst the 1993 Joest Porsche 962C had a claimed maximum of 5 , 584 lb ( 2 , 533 kg ) at 200 mph ( 322 km h ) . Racing history Terai Engineering attempted to enter the J2X C at the 500 km of Suzuka in April 1992 , but the car was far from ready , and did not attend . The J2X C was first tested on 9 July 1992 , with Costas Los selected to drive it at Pembrey Circuit . He said of the car the J2X felt very different to a regular Group C car ... Contrary to most Group C cars I had driven , it was a lot more unk than I was accustomed to . However , he did state that the car 's lack of power assisted steering was a problem . The team struggled to find a buyer for the car , as the Group C era was drawing to a close by 1992 and 1993 the IMSA GTP Championship was on its last legs , and the World Sportscar Championship was beginning to shift away from the category . With the J2X C far from being completely developed , Allard Holdings were liquidated in the first quarter of 1993 , and the car was sold to unk Lamplough for 76 , 000 . The car 's lack of straightline speed , due to a combination of undeveloped aerodynamics , the high level of downforce , and the low power of the engine , would restrict the car 's racing career even further . After Lamplough had bought the car , he ran the car in the test session for the 1993 24 Hours of Le Mans however , he was only able to finish 19th overall , and last in the car 's category , even lapping slower than four of the GT cars . The car was clocked at just 172 mph ( 277 km h ) down the Mulsanne Straight , and this led to Lamplough opting to not run in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race . Instead , Lamplough debuted the car , with assistance from Bob Pond Racing , at the ninth round of the IMSA GTP Championship , held at Laguna Seca Raceway ninth place overall , and last in the GTP category , was the best Lamplough could do with the car . The car never raced again . Later history and legacy Lamplough held onto the J2X C for a while , but eventually sold the car , which then passed through the hands of several owners before ending up in Canada . Although even conventional rivals such as the Toyota TS 010 were able to develop more downforce , the J2X C was far from the end of its development , and various other companies had considered developing a similar style of car . Most manufacturers considered the radical bodywork just too great a risk , as Spice Engineering 's lead designer , Graham Humphries , stated With limited resources , it was decided instead to follow the more conventional route of further developing what we knew . However , Le Mans Prototypes of the early 2000s and beyond , such as the Audi R8 , the Lola B01 60 and the Lola unk 40 have all been said to use some of the lessons learned in the J2X C. The J2X C was , as of 2008 , in running order having been fully restored , and ran in the 2007 Goodwood Festival of Speed , as part of the Group C 25th Anniversary celebration .
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2,842 | East Finchley is a London Underground station in East Finchley in the London Borough of Barnet , north London . The station is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line , between Highgate and Finchley Central stations and is in Travelcard Zone 3 . The station was opened in 1867 as part of the Great Northern Railway 's line between Finsbury Park and Edgware stations . As part of London Underground 's only partially completed Northern Heights plan , the station was completely rebuilt with additional tracks in the late 1930s . Northern line trains started serving the station in 1939 and main line passenger services ended in 1941 . History Original station East Finchley station was built by the Edgware , Highgate and London Railway ( EH LR ) on its line from Finsbury Park station to Edgware station . Before the line was opened it was purchased in July 1867 by the larger Great Northern Railway ( GNR ) , whose main line from King 's Cross ran through Finsbury Park on its way to Potters Bar and the north . The station , originally named East End , opened along with the railway to Edgware on 22 August 1867 . The station was given its current name in 1886 . After the 1921 Railways Act created the Big Four railway companies , the GNR became part of the London North Eastern Railway ( LNER ) in 1923 . Northern Heights project In 1935 , the London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) announced a proposal , which became known as the Northern Heights project , to take over the LNER lines from Finsbury Park to Edgware , High Barnet and Alexandra Palace , and link them to both the Northern line at East Finchley and to the Northern City line at Finsbury Park . The construction of the first phase of this project involved extending tube train services from the Northern line 's existing terminus at Archway station , through a new section of paired tunnels under the LNER 's Highgate station to emerge south east of East Finchley station , where track connections to the LNER line were made . For the introduction of London Underground services , the original station was completely demolished and rebuilt . The station was provided with two additional platforms , giving four in total . The platforms comprise two parallel islands with tracks on both sides . This was necessary as the intention of the Northern Heights project was that trains would be able to run south from East Finchley to Highgate via both the surface and the underground routes . The inner pair of tracks served the surface route , whilst the outer pair serve the tunnel route . Northern line trains first served the station on 3 July 1939 . After completion of the electrification of the line to High Barnet , Underground services were extended northwards on 14 April 1940 . The station continued to be served by LNER steam trains from Highgate until 2 March 1941 when that service was discontinued . The inner platforms are now used only by northbound trains entering service or southbound trains terminating at East Finchley on their way to or from Highgate Wood depot south of the station . Post war After the war , plans to complete the Northern Heights project were reviewed but no work was carried out . Maintenance works and reconstruction of war damage on the existing network had the greatest call on London Underground funds . Funds for new works were severely limited and priority was given to the completion of the western and eastern extensions of the Central line to West Ruislip , Epping and Hainault . Despite being shown as under construction on underground maps as late as 1950 , work never restarted on the unimplemented parts of the Northern Heights project . British Rail ( the successor to the LNER ) freight trains continued to serve the station 's goods yard until 1962 , when it was closed . Description of the building The new station was constructed in an Art Deco Streamline Moderne design by Charles Holden with L H Bucknell . Like Holden 's other designs for London Underground in the 1930s , East Finchley station was inspired by European architecture ( particularly Dutch ) that Holden had seen on trips to the continent during that decade . The track here runs roughly north west to south east . The imposing station building , built on rising ground adjacent to the railway bridge over High Road ( A1000 ) , has three entrances . The two main entrances to the ticket hall are on the north side of the tracks facing High Road and the third , minor entrance , is on the south side . The entrances are linked by a passage under the tracks which provides access up to the platforms . A strong feature of the station is the semi circular glazed stairways leading to the enclosed bridge over the tracks occupied by staff offices . Prominent from the platforms and dominating the main entrance faade is The Archer , a 10 foot tall ( 3 . 0 m ) statue by Eric Aumonier of a kneeling archer captured as if having just released an arrow . The archer is intended to commemorate Finchley 's ancient association with hunting in the nearby Royal Forest of Enfield . The station is a Grade II listed building . Services and connections Services The station is in Travelcard Zone 3 , between Finchley Central and Highgate stations . Train frequencies vary throughout the day , but generally operate every 3 7 minutes between 05 40 and 01 01 northbound and 05 34 and 00 12 southbound ( as of 2015 ) . Connections London Buses routes 102 , 143 , 234 , 263 , 603 and H3 and night route N20 serve the station .
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2,843 | Kepler 11b is an exoplanet discovered around the star Kepler 11 by the Kepler spacecraft , a NASA led mission to discover Earth like planets . Kepler 11b is less than about three times as massive and twice as large as Earth , but it has a lower density ( 3 g cm3 ) , and is thus most likely not of Earth like composition . Kepler 11b is the hottest of the six planets in the Kepler 11 system , and orbits more closely to Kepler 11 than the other planets in the system . Kepler 11b , along with its five counterparts , form the first discovered planetary system with more than three transiting planets the most densely packed known planetary system . The system is also the flattest known planetary system . The discovery of this planet and its five sister planets was announced on February 2 , 2011 , after follow up investigations . Naming and discovery Kepler 11b is named in two parts . The first part of its name is derived from the fact that it orbits the star Kepler 11 . As the discovery of Kepler 11b was announced simultaneously with those of other planets , Kepler 11b was given the designation b because it was the innermost of the six announced planets . The host star , Kepler 11 , was named for the Kepler Mission that flagged it as host to several potential transit events under the name KOI 157 . The Kepler satellite is a NASA run space telescope that is tasked with the discovery of terrestrial planets that transit , or cross in front of , their host stars as seen from Earth . These transits cause fluctuations in the host star 's brightness these changes may suggest the presence of a planet , which can then be verified by follow up observations . Ground based telescopes in California , Hawaii , the Canary Islands , Arizona , and Texas , as well as the Spitzer Space Telescope , were used to conduct these follow up observations and verify Kepler 11b 's existence . In particular , the detection of an orbital resonance effect between Kepler 11b and Kepler 11c confirmed the find . Kepler 11b 's discovery was announced to the public on February 2 , 2011 . It is part of the first system discovered with more than three transiting planets , and is also part of the most compact and flat system yet discovered . Kepler 11 's planetary system is the second known system to have multiple transiting planets , surpassing the three confirmed planets ( two transiting ) orbiting the star Kepler 9 . Host star Kepler 11 is a sunlike star in the constellation Cygnus that has a mass of 0 . 95 ( 0 . 1 ) Msun and a radius of 1 . 1 ( 0 . 1 ) Rsun . In other words , Kepler 11 is approximately 5 less massive and 10 wider than the Sun . The star 's metallicity is 0 ( 0 . 1 ) , meaning that the level of iron ( and , presumably , other elements ) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun . Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems , and stars with higher metallicity are more likely to have planets detected around them . This may be because the higher metallicity provides more material with which to quickly build planets into gas giants or because the higher metallicity increases planet migration towards the host star , making the planet easier to detect . The star has five other known planets in orbit Kepler 11c , Kepler 11d , Kepler 11e , Kepler 11f , and Kepler 11g . The first five planets in the system are all able to fit within the orbit of planet Mercury , while Kepler 11g orbits further out . Kepler 11 has an apparent magnitude of 14 . 2 . It is too dim to see from Earth with the naked eye . Characteristics Kepler 11b is estimated to be 3 . 3 Earth masses and 1 . 8 Earth radii , making it around three times ( or less ) as massive and nearly twice as large as Earth . While the radius of Kepler 11b is fairly well known ( with a range of likely radii between 1 . 75 and 1 . 83 Earth radii ) , the mass is not as well constrained , with a range between 0 . 9 and 3 . 3 Earth masses . The mass is determined using transit timing variations of Kepler 11c , and is limited by the quality of the data . Kepler 11b is the closest planet to its host star in the Kepler 11 planetary system . With an estimated density of 1 . 7 g cm3 , comparable to Neptune 's , Kepler 11b is denser than the solar system 's gas giants but significantly less dense than the terrestrial planets . The estimated density range suggests that it is not of Earth like composition , yet it is nonetheless composed mostly of elements heavier than helium . The planet 's effective temperature is 900 K , and is thus the hottest of the planets discovered in the Kepler 11 system . Kepler 11b orbits its host star every 10 . unk days at a distance of unk AU . Planet Mercury , in comparison , orbits the Sun every 87 . 97 days from a distance of .387 AU . Kepler 11b 's inclination of 88 . 5 means that it deviates slightly from the orbital plane , but it does so more than the other five planets with which Kepler 11b was discovered . Its close proximity to the star implies a strong insolation , which caused the planet to lose all of light element envelope acquired during formation . The observed low density does require the presence of a gaseous envelope though , which was most likely produced via outgassing of hydrogen or evaporation of H2O from the condensed core . Kepler 11b and Kepler 11c orbit Kepler 11 with a strong orbital resonance , which gravitationally tugs the planets into stable orbits at a set ratio . The ratio of the resonance between Kepler 11b and c is 5 4 .
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2,844 | The water bull , also known as tarbh uisge in Scottish Gaelic , is a mythological Scottish creature similar to the Manx tarroo ushtey . Generally regarded as a nocturnal resident of moorland lochs , it is usually more amiable than its equine counterpart the water horse , but has similar amphibious and shapeshifting abilities . The water bull is said to reproduce with standard cattle , the resulting progeny distinguishable by the small size of their ears . According to some myths , the calves of water bulls and ordinary cows ought to be killed at birth by any method other than drowning they cannot be killed by drowning to avoid bringing disaster to the herd . Conversely , in northern areas the calves are considered to be of superior quality . Etymology unk Edward Dwelly translates tarbh uisge or unk uisge from the Scottish Gaelic as water bull , sea bull or cow with the addition of fabulous within parentheses . The Celtic term for a bull is fairly consistently rendered as tarbh in Scottish Gaelic tarroo is the Manx variation and unk is the Welsh equivalent . unk is the Scottish Gaelic word for water , river or stream . Folk beliefs Description and common attributes Belief in the existence of water bulls persisted in Scotland until at least the last quarter of the 19th century . As with many mythological creatures , descriptions are imprecise . The water bull is able to shapeshift into human form , and live on land or in water . It can be a monstrous , malevolent black beast , especially when described as a tarbh uisge , but not as nasty as the each uisge or water horse . It can also be amiable and sometimes helpful . It differs from the Manx tarroo ushtey , which is more likely to be a resident of marshland . As in the case of kelpies and water horses , most myths about water bulls are about males of the species . Occasionally a water cow is mentioned , as in the Highland tale set at unk on Skye , where a water cow was reputed to reside in a small loch . Canine carcases left out to trap the beast were ignored . Sir Walter Scott also refers to a water cow in a story about an attempt to drain Loch na Beiste to kill one believed to be living there . The Manx water bull mating with an ordinary cow usually results in the death of the cow after she produces a dead and rude lump of flesh and skin without bones , whereas its Scottish counterpart produces live calves whose only deformity is apparent in their ears . The bulls have no ears themselves and therefore produce calves with only half ears , described by folklorist and Tiree Minister John Gregorson Campbell as knife eared . Water cows living at unk produce offspring with disfigured crimson or purple coloured ears . Folklorist John F. Campbell noted a story told on Islay , one of the Inner Hebridean islands , which demonstrates the usefulness of having a water bull . Just after a calf was born to an ordinary cow , an elderly lady , later identified as a witch , advised the herdsman to keep it separate from the other cattle , presumably after she noticed its deformed ears and suspected it was a water bull . She instructed the herdsman to rear the calf on milk from three different cows and to keep it confined in a stable for a minimum of seven years . Years later , a young woman was grazing cattle at a nearby loch when she was approached by an attractive man . He struck up a conversation with her and shortly afterwards the pair sat on the grass with his head resting in her lap , but as he fell asleep she discovered seaweed entwined in his hair , a sign that he was a water horse . She started to run back to the farm . Her suitor awoke , shapeshifted into his true equine form and chased after her . As the woman ran towards the farm , the witch shouted to the herdsman to release the water bull from the stable . The two creatures fought until they fell into the sea . The water horse never returned , but the remains of the bull were found the following day . Capture and killing Accounts of snaring and destroying the beast are rare , as it is not generally considered to be a threat . In 1819 John MacCulloch , a noted geologist , described how inhabitants around the areas of Loch Awe and Loch Rannoch tried to capture a water bull by unk a sheep to an oak tree as an enticement , but the tackle was not strong enough . Another story describes a farmer and his two sons hunting a water bull . The farmer 's musket was filled with silver sixpence coins as the beast can only be killed with silver . According to Celtic mythology scholar James MacKillop , because the calves of water bulls and ordinary cows might bring disaster to the herd , they are supposed to be killed at birth it is impossible to kill them by drowning , so other methods have to be used . Conversely , stories published in 1937 by the clergyman George Sutherland suggest these hybrids are considered to be of superior quality to normal pedigree cattle in the far north of Scotland . Origins The bull appears to have had a sacred role in a number of Celtic cults . The animal was viewed positively by the Celts as an image of fertility and abundance one tribe , the unk , even adopted the bull 's name . It is unknown how it came to be associated with bodies of water in the form of the water bull , but historian and unk Charles Milton Smith has suggested that such mythological creatures might originate with the water spouts that can form over the surface of Scottish lochs , which can give the impression of a living form as they move across the water .
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2,845 | Madhouse on Castle Street is a British television play , broadcast by BBC Television on the evening of 13 January 1963 , as part of the Sunday Night Play strand . It was written by Evan Jones and directed by Philip Saville . The production featured the young American folk music singer Bob Dylan , who soon became a major musical star . The play was made with electronic video cameras , although recorded onto film rather than tape . The only known copy of the play was junked in 1968 , as was the standard practice of the time , despite the fact that Dylan and lead actor David Warner were by then famous . Although extensive searches have been made by the BBC , only partial audio recordings of four songs sung by Dylan survive . Plot The play is set in an English boarding house . One of the lodgers locks himself in his room , leaving a note stating that he has decided to retire from the world until the world has changed . Other lodgers and his sister try to coax him out and establish what the problem is . The action is punctuated by songs performed by Bob Dylan . Production Madhouse on Castle Street was commissioned as part of the Sunday Night Play strand which had been running on BBC Television since 1960 . The play was written by Evan Jones , who wrote the screenplays for films such as Modesty Blaise and Funeral in Berlin , and directed by Philip Saville . Saville had seen Bob Dylan performing in New York City in 1962 , and in December that year he contracted Dylan to come to London for three weeks to star in Madhouse on Castle Street , in spite of Dylan 's complete lack of acting training or experience . This was the performer 's first trip outside of North America . Dylan was originally supposed to have played the leading role in the play , but during rehearsals it became apparent that he lacked the ability to learn lines stating that he would rather express himself in song was lax in his time keeping , and would often wander off to smoke cannabis . Saville was still keen to include Dylan , so together with Jones re structured the play to create two characters out of the original one that Dylan had been hired to perform . Actor David Warner was hired to play the main acting role of Lennie , while Dylan performed songs commenting on the action in the manner of a Greek chorus as the new character Bobby , essentially playing himself . At the conclusion of the play , Dylan performed Blowin ' in the Wind , one of the first major public performances of the song . The play was planned to be recorded in one session on 30 December 1962 , but it overran and the Technical Operating Manager told cast and crew to go home , even though they were willing to complete the filming . London was in the grip of a major blizzard and it was not possible to arrange a further session until 4 January 1963 , when the play was completed , and it was transmitted on 13 January 1963 . Cast information David Warner as Lennie Bob Dylan as Bobby Maureen Pryor as Mrs Griggs Ursula Howells as Martha Tompkins Reg Lye as Walter Tompkins James Mellor as Bernard Georgina Ward as Susan Taylor Ian Dallas as Reverend Spooner Songs Blowin ' in the Wind was used in the opening and closing credits , replacing a song written by Evan Jones , Cut Me Down , My Love . Dylan also performed Hang Me , O Hang Me , Cuckoo Bird , and Ballad of the Gliding Swan . Philip Saville had heard Dylan singing Blowin ' in the Wind to two Spanish au pairs , early one morning whilst the singer was staying in his house . Hang Me , O Hang Me and Cuckoo Bird were traditional folk songs but Dylan altered the words . Jones provided the original lyrics for Ballad of the Gliding Swan which Dylan rewrote in performance . Reception The play was described by The Times as a strange free wheeling piece about a man who has said goodbye to the world and simply shut himself up in his room . The reviewer added It is a strange unpredictable world Mr. Jones conjures up and Mr. Saville , with the aid of an excellent cast ( Miss Maureen Pryor and Miss Ursula Howells were particularly good ) and some haunting songs by Mr. Bob Dylan , brought it powerfully to life . The Observer , in 2005 , reports that the play got stinking reviews according to folk singer Martin Carthy , adding that the Western Daily Mail reviewer was baffled and The Listener had noted that Dylan had ' sat around playing and singing attractively , if a little incomprehensibly ' . unk As was the usual method of BBC television drama production at the time , the play was produced in a multi camera electronic studio on video cameras , although it was recorded as a 35 mm film telerecording rather than on videotape . This 35mm master was released for junking in 1968 , and no copy of the play is known to exist . Still photographs and scripts for the production survive , as do some amateur off air reel to reel audio tape recordings of four of Dylan 's songs . In 2005 the BBC launched a search for a video recording of the play , uncovering some audio recordings of the songs , but it seems that a full off air audio copy does not exist . In April 2007 , BBC Four broadcast a documentary about the making of the play in the Arena strand , featuring interviews with Saville , Jones , Martin Carthy , Peggy Seeger , Dylan collector Ian Woodward , and the first re broadcast of the songs from the play . In November 2008 , BBC Radio 2 broadcast a documentary , narrated by Bob Harris , about Dylan 's visit to London and the making of the play .
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2,846 | Raging Bully is the sixth broadcast episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb . In the episode , Phineas Flynn is challenged to a thumb wrestling competition at the mall with the local bully , Buford , after he accidentally embarrasses him in the food court . Meanwhile , the evil Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz tries using a hypnotic contraption to force everyone to celebrate his birthday and clean up their mess after the party . Raging Bully was written by series co founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff Swampy Marsh and directed by Povenmire . Heavyweight boxing champion Evander Holyfield guest starred as himself , training Phineas for the big thumb wrestling match . The episode originally broadcast on Disney Channel on February 6 , 2008 , as part of the month long special event , Phineas and Ferb urary . It received generally positive reviews from television critics and the featured musical number , He 's a Bully , became available on the official Phineas and Ferb soundtrack in 2009 . Plot summary While at the food court in the mall , Phineas accidentally drops his ice cream cone on bully Buford 's pants , causing the whole food court to laugh at Buford . Enraged , he challenges Phineas to a fight right there , but boxing champion Evander Holyfield arrives and convinces them to instead fight in an organized thumb wrestling match later that day , which Buford accepts . Despite being cautioned by Phineas 's friends Baljeet and Isabella , Holyfield trains Phineas through simple tasks , including punching a chain of sausages and playing Dance Dance Revolution . Meanwhile , Perry the Platypus arrives at an abandoned cake factory , where he is trapped in a vat of cake mix . His nemesis , Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , appears and explains that today is his birthday . All throughout his life , his parents never showed up to his birthday parties ( even his own birth ) now , he plans on using a hypnotic device to force everyone to celebrate his birthday . He then rides off with the invention on a flying machine . Perry escapes from the mix and follows after him . In the air , Perry and Doofenshmirtz fight and the machine is activated , but while trying to get Perry to let go of the wall of the flying machine he accidentally makes the machine malfunction , causing the people below to still not want to celebrate his birthday . Doofenshmirtz , defeated , drops the ice cream cone he is eating in the fight and it falls to the ground below . Finally , the big match commences and Phineas is vigorously beaten by Buford in each round . When the final round begins , Buford overpowers Phineas and pulls him up through the air . Just then , Doofenshmirtz 's ice cream cone falls and lands on Phineas 's head . Buford is satisfied now that Phineas is embarrassed and calls off the match . The audience who was watching cleans up the mess ( due to Doofenshmirtz 's machine accidentally telling them to ) . At the parking lot a few minutes later , Phineas thanks Holyfield for his help and Holyfield walks off . Ferb makes a comment which accidentally offends Buford and he is about to be beaten up , but he knocks Buford out with a Vulcan nerve pinch , to Phineas 's surprise . When Phineas asks him why he did it he responds , Well , he was all up in my face . Production Raging Bully was written by Phineas and Ferb co founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff Swampy Marsh . It was storyboarded by artists Wendy unk and Kent Osbourne and was directed by Povenmire , who manages the bulk of animation direction in the series along with Zac Moncrief . It was originally broadcast in the United States on February 4 , 2008 , on Disney Channel with a TV G parental rating . It was part of the network 's marathon event Phineas and Ferb urary , which debuted new episodes of the series every night for the entire month . Heavyweight boxing champion Evander Holyfield guest starred in the episode as himself , appearing at the mall to help train Phineas for the big thumb wrestling match against Buford . Holyfield 's guest performance was heavily expected since the original announcement of guest stars lined up for the series released in September 2007 . Cast members response to working with Holyfield was highly positive Vincent Martella and Alyson Stoner , who portray Phineas and Isabella respectively , cited working along guest stars like him as a benefit of working on the show . In 2008 , Raging Bully became available on the DVD compilation Phineas and Ferb The Fast and the Phineas , along with fellow first season episodes of the series One Good Scare Ought to Do It Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror , The Fast and the Phineas , Are You My Mummy Flop Starz , Lights , Candace , Action and It 's About Time In 2009 , the episode 's song , He 's a Bully , became available on the official Phineas and Ferb soundtrack . Reception Raging Bully received generally positive reviews from television critics . DVD Talk 's David Cornelius stated that he enjoyed Holyfield 's guest appearance . Ed Liu , of Toon Zone , wrote that the episode and others included on the DVD The Fast and the Phineas were way too manic for their own good , never giving a gag enough time to develop a proper laugh before ripping off to the next one , but considered Phineas 's He 's a Bully training montage to be one of the series ' amusing video sequences . A Wired magazine review for the soundtrack said that the He 's a Bully was butt rock , but blended nicely with other melodies of completely different genres .
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2,847 | Moving Mountains is a song recorded by American R B singer Usher . It was released on May 23 , 2008 , as the third single from his fifth studio album , Here I Stand . It was written by Usher with Christopher Tricky Stewart , Kuk Harrell and The Dream , and was produced by Stewart and The Dream . Moving Mountains is a slow tempo ballad , with lyrics describing a love struggle . The song received mostly positive attention from critics , with comparisons made to 2004 's Burn . The song appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R B Hip Hop Songs , as well as the single charts of several European countries . It peaked highest in New Zealand , where it reached number six on the singles chart and was certified gold . The music video for Moving Mountains was filmed in front of a green screen as a sequel to the video of Love in This Club . Background and composition Moving Mountains was written by The Dream , Christopher Tricky Stewart , Kuk Harrell and Usher , and produced by The Dream and Stewart . Recorded at Triangle Sound Studios and Chalice Recording Studios , it was leaked in February 2008 , before being officially released for sale on May 23 , 2008 . Moving Mountains is a slow jam ballad , and contains synth beats and electronic influences . Portions of the song follow a chord progression used in OneRepublic 's Apologize . Partway through the song the beat is adjusted , while the musical instruments are accentuated . Usher 's voice ranges from tenor to falsetto . The song 's lyrics are of a struggle to get through to his girl , and contain an extended metaphor , relating his fight for love to that of moving mountains , wishing for the situation to change . Fraser McAlpine from BBC called it a cold , sad song with cold , sad lyrics . Critical reception Moving Mountains received mostly positive reviews from critics . Leah Greenblatt called it an easy pick as a single , while Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine lauded it as further evidence that Usher always delivers musically . Moving Mountains was dubbed by The Guardian 's Rosie Swash a marked improvement on the sex unk of Love in This Club , and the AbsolutePunk reviewer called it one of Usher s most impressive efforts to date , likening the song to Usher 's 2004 single Burn . However , while Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy was impressed with the technicalities of Usher 's vocals , he found it hard to take Usher completely seriously when he insists on wailing each line , advising Usher to stick to party bangers in the future . Chart performance Moving Mountains debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number seventy two on the chart date June 14 , 2008 . It peaked at number sixty seven on August 2 , 2008 , falling off the chart two weeks later , after spending a total of nine weeks on the chart . The song is Usher 's lowest peaking song on the Hot 100 . It fared better on the US Hot R B Hip Hop Songs , where it peaked at number eighteen and spent seventeen weeks on the chart . It placed at number eighty four on the end of year R B Hip Hop Songs chart . Moving Mountains reached number fifty six on the Pop 100 . The song appeared on the UK Singles Chart in July 2008 at number sixty seven , rising to peak at number twenty five . After thirteen charting weeks it fell off the chart . Moving Mountains was commercially well received in the rest of Europe , reaching the high point of number twenty two on the European Hot 100 Singles . In individual countries , the song reached the top forty in Austria , Czech Republic , Germany , Ireland , Slovakia and Sweden . It also appeared on the Ultratop charts in both Flanders and Wallonia at number twenty . The song also had chart success in Japan and Australia , reaching the high positions of thirty three and thirty six , respectively . Moving Mountains had the most impact in New Zealand , where it reached number six on the singles chart , and , on March 29 , 2009 , was certified gold by the RIANZ for over 7 , 500 sales . The song ranked at number forty seven on the New Zealand 2008 year end Singles Chart . Music video The music video to Moving Mountains was released on May 21 , 2008 . Directed by the Brothers Strause , it is a continuation of the video for Love in This Club . The video was shot in front of a green screen . The video begins with Usher exiting the club in which the Love in This Club video takes place , then shows a fiery transition into the next scene , showing the burnt down club . As the song begins , Usher inspects the smoking ruins and imagines a woman in a shard of a broken mirror . He travels through a desert , and takes off his jacket to reveal a tight fitting t shirt , and again imagines the woman , this time in a desert pond . Upon reaching a mountain on which his love interest appears , Usher climb the mountain and rain starts to fall . When he reaches the top of the mountain , the rain clears to be replaced by snowfall . Usher finds that the woman is , yet again , merely an illusion . He opens a locket to reveal a portrait of himself and his partner , which freezes over and cracks . As the video ends , Usher kneels , and the mountains breaks around him , leaving a sole pillar for him to stand on . Idolator noted similarities in some scenery between the music video and Madonna 's Frozen video . It was placed at number eight on BET 's Notarized Top 100 Videos of 2008 list . Personnel Source Track listings Charts and certifications Release history
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2,848 | Como Duele ( English How Much It Hurts ) is a latin pop song by Guatemalan recording artist Ricardo Arjona , released on 4 November 2008 as the lead single from his eleventh studio album , 5to Piso ( 2008 ) . The song was written and produced by Arjona along with longtime collaborators Dan Warner and Lee Levin under their stage name Los Gringos , with additional production work and background vocals from Puerto Rican singer songwriter Tommy Torres . Como Duele is the first single Arjona releases after signing a record deal with Warner Music in 2008 , after being signed to Sony Music since 1993 . Lyrically , Como Duele was intended to show the monotony that attacks the couples that have many years together , the lack of passion and unk love that seems to pose over them . The song became an commercial success for Arjona , becoming his first top ten single in the US Billboard Top unk Songs since 2005 and , with a peak of No.2 , his highest entry on that list since El Problema in 2002 . It also became his sixth song to top the Latin Pop Songs chart , as well as reaching the top in Mexico and Venezuela . Como Duele was critically praised by media outlets , receiving comparisons to Arjona 's previous song Olvidarte , and being considered as his biggest hit in years . An accompanying music video for Como Duele was released in September 2008 . It was directed by Ricardo Caldern and filmed in Mexico City . In the clip , focused on a department which rooms are being moved , Arjona is shown inside a room that goes empty , and everything that gave life to the place is going away until the department is finally demolished . Como Duele was included in the set list of Arjona 's Quinto Piso Tour ( 2009 ) and Metamorfosis World Tour ( 2012 ) . Background After spending the majority of his career signed to Sony , and later , Sony BMG , Arjona signed a long term recording deal with Warner Music Latina . The deal was closed in September 2008 . Iigo Zabala , chairman of Warner Music Latin America commented that He 's an artist that fits perfectly with our company , and that We are a label that has a major catalog of songwriters and quality pop and rock from the likes of Man , Alejandro Sanz , Laura Pausini , and now , Arjona . In an interview , the singer commented that while composing 5to Piso he tried to recoup some of the freshness of his past releases , stating that it makes so good to the songs . He further stated that he believes all albums are result of an evolution , and contradictions either , also stating that he celebrated contradictions as part of life . Arjona begun working on the album as early as 2005 . Talking about the process of recording the album , he stated that We must work to make the albums comfortable to us , further commenting that The rest is a matter of how good or bad the albums defend themselves . Composition Como Duele is a latin pop ballad about the monotony that attacks the couples that have many years together , the lack of passion and unk love that seems to pose over them . Jason Birchmeier from Allmusic called the song phenomenal , and considered it as to be his biggest hits in years . He also named it , alongside Sin Ti .. Sin Mi and El Del Espejo , to be a standout track from the album . An editor from El Mercurio Online commented that Como Duele is a ballad of merciless chords and lyrics plagued of contradictions made metaphors . He also stated that Is the logic of past Arjona 's single ' Olvidarte ' , that song in which the unk talked about making something as difficult as ' pulling the hair out of a bottle ' , and compared it to his past song Olvidarte , from Sin Daos a Terceros . Chart performance Como Duele became a commercial success for Arjona . In the United States , the song reached number two and became Arjona 's first top ten single in the Billboard Top Latin Songs since Acompaame A Estar Solo , which reached number seven in 2005 , and his highest charting single there since El Problema , which reached number one back in 2002 . Como Duele became Arjona 's sixth song to reach number one on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart after debuting at number eight , and is the first to do so since Acompaame A Estar Solo . Additionally , the song appeared on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay chart at number 33 , and at number 69 on the Radio Songs chart , being the only song ever by the artist to chart on the latter . Como Duele became a hit in Latin America , reaching number one position in Mexico and Venezuela . On the Billboard year end charts for 2009 , Como Duele finished at number 40 on the Top Latin Songs chart , and at number 14 on the Latin Pop Songs chart . Music video The music video for Como Duele was shot in Mexico City in September 2008 , in a forum and some other places in the city . It was released on October 20 and was directed by the Mexican filmmaker Ricardo Caldern , who later in 2012 joined Arjona on his own record label , Metamorfosis . The story takes place in a department which rooms are being moved , and in where Arjona lived with his couple . As the video progresses , the room goes empty , and everything that gave life to the place is going away until the department if finally demolished . Credits and personnel The credits are taken from the iTunes exclusive digital booklet . Personnel Track listing Digital Download Como Duele 3 30 Bachata Version Como Duele ( featuring Voz a Voz ) 3 20 Charts Release history
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2,849 | Word of God Speak is a song by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written by Bart Millard and Pete Kipley , Word of God Speak uses sparse instrumentation , featuring only piano and strings to accompany Millard 's vocals . The lyrics to Word of God Speak reflect on the idea that it is impossible to speak of an infinite God with a limited vocabulary . Released as the second single from MercyMe 's 2002 album Spoken For , Billboard magazine ranked the song at the top spot on their 2000s decade end Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts . Word of God Speak spent 23 weeks atop the Billboard Christian Songs chart , a record for that chart it spent a total of 76 weeks on that chart altogether . It also topped the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart and the Radio Records Christian AC and INSPO charts , and peaked at No. 25 on the Christian CHR chart . Word of God Speak also won the Dove Awards for Song of the Year and Pop Contemporary Song of the Year at the 35th GMA Dove Awards . Background MercyMe 's lead singer Bart Millard wrote Word of God Speak while touring in support of their single I Can Only Imagine . The travel was exhausting , and Millard commented in an interview that , on one of the nights on tour , he went to bed just really frustrated ... It started feeling like everything I was saying was the same . I just thought , I have nothing else to say . So I went to bed with that on my mind . After falling asleep , Millard woke up early in the morning and wrote several lines to the song in his journal before going back to sleep . Several weeks later , he was searching through his journal and found the notes again when he went to the band 's studio , he showed the notes to his producer , Pete Kipley . The two finished the lyrics to the song in less than thirty minutes , and recorded the piano track the same night they also brought in someone to compose a string track for the song . Millard wanted Word of God Speak to contain only piano , avoiding the big production that could assure the song success on the radio , as he felt the simple production would mirror the lyrics . Word of God Speak was written by Bart Millard and Pete Kipley it was also produced by Kipley . It was recorded at several locations Luminous Sound in Dallas , Texas , The Sound Kitchen in Franklin , Tennessee , Indigo Room in Franklin , Tennessee , unk Sound Lab in unk Island , Georgia , The unk in Greenville , Texas , Mountain View Recorders in unk , New Mexico , and Playground Recording in Wylie , Texas . It was mastered by Richard Dodd at Vital Recordings , and mixed by Salvo at Salvo Mix . Composition Word of God Speak is a contemporary Christian song with a length of three minutes and seven seconds . It is set in the key of C major and has a tempo of 69 beats per minute , with Millard 's vocal range spanning from C4 F5 . The music to Word of God Speak is stripped down , featuring piano and vocals a string track is also present . The simple production was intended to mirror the lyrics of the song , which reflect on the concept that it is impossible to speak of an infinite God with the limited vocabulary of humanity . A critic , Russ Breimier , also noted the song reminds that prayer and worship are not flowery orations . Critical reception On his review of Spoken For , Russ Breimeier commented that I particularly liked the brief Word of God Speak , which simply reminds us that prayer and worship aren 't about flowery orations ... This song is to prayer what Heart of Worship is to worship . Word of God Speak won the awards for Song of the Year and Pop Contemporary Song of the Year at the 35th GMA Dove Awards . Chart performance Word of God Speak peaked at number one on the Billboard Christian Songs chart , and spent a record 23 weeks at the top of the chart , and a total of 76 weeks on the chart . On the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart , the song spent 21 weeks atop the chart , and spent 61 weeks on it in total . On the Radio Records Christian AC chart , Word of God Speak spent 10 weeks at the top , and stayed on the chart for 46 weeks in total on the Radio Records INSPO chart , the song spent nine weeks atop the chart , and spent 21 weeks on it in total . Additionally , the song peaked at No. 25 on the Radio Records Christian CHR chart , and spent 12 weeks on that chart in total . Word of God Speak ranked at No. 5 on the 2004 year end Billboard Hot Christian Singles Tracks Titles chart , and at No. 9 on the 2004 year end Billboard Hot Christian Adult Contemporary Titles chart . It ranked at No. 1 on both the 2000s decade end Christian Songs chart and the 2000s decade end Hot Christian AC chart . Cover versions Word of God Speak has been covered by several artists . In 2005 , actress Kristin Chenoweth covered the song on her album As I Am , and Christian rock band unk recorded a version of the song on their 2005 album Strong Tower . In 2004 , contemporary Christian band Big Daddy Weave recorded a version of the song that was included on the compilation album WOW Worship Red . Track listing CD release I Can Only Imagine 4 08 ( Bart Millard ) Word of God Speak 3 07 ( Peter Kipley , Millard ) Charts Personnel ( Credits lifted from the album liner notes ) MercyMe Bart Millard lead vocals Jim Bryson keys , recording Additional performers Roy G. Biv String Vibe strings Technical Misc . Csaba unk recording J. R. McNeely recording Lee Bridges recording Richard Dodd mastering Salvo mixing
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2,850 | The Fra Mauro formation ( or Fra Mauro Highlands ) is a unk formation on the near side of Earth 's Moon that served as the landing site for the American Apollo 14 mission in 1971 . It is named after the 80 kilometer diameter crater Fra Mauro , located within it . The formation , as well as Fra Mauro crater , take their names from a 15th century Italian monk and mapmaker of the same name . Apollo 13 was originally scheduled to land in the Fra Mauro highlands , but was unable due to an in flight technical failure . Fra Mauro is thought to have been formed from ejecta , or debris , from the impact which formed Mare Imbrium . During Apollo 14 , the crew members sampled ejecta from Cone crater , a feature close in proximity to the immediate landing site of the mission , which provided insight into the composition of material deep inside the formation . Data from the mission has helped to determine the approximate age of Mare Imbrium , suggesting that it is no more than about 4 . 25 billion years old . Formation and geography Fra Mauro is a widespread hilly geological area covering large portions of the lunar surface around Mare Imbrium , and is thought to be composed of ejecta from the impact which formed Imbrium . The area is primarily composed of relatively low ridges and hills , between which exist undulating valleys . Much of the ejecta blanket from the Imbrium impact is covered with debris from younger impacts and material churned up by possible moonquakes . Debris found in the formation may have originated from deep beneath the original crust , and samples collected there could give insight into the geologic history of the Moon . The petrology of the formation , based on data obtained on Apollo 14 , indicates a history of impact and ejection possibly spanning over approximately 500 million years . A relatively recent impact created Cone crater , 1 , 000 feet across and 250 feet deep , near the landing site of Apollo 14 . One of the main objectives of that mission was to sample the original Imbrium material located on its rim . Samples obtained of the Fra Mauro formation during Apollo 14 suggest that the impact that formed the Imbrium basin is no older than 4 . 25 billion years . Geology Analysis of Apollo 14 samples suggests that there are five major geologic constituents present in the immediate landing area regolith breccias , fragmental breccias , igneous lithologies , unk lithologies , and impact melt lithologies . Samples of each of these compositions were recovered in one or both of two major surface units of the Apollo 14 landing site within Fra Mauro the immediate impact blanket of Cone crater , about 25 million years old , and surrounding older terrain . During Apollo 14 , astronauts Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell recovered ejecta material from the Cone crater impact , which is believed to have excavated Imbrium impact material from a possible depth of about 80 m ( 260 ft ) . Most of the samples returned from the Moon from Fra Mauro are classified as breccias from the vicinity of Cone crater . Studies conducted upon samples from Apollo 14 have shown that the samples do not support the possibility that the landing site is floored by volcanic rocks , or basalts . Basalts are sparse in samples of Cone crater ejecta , but somewhat abundant in samples recovered farther west , on the opposite side of the immediate landing site . Two explanations have been presented for this ( 1 ) the majority of basalt in the landing site lies below the depth of excavation of Cone crater or ( 2 ) the presence of a basalt flow beneath the landing area excavated by a nearby crater with a diameter of 100 m ( 330 ft ) . It is believed that the former seems more likely , as the basalts are similar to the basalts recovered at Cone crater . It is inconclusive whether or not the recovered basalts have a direct affiliation with the landing site , as it is located in a valley between ridges , and there exists the possibility that the basalts were merely deposited there as a result of other impact events . The Apollo 14 crew members sampled boulders in the ejecta of Cone crater . These boulders appeared to be layered and fractured breccias , contrasting from the appearance of the surrounding area because of their older age . As these boulders increase in size and number closer to Cone crater , it is believed that they originate from the greatest depth of excavation of Cone crater . These boulders show what is believed to be general characteristics of the Fra Mauro formation clastic texture , stratification , and jointing or fracturing . Landing site selection As Apollo 14 was an early Apollo mission , landing sites were restricted to equatorial regions for technical reasons . After Apollo 12 demonstrated the ability to land at a pre specified landing zone , mission planners considered landings in rough , but geologically interesting areas of the Moon . The aborted Apollo 13 mission was originally scheduled to land at Fra Mauro , with Apollo 14 scheduled to land in the Littrow region of Mare unk . After Apollo 13 failed to land , it was decided to re target Apollo 14 to Fra Mauro , as it was regarded as more interesting scientifically than the Littrow site . There , Apollo 14 had the objective of sampling ejecta from the Imbrium impact to gain insight into the Moon 's geologic history . A landing site near the freshly formed Cone crater was chosen , as this crater served as a ' natural drill hole ' to allow the astronauts to obtain Imbrium ejecta , the primary objective of the mission .
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2,851 | The Number 13 class battleship was a planned class of four fast battleships to be built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during the 1920s . The ships never received any names , being known only as Numbers 13 16 . They were intended to reinforce Japan 's eight eight fleet of eight battleships and eight battlecruisers after the United States announced a major naval construction program in 1919 . The Number 13 class was designed to be superior to all other existing battleships , planned or building . After the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922 , they were cancelled in November 1923 before construction could begin . Design and background By 1918 , the Navy had gained approval for an eight six fleet , all ships under eight years old . However , having four large battleships and four battlecruisers on order put an enormous financial strain on Japan , which was spending about a third of its national budget on the Navy . Despite this , the IJN gained approval of the eight eight eight plan in 1920 after American President Woodrow Wilson announced plans in 1919 to re initiate the 1916 plan for ten additional battleships and six battlecruisers . The Japanese response required the construction of eight additional fast battleships in the Kii and the Number 13 classes . When designing the latter class , the Japanese followed the doctrine that they had used since the First Sino Japanese War of 1894 95 of compensating for quantitative inferiority with qualitative superiority . In the words of naval historian Siegfried Breyer , had the ships been completed , they would have been the world 's largest and most powerful battleships . Their gun calibre alone would have caused a new and more intensive naval arms race . From an engineering aspect they were more than ten years ahead of their time because they anticipated the characteristics of the fully developed , fast battleship . Naval architects William Garzke and Robert Dulin concur saying , These ships would have completely outclassed any European battleship . The Number 13 class was designed by Captain Yuzuru Hiraga , the naval architect responsible for most of the previous Japanese capital ships . The ships were based on his previous Kii class battleship and Amagi class battlecruiser designs , enlarged to take 457 millimeter ( 18 . 0 in ) guns . Description The ships had a length of 259 . 1 meters ( 850 ft 1 in ) between perpendiculars and 274 . 4 meters ( 900 ft 3 in ) overall . They had a beam of 30 . 8 meters ( 101 ft 1 in ) and a draft of 9 . 8 meters ( 32 ft 2 in ) . The normal displacement of the battleships was 47 , 500 metric tons ( 46 , 700 long tons ) . The class was intended to be equipped with four unk Hombu geared steam turbines , each of which drove one propeller shaft . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 150 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 110 , 000 kW ) , using steam provided by 22 Kampon oil fired water tube boilers , to reach a maximum speed of 30 knots ( 56 km h 35 mph ) . The primary armament of the Number 13 class was eight 45 caliber 457 millimeter guns in four twin gun turrets , two each fore and aft of the superstructure . No examples of this gun were ever built , but it was planned to fire a 1 , 550 kilogram ( 3 , 420 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 800 meters per second ( 2 , 600 ft s ) . The secondary battery consisted of 16 single 50 caliber 14 centimeter guns was mounted in casemates in the superstructure . The manually operated guns had a maximum range of 19 , 750 meters ( 21 , 600 yd ) at an elevation of 35 and fired at a rate up to 10 rounds per minute . The ships ' anti aircraft defenses consisted of either four or eight single 45 caliber 12 centimeter 10th Year Type anti aircraft guns mounted around the single funnel . Each of these guns had a maximum elevation of 75 and a maximum rate of fire of 10 11 rounds per minute . They could fire a 20 . 41 kilogram ( 45 . 0 lb ) projectile with a muzzle velocity of 825 830 m s ( 2 , 710 2 , 720 ft s ) to a maximum height of 10 , 000 meters ( 32 , 808 ft ) . The Number 13 class was also designed with eight 61 centimeter ( 24 in ) above water torpedo tubes , four on each broadside . The waterline armor belt was intended have a maximum thickness of 330 millimeters ( 13 in ) and , like the Kii class , it was angled 15 outwards at the top to increase its ability to resist penetration at short range . The deck armor would have had a total thickness of 127 millimeters ( 5 in ) . Construction After the end of World War I , the United Kingdom , the United States and the Empire of Japan all announced large capital ship building programs , incorporating design lessons from the war . These ships would have been much larger and more expensive than earlier vessels and President Warren G. Harding called a conference at Washington , D. C. in late 1921 to forestall a very expensive arms race . The attendees at the conference agreed to limit capital ship construction for the next decade and scrapped large numbers of existing ships as well as many ships still under construction . Japan suspended the Number 13 class while the conference was in progress before any ship was laid down and formally cancelled them on 19 November 1923 . As construction of the ships was scheduled to begin in 1922 , and completed by 1927 , they were already allocated to specific shipyards Number 13 Yokosuka Naval Arsenal Yokosuka Number 14 Kure Naval Arsenal Kure Number 15 Mitsubishi Nagasaki Number 16 Kawasaki Kobe
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2,852 | Rowena Evelyn Webster known as Rowie ( born 27 December 1987 in Melbourne , Victoria ) is an Australian water polo centre back and a London Olympian . She has attended unk Anglican Girls ' School and Arizona State University and completed a Bachelor of Physical Education Secondary Teaching . As youngster , she played Australian rules football and was involved with surf lifesaving at a National Level . She started playing water polo as a twelve year old . She has played for the Richmond Tigers , the Victorian State team , Arizona State University and a professional side in Greece and Russia . She has represented Australia as a member of Australia women 's national water polo team on both the junior and senior level . Webster is a London Olympic Bronze medalist , Junior World Champion , and has been rated in the top 3 players in the World two years in a row ( 2013 , 2014 ) . Rowie Webster is the current Australian Women 's Water polo Vice Captain and is striving to compete at her second Olympics and win Gold in Rio 2016 . Personal Webster was born on 27 December 1987 in Melbourne , Victoria . Her grandfather was Warwick Wathen , who competed at the Davis Cup as a junior . Her mother is a physiotherapist , her father a builder . Webster is the youngest of four children and her oldest sister Larissa Webster also played water polo for Australia . Webster is 177 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) tall , weighs 81 kilograms ( 179 lb ) and is right handed . She has five tattoos and loves how she can express herself through body image and art . Webster attended unk Anglican Girls ' School and used to play Australian rules football as a youngster . She has always been extremely competitive in Basketball and Surf Life Saving , and is the current Vice Captain of the National Women 's Water polo team . She took up surf lifesaving as a seven year old at the Anglesea Surf life saving club . She studied for her Victorian Certificate of Education in 2005 . She spent a year studying at Arizona State University on scholarship where she studied physical education secondary teaching and completed her degree here in Melbourne at Deakin University . She is currently on scholarship at the Victorian Institute of Sport , w Completed a Bachelor of physical education in secondary teaching , and living in Balwyn North , Victoria . Rowie has played in the Greek league and the Russian League and has truly made her mark on the international scene in Women 's Water polo . Her Stingers teammates say she is a fierce competitor and loves to win . She has a huge Nike shoe collection and adds to it on every international tour . Water polo Webster started playing water polo as a ten year old , and more seriously as a twelve year old in Melbourne , Australia acting as a fill in for her older sister 's team at that age . In 2010 and 2011 , she had a water polo scholarship from the Victorian Institute of Sport . She prefers to wear cap number seven and is a utility player who can be found in the centre back position . She has scars on her back from opposition players biting her there during games . She feels a need to wear a mouth guard during every game she plays . Her water polo club is the Richmond Tigers . In 2003 , she played for the club at State League Level 1 , the highest ability league open to players of all ages . She first represented the state of Victoria in 2000 . In 2003 , she was Victorian team captain . In 2003 , she woke up at 4 . 40 am twice a week for training and swimming three afternoons a week . In 2005 , she was putting in three gym sessions , three swimming drills , and six rounds of water polo practice a week . That year , she represented the state of Victoria at the Australian Water Polo Championships . She also represented the state in 2005 at the National Schoolgirls Water Polo Competition held Noosa , Queensland . Club water polo Webster currently plays for the Victorian Seals National Team and captains the side . She played for the Victorian Tigers of the National Water Polo League in 2004 during the team 's first year of existence . She also played for the team in 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . University water polo Webster attended Arizona State in Tempe , Arizona on a water polo scholarship when she was an eighteen year old but only spent a year with the team . Professional water polo As a nineteen year old , Webster played for a professional team in Greece for five months in 2008 . While playing in Greece , she had to deal with a culture of water polo that tolerated biting of other players during games . She left Greece to concentrate on making Australia 's national team for the Olympics . Junior national team Webster has represented Australia on the junior national level and Won the World Championships at the Fina World Champions in Portugal 2007 . She was a member of the Junior Team for 3 consecutive years . Senior national team Webster is the Vice Captain and a member of the Australia women 's national water polo team and has played over 200 games for Australia . She was a member of the London Olympic Team that won Bronze in 2012 and has been an integral part of the 2013 World Champs team winning Silver and the 2014 World Cup Team that also won silver . Webster is one of the most feared players in the world and was the highest goal scorer for Team Australia at the 2012 London Olympics . Rowie holds the Australian record for most goals in a National League Season ( 99 goals ) . She has also played over 250 games in the league .
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2,853 | Lysurus mokusin , commonly known as the lantern stinkhorn , the small lizard 's claw , or the ribbed lizard claw , is a saprobic species of fungus in the family Phallaceae . The fruit body consists of a reddish , cylindrical fluted stipe that is capped with several arms . The arms can approach or even close in on each other to form a spire . The gleba an olive green slimy spore mass is carried on the outer surface of the arms . The fruit body , which has an odor comparable to fresh dog feces , rotting flesh , or sewage when mature , is edible in its immature egg stage . The fungus is native to Asia , and is also found in Australia , Europe and North America , where it is probably an introduced species . It has been used medicinally in China as an ulcer remedy . History , taxonomy , and phylogeny The species was first described by the Catholic Priest and missionary Pierre Martial unk in the publication Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum unk unk ( New memoirs of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg ) ( 1775 ) , where he reported finding it near Peking ( now Beijing ) . This finding represents the earliest published scientific record of a fungus from China . unk 's original name for the lantern stinkhorn , Phallus mokusin , was sanctioned by Christian Hendrik Persoon in his 1801 Synopsis Methodica Fungorum . In 1823 , Elias Magnus Fries transferred it to the genus Lysurus in his Systema Mycologicum . L. mokusin is the type species of the genus Lysurus . In 1938 , Y. Kobayasi reported the form L. mokusin f. sinensis , which he said differed from the main species in having a head that was more angular and conical at the top the form sinensis was also reported in Korea in 1995 . Some authors have attempted to define forms of L. mokusin as new species based on the degree of separation of the apical arms . For example , to contrast with his concept of Lysurus in which the arms were either free or slightly fused , the genus Lloydia was created by Chow in 1935 to contain species in which the tips of the arms were fused . As a result of various differing interpretations of the limits of L. mokusin , and the desire of some authors to define new species based on perceived differences , the fungus has acquired a lengthy list of synonyms over the years . L. mokusin is commonly known as the lantern stinkhorn , the small lizard 's claw , or the ribbed lizard claw . unk mokusin has been included in a large scale phylogenetic analysis of unk and unk fungi published in 2006 , and was shown to form a clade with Simblum sphaerocephalum , Lysurus borealis , and unk unk . Description Immature fruit bodies of L. mokusin are white , gelatinous eggs measuring 1 3 cm ( 0 . 4 1 . 2 in ) in diameter , and are attached to the ground by thickened strands of mycelium called rhizomorphs . As the fungus matures , the egg ruptures as the fruit body rapidly expands , leaving volval remnants behind at the base . The stipe of the hollow , spongy mature fruiting body has dimensions of 10 15 cm ( 3 . 9 5 . 9 in ) by 1 . 5 2 . 5 cm ( 0 . 6 1 . 0 in ) , and ranges in color from white to pink to red , with 4 6 distinct deeply grooved sides divided lengthwise by ribs . The basis of distinction between L. mokusin and other species of Lysurus is the angular form of its stipe . The sides branch out into 4 6 arms that are fused together at the tip to form a pointed apex , resembling a spire . As the mushroom matures , the arms may spread apart . The outer surface of the arms is coated by a brownish , slimy , foul smelling spore mass called the gleba its fetid odor helps it attract flies and other insects to assist in spore dispersal . The odor has been compared to fresh dog feces , rotting flesh or sewage . The spores are cylindrical in shape , smooth , thin walled , and hyaline ( translucent ) , with dimensions of 4 6 by 2 2 . 5 m . Scanning electron microscopy reveals that one end of the spores has a hilar scar an indentation in the spore wall that results during its separation from the sterigma of the basidium . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are usually eight spored , and the gleba composed of chains of roughly spherical , fusiform , ellipsoid to broadly club shaped cells that are either 6 . 5 7 . 4 by 2 . 8 5 . 6 m or 37 . 1 46 . 3 by 18 28 m and also mixed with filamentous cells 2 . 3 4 . 5 m wide . The hyphae of L. mokusin have clamp connections . Similar species Lysurus cruciatus is similar is appearance to L. mokusin , but has a cylindrical stem without any unk at the tip . Lysurus borealis is also similar , but its stipe is not fluted , and without the angles present in L. mokusin . Edibility and other uses This species is considered to be edible when still in the immature egg stage , and is thought to be a delicacy in China . When mature , its foul odor would deter most individuals from attempting consumption . The fungus has been used medicinally in China as a remedy for ulcers . Habitat and distribution Lysurus mokusin is saprobic , and grows solitarily or in small groups in forest litter , and wood chip mulch used in landscaping , and compost . Documented sightings of L. mokusin include Australasia , the Canary Islands , Korea , Japan , China ( Fujian Province ) , and the Bonin Islands . The species was unknown in Europe until it was reported in Italy in 1979 it is considered an alien species in that continent . In the United States , it has been collected from the states of California , Texas , and Washington , D.C ..
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2,854 | Glass Joe ( unk unk , unk J ) is a fictional French boxer from Nintendo 's Punch Out video game series . He first appeared in the arcade game Punch Out in 1984 and three years later in the NES game of the same name . His most recent appearance was in the Wii installment of Punch Out . He was originally designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and was revised by Makoto Wada for the NES game . He is voiced by Christian Bernard in the Wii game . He is the player 's first opponent in all of his roles and is famous for his weakness and cowardice . These elements are considered by critics to be stereotypes of French people . These characteristics were emphasized by the developer of the Wii game which included cutscenes which depict Glass Joe in French settings . Glass Joe is considered one of the most well known characters in the Punch Out series and a Nintendo icon . His name has been used to describe poor performance by sportspeople and teams . Concept and creation Glass Joe is a 38 year old French flyweight boxer who hails from Paris . He stands at 177 . 8 centimeters ( 5 ' 10 ' ' ) and weighs in at 49 . 9 kilograms ( 110 lbs . ) . His win record is one win to 99 losses . He is the weakest opponent and the first players encounter in any of his roles . His mediocrity has been attributed to poor blocking and reaction time . He possesses several negative stereotypes of French people . The character was designed by Shigeru Miyamoto for the original Punch Out arcade game . The name Glass Joe was conceived by Genyo Takeda as a play on his glass jaw . Glass Joe 's appearance was revised by Makoto Wada for the NES Punch Out . The character is voiced by Christian Bernard in the Wii game much of his dialogue in between matches consists of counting to ten in French . Next Level Games ( the developer of the Wii game ) introduced cutscenes which depicted Glass Joe as a fashionable Frenchman . They also showed him in front of the Arc de Triomphe and the Eiffel Tower ( both Parisian landmarks ) The designers had croissants burst from Glass Joe as he is knocked out . Appearances Glass Joe 's debut was in the first Punch Out game for the arcades in 1984 . His role was to give young players a sense of accomplishment which motivated them to spend more money to try and beat the more difficult opponents . Glass Joe later appeared in Punch Out for the NES in 1987 . While he did not appear in the SNES game 's sequel , he opened a boxing school for potential fighters . Gabby Jay ( the game 's first opponent ) attended this school and got his first and only win against Glass Joe . Glass Joe 's most recent appearance was in Punch Out for the Wii in 2009 . He was one of the first characters revealed in pre release material . The Wii Punch Out has a mode called Title Defense which featured a more difficult version of Glass Joe among other opponents . This mode has Glass Joe wear a protective headgear due to a doctor 's recommendation after an X ray was done on his skull . Reception Glass Joe has come to be considered one of Punch Out ' s signature characters . He was included in a series of trading cards which depict various Punch Out boxers . Both UGO 's Chris Plante and G4TV 's unk considered the fight with Glass Joe one of the most memorable NES moments . Plante felt that it was even more memorable than the in game fight with Mike Tyson . GameDaily 's Chris Buffa called Glass Joe one of the most unappreciated Nintendo characters and said that he wanted to see him succeed . His name has been used as a derogatory term for sportspeople who perform poorly such as Derek Anderson , Ahmad Bradshaw , and the players for the North Penn football team . The name has also been used by ESPN 's Bill Simmons to describe his disappointment with the heavyweight championship fight between boxers Wladimir Klitschko and Chris Byrd . When asked who among his boxing opponents most reminded him of Glass Joe , Mike Tyson said Bruce Seldon whom he claimed he didn 't even need to hit . Yahoo Sports ' Mike Oz created the Glass Joe Title ( awarded for poor performance in the MLB ) . He has so far awarded it to the Los Angeles Angels , the New York Mets , the New York Yankees , and the Atlanta Braves . Glass Joe 's French characteristics have been discussed by critics such as writer unk Lahiri and Eurogamer 's Oli Welsh . IGN 's Craig Harris felt that the NES game focused more on his weaknesses and that the Wii game emphasized his stereotypes . A member of the Retronauts podcast also felt that he was defined more by his weakness than his nationality until he learned more about French stereotypes . Chris Buffa felt that the stereotypes could be considered offensive while Giant Bomb 's Ryan Davis felt that there was nothing legitimately offensive . Difficulty Glass Joe is considered noteworthy for his weakness . Writers have used him as a test of the usability of NES controllers such as the U Force and the Power Glove . Hardcore Gamer 's Nikola unk compared Glass Joe to the Super Mario enemy Goomba , which was featured alongside Glass Joe on a Nintendo Power list of their favorite punching bags . GamesRadar editor Mikel Reparaz included him in his list of the 13 unluckiest videogame bastards and gave respect to the fact that he never gives up . His appearance in the Title Defense mode of the Wii Punch Out received attention for his increased difficulty . Official Nintendo Magazine 's Chris Scullion praised the fight and felt it proved that the Wii game would not be too easy .
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2,855 | Agar.io is a massively multiplayer action game created by Matheus Valadares . Players control a cell in a map representing a petri dish the goal is to gain as much mass as possible by swallowing smaller cells without being swallowed by bigger ones . The name Agar.io comes from the substance agar , used to culture bacteria . The game was released to positive critical reception critics particularly praised its simplicity , competition , and mechanics , while criticism targeted its repetitive gameplay . Largely due to word of mouth on social networks , it was a quick success , becoming one of the most popular web and mobile games in its first year . A downloadable Steam version was announced on 3 May 2015 , and the mobile version of Agar.io for iOS and Android was released on 8 July 2015 by Miniclip . Gameplay The objective of Agar.io is to grow a cell by swallowing both randomly generated pellets , which slightly increase a cell 's mass , and smaller cells without being swallowed by larger cells . It currently holds four game modes FFA ( Free for All ) , Teams , Experimental , and Party . The goal of the game is to obtain the largest cell players restart when all of their cells are swallowed . Players can change their cell 's appearance with predefined words , phrases , symbols or skins . The more mass a cell has , the slower it will move . Cells gradually lose mass over time . Viruses split cells larger than them into many pieces ( 16 or less , depending on the mass ) and smaller cells can hide underneath a virus for protection against larger cells . Viruses are normally randomly generated , but players can make new viruses by feeding a virus , i.e. ejecting a small fraction of a player 's cell 's mass into the virus a few times , causing the virus to split up and hence create another virus . Players can split their cell into two , and one of the two evenly divided cells will be flung in the direction of the cursor ( a maximum of 16 split cells ) . This can be used as a ranged attack to swallow other smaller cells , to escape an attack from another cell , or to move more quickly around the map . Split cells eventually merge back into one cell . Aside from feeding viruses , players can eject ( release ) a small fraction of their mass to feed other cells , an action commonly recognized as an intention to team with another player . A player can also eject mass to trick enemies into coming closer to the player . Once an enemy cell is close enough , the player can split his her cell to eat the baited enemy . Development Agar.io was first announced on 4chan on 27 April 2015 by Matheus Valadares , a then 19 year old Brazilian developer . Written in JavaScript and C , the game was developed in a few days . The game originally did not have a name , and users had to connect to Valadares ' IP address in order to play . The name Agar.io was suggested by an anonymous 4chan user , as other domain names such as unk were already taken . Valadares continued updating and adding new features to the game , such as an experience system and an experimental unk for testing experimental features . One week later , Agar.io entered Steam Greenlight with Valadares announcing a future free to play version of the game for download . He planned to include features in the Steam version not available in the browser version , including additional gamemodes , custom styling , and an account system . It was approved for listing on Steam due to community interest . On 8 July 2015 , Miniclip published a mobile version of Agar.io for iOS and Android . Sergio unk , head of mobile at Miniclip , explained that the main goal of the mobile version was to recreate the gaming experience on mobile , citing the challenges with recreating the game on touchscreen controls . Reception Agar.io was released to a positive critical reception . Particular praise was given to the simplicity , competition , and mechanics of the game . Engadget described the game as a good abstraction of the fierce survival of the fittest competition that you sometimes see on the microscopic level . unk praised its simplicity , strategic element , and personality . Criticism was mainly targeted towards its repetitiveness and the controls of the mobile version . Tom Christiansen of Gamezebo was mixed on the game , saying that there was nothing to hold my attention and that it was highly repetitive , overall . Pocket Gamer , reviewing the mobile version , described its controls as floaty . Because it was frequently propagated through social media and broadcast on Twitch.tv and YouTube , Agar.io was a quick success . The unk website ( for the browser version ) was ranked by Alexa as one of the 1 , 000 most visited websites and the mobile versions were downloaded more than ten million times during their first week . During 2015 , Agar.io was Google 's most searched game . Agar.io was featured ( including some details of its gameplay as well as a shot of an actual game ) in Chapter 48 of Netflix TV series House of Cards . Its gameplay was compared to the presidential campaigning . Use as a political soapbox During the campaigns of the June 2015 Turkish elections , Agar.io was used in Turkey as a medium of political advocacy many players were naming their cells after Turkish political parties and references , with alliances formed between players with similar political views , battling against other players with opposing views . Some political parties have used Agar.io in campaign posters as a symbol of support .
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2,856 | Alphonse Buddy Fletcher Jr . ( born December 19 , 1965 ) is a former hedge fund manager and founder of the Fletcher Foundation . He began his career as a quantitative equity trader at Bear Stearns and later worked at Kidder , Peabody Co . Fletcher , who is African American , sued Kidder Peabody for racial discrimination . Although his racial discrimination claims were dismissed , he eventually won an arbitration award of US 1 . 26 million . Fletcher has also been involved in litigation centered on a dispute with the board of The Dakota apartment building in New York City . Fletcher founded Fletcher Asset Management in 1991 . His main fund , Fletcher International , may have been insolvent since 2008 and was declared bankrupt in 2012 . Early life and education Fletcher was raised in Waterford , Connecticut . His father , Alphonse , Sr. , was a technician at the Electric Boat Corporation in Groton , a company that makes submarines . His mother , Bettye , a long time teacher and later a social worker , dean , and school principal , received a Ph.D. in Education from Teachers College , Columbia University . Fletcher has two younger brothers , Todd , and Geoffrey , a screenwriter , film director and Academy Award winner . He attended Harvard College , where he received an A.B. degree as an applied mathematics major in 1987 . He was elected first marshall , a ceremonial position , of the 1987 class . He earned a Master 's degree in Environmental Management from the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies in 2004 . Career After graduating from Harvard College in 1987 , Fletcher began his career at Bear Stearns as a quantitative equity trader who capitalized on dividend related arbitrage . He was recruited to Kidder Peabody as a trader in the equity trading group . Fletcher Asset Management After his tenure at Kidder Peabody , he founded Fletcher Asset Management , which makes private investments in small capitalization public companies . During Fletcher Asset Management 's first four years , it traded with heavy leverage . His general strategy was trading public instruments for his own account and on behalf of clients , but he also made longer term equity investments . He used hedges with both types of investments . He has also been involved in PIPE deals . At one time , his firm 's trading activity occasionally accounted for 5 of the volume on the New York Stock Exchange . In 1994 , Fletcher surrendered his broker dealer registration and became a registered investment adviser , which made managing money more convenient . Fund bankruptcy In July 2011 , FIA Leveraged Fund , an investment vehicle managed by Fletcher Asset Management , was unable to meet a redemption request , totaling 144 million , by three Louisiana pension fund investors . In April 2012 , the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands ruled that the fund was insolvent and ordered that it be wound up ( liquidated ) . In June 2012 , Fletcher International Ltd . , the Bermuda based master fund for the Fletcher funds , filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in Manhattan . Litigation Alphonse Fletcher vs. Kidder Peabody In 1991 , after working as an equity trader at Kidder Peabody , Fletcher filed a lawsuit in New York state court for employment racial discrimination . The New York Court of Appeals ruled that Fletcher 's claim must be arbitrated . In a NYSE arbitration , Fletcher was awarded 1 . 26 million , and in a subsequent arbitration , the racial discrimination claim was dismissed . Dakota lawsuit In February 2011 , Fletcher filed a lawsuit against the Board of Directors of The Dakota co op building in Manhattan , where he had lived since 1992 and owned four apartments . Among other things , he alleged defamation and unlawful discrimination . In March 2010 , Fletcher had signed a contract to purchase a fifth apartment at The Dakota , intending to combine it with his current home . The Dakota board said it rejected Fletcher 's application based on the financial materials he provided in his application . Judge Eileen A. unk dismissed the suit in September 2015 and Fletcher announced his intention to appeal . Fletcher Foundation and philanthropy In 1993 , following the death of friend and advisor Reginald Lewis , Fletcher donated 1 million to the Reginald F. Lewis Memorial Endowment . The endowment had been created by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People after Lewis instructed his wife to bequeath 2 million to the organization . In 1996 , to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) , Fletcher endowed a University professorship at Harvard College . In 2004 , Fletcher created the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor Fellowship program to financially support professors working to improve race relations at Harvard . Funded as part of the Fletcher Foundation , Henry Louis Gates Jr. is the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor at Harvard . Personal life In 2007 , Fletcher married Ellen Pao , then a junior partner at venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers . Fletcher and Pao met while Aspen Institute fellows . They have a daughter , Matilda Pao Fletcher . Prior to his marriage to Pao , Fletcher was in a same sex relationship with Hobart V. Bo unk Jr. for more than 10 years . Fletcher and his wife have lived in the St. Regis Residence in San Francisco . Fletcher also owns homes in The Dakota in New York City . He put his Cornwall , Connecticut home up for sale in August 2013 .
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2,857 | So Long Self is a song written and performed by Christian rock band MercyMe . So Long Self is musically a power pop song with a lyrical theme revolving around a figurative breakup with one 's self . So Long Self was released as the lead single from the band 's 2006 album Coming Up to Breathe . So Long Self received positive reception from critics , who praised the song 's lyrical hook . It was added by fifty two Christian AC stations in its first chart week , a record for the Christian AC chart . The song had success on both Christian and mainstream radio , peaking at number one on the Christian Songs chart for four consecutive weeks it also peaked at number sixteen on the Adult Contemporary chart . It was listed on Billboard magazine 's 2006 year end Christian Songs and Adult Contemporary charts . Background and composition Lead singer Bart Millard has described the story behind So Long Self as ... really simple It s Not About humanity . It never has been and it never will be . Just like when maybe you had to break up with a girlfriend or a boyfriend growing up , or maybe the same thing happened to you , the ultimate breakup in life is when we breakup with ourselves . Because Christ said you have to die to self to follow him . The song is also lyrically about a break up with sinful human nature . So Long Self was written and composed by MercyMe . It was recorded in Allaire Studios in Shokan , New York overdubs were recorded in Oxford Sound in Nashville , Tennessee , while strings were recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London , England . So Long Self is a power pop song with a length of four minutes and three seconds . The song is set in the key of E major and has a tempo of 144 beats per minute , with a vocal range spanning from B3 to E5 . So Long Self features a guitar solo near the end of the song , and the bridge of the song features what has been described as Electric Light Orchestra influenced vocals . Reception Critical reception So Long Self received positive reviews from critics . Steve Losey of Allmusic commented that ' So Long Self ' has mass appeal musically and lyrically , also opining that the coolest part about the poppy hook is the ELO type vocals that penetrate the song 's middle . Lauren unk of Jesus Freak Hideout stated that Lead single ' So Long Self ' is one the best tracks Coming Up To Breathe has to offer . With a lyrical hook sure to have radio listeners singing along , this song finds Bart Millard bidding farewell to sinful nature and moving closer to Christ . Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today commented that It almost seems like MercyMe is overcompensating to gain artistic credibility with the bouncy single ' So Long Self , ' an undeniably catchy breakup song with our sinful nature that echoes Steven Curtis Chapman covering The Beatles , going so far as to playfully evoke a carnival in the bridge . Chart performance Upon release , the song was added by fifty two Christian AC stations a record for the most adds in the history of the Christian AC chart . The record was previously forty five adds , accomplished by the Joy Williams song Hide ( 2005 ) . So Long Self later peaked at number one on the Christian AC chart , as well as at number one on the Christian Songs chart and at number sixteen on the Adult Contemporary chart . So Long Self debuted at No. 26 on Billboard magazine 's Christian Songs chart for the chart week of April 1 , 2006 . The song jumped up to No. 15 the next week before advancing to No. 10 in its fourth chart week . So Long Self advanced to No. 4 for the chart week of May 13 , 2006 , and hit No. 1 ten weeks later , a spot the song held for four consecutive weeks . After So Long Self spent its fourth and final weeks at the top , the song spent nine more weeks on the chart before dropping out . In all , So Long Self spent twenty six weeks on the chart . On the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , So Long Self debuted at No. 38 for the chart week of May 6 , 2006 , and advanced to No. 23 in its second week on the chart . The song advanced to No. 20 in its fourth week on the chart and spent a further three weeks inside the top 20 before dropping back to No. 22 on its eighth chart week . So Long Self reached its eventual peak of No. 16 for the chart week of August 5 , 2006 , and spent a further six weeks on the chart before dropping out . In all , So Long Self spent twenty weeks on the chart . Billboard ranked So Long Self at No. 10 on its 2006 year end Christian Songs chart , and at No. 33 on its year end Adult Contemporary chart . They also ranked the song at No. 61 on the 2000s decade end Hot Christian AC chart . Music video A music video was released for So Long Self . The video opens with the members of the band watching a television program of their live soundcheck for a concert . When the band realizes it cannot possibly be playing a ' live ' soundcheck since they are in their tour bus , they exit the vehicle to stop the imposters . The real band members trap the fakes in a room , and then go out on stage and perform . Near the end of the video , security kicks the fake band members out of the arena . Matt Johnson of Jesus Freak Hideout commented about the video on his review of MercyMe 's album 10 , noting that Most people think of serious worshipful songs ( such as I Can Only Imagine Word of God Speak ) when they think of MercyMe , but the So Long Self video captures a side that most don 't think of , their fun side . Charts
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2,858 | Ross Andrew McGinnis ( June 14 , 1987 December 4 , 2006 ) was a United States Army soldier who was killed in the Iraq War and was posthumously awarded the United States ' highest decoration for bravery , the Medal of Honor . While serving as the gunner in a unk , his convoy was attacked and a hand grenade was thrown into his vehicle . McGinnis was subsequently killed in action when he deliberately threw himself on the grenade , saving the lives of at least four other soldiers in the vehicle . He was the fourth soldier to receive the Medal of Honor during the Iraq War , which was presented to his family following his death . Early life and education McGinnis was born in Meadville , Pennsylvania on June 14 , 1987 to unk and Tom McGinnis . Although he was born in Meadville he grew up in Knox , 90 miles north of Pittsburgh , after his family moved there when he was three . When he was in kindergarten , his teacher gave him a paper that at the top said When I grow up , I want to be and he wrote an Army Man . When he was growing up he became involved in the Boy Scouts of America , enjoyed working on cars , and was an athlete playing multiple sports . He played basketball and soccer through the YMCA , and Little League baseball . He attended Clarion County public schools and graduated from Keystone Junior Senior High School in 2005 . He had two sisters , Becky and Katie . Career McGinnis had wanted to be a soldier since kindergarten and joined the Army through the Delayed Entry Program on his 17th birthday , on June 14 , 2004 . Following basic training at Fort Benning , Georgia , he was assigned to the 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment , in Ledward Barracks , in Schweinfurt , Germany . In August 2006 , aged 19 , the regiment was deployed to eastern Baghdad and he was serving as a .50 caliber machine gunner in a unk during operations against insurgents in Adhamiyah . On December 4 , while his platoon was on mounted patrol in Adhamiyah , a grenade was thrown into his vehicle . He shouted a warning to the other four men in the vehicle , so they could prepare for the blast . When one of the men responded they could not see where the device had landed , instead of jumping out of the gunner 's hatch , unk threw his back over the grenade , absorbing the bulk of the blast . He was killed instantly , but the other occupants were able to survive with only minor injuries . He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia and his grave can be found in section 60 , site unk . Since the beginning of the Iraq War , he is one of five known United States servicemembers who have thrown themselves on a live grenade . The other personnel known to have done this are Marine Corporal Jason Dunham , Navy SEAL Petty Officer 2nd Class Michael A. Monsoor , Marine Corporal Kyle Carpenter , and Marine Sergeant Rafael Peralta . McGinnis was the fourth recipient of the Medal of Honor in the course of the Iraq War . A ceremony was held in the east room of the White House on June 2 , 2008 in which the medal was presented to his family by President George W. Bush . In addition to his family and the President , many other notable people attended the ceremony , including the Vice President , the Secretary of Veterans Affairs James Peake , Secretary of the Army Pete Geren , Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne , General Jim Hoss Cartwright , and the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs . Several members of Congress also attended as did members of McGinnis ' unit from Iraq , including the other soldiers from the vehicle he sacrificed his life to save . Awards and decorations In addition to the Medal of Honor he also received a posthumous promotion to specialist as well as the Bronze Star and the Purple Heart . Medal of Honor citation For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty Private First Class Ross A. McGinnis distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty while serving as an M2 .50 caliber Machine Gunner , 1st Platoon , C Company , 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment , in connection with combat operations against an armed enemy in Adhamiyah , Northeast Baghdad , Iraq , on December 4 , 2006 . That afternoon his platoon was conducting combat control operations in an effort to reduce and control sectarian violence in the area . While Private McGinnis was manning the M2 .50 caliber Machine Gun , a fragmentation grenade thrown by an insurgent fell through the gunner 's hatch into the vehicle . Reacting quickly , he yelled grenade , allowing all four members of his crew to prepare for the grenade 's blast . Then , rather than leaping from the gunner 's hatch to safety , Private McGinnis made the courageous decision to protect his crew . In a selfless act of bravery , in which he was mortally wounded , Private McGinnis covered the live grenade , pinning it between his body and the vehicle and absorbing most of the explosion . Private McGinnis ' gallant action directly saved four men from certain serious injury or death . Private First Class McGinnis ' extraordinary heroism and selflessness at the cost of his own life , above and beyond the call of duty , are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself , his unit , and the United States Army . Other honors A PBS Special Report chronicled the life of McGinnis as told by his parents , friends and the people of his hometown of Knox , Clarion County , Pennsylvania .
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2,859 | Voltaire was one of the six Danton class semi dreadnought battleships built for the French Navy in the late 1900s . Shortly after World War I began , the ship participated in the Battle of Antivari in the Adriatic Sea and helped to sink an Austro Hungarian protected cruiser . She spent most of the rest of the war blockading the Straits of Otranto and the Dardanelles to prevent German , Austro Hungarian and Turkish warships from breaking out into the Mediterranean . Voltaire was hit by two torpedoes fired by a German submarine in October 1918 , but was not seriously damaged . After the war , she was modernized in 1923 25 and subsequently became a training ship . She was condemned in 1935 and later sold for scrap . Design and description Although the Danton class battleships were a significant improvement from the preceding Libert class , they were outclassed by the advent of the dreadnought well before they were completed . They were not well liked by the navy , although their numerous rapid firing guns were of some use in the Mediterranean . Voltaire was 146 . 6 meters ( 481 ft 0 in ) long overall and had a beam of 25 . 8 meters ( 84 ft 8 in ) and a full load draft of 9 . 2 meters ( 30 ft 2 in ) . She displaced 19 , 736 metric tons ( 19 , 424 long tons ) at deep load and had a crew of 681 officers and enlisted men . The ship was powered by four Parsons steam turbines using steam generated by twenty six Belleville boilers . The turbines were rated at 22 , 500 shaft horsepower ( 16 , 800 kW ) and provided a top speed of around 19 knots ( 35 km h 22 mph ) . Voltaire , however , reached a top speed of 20 . 7 knots ( 38 . 3 km h 23 . 8 mph ) during her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 2 , 027 tonnes ( 1 , 995 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 3 , 370 nautical miles ( 6 , 240 km 3 , 880 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Voltaire 's main battery consisted of four 305mm 45 Modle 1906 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of twelve 240mm 50 Modle 1902 guns in twin turrets , three on each side of the ship . A number of smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats . These included sixteen 75 mm ( 3 . 0 in ) L 65 guns and ten 47 mm ( 1 . 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns . The ship was also armed with two submerged 450 mm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship 's waterline armor belt was 270 mm ( 10 . 6 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 300 mm ( 11 . 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower also had 300 mm thick sides . Wartime modifications During the war 75 mm anti aircraft guns were installed on the roofs of the ship 's two forward 240 mm gun turrets . During 1918 , the mainmast was shortened to allow the ship to fly a captive kite balloon and the elevation of the 240 mm guns was increased which extended their range to 18 , 000 meters ( 20 , 000 yd ) . Career Construction of Voltaire was begun on 26 December 1906 by Forges et Chantiers de la Mditerrane in La Seyne sur Mer and the ship was laid down on 20 July 1907 . She was launched on 16 January 1909 and was completed on 5 August 1911 . The ship was assigned to the Second Division of the 1st Squadron ( escadre ) of the Mediterranean Fleet when she was commissioned . The ship participated in combined fleet maneuvers between Provence and Tunisia in May June 1913 and the subsequent naval review conducted by the President of France , Raymond Poincar on 7 June 1913 . Afterwards , Voltaire joined her squadron in its tour of the Eastern Mediterranean in October December 1913 and participated in the grand fleet exercise in the Mediterranean in May 1914 . World War I In early August 1914 , the ship cruised the Strait of Sicily in an attempt to prevent the German battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau from breaking out to the West . On 16 August 1914 the combined Anglo French Fleet under Admiral Auguste Bou de Lapeyrre , including Voltaire , made a sweep of the Adriatic Sea . The Allied ships encountered the Austro Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta , escorted by the destroyer SMS Ulan , blockading the coast of Montenegro . There were too many ships for Zenta to escape , so she remained behind to allow Ulan to get away and was sunk by gunfire during the Battle of Antivari off the coast of Bar , Montenegro . Voltaire subsequently participated in a number of raids into the Adriatic later in the year and patrolled the Ionian Islands . From December 1914 to 1916 , the ship participated in the distant blockade of the Straits of Otranto while based in Corfu . On 1 December 1916 , some of her sailors , transported to Athens by her sister Mirabeau , participated in the Allied attempt to ensure Greek acquiescence to Allied operations in Macedonia . Voltaire spent part of 1917 through April 1918 based at Mudros to prevent Goeben from breaking out into the Mediterranean . The ship was overhauled from May to October 1918 in Toulon . While returning to Mudros on 10 October , the ship was torpedoed by UB 48 off the island of Milos . Despite being struck by two torpedoes , she able to make temporary repairs at Milos before sailing to Bizerte for permanent repairs . Voltaire was based in Toulon throughout 1919 and was modernized in 1922 25 to improve her underwater protection . The ship became a training ship in 1927 and was condemned in on 17 March 1937 . She was scuttled in Quiberon Bay on 31 May 1938 for long term use as a target the wreck was sold in December 1949 and broken up from March 1950 onwards .
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2,860 | Seydlitz was a heavy cruiser of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine , fourth in the Admiral Hipper class , but was never completed . The ship was laid down in December 1936 and launched in January 1939 , but the outbreak of World War II slowed her construction and fitting out work was finally stopped in the summer of 1940 when she was approximately 95 percent complete . The unfinished ship remained pier side in the shipyard until March 1942 , when the Kriegsmarine decided to pursue aircraft carriers over surface combatants . Seydlitz was among the vessels chosen for conversion into auxiliary aircraft carriers . Renamed Weser , the ship was to have had a complement of ten Bf 109 fighters and ten Ju 87 divebombers . Work was not completed , however , and the incomplete vessel was towed to Knigsberg where she was eventually scuttled . The ship was seized by the advancing Soviet Army and was briefly considered for cannibalization for spare parts to complete her sistership Ltzow for the Soviet Navy . This plan was also abandoned , and the ship was broken up for scrap . Construction Seydlitz was ordered by the Kriegsmarine from the Deschimag shipyard in Bremen . Seydlitz was originally designed as a light cruiser version of the Admiral Hipper class heavy cruisers , armed with twelve 15 cm ( 5 . 9 in ) guns instead of the Admiral Hipper 's eight 20 . 3 cm ( 8 . 0 in ) guns . The Kriegsmarine decided , however , to complete the ship identically to Admiral Hipper on 14 November 1936 . Her keel was laid on 29 December 1936 , under construction number 940 . The ship was launched on 19 January 1939 , but after the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , work was halted when the ship was approximately 95 percent complete . Seydlitz was 210 meters ( 690 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 21 . 80 m ( 71 . 5 ft ) and a maximum draft of 7 . 90 m ( 25 . 9 ft ) . The ship had a design displacement of 17 , 600 t ( 17 , 300 long tons 19 , 400 short tons ) and a full load displacement of 19 , 800 long tons ( 20 , 100 t ) . Seydlitz was powered by three sets of geared steam turbines , which were supplied with steam by twelve ultra high pressure oil fired boilers . The ship 's top speed was 32 knots ( 59 km h 37 mph ) , at 132 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 98 , 000 kW ) . As designed , her standard complement consisted of 42 officers and 1 , 340 enlisted men . Seydlitz 's primary armament was eight 20 . 3 cm ( 8 . 0 in ) SK L 60 guns mounted in four twin gun turrets , placed in superfiring pairs forward and aft . Her anti aircraft battery consisted of twelve 10 . 5 cm ( 4 . 1 in ) L 65 guns , twelve 3 . 7 cm ( 1 . 5 in ) guns , and eight 2 cm ( 0 . 79 in ) guns . The ship also carried a pair of triple 53 . 3 cm ( 21 . 0 in ) torpedo launchers abreast of the rear superstructure . The ship was equipped with three Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult . Seydlitz 's armored belt was 70 to 80 mm ( 2 . 8 to 3 . 1 in ) thick her upper deck was 12 to 30 mm ( 0 . 47 to 1 . 18 in ) thick while the main armored deck was 20 to 50 mm ( 0 . 79 to 1 . 97 in ) thick . The main battery turrets had 105 mm ( 4 . 1 in ) thick faces and 70 mm thick sides . Conversion Following the loss of the battleship Bismarck in May 1941 , during which British aircraft carriers proved instrumental , and the near torpedoing of her sistership Tirpitz in March 1942 , the Kriegsmarine became convinced of the necessity of acquiring aircraft carriers . Work on the purpose built carrier Graf Zeppelin , which had been halted in April 1940 , was resumed in March 1942 . The Kriegsmarine also decided to convert a number of vessels into auxiliary aircraft carriers . Seydlitz was among the ships selected for conversion , along with several passenger liners . At the same time as construction of Graf Zeppelin resumed , conversion work began on Seydlitz . The majority of the superstructure was cut away , with the exception of the funnel , to prepare for the installation of a flight deck and an aircraft hangar . In total , approximately 2 , 400 t ( 2 , 400 long tons 2 , 600 short tons ) of material from the ship was removed . The flight deck was to have been 200 m ( 660 ft ) long and 30 m ( 98 ft ) wide . The hangar was 137 . 50 m ( 451 . 1 ft ) long and 17 m ( 56 ft ) wide forward and 12 m ( 39 ft ) wide amidships and aft . Her armament was reduced to an anti aircraft battery of ten 10 . 5 cm L 65 guns in twin mounts , two forward of the conning tower and three aft , ten 3 . 7 cm guns in dual mounts , and twenty four 2 cm guns in quadruple mounts . Seydlitz 's air complement was to have consisted of ten Bf 109 fighters and ten Ju 87 Stuka divebombers . The Bf 109 fighters were a navalized version of the E model , designated as Bf 109T . Their wings were longer than the land based model to allow for shorter take off . The Ju 87s were to have been the E variant , which was a navalized version of the Ju 87D , and were modified for catapult launches and were equipped with arresting gear . The ship was renamed Weser , but work was ceased in June 1943 , before the conversion was completed . The unfinished vessel was then transferred to Knigsberg , where she remained for the rest of the war . On 29 January 1945 , the ship was scuttled before the advancing Soviet Red Army could seize her . The Soviet Navy nevertheless considered using the wreck for parts to complete the cruiser Ltzow , a sister ship of Seydlitz the Soviets had purchased unfinished before the outbreak of war . This was not carried out , however , and the ship was broken up for scrap .
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2,861 | Lipstick and Dynamite The First Ladies of Wrestling ( often referred to as Lipstick and Dynamite ) is a 2004 documentary film about the early days of women 's professional wrestling in North America . It was directed by Ruth Leitman , who interviewed The Fabulous Moolah , Mae Young , Gladys Kill ' Em Gillem , Ida Mae Martinez , Ella Waldek and Penny Banner for the film . The film premiered in 2004 in Toronto and was screened at various film festivals across the United States . The film also had a limited release in theaters in 2005 . Reviews for the film were mixed . Synopsis The documentary tells its story by focusing on the careers of six women The Fabulous Moolah , Mae Young , Gladys Kill ' Em Gillem , Ida Mae Martinez , Ella Waldek and Penny Banner . It begins by describing the beginning of wrestling in the 1930s . By the 1940s , American men had to leave the country to fight in World War II , leaving females to take over the sport . At first , women 's wrestling was seen as a side show , and it was banned in several states . The film mostly focuses on these years the 1940s along with the 1950s and 1960s , better known as the heyday of women 's wrestling , when the sport became more accepted and popular . The six women are interviewed and tell their stories of why they entered wrestling . They also share tales of being exploited financially , unruly fans , and being physically abused . The film splices in archival footage of their matches , television clips , and footage from a 1951 movie entitled Racket Girls in between interviews . The film also covers their post wrestling occupations lion tamer , detective , nurse , and unk . The film ends with footage from the Gulf Coast Wrestlers Reunion , where they meet to swap stories . Production Although Leitman was not a fan of professional wrestling , she was the first to develop the idea of a documentary about the beginnings of female wrestling . The objective of the film was to give back to the female professional wrestlers of the 1940s 1960s . The stars hoped the film would help set the record straight about the early days of women 's wrestling , when it was taboo for girls to join the business . Penny Banner helped put the film together , as she had connections in both the Ladies International Wrestling Association and the Cauliflower Alley Club , which helped the director locate older stars to use in the filming . Kelly Hogan , an old friend of Leitman 's , offered to provide music for the film and soundtrack , and recorded songs with the combo , The Corn Sisters , Carolyn Mark and Neko Case . While recording , Case discovered that Ella Waldek was her great aunt , which was previously unknown to her . After providing music for the film , they began promoting it at all of their shows . Leitman also produced the film with the productions companies 100 to One Films and Ruthless Films . Release The film had its world premiere in Toronto in April 2004 during the Hot Docs Film Festival , and it had its United States premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City in May 2004 . It had several other screenings , as well , including at the Atlanta Film Festival in June 2004 and the Chicago and Hamptons Film Festivals in October 2004 . In early 2005 , the film played at the Sarasota and Miami Film Festivals . The film , distributed by Koch Lorber Films , had a limited theatrical release in the United States during the course of 2005 . In its first weekend , it made 4 , 046 . At the end of eleven weeks , it had appeared in three theaters and grossed 25 , 378 . The film was released on DVD in September 2005 . To help promote the film , The Fabulous Moolah and Mae Young were interviewed on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien . They also promoted the film on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Several magazines also advertised for the film , including Entertainment Weekly , Details , FHM , and O. Critical response The Atlanta Journal Constitution gave the film a positive review , citing at as a dynamite documentary and rating it a B . Similarly , unk Bible of IGN called the film a fascinating look and a valentine to wrestling and to the women who introduced the sport across America . Liz Braun of the Toronto Sun called the film a glimpse of the wild and woolly pre feminist world these capable women inhabited and invites readers to have a look . The Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan commented that the uneasy , unnerving air of the carny hangs over this film , and it gives off a pungent whiff of how rough , rowdy and raucous , how inescapably down and dirty , these women 's world could be . Other reviews were mixed , with the film scoring a 62 at Rotten Tomatoes and an average rating of 6 . 4 10 from critics . Roger Ebert praised Leitman for doing an extraordinary job of assembling the survivors from the early days of a disreputable sport and rated the film with two and a half stars out of four . Stephen Holden of The New York Times called the movie more of a scrapbook than a coherent history . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Peter Hartlaub stated that the film doesn 't succeed in its attempt to make a feminist statement , with too many of the wrestlers sounding like male athletes who talk in excruciating detail about high school football seasons that everyone else forgot . Echoing that statement , Russell Scott Smith of the New York Post stated , Unfortunately , the filmmakers let the ladies prattle on too long about issues that would only matter to the most rabid wrestling aficionados .
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2,862 | SM U 22 or U XXII was a U 20 class submarine or U boat built for and operated by the Austro Hungarian Navy ( German Kaiserliche und Knigliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) during the First World War . The design for U 22 was based on submarines of the Royal Danish Navy 's Havmanden class ( three of which had been built in Austria Hungary ) , and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war . U 22 was just over 127 feet ( 39 m ) long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes , a deck gun , and a machine gun . The submarine was laid down in mid 1915 and launched in January 1917 . The still unfinished U boat sank in the harbor at Fiume in June but was raised , repaired , and relaunched in October . After her commissioning in November , U 22 patrolled off the Po River estuary and , later , in the northern Adriatic out of Trieste . After undergoing months of repairs for her failed electric motor in mid 1918 , U 22 returned to duty and patrolled off the Montenegrin coast out of Cattaro in August . At Cattaro at the end of World War I , U 22 was ceded to France as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920 . U 22 had no wartime successes . Design and construction When it became apparent to the Austro Hungarian Navy that the First World War would not be a short one , they moved to bolster their U boat fleet by seizing the plans for the Danish Havmanden class submarines , three of which had been built at Whitehead Co. in Fiume . Although the Austro Hungarian Navy was not happy with the design , which was largely obsolete , it was the only design for which plans were available and which could be begun immediately in domestic shipyards . The Austro Hungarian Navy unenthusiastically placed orders for U 22 and her three sister boats on 27 March 1915 . U 22 was one of two boats of the class to be built at the Hungarian unk yard in Fiume . Due to demands by the Hungarian government , subcontracts for the class were divided between Hungarian and Austrian firms , and this politically expedient solution worsened technical problems with the design , resulting in numerous modifications and delays for the class in general . U 22 was an ocean going submarine that displaced 173 tonnes ( 191 short tons ) surfaced and 210 tonnes ( 231 short tons ) submerged and was designed for a complement of 18 . She was 127 feet 2 inches ( 38 . 76 m ) long with a beam of 13 feet ( 4 . 0 m ) and a draft of 9 feet ( 2 . 7 m ) . For propulsion , she featured a single shaft , a single 450 bhp ( 340 kW ) diesel engine for surface running , and a single 160 shp ( 120 kW ) electric motor for submerged travel . She was capable of 12 knots ( 22 km h ) while surfaced and 9 knots ( 17 km h ) while submerged . Although there is no specific notation of a range for U 22 , the Havmanden class , upon which the U 20 class was based , had a range of 1 , 400 nautical miles ( 2 , 600 km ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h ) , surfaced , and 23 nautical miles ( 43 km ) at 8 knots ( 15 km h ) submerged . U 22 was armed with two 45 cm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes . She was also equipped with a 66 mm 26 ( 2 . 6 in ) deck gun and an 8 mm ( 0 . 31 in ) machine gun . U 22 was laid down at Fiume in mid 1915 and launched on 27 January 1917 , the last of the four U 20 class boats to be launched . On 10 June , while not yet complete , the U boat sank in the harbor at Fiume . Raised from her resting point at a depth of 9 meters ( 30 ft ) the following day , U 22 underwent four months of repairs . She was launched again on 6 October . Service career On 18 November 1917 the U boat sailed for Pola , where she was commissioned as SM U 22 on 23 November under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Josef Holub . The 31 year old Galician had been assigned to U 22 in February and had been in charge of sister boat U 21 from June 1916 until his assignment to U 22 . Holub led U 22 out on her first patrol when they departed Pola on 5 December for duty off the Po estuary . After returning to Pola on 10 December , Holub led U 22 on another Po estuary tour from 15 to 17 December . On 29 December , Holub was transferred to U 27 . His replacement was Linienschiffsleutnant Friedrich Sterz . It was the first U boat command of the 25 year old native of unk , unk ( in present day Italy ) . On 3 January 1918 , Sterz returned U 22 to the Po estuary for a third patrol there . While in the area , an enemy submarine was spotted but no attack could be made because of bad weather the same bad weather forced U 22 to put in at Rovigno the following day . Setting out from Rovigno on 5 January , U 22 unsuccessfully attacked an Italian torpedo boat and two steamships . After a return to Rovigno on 6 January , Sterz steered his boat to the submarine base at Brioni . Ten days later , U 22 headed to Trieste , where she conducted patrols in the northern Adriatic . On 5 February , U 22 avoided being hit by seven bombs dropped by an enemy airplane . Departing the northern Adriatic in late April , U 22 was headed for Cattaro when her electric motor failed . After a quick stop at Cattaro , U 22 returned to Pola for three months of repairs . After returning to service in August , U 22 operated out of unk , patrolling off the Montenegrin coast over the next two months . On 17 October , the boat returned to Cattaro , where she remained until the war 's end . She was ceded to France as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920 . Like all of her sister boats , U 22 had no wartime successes .
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2,863 | Mycena arcangeliana ( commonly known as the angel 's bonnet or the late season bonnet ) is a species of Mycenaceae fungus . It has been known by a number of scientific names , and its taxonomy is still somewhat disputed . It produces small mushrooms with caps varying in colour from whitish to a darker grey brown , and stems of an olive greyish that fade with age . The mushrooms can be mistaken for the similar Mycena flavescens . They have a mild taste , but a strong smell of unk they are not edible . The species grows on dead wood in autumn months , and can be found throughout Europe . Taxonomy , naming , and classification Mycena arcangeliana was first described by Giacomo Bresadola in 1904 the species was listed along with 41 others found in Pisa , in an article by Egidio unk published in the unk Della Societa Botanica Italiana ( Bulletin of the Botanical Society of Italy ) . Authors Roger Phillips and Paul unk both describe the name Mycena oortiana as synonymous M. oortiana was a name given by unk Hora in 1960 based on Robert Khner 's 1938 name for the variety Mycena arcangeliana var. oortiana , an invalid name . Phillips had earlier considered M. arcangeliana var. oortiana to be a synonym of M. oortiana , and MycoBank lists it as a synonym of Lucien Qulet 's Mycena olivascens . However , Index Fungorum lists both M. olivascens and Khner 's Mycena vitilis var. olivascens as synonyms of M. arcangeliana . The specific epithet arcangeliana may be in honour of Giovanni unk , who collected the species in the Orto botanico di Pisa . M. arcangeliana is commonly known as the angel 's bonnet , or the late season bonnet . Within the genus Mycena , it is found in the section unk , on account of the cheilocystidia covered with evenly spaced , short cylindrical excrescences , and its size and occurrence on wood . It can be separated from the other members of the section on account of a cap with yellowish to olive shades , gills with pinkish hints and stems with vaguely violet colouration . Description Mycena arcangeliana mushrooms have caps of between 1 and 5 centimetres ( 0 . 4 and 2 in ) in diameter which are conical in shape in younger mushrooms , becoming bell shaped with a broad umbo in older specimens . The oldest mushrooms have caps which are almost completely flat . The colouration varies from a whitish to a darker grey brown , sometimes with tints of olive or yellow , and it has furrows on the typically translucent surface . However , it is hygrophanous , and dries to a much paler colour . The cylindrical stem measures between 20 and 40 millimetres ( 0 . 8 and 2 in ) in length , by 1 and 2 mm ( 0 . 04 and 0 . 08 in ) in width . In young mushrooms , it is an olive greyish colour , tinted with lilac , though it fades as the mushroom ages . The very top of the stem is a whitish colour , while the base is covered in white hairs . It is smooth and silky in texture , and there is no ring . The crowded gills are adnexed , that is , connected to the stem by only part of their depth , and are white in colour , turning pinkish as the mushroom ages . The gill edges are somewhat toothed . The flesh has a mild taste , but a strong smell of unk . In the cap , it is white , while in the stem , it is grey . The mushrooms are not edible . Microscopic characteristics Mycena arcangeliana mushrooms leave a whitish spore print , while the spores are shaped like apple seeds and amyloid , meaning that they stain a dark colour in Melzer 's reagent or Lugol 's solution . The basidia are four spored . They measure from between 7 and 8 micrometres ( m ) by 4 . 5 and 5 m . There are a large number of hyaline cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the edge of the gills ) which are club shaped or ovate . They have thin cell walls , and are covered in grain like warts . The pleurocystidia ( the cystidia on the face of the gill ) are similar in appearance . The pileipellis is made up of wart covered hyphae measuring between 2 and 4 . 5 m wide and up to 30 m long . The outermost layer of the stem is made up hyphae with short , cylindrical hairs . The hyphae have clamp connections . Similar species Mycena arcangeliana is somewhat similar to the less common Mycena flavescens , a species found in both hardwood and softwood forests on the floor among leaf or needle litter or grassland . M. flavescens typically has a whiter cap and a smell reminiscent of radish . M. unk , known from Algeria , has a similar cap colour to M. arcangeliana , but has a yellow stem . M. unk , known from the Netherlands , has a lemon yellow cap and stem and more gills . Another species similar in appearance is M. unk , which has a sweet taste . Habitat and distribution Mycena arcangeliana grows on dead deciduous wood , favouring beech and ash , where it grows in small troops . It has also been recorded less frequently on conifers , bracken and Japanese knotweed . There have been reports from grassland , but these are probably a misidentification of M. flavescens . It is infrequently to commonly found in late summer to autumn months in the British Isles , though it is more commonly encountered in the south . Its distribution is fairly widespread elsewhere in Europe , though it is less common . It has been listed as vulnerable on the Red List of Threatened Fungi in Norway . Mycena oortiana , which was rarely found in mycological literature , was described as a predominantly west European species however , M. arcangeliana has also been recorded in Scandinavia , Greenland , and Italy , from where it was first described .
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2,864 | Applewood Farm is a farmstead in Ledyard , Connecticut , United States . Constructed in 1826 by Russel Gallup , the farmhouse was built with a colonial center chimney design with Federal style details that has been modernized to the early 20th century without significantly changing the floor plan . Named after the apple orchards planted by Russel Gallup , Applewood Farm developed significantly under the ownership of Everett Gallup , the last member of the family to own the property . The property was later owned by Arlene Meyer Cohen and a 40 acre parcel was sold off in November 1984 . After the Betz family became the owners it was added to the National Register of Historic Places and operated as a bed and breakfast through the 1990s . In 1987 , the property included five contributory structures , the farmhouse , corn crib , barn , silo and chicken coop . The property also has one non contributing structure , a machinery shed from the 1960s . History The farmhouse was built by Russel Gallup in 1826 before the incorporation of the town of Ledyard in 1836 . Gallup served as a member of the Connecticut Militia in the War of 1812 . He would hold the office of deacon for the Ledyard Congregation Church for over fifty years . The property was split as a deed to his second son , Rufus Gallup in 1855 and ownership passed upon Russel Gallup 's death in 1869 . Rufus Gallup took the same approach with his son , Russell Gallup II , and split the property in 1877 . Russell Gallup II was a teacher and became a Judge of Probate from 1896 until his death in 1911 . Everett Gallup took over the farm in the 1920s and was the last member of the Gallup family to own the farm . The property was later owned by Arlene Meyer Cohen . A 40 acre parcel of the original property was sold to unk in November 1984 . The house was acquired by the Betz family , who sought to operate the farmhouse as a bed and breakfast . Betz owned the farmhouse at the time of its nomination to the National Historic Register in 1987 . Applewood Farm operated as Applewood Farms Inn , serving as a six guest room bed and breakfast through the 1990s . In 2005 , the property was sold from unk Estates LLC Construction Built around 1826 by Russel Gallup , the two and a half story Applewood Farm 's farmhouse design harkens back to the earlier colonial center chimney design with Federal style details . The National Register of Historic Places nomination form states that the house 's construction may have been influenced by an earlier house built on the opposite side of unk Ledyard Highway , but there is no evidence for that design , but notes that it was a unk example . The farmhouse is 36 feet ( 11 m ) feet long and 28 feet ( 8 . 5 m ) . Around 1842 a 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) by 16 feet ( 4 . 9 m ) one and a half story wing was added to the east side . The rear ell , a one and half story structure measuring 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) by 14 feet ( 4 . 3 m ) , connects to a 60 feet ( 18 m ) by 15 feet ( 4 . 6 m ) shed . The house and its additions are all topped with gable roofs and were using wooden shingles at the time of its historic nomination in 1987 . The farmhouse has six fireplaces , with those on the first floor are made of cut granite blocks also with granite unk and the second floor are made of brick with granite lintels with brick hearths . The house has had modernization throughout the years , including modernizing the kitchen and bathrooms that has not significantly altered the floor plan . The hardware in the house was modernized and updated over the years , but had reproduction colonial hardware and early 20th century hardware at the time of its nomination . Some changes , like the installation of a new door in 1986 were done specifically to meet fire code regulations . Contributing to the property is a 12 feet ( 3 . 7 m ) by 15 feet ( 4 . 6 m ) corn crib that has been previously rebuilt and dated to around the 19th century at the time of its nomination . The barn , a post and beam construction , is 32 feet ( 9 . 8 m ) long and 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) with large double doors on the east and west sides . The rafters were made with a single planed side and the rest is left round . Attached to the barn is an early 20th century dairy shed measuring 43 feet ( 13 m ) long by 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) wide . Other contributing assets include a 31 feet ( 9 . 4 m ) in circumference silo and a 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) by 45 feet ( 14 m ) , both likely built in the early 20th century . A machinery shed dating to the 1960s was specifically listed a non contributory asset . In 1987 , the listed property had 3 . 6 acres ( 1 . 5 ha ) out of the original 144 acres ( 58 ha ) farm . Importance Applewood Farm has served as a farm for over a century , with an 1850 census reporting it produced butter , cheese , rye , Indian corn , oats , wool , Irish potatoes and hay . Three apple orchards planted by Russell Gallup would become an important part of Applewood Farms and owe its name to those orchards . After Everett Gallup took over the farm in the 1920s , the farm produced fresh fruits and vegetables and poultry , eggs and dairy products . In 1994 , the Applewood Farm reported having 700 trees tapped for maple syrup production and showed visitors the process of producing the syrup . Applewood Farms was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 under criteria A for the Gallup family history that played an important role in the local history and under criteria C as an architecturally important example of a late colonial center chimney house .
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2,865 | The 127th Boat Race took place on 4 April 1981 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Umpired by former Oxford rower Ronnie Howard , it was won by Oxford who passed the finishing post eight lengths ahead of Cambridge , their largest margin of victory since 1898 . The race saw Oxford coxed by Sue Brown , the first female cox in the history of the event . In the reserve race , Isis beat Goldie by four and a half lengths , and in the Women 's Boat Race , Oxford were victorious . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 . 2 miles ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by a canvas in the previous year 's race . However Cambridge held the overall lead , with 68 victories to Oxford 's 57 . The race was sponsored for fifth time by Ladbrokes . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Christopher Dodd writing in The Guardian noted Oxford 's aggressiveness during the preparations for the race , suggesting that they were set to humiliate their opponents if they possibly can . Dodd went on to predict that Oxford would win by their greatest margin since the 1898 race . Meanwhile , Cambridge had reorganised their seating order the week before the race . Oxford 's boat was named after Russell Crockford who had rowed in Oxford 's successful 1978 and 1979 races . He was killed in a car accident the previous year on his way to a regatta in Australia . Umpire Ronnie Howard modified the starting arrangements , making the boats commence the race closer together to dissuade the coxes steering into one another from the start . He warned both coxes that should they foul , he would disqualify them . Crews Sue Brown was selected to cox the Oxford boat , and became the first female competitor in the history of the Boat Race . Although she had learned to cox at Wadham , she had already been selected to represent Great Britain in the Women 's coxed fours at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . She had impressed Oxford coach Dan Topolski who chose her for the Dark Blues . Her selection caused a furore according to Dodd , Sue Brown must have passed before more shutters than anyone except for Lady Diana Spencer . She was advised by Colin Moynihan who had coxed Oxford to their largest victory of the century in the 1977 race . Boris Rankov was making his fourth appearance , but this time as a junior fellow of St Hugh 's , rather than as an undergraduate at Corpus Christi . In doing so , he became the first representative of a women 's college in the men 's Boat Race . The Oxford crew weighed an average of 13 st 8 lb ( 86 . 0 kg ) , 1 . 5 pounds ( 0 . 68 kg ) more per rower than their opponents . The race saw the return of no fewer than twelve former Blues , six in each crew . Only Richard Yonge , Richard unk and Brown for Oxford and R. Stephens , M. Clark and Mike Cowie for Cambridge were new to the race . Graeme Hall was the Cambridge finishing coach , while Oxford 's Dan Topolski took over that role from Steve Royle two weeks prior to the race . Race Oxford were strong pre race favourites Ladbrokes themselves quoted Oxford at odds of five to one on to win . Cambridge won the toss for the first time in seven years and elected to start on the Surrey station . The race started at 1 pm under umpire Howard 's guidance . Both crews rating equally off the start , Oxford took an early lead and lead by nine seconds by the Mile Post , allowing her to move the Dark Blue boat in front of Cambridge . Pushing her crew to unk Cambridge , Oxford extended their lead to 10 seconds by Hammersmith Bridge , 14 seconds by Chiswick Steps , 18 seconds by Barnes Bridge and 23 seconds by the finishing post . Oxford won their sixth consecutive victory by eight lengths in a time of 18 minutes 11 seconds , the largest margin of victory since the Cambridge won the 1973 race by thirteen lengths , and the largest margin of victory in the 20th century for the Dark Blues . In the reserve race , Isis beat Goldie by five lengths , their second consecutive victory . In the 36th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Oxford triumphed , their second consecutive victory . Reaction Oxford cox Brown avoided the traditional soaking in the Thames . She later commented I steered extremely badly , but we still won . Her coach Topolski said She did a brilliant job . Dodd , writing in The Guardian , described Oxford 's victory as crushing following their undramatic and calculated performance . Jim Railton of The Times was impressed Without a doubt it is one of the finest crews Oxford have ever produced , arguably the best .
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2,866 | Passer predomesticus is a fossil passerine bird in the sparrow family Passeridae . First described in 1962 , it is known from two premaxillary ( upper jaw ) bones found in a Middle Pleistocene layer of the Oumm Qatafa cave in Palestine . The premaxillaries resemble those of the house and Spanish sparrows , but differ in having a deep groove instead of a crest on the lower side . Israeli palaeontologist Eitan Tchernov , who described the species , and others have considered it to be close to the ancestor of the house and Spanish sparrows , but molecular data point to an earlier origin of modern sparrow species . Occurring in a climate Tchernov described as similar to but rainier than that in Palestine today , it was considered by Tchernov as a wild ancestor of the modern sparrows which have a commensal association with humans , although its presence in Oumm Qatafa cave may indicate that it was associated with humans . Taxonomy The known material of Passer predomesticus consists of two premaxillary bones in the collections of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . The bones were described by Israeli palaeontologist Eitan Tchernov in 1962 and reviewed by South African zoologist Miles Markus two years later . Tchernov did not unambiguously identify a type specimen and his paper was said by Robert M. unk , the editor of The Auk , to contain many troublesome lapses and contradictions . In 1975 , French palaeontologist Ccile unk unk reported on fossil sparrows from a cave at Saint unk Janson in southeastern France , which could not be identified as either P. predomesticus or the house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) . Because no premaxillae were found , the bones could not be distinguished from those of the house sparrow . Tchernov argued that the house sparrow and related species have undergone considerable morphological changes in adapting to a commensal relationship with humans , with the beak becoming longer and narrower . He wrote that P. predomesticus was intermediate between the house sparrow and Spanish sparrow ( Passer unk ) , and suggested that it may be a primitive relative of the ancestor of the house sparrow that did not become dependent on humans . In a 1984 paper , Tchernov suggested that the period in which the house sparrow and P. predomesticus could have separated was the unk glaciation 70 , 000 10 , 000 years ago . Markus found that the fossil species was closest to living house sparrows from Palestine and to the great sparrow ( P. unk ) , and proposed that the house sparrow evolved in Africa . In a 1977 account of the evolution of the house sparrow , American zoologists Richard F. Johnston and William J. unk considered that the house sparrow evolved with the beginning of agriculture , dating any fossils that could even be assigned to the common ancestor of the house and Spanish sparrows as more recent than P. predomesticus . In his 1988 work The Sparrows , British ornithologist J. Denis Summers Smith considered that P. predomesticus was roughly contemporary with the common ancestor of the house and Spanish sparrows and that all present day Palaearctic Passer species evolved later . Drawing on more recent studies of molecular data , Ted R. Anderson stated in his 2006 Biology of the unk House Sparrow that all Passer species have a long evolutionary history , with speciation possibly occurring as early as the Miocene . Description unk , the only bones from which Passer predomesticus is known , are generally relatively easy to determine in birds . Tchernov found that the two premaxillae of P. predomesticus most closely resembled the house and Spanish sparrows , but were distinct from either . In P. predomesticus , there is a central , longitudinal groove with raised margins running along the lower ( ventral ) side of the premaxilla . In contrast , the house and Spanish sparrows have a narrow crest in this position , which is more prominent in the house sparrow . In the great sparrow , Cape sparrow ( Passer melanurus ) , and southern grey headed sparrow ( Passer unk ) , this crest is more poorly developed , and they may even have a shallow groove at the front of the premaxilla , not nearly as well developed as the groove in P. predomesticus . In P. predomesticus , the premaxilla has a maximum width of 8 . 0 millimetres ( 0 . 31 in ) and the length from the tip of the premaxilla to the back of the nasal bones is 12 . 0 millimetres ( 0 . 47 in ) . Distribution According to Tchernov 's 1962 paper , Passer predomesticus was found in the middle Acheulean ( middle Pleistocene , probably more than 400 , 000 years old ) layer E1 of the Oumm Qatafa cave in Wadi unk near Bethlehem . In 1984 , however , Tchernov wrote that P. predomesticus was about 140 , 000 years old , from the unk . Layer E1 contained remains of about 40 bird species , including a premaxilla Tchernov described as a precursor of the Dead Sea sparrow ( Passer moabiticus ) and a tarsometatarsus and humerus tentatively allied with the house sparrow . An undetermined Acheulean layer of the same cave also contained fossils Tchernov described as precursors of both the house and Spanish sparrows . Although interpretations of the unk at Oumm Qatafa have differed , Tchernov suggested that the deposits are from a Mediterranean climate , although one rainier than that today . Tchernov considered P. predomesticus a wild sparrow , but Anderson considered that the occurrence of P. predomesticus and the other Passer fossils in Oumm Qatafa indicates that these species lived in association with early Palaeolithic humans .
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2,867 | The 121st Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 29 March 1975 . Cambridge won their seventh race in eight years by three and three quarter lengths in a time of 19 minutes and 27 seconds . The race was umpired by former Oxford rower Christopher Davidge . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by nine and a half lengths . Cambridge won the 30th Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1974 race by five and a half lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 67 victories to Oxford 's 52 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The umpire for the race was Christopher Davidge , who had rowed for Oxford in the 1949 , 1951 and 1952 races , and was a non rowing Oxford University Boat Club president for the 1950 race . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . In the month leading up to the race , Cambridge 's crew saw some significant changes , including the removal of David Sturge ( who had rowed in the 1973 race ) due to glandular fever . However , the Cambridge boat club president Steve Tourek was circumspect Cambridge might be slower than planned but still fast enough to beat Oxford . On 24 March 1975 , Cambridge beat Oxford 's record time ( set five days earlier ) between Hammersmith Bridge and the Mile Post by two seconds . The following day , Oxford 's coach Dan Topolski revealed that the Oxford reserve crew , Isis , had equalled the record time , downplaying Cambridge 's efforts Shows how fast conditions really were yesterday . Cambridge coach Lou Barry remarked of his charges this is a fast crew . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 13 st 9 . 75 lb ( 86 . 8 kg ) , 7 pounds ( 3 . 2 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained two former Blues in boat club president Nick Tee and stroke Graham Innes , while Cambridge saw Nick Bradley , Henry Clay and Tourek return from the 1974 boat . Although the British international rower David Sturge was replaced through illness prior to the race , the Light Blues also saw international standard rowers Alistair Christie and James Macleod in the crew , both of whom had withdrawn from selection for the 1974 race to represent Great Britain . Only two competitors in the race were registered as overseas Blues , Oxford 's number five John Hutchings and his counterpart and Tourek , both from the United States . Race Cambridge started as pre race favourite according to the author and former rower Dickie Burnell , although Oxford had some useful new recruits no one outside their immediate camp thought they could win . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Oxford took an early lead , but by the Mile Post , Cambridge had recovered to lead by two seconds . Extending their lead , the Light Blues gained a clear water advantage by Harrods Furniture Depository and moved in front of the Dark Blue boat . Shooting Hammersmith Bridge five seconds ahead , Cambridge held a length and a quarter lead which they defended against a number of Oxford pushes . Midway round the Surrey bend , Oxford 's bow man Andrew Baird 's oar came out of its gate , allowing Cambridge to increase their lead by another length . A seven second lead at Chiswick Steps was extended to nine seconds by Barnes Bridge , and along the final bend , Cambridge pushed their lead further out to nearly four lengths , passing the finishing post in 19 minutes 27 seconds , thirteen seconds ahead of their rivals . It was Cambridge 's seventh victory in the previous eight years , having lost to Oxford in 1974 . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by nine and a half lengths , their first win since the 1966 race . In the 30th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge triumphed , winning their 13th consecutive race . Reaction Oxford 's Baird claimed I might have caught a crab , but I do not really know what happened . Cambridge number six MacLeod said of the Dark Blues They kept coming at us time and time again . I was only sure of victory in the last mile of the race . Christopher Dodd , writing in The Guardian was impressed The contest had a rare element ... it was a race nearly all the way , and was not all over in the first 20 stokes as has so often been the case in recent years . Burnell suggested it was a race for the aficionados This was surely one of those so common Boat Races , which are hard fought all the way , yet never exciting from the point of view of the average spectator .
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2,868 | The 121st Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 29 March 1975 . Cambridge won their seventh race in eight years by three and three quarter lengths in a time of 19 minutes and 27 seconds . The race was umpired by former Oxford rower Christopher Davidge . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by nine and a half lengths . Cambridge won the 30th Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1974 race by five and a half lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 67 victories to Oxford 's 52 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The umpire for the race was Christopher Davidge , who had rowed for Oxford in the 1949 , 1951 and 1952 races , and was a non rowing Oxford University Boat Club president for the 1950 race . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . In the month leading up to the race , Cambridge 's crew saw some significant changes , including the removal of David Sturge ( who had rowed in the 1973 race ) due to glandular fever . However , the Cambridge boat club president Steve Tourek was circumspect Cambridge might be slower than planned but still fast enough to beat Oxford . On 24 March 1975 , Cambridge beat Oxford 's record time ( set five days earlier ) between Hammersmith Bridge and the Mile Post by two seconds . The following day , Oxford 's coach Dan Topolski revealed that the Oxford reserve crew , Isis , had equalled the record time , downplaying Cambridge 's efforts Shows how fast conditions really were yesterday . Cambridge coach Lou Barry remarked of his charges this is a fast crew . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 13 st 9 . 75 lb ( 86 . 8 kg ) , 7 pounds ( 3 . 2 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained two former Blues in boat club president Nick Tee and stroke Graham Innes , while Cambridge saw Nick Bradley , Henry Clay and Tourek return from the 1974 boat . Although the British international rower David Sturge was replaced through illness prior to the race , the Light Blues also saw international standard rowers Alistair Christie and James Macleod in the crew , both of whom had withdrawn from selection for the 1974 race to represent Great Britain . Only two competitors in the race were registered as overseas Blues , Oxford 's number five John Hutchings and his counterpart and Tourek , both from the United States . Race Cambridge started as pre race favourite according to the author and former rower Dickie Burnell , although Oxford had some useful new recruits no one outside their immediate camp thought they could win . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Oxford took an early lead , but by the Mile Post , Cambridge had recovered to lead by two seconds . Extending their lead , the Light Blues gained a clear water advantage by Harrods Furniture Depository and moved in front of the Dark Blue boat . Shooting Hammersmith Bridge five seconds ahead , Cambridge held a length and a quarter lead which they defended against a number of Oxford pushes . Midway round the Surrey bend , Oxford 's bow man Andrew Baird 's oar came out of its gate , allowing Cambridge to increase their lead by another length . A seven second lead at Chiswick Steps was extended to nine seconds by Barnes Bridge , and along the final bend , Cambridge pushed their lead further out to nearly four lengths , passing the finishing post in 19 minutes 27 seconds , thirteen seconds ahead of their rivals . It was Cambridge 's seventh victory in the previous eight years , having lost to Oxford in 1974 . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by nine and a half lengths , their first win since the 1966 race . In the 30th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge triumphed , winning their 13th consecutive race . Reaction Oxford 's Baird claimed I might have caught a crab , but I do not really know what happened . Cambridge number six MacLeod said of the Dark Blues They kept coming at us time and time again . I was only sure of victory in the last mile of the race . Christopher Dodd , writing in The Guardian was impressed The contest had a rare element ... it was a race nearly all the way , and was not all over in the first 20 stokes as has so often been the case in recent years . Burnell suggested it was a race for the aficionados This was surely one of those so common Boat Races , which are hard fought all the way , yet never exciting from the point of view of the average spectator .
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2,869 | Make Love is a song performed by American recording artist and songwriter Keri Hilson . It was written by Jamal Polow da Don Jones , Ester Dean and Jason Perry , and produced by Polow da Don and Perry for Hilson 's debut studio album , In a Perfect World ... ( 2009 ) . The song was sent for urban adult contemporary airplay on June 23 , 2009 as the fifth single from the album . Musically , Make Love is a downtempo R B ballad . The song received mixed reviews from music critics some of them criticized its long length and Hilson 's vocals , while others named it one of the album 's standouts . After being sent out for radio airplay , Make Love reached number ten on the Bubbling Under R B Hip Hop Singles chart , but received no direct promotion . However , three months prior to the single 's release , a music video for the song , directed by Matt Barnes , was released and served as a viral commercial for In a Perfect World ... The clip features rapper Kanye West , who appears on the album 's previous single , Knock You Down . Background and composition Make Love was written by Jamal Polow da Don Jones , Ester Dean and Jason Perry , and produced by Polow da Don and co produced by Perry . Hilson 's produced the vocals , which were recorded by Bryan Jones at No Excuses Studio in Santa Monica , California with assistance from Bryan Morton . The recordings were later mixed by Jean Marie Horvat . Perry and Titus Jackson played keyboards on the song , and Thomas Drayton contributed guitars . The song is one of three tracks on In a Perfect World ... that Hilson did not co write . The song was used in a viral commercial prior to the album 's release in March 2009 , and was later sent for urban adult contemporary airplay on June 23 , 2009 , as the fifth single from the album . Hilson explained that she is stripping down and unwinding with Make Love , calling it real and natural . She described it as self explanatory , saying that it speaks of reviving love and keeping things very interesting . A woman has to know when to set the pace , because that 's what men need . So that 's what the song is about , she said . Musically , Make Love is an R B ballad , set in a slinky slow jam groove . Patrick Varine of The Observer Dispatch referred it to as a hacky mid ' 90s R B song , and its slow tempo was compared to ballads by American singer Ciara . According to Mariel Concepcion of Billboard , the song sees Hilson tapping into her vulnerable side . Reception Reviews The song received mixed reviews from music critics . Sophie Bruce of BBC Music , Michael Wood of Los Angeles Times , and a writer for Rap Up named the song one of the album 's highlights . Quentin B. Huff of PopMatters was positive , writing that the song and Slow Dance tend to provide better matches between the vocals and the music , since the backdrop keeps things simple and the lyrics don t always fall into slang and unintentional irony . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that the album 's problem is the slow numbers , including Make Love . Cinquemani said that the song requires a much more talented vocalist to elevate it above mere filler . Steve Jones of USA Today named it a track to skip , and Glenn Gamboa of Newsday also dismissed the song , writing that it seems to go on forever , especially following the similarly too long , too drawn out ' Slow Dance ' . Tracy Garraud of Vibe wrote that its chords sound more like a Disney princess ' cue than a royal highness ' arrival and Hilson 's fairy dusted vocals sound more platonic than carnal . Chart performance Following its release as a radio single , Make Love debuted at number 14 on the Bubbling Under R B Hip Hop Singles chart in the issue dated July 18 , 2009 . The next week , it dropped to number 19 . In the issue dated August 8 , 2009 , it reached its peak position of number ten . The song spent five weeks on the chart in total . Music video The music video for Make Love was directed by Matt Barnes . The clip premiered on March 9 , 2009 and served as a viral commercial for In a Perfect World ... Barnes referred the video to as a short film , noting that it has the form of a music video but there is no performance in it . Hilson said that the opening scene of her entering her apartment represents her coming home from the studio on a normal day . She explained that the song and video show that the album has real songs , not just uptempo one for clubs . The video guest stars Kanye West , who contributed vocals to Knock You Down , one of the album 's tracks . The video begins with Hilson as she comes home to her apartment and starts playing Make Love on a rough cut CD of In a Perfect World ... After taking off her jacket , she sits down on the couch in the living room . In another room , West is seen getting out of bed . Hilson leaves for the kitchen where she puts out champagne and chocolate dipped strawberries . She then gets ready in the bathroom while West waits in the bedroom . When Hilson is finished , she joins him in bed and they start cuddling and kissing . The video ends with Hilson looking into the camera over West 's shoulder . Credits and personnel Songwriting Jamal Polow da Don Jones , Ester Dean , Jason Perry Production Polow da Don Co production Jason Perry Additional keyboards Jason Perry , Titus Jackson Guitars Thomas Drayton Vocal production Keri Hilson Mixing Jean Marie unk Credits are adapted from the In a Perfect World ... album liner notes . Charts
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2,870 | Lise Trhot ( 14 March 1848 12 March 1922 ) was a French art model who posed for artist Pierre Auguste Renoir from 1866 until 1872 , during his early Salon period . She appeared in more than twenty paintings , including notable works such as Lise ( 1867 ) and In Summer ( 1868 ) , and she was the model for almost all of Renoir 's work featuring female figures at this time . Trhot married Georges Briere de l 'Isle in 1883 and raised four children to whom she bequeathed two of Renoir 's paintings , Lise Sewing ( 1867 68 ) and Lise With a White Shawl ( 1872 ) , both of which are currently held by the Dallas Museum of Art . Early life Lise Trhot was born in unk , Seine et Oise , France , on 14 March 1848 , to Louis Trhot and Amelie Elisabeth Boudin . Her father was the postmaster of the town until the mid 1850s , after which he moved the entire family to Paris where he sold lemonade and tobacco . She was the fourth in a family of six children , including three brothers and two sisters . A document from this time describes Trhot 's profession as a dressmaker . Clmence Trhot , her older sister , was the lover of artist Jules Le Coeur , who later introduced her to Pierre Auguste Renoir at his house in unk , possibly in June 1865 . Modeling period Trhot began modeling for Renoir when she was about eighteen and he was twenty five . Early paintings of Trhot at this time include Lise in a Straw Hat ( 1866 ) and Lise Sewing ( 1867 68 ) . Renoir painted a modern nude of Trhot as Diana ( 1867 ) , but it was rejected by the Salon of 1867 . Renoir found critical success the next year with Lise ( 1867 ) , which was well received at the Salon of 1868 . The Impressionist painting depicts Trhot in a life size portrait , strolling through a wooded park as sunlight falls through the trees . Art critic Zacharie Astruc described Trhot in Lise as the likeable Parisian girl in the woods , and as a working class girl . mile Zola also approved , comparing Trhot to Monet 's model and later wife Camille Doncieux . French art critic Thodore Duret later observed that because Renoir 's Lise was derivative of Gustave Courbet 's technique , its appearance at the Salon provoked no definite opposition . However , Renoir 's decision to shadow Trhot 's face in darkness and emphasize the reflection of sunlight from her white dress in Lise led several critics to ridicule Trhot 's appearance due to the unusual contrast . At the Salon of 1869 , Trhot appeared in a work named In Summer ( 1868 ) , dressed casually in a loose blouse falling off her shoulders . John Collins notes that Trhot 's dark , heavy set and expressionless features worked well in such portraits , but were less successful in more formal , costume oriented paintings such as The Engaged Couple ( 1868 ) , where she poses with artist Alfred Sisley . In the summer of 1869 , she accompanied Renoir to his parent 's house in the Ville d 'Avray , and made trips to the Seine near Bougival where Renoir painted scenes with Monet on the water . La Barque ( 1870 ) is thought to depict Lise during this summer holiday . In total , Trhot appeared in more than twenty paintings by Renoir during his early Salon period from approximately 1866 until 1872 . According to art historian John House , Lise was the model for virtually all of Renoir 's female figures at this time . Although little is known about the exact nature of Trhot 's relationship with Renoir while she was modeling she is said to have given birth to a baby boy named Pierre on 14 December 1868 , but it is unclear what became of him and he may have died as an infant . On 21 July 1870 , Trhot gave birth to a baby girl named Jeanne ( d . 1934 ) who was given to a wet nurse to raise as her own . Renoir continued to secretly support Jeanne financially until he died ( and after his death with the help of Ambroise Vollard ) , but never publicly or legally acknowledged that she was his daughter during his lifetime . For unknown reasons , Trhot stopped modeling for Renoir after 1872 it was said that she never spoke to or saw him again . Although Trhot was an important part of Renoir 's early career , he never mentioned her in any published interviews , memoirs , or biographies . Later life In 1883 , more than a decade after Trhot stopped modeling for Renoir , she married architect Georges Briere de l 'Isle ( 1847 1902 ) , As the wife of Brire de l 'Isle , she raised two sons and two daughters . Trhot bequeathed two of Renoir 's paintings , Lise Sewing ( 1867 68 ) and Lise With a White Shawl ( 1872 ) , to her children . It is said that before her death , she destroyed many of her personal papers related to her time modeling for Renoir . Trhot died in Paris on 12 March 1922 , at the age of 73 . She is buried in the Pre Lachaise Cemetery . Selected works as model Trhot 's list of selected works includes at least twenty five oil on canvas paintings , twenty three of which were painted by Renoir , while two are by Frdric Bazille ( 1841 1870 ) . It is thought that Trhot may have posed for as many as twenty three works for Renoir , but only once for Bazille Renoir 's Landscape with Two People ( 1866 ) , in which she appeared , has either been lost or destroyed , but is believed to have been preserved as a painting within a painting in Bazille 's Studio ( 1870 ) . Bazille 's work is the only known surviving image of the full painting a surviving fragment of the work has been identified , but its location is unknown . Trhot is believed to have posed for La unk ( 1869 70 ) , another work by Bazille .
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2,871 | Express is a song recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera for the accompanying soundtrack album to her film Burlesque ( 2010 ) . Written by Aguilera , C. Tricky Stewart and Claude Kelly and was produced by Stewart , Express is an uptempo electropop number . The track premiered on November 3 , 2010 on On Air with Ryan Seacrest to promote the soundtrack . It was also released to Australian radio as a single on December 6 , 2010 . Express received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who praised its both old school and contemporary sound . It attained moderate chart success , peaking at number two on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles and also charting in other territories . Aguilera performed the track at the American Music Awards of 2010 and on the seventh season of British television singing contest The X Factor . Background and composition In support of her sixth studio album , Bionic , Aguilera planned to embark on the Bionic Tour . However , on May 24 , 2010 , the singer and tour promoter Live Nation both posted messages on their websites stating that due to excessive promotion of Bionic and preparing for her upcoming film debut in Burlesque , she felt she would need more time to be able to put together a show that her fans deserve to see . Aguilera stated that this was not possible to do in less than one month between the release of the album and the start of the tour as she would need more time to rehearse . For the accompanying soundtrack for the film , Aguilera worked with Tricky Stewart he co wrote and produced two songs , Show Me How You Burlesque and Express , and produced several other tracks including Something 's Got a Hold on Me , Tough Lover and But I Am a Good Girl . Express was premiered on the On Air with Ryan Seacrest radio show ( KIIS FM ) on November 3 , 2010 as a promotional single from the album . Express was written by Aguilera , Christopher Stewart and Claude Kelly , and was produced by Tricky Stewart . Aguilera 's vocals on the track span two octaves , from the low note of E3 to the high note of E5 . It is an electropop song the melody of Express is similar to the old school style of Lady Marmalade , and has a dance production . Thus , Express has an old school sound , but is also modern . Lyrically , the song evokes sexual theme , as she seductively sings , Show a little leg , you gotta shimmy your chest . Reception Express received mainly positive reviews from music critics . Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine called the song nasty , buzzing bump and grind and a bionic ' Lady Marmalade ' . Blogcritics thought that Express , among with Show Me How You Burlesque are the two songs that work better in the context of the movie , where the elaborate visuals help distract from their lack of melody and strong hooks . An online website , Movie Moron was positive toward the track , saying that it is the most modern sounding thing in the soundtrack , also compared Express to Aguilera 's 2002 single Dirrty . Commercially , Express charted on several music charts worldwide , despite not being released as an official single . In the United States , the song peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . In the United Kingdom , Express peaked at number 75 on the UK Singles Chart , and also charted on the UK R B Chart at number 21 on December 25 , 2010 . On the Swiss Singles Chart , Express debuted and peaked at number 54 on January 21 , 2011 , and stayed there for 3 weeks . In Japan , the track also peaked at number 68 . Live performances To promote Express and Burlesque , Aguilera has performed the track on two shows . Aguilera performed Express for the first time at the American Music Awards of 2010 on November 21 , 2010 , held at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles , California . During an interview with MTV News about the performance , Aguilera stated that the performance would be fantastic and would give a fitting look inside the movie . Wearing a black spangly bodysuit with knee high boots and a bowler , Aguilera seated in a chair with her back to the audience in the beginning of the show . She began to snap her fingers and leaned into the jazzy , skittery rhythms of Express . Later , the scene revealed a set made up to mimic the backstage at a burlesque club , with the singer surrounded by a number of dancers . Gil Kaufman of MTV News said that the performance is a flash back to the Dirrty era of Aguilera . On December 11 , 2010 , Aguilera performed Express again on the seventh series of British television singing contest The X Factor . During the show , the singer cavorted around the stage in her lingerie with her army of scantily clad female dancers . Aguilera 's performance , as well as Rihanna 's one of What 's My Name , received criticism for being inappropriate for pre watershed television . ITV was later exonerated and the performances were deemed to be at the limit of acceptability for pre watershed television . However , Ofcom received about 2 , 868 complaints about the matter . Parody On February 18 , 2011 , a video featuring a 10 year old Taiwanese boy dressing in drag and performing a dance number choreographed to Express , channeling Aguilera 's performance of the song in Burlesque , was uploaded to the Internet . The video was met with controversy , with Billboard magazine questioning if the kid 's parents filmed his sexualized dance routine and uploaded it to YouTube . Charts Release history
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2,872 | FBI Special Agent Emma Hollis is a fictional character from the American crime thriller television series Millennium . Hollis , introduced in the series ' third and final season , is a young special agent within the Federal Bureau of Investigation . During the show 's final year , she was partnered with offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) . The character of Hollis was portrayed by Canadian actor Klea Scott . Special agent Hollis made her first appearance in the third season 's opening episode The Innocents . She is the daughter of James Hollis , who suffered from unk 's disease . The character has been met with mixed reactions from critics however , Scott 's performance has been generally well received . Character arc Hollis is a young Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent who becomes a protge to offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) when he begins working in Virginia . She struggles to understand the criminal mind , as her sister was murdered by a man with no motive . She has an estranged half sister , Tamra , who has become a heroin addict . Hollis also has to deal with her father 's bout with an Alzheimer 's like illness , which has possibly been induced by the Millennium Group a secretive organisation to which Black had previously belonged , and which he now believes to be responsible for bioterrorism . Group member Peter Watts ( Terry O 'Quinn ) uses Hollis ' father 's illness as leverage to coerce her into cooperating with the Millennium Group . Hollis is very much aware of Black 's reputation and eager to prove her worth as an investigator . Intrigued by Frank 's abilities as an investigator , she strives to learn as much from him as she can , while Frank also learns to recognize her strengths as an FBI agent . The respected , independent , ambitious young Bureau Agent formed a close relationship with Frank Black and then turned her back on him to join the Millennium Group , which had agreed to cure her father of Alzheimer 's . Conceptual history When ending the second season , the producers and crew thought it would be the last . However , to their surprise Millennium was renewed for a third season . Many of the cliffhanger plot threads from the season finale were written off as the hallucinations of Frank Black . When creating the third season , they wanted to go back to the stand alone storytelling format used in the first season to do so they had Frank join the FBI and receive a new skeptical partner with whom he could work . Regarding Hollis , producer Michael Duggan said she 's not a rookie ... but she 's young enough to be in awe of Frank Black 's rep as a legendary crime solver . Originally , the producers were looking for a white actress to play the part . Klea Scott 's agent thought she was really right for the part . He then went down to the producers for the show and campaigned for her and guaranteed them if she did not fit for the role , he would never send another actor to the casting director of the show . Scott auditioned with four other actresses to get the part . Scott won the role , but producer Chip Johannessen recalled that she wasn 't what the network were looking , they wanted Heather Locklear or something to come . That was kind of how that went down . Fox backed down , and Scott got the role . Scott had been living in Los Angeles , but relocated to the series ' filming location in Vancouver when she joined the cast . Scott had little input in her character 's development , and admitted feeling a little hurt to find that Hollis had joined the Millennium Group by the end of the series however , Scott felt this development was believable and real . Scott 's first day on set was during the filming of the final scene of The Innocents , the third season 's opening episode . The actress found it difficult to adjust to the series ' heavy workload , but found it enjoyable to work with co star Lance Henriksen . Reception Although the character of Emma Hollis has been met with mixed reception , Scott 's acting has generally been seen in a positive light . Entertainment Weekly writer Ken Tucker said Scott 's presence as Hollis was bracing , finding that she captures perfectly the way young adepts try to soak up everything about their heroes while Raymond Edel of The Record described the character as a quick witted extrovert . Allan Johnson of the Chicago Tribune felt that the character made the third season of Millennium a much more watchable series than in its previous two seasons , offering a different perspective on the series ' dark subject matter . Rob Owen , of the Chicago Sun Times , has noted that Hollis ' involvement in the a tug of war between Frank and the Millennium Group gave Millennium 's third season a more personal take on its central conflicts . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe A Critical Guide to The X Files , Millennium The Lone Gunmen , have been critical of the character of Emma Hollis , finding that she has been written in a manner that pass es emotional baggage off as character development . However , Shearman and Pearson were less critical of Scott 's performance , noting that the character was played well and that Scott works hard to mine some sort of truth out of Hollis ' character . Randy Miller , writing for DVD Talk , noted that Hollis ' introduction left Millennium feeling more of a curious sister to The X Files rather than its own entity , likening Hollis and Black to the latter series ' Fox Mulder and Dana Scully .
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2,873 | New York State Route 31E ( NY 31E ) is a 5 . 29 mile ( 8 . 51 km ) state highway located in western New York in the United States . It serves as a northerly alternate route of NY 31 between the village of Middleport in eastern Niagara County and the nearby village of Medina in Orleans County . NY 31E connects to NY 31 at each end by way of a short overlap with NY 271 in Middleport . Most of NY 31E parallels the Erie Canal , and parts of the route run adjacent to the waterway . Outside of the two villages at each end , NY 31E traverses mostly rural areas of the towns of Royalton and Ridgeway . The origins of the route date back to 1914 when its routing was included as part of a spur route of Route 30 , a cross state , unsigned legislative route . The spur route was eliminated in 1921 , and the road went unnumbered until 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York when it became part of NY 3 . Most of NY 3 west of Rochester was replaced by NY 31 in the mid 1930s , and NY 31 was realigned onto its present , more southerly alignment between Middleport and Medina in 1949 . Its former canalside alignment became NY 31E at this time . Most of NY 31E is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) however , two sections in Niagara County and Medina are locally maintained . Route description NY 31E begins at an intersection with NY 31 in the village of Middleport in eastern Niagara County . The route heads north as Main Street , overlapping with NY 271 ( which also begins at NY 31 ) through the mostly residential village . Just south of the Erie Canal , NY 31E and NY 271 enter Middleport 's small business district , centered on the junction of Main and State Streets . Here , NY 31E and NY 271 split , with NY 31E following State Street eastward through the eastern portion of the community . Along this stretch , the route serves Royalton Hartland High School and Royalton Hartland Middle School before exiting Middleport and entering a slightly more open area of the town of Royalton . NY 31E runs past undeveloped land to the north and a smattering of homes to the south on its way into the Orleans County town of Shelby New York Ridgeway . East of the county line , NY 31E becomes Telegraph Road and continues across increasingly less developed areas of Ridgeway . The Erie Canal is visible from most of this section of NY 31E , and about 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) of the highway runs directly alongside the waterway , which curves several times between Middleport and Medina . The two separate at the small hamlet of Shelby Basin , where the route follows a more southerly alignment into a more populated area . Not far to the east is the village of Medina , where NY 31E changes names to West Center Street . The route heads east across the residential western half of the village , passing Prospect Avenue ( former NY 63 ) on its way into Medina 's business district . NY 31E passes the village 's post office and enter the Main Street Historic District , where NY 31E terminates at NY 31 and NY 63 . Maintenance along the route varies by location . From the Niagara Orleans county line to the Medina village line , NY 31E is maintained by NYSDOT . All of the route within Niagara County , excluding the state maintained overlap with NY 271 in Middleport , is county maintained as the unsigned County Route 143 ( CR 143 ) . In Medina , NY 31E is entirely maintained by the village , though between the village line and Prospect Avenue ( former NY 63 ) , it was NYSDOT maintained for 0 . 25 miles ( 0 . 40 km ) to its terminus at NY 31 until 2010 . History In 1914 , the New York State Legislature added two spur routes to Route 30 , an unsigned legislative route extending from Niagara Falls in western Niagara County to Rouses Point in Clinton County via Medina . The first of these began at Route 30 ( modern NY 63 ) and followed what is now NY 31E west to Middleport , from where it continued toward Lockport on current NY 31 . On March 1 , 1921 , most of Route 30 's Medina Lockport spur route was supplanted by an extended Route 20 . The lone exception was from Medina to Middleport , where Route 20 utilized modern NY 31 instead . When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , all of legislative Route 20 west of Rochester became part of NY 3 . NY 3 remained on what is now NY 31 between Middleport and Medina until the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York when it was realigned between the two villages to use what is now NY 31E . U.S. Route 104 was assigned to all of Ridge Road c . 1935 , replacing then NY 31 west of Rochester . As a result , NY 31 was shifted southward onto most of NY 3 from Niagara Falls to Rochester , including between Middleport and Medina . NY 31 was realigned on January 1 , 1949 , to follow its current alignment between the two villages . The former routing of NY 31 was redesignated as NY 31E , a northerly alternate route of NY 31 . The alignment of NY 31E has not changed since that time however , ownership of parts of the route has changed hands over the years . Until 1998 , NY 31E was state maintained from its western terminus in Middleport to the Medina village line . On October 1 , 1998 , ownership and maintenance of NY 31E between NY 271 in Middleport and the Niagara Orleans county line was transferred from the state to Niagara County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . This section of the route was subsequently co designated , but not signed , as CR 143 by Niagara County . Major intersections
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2,874 | Spongiforma squarepantsii is a species of fungus in the Boletaceae family , genus Spongiforma . Found in Malaysia , it was described as new to science in 2011 . It produces sponge like , rubbery orange fruit bodies that have a fruity or musky odour . The fruit bodies reach dimensions of 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) wide by 7 cm ( 2 . 8 in ) tall . Like a sponge , they will resume their original shape if water is squeezed out . The spores , produced on the surfaces of the hollows of the sponge , are almond shaped with rough surfaces , and measure 10 12 . 5 by 6 7 micrometers . The name of the fungus is derived from the cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants . S. squarepantsii is one of two species in Spongiforma it differs from S. thailandica in its colour , odour , and spore structure . Taxonomy and classification The species was first described scientifically online in May 2011 in the journal Mycologia , authored by American mycologists Dennis E. Desjardin , Kabir Peay , and Thomas Bruns . The description was based on two specimens collected by Bruns in 2010 in Lambir Hills National Park , in Sarawak , Malaysia . The species had first appeared in the literature in 2010 in a study of the ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in a tropical dipterocarp rainforest in Lambir Hills , although it was not formally described in this publication . Because of its unusual form , Desjardin and colleagues were initially uncertain whether the new species was a member of the Basidiomycota or the Ascomycota . Further analysis showed that the species was aligned with Spongiforma , a genus that was newly described from dipterocarp forests of Thailand in 2009 . The similarity between the species collected in Borneo and Spongiforma thailandica was confirmed with molecular analysis , which showed a 98 match between ribosomal DNA sequences of the two . The genus name Spongiforma refers to the sponge like nature of the fruit body , while the specific epithet squarepantsii is a Latinisation of the well known cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants , whose shape shares a resemblance to the fungus . Additionally , the authors note that the spore bearing surface ( the hymenium ) , when viewed with scanning electron microscopy , somewhat resembles a seafloor covered with tube sponges , reminiscent of the fictitious home of SpongeBob . Although the epithet was originally rejected by the editors of Mycologia as frivolous , Desjardin and colleagues insisted that we could name it whatever we liked . Description The fruit body of Spongiforma squarepantsii is bright orange coloured , roughly spherical to oval , and measures 3 5 cm ( 1 . 2 2 . 0 in ) wide by 2 3 cm ( 0 . 8 1 . 2 in ) tall . Although it lacks a stipe , it has a rudimentary columella a small cord of sterile tissue that extends to the center of the fruit body . The surface of the fruit body has deep ridges and folds somewhat resembling a brain . It is sponge like and rubbery if water is squeezed out , it will resume its original shape . The surface has irregular , relatively large cavities ( locules ) , lined with fertile ( spore producing ) tissue . The locules are between 2 and 10 mm ( 0 . 1 and 0 . 4 in ) in diameter . The ridges of the locules are pale orange or lighter and ciliate ( having hairlike projections ) . Fruit bodies have a strong odour described as vaguely fruity or strongly musty . The mushroom tissue turns purple when a drop of 3 potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) is applied . In mass , the spores are a reddish brown or deep mahogany colour . The edibility of the fruit body is unknown . The almond shaped spores are typically 10 12 . 5 by 6 7 m with thick walls measuring between 0 . 5 1 . 2 m . They have a small central apiculus ( a depressed area when the spore was once attached to the basidium via the sterigma ) . When mounted in distilled water , they have a coarsely warty surface and appear rusty brown in colour . When mounted in a 3 KOH solution , the spores are pale lilac grey , and the surface ornamentation forms swollen pustules that loosen and dissolve . Spores are dextrinoid ( meaning they turn reddish brown when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) and cyanophilic ( red in acetocarmine ) . The basidia are club shaped , and four spored with sterigmata up to 9 . 5 m long . The ridges of the locules comprise erect cystidia mixed with chains of erect cylindrical hyphae measuring 4 6 m in diameter . The cystidia are roughly cylindrical , and have dimensions of 20 60 by 4 9 m . There are no clamp connections present in the hyphae of the fungus . Similar species The related species Spongiforma thailandica , newly described in 2009 , differs from S. squarepantsii in several ways it has larger fruit bodies , 5 10 cm ( 2 . 0 3 . 9 in ) wide by 4 7 cm ( 1 . 6 2 . 8 in ) tall its gleba is initially pale greyish orange to brownish grey before darkening to reddish brown or dark brown and it smells of coal tar . Microscopically , S. thailandica has spores with less prominent surface warts . Habitat and distribution Spongiforma squarepantsii was found growing on the ground in Lambir Hills National Park ( Sarawak State , Malaysia ) , northern Borneo ( 4 20 N 113 50 E ) . This tropical rainforest receives about 3 , 000 millimetres ( 120 in ) of rain yearly , with average temperatures ranging from 24 to 32 C ( 75 to 90 F ) . The structure of the fruit body allows it to quickly revive when dry by absorbing moisture from the air . The distinctive odour of the species may indicate that spore dispersal is mediated by animals .
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2,875 | Mary Wayte unk ( born March 25 , 1965 ) , ne Mary Alice Wayte , is an American former competition swimmer , two time Olympic gold medalist , and television sports commentator . During her international swimming career , Wayte won eight medals in major international championships , including four golds . Early years Wayte was born and raised on Mercer Island , Washington , where she swam for the Chinook Aquatic Club . As a 16 year old high school sophomore , Wayte won three gold medals in the 200 meter freestyle , the 200 meter backstroke and the 800 meter freestyle relay at the 1981 National Sport Festival . She won eight Washington state high school swimming titles in five different events while attending Mercer Island High School . College swimming career Wayte accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , where she swam for coach Randy Reese 's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) competition from 1983 to 1987 . As a Gator swimmer , she won two individual NCAA national titles in the 100 yard freestyle and the 400 yard individual medley in 1985 . With Gator teammates unk unk , Kathy Treible , Tracy Caulkins , Dara Torres and Paige unk , she was a member of the Gators ' NCAA championship relay teams in the 400 yard and 800 yard freestyle relays for three consecutive years ( 1984 , 1985 , 1986 ) , anchoring five of the six relays . In total , she won eight NCAA championships in those three years . She also won eleven individual Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championships and was a member of ten SEC championship relay teams . Wayte was the SEC Swimmer of the Year in 1985 , and received a total of twenty six All American honors in her four years as a collegiate swimmer . International swimming career From 1981 to 1988 , Wayte was a member of the U.S. national swim team , competing in major international championships in Japan ( 1981 , 1985 ) , France ( 1982 ) , the Netherlands ( 1982 ) , Venezuela ( 1983 ) , Monaco ( 1985 ) , Spain ( 1986 ) and South Korea ( 1988 ) . At the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas , Venezuela , she won a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. 4 100 meter freestyle relay team , and the silver medal in the 200 meter freestyle event . At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , Wayte won her first Olympic gold medal in the women 's 200 meter freestyle event by defeating her American rival and former world record holder Cynthia Woodhead . Her winning 200 meter time of 1 59 . 23 was her career best to date , overcoming Woodhead 's early lead in the final 50 meters . She earned her second Olympic gold medal by swimming in the preliminary heat for the winning U.S. women 's 4 100 meter freestyle relay team . Four years later , when Seoul , South Korea hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics , she swam the freestyle leg for the silver medal winning U.S. team in the women 's 4 100 meter medley relay with teammates Beth Barr ( backstroke ) , Tracey McFarlane ( breaststroke ) , and Janel Jorgensen ( butterfly ) . The U.S. women 's medley relay team was fraught with last minute drama , as several previously selected swimmers dropped out to focus on individual events , or were replaced because they had performed below expectations , only hours before the event final . In the event final , the U.S. medley relay team included women with no history of competing together , no relay exchange practice , and no coach the East German favorites taunted the Americans before the race . Wayte would later characterize the race as one of her proudest moments . She also captured a bronze medal with the third place U.S. women 's 4 100 meter freestyle relay team that included Mitzi Kremer , Dara Torres and Laura Walker . Individually , she finished fourth in the women 's 200 meter freestyle she was also a medal contender in the women 's 200 meter individual medley , but was disqualified when the judges ruled she used an illegal butterfly kick on the breaststroke leg of the medley . Life after swimming Wayte graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor 's degree in telecommunications in 1989 . She retired from competition swimming following the 1988 Olympics , and worked as a fund raiser for the International Swimming Hall of Fame . She became a celebrity promoter and endorsed products and services on behalf of Alamo Rent a Car , the National Spa and Pool Institute , and Speedo . She later worked as a television broadcaster for the Sports Channel network , covering NCAA and international swimming competitions and interviewing fans at NBA games . For the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain , Wayte worked as NBC 's women 's swimming color commentator , and later covered the NCAA women 's swimming championships for ESPN . She also served on the U.S. Olympic Committee 's athletes advisory council . Wayte was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a Gator Great in 1998 , the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 2000 , and the Pacific Northwest Swimming Hall of Fame in 2004 . The community swimming pool where she formerly trained in Mercer Island , Washington was renamed Mary Wayte Pool . Wayte married business executive Jim unk in 1995 , and they have two daughters . She currently lives in Seattle , Washington , and works in corporate communications for Cisco Systems . Wayte participates in Swim Across America , a charitable organization that enlists former Olympic swimmers to raise funds for cancer research .
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2,876 | SMS Ariadne was the fifth member of the ten ship Gazelle class of light cruisers , built by the Imperial German Navy . She was built by the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig , laid down in 1899 , launched in August 1900 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in May 1901 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 . 5 cm ( 4 . 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Ariadne was capable of a top speed of 21 . 5 knots ( 39 . 8 km h 24 . 7 mph ) . Ariadne served with the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet for the majority of her career . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she was used to patrol the Heligoland Bight . On 28 August , the British Royal Navy attacked the patrol line , and in the ensuing Battle of Heligoland Bight , Ariadne was attacked and sunk by a pair of battlecruisers . Some 200 of her crew were killed in the battle , with only 59 survivors pulled from the sea . Construction Ariadne was ordered under the contract name D and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in 1899 and launched on 10 August 1900 , after which fitting out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 18 May 1901 . The ship was 105 . 1 meters ( 345 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 12 . 2 m ( 40 ft ) and a draft of 4 . 93 m ( 16 . 2 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 , 006 t ( 2 , 959 long tons 3 , 314 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple expansion engines . They were designed to give 8 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 6 , 000 kW ) , for a top speed of 21 . 5 knots ( 39 . 8 km h 24 . 7 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal fired Marine type water tube boilers . Ariadne carried 560 tonnes ( 550 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 3 , 560 nautical miles ( 6 , 590 km 4 , 100 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 243 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 . 5 cm SK L 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 , 200 m ( 40 , 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 , 000 rounds of ammunition , for 100 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 20 to 25 mm ( 0 . 79 to 0 . 98 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 . 1 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 . 0 in ) thick shields . Service history After her commissioning , Ariadne was assigned to the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet . In 1905 , she was assigned to the Cruiser Division , alongside her sisters Medusa and Amazone and the armored cruiser Prinz Heinrich . She served with the fleet in German waters for the entirety of her peacetime career . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Ariadne was detached from the fleet for use as a patrol vessel in the Heligoland Bight . On 23 August , several British commanders submitted a plan to attack the patrol line with the light cruisers and destroyers of the Harwich Force , commanded by Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt . These ships would be supported by submarines and Vice Admiral David Beatty 's battlecruisers and associated light forces . The plan was approved and set for 28 August . The British forces began to leave port on the evening of 26 August , beginning with the submarines assigned to the operation . Most of the surface forces went to sea early on the following morning the 7th Cruiser Squadron , which had been added to provide further support to the Harwich Force , left port later in the day . On the morning of 28 August , Ariadne had been rotated out of the front patrol line and laid at anchor in the entrance of the Weser River in support of the cruisers and torpedo boats on patrol . After receiving reports of the British attack on the morning of the 28th , Ariadne and several other cruisers got up steam and rushed to support the German patrols . She met SMS Stettin at around 13 40 , but less than twenty minutes thereafter , Beatty 's battlecruisers , chasing SMS Cln , arrived and began firing on Ariadne as well . She turned to starboard and attempted to flee . She was hit several times by the British guns , and one hit the forward boiler room . The coal bunker caught fire and five boilers were disabled her speed fell to 15 kn ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . Two battlecruisers closed in , until they were firing their 12 in ( 300 mm ) guns at a distance of 3 , 000 m ( 9 , 800 ft ) , point blank range for guns of that caliber . Ariadne returned fire as best she could , but to no effect . With fires raging forward and aft , Ariadne had her forward magazine flooded so the fires would not reach the propellant charges . At 14 15 , the British ceased fire and allowed Ariadne to limp away . The surviving crew that was able to escape the ship assembled on the forecastle and prepared to abandon the ship . The cruiser Danzig arrived shortly before 15 00 and began to pick up survivors , and Stralsund joined the rescue effort shortly thereafter . At 16 25 , Ariadne capsized , though she remained afloat for some time before she finally sank . In all , nine officers , including her commander , and fifty enlisted men were rescued . The rescue effort was hampered by frequent explosions of ammunition stored on Ariadne 's deck , which prevented boats from getting too close to the wrecked cruiser .
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2,877 | Reflektor is a song by Canadian indie rock band Arcade Fire . It was released on September 9 , 2013 , as the first single from the band 's fourth studio album , Reflektor ( 2013 ) . Produced by James Murphy , Markus Dravs and the band itself , the song features a guest vocal appearance by David Bowie and was released on a limited edition 12 vinyl credited to the fictional band , The Reflektors . Two music videos were made for the song , one regular and one interactive , both being released on the day of the song 's release . Reflektor was met with positive reviews , with critics often complimenting its musical approach . It also came second in NME 's list of best singles of 2013 . The song had a positive commercial performance , charting in several countries . Background and composition The band began working on the track in 2011 , with vocalist and guitarist Win Butler noting , We recorded a little bit in Louisiana with the Haitian percussionists unk unk and unk Zile and we kind of lived with that . It 's an incredibly long process . Regular Arcade Fire collaborators Owen Pallett and Colin Stetson provided instrumental parts , alongside English musician David Bowie who provided vocals for the song . Regarding Bowie 's guest appearance on the track , multi instrumentalist Richard Reed Parry noted , It was just after The Next Day had come out . He basically just came by the studio in New York while we were mixing , just to have a listen to the stuff we were doing . He offered to lend us his services because he really liked the song . In fact , he basically threatened us he was like , ' If you don 't hurry up and mix this song , I might just steal it from you ' So we thought , well why don 't we go one better , why don 't you sing on our version Thankfully he obliged , and we were really happy about that . Reflektor is a dance rock , indie rock , and disco song . The track 's lyrical content is , in part , influenced by the differences between Haitian life and that of the Western world , with vocalist and guitarist Win Butler noting , I think that life in Haiti is incredibly difficult and it 's more amazing to see people that don 't have access to food or clean water throw a party . It 's not like I 'm trying to sing about their experiences . I was more learning from what I saw and applying it to my own life , lyrically . I 'm not trying to tell other people 's stories . We 're just trying to allow an experience to change you . Critical reception Reflektor received critical acclaim from critics . Paste awarded the song a 9 . 1 10 rating , commenting that the song pretty much kicks ass . Pitchfork awarded the song the Best New Track tag , labeling the song a sleek , dark disco epic that doesn 't belong to the 1970s , ' 80s , ' unk or any decade . Rolling Stone praised it , saying Arcade Fire are the most important band of the last decade , and the music lives up to their universe affirming mandate . Reflektor turns a shared sense of isolation into communion with a sleek , surging track that seamlessly integrates arty rock and diagonal funk , breaking down Arcade Fire ' s epic sound without scrimping on its essential cathartic thrust . American Songwriter also praised the song saying All seven plus minutes of the song feel absolutely vital , even if the arrangement suggests something more hedonistic . It 's a neat trick they pulled there . NME placed the song at number two on their 50 Best Tracks of 2013 list , with only Daft Punk 's Get Lucky finishing above it . Music video A music video for Reflektor was released on September 9 , 2013 through YouTube . It was directed by Anton Corbijn , with art direction done by Anastasia unk . The video won the Best Art Direction award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . Katie Hasty of HitFix summarized the video , stating that Corbijn 's black and white version of the Reflektor experience has its own quirks , too , as the band dons oversized papier mache heads like puppet versions of themselves , hunting down the Disco Ball Man and putting the doll versions of themselves in a shiny coffin . An interactive music video was also made available to the public , which was directed by Vincent unk . However , it was made only accessible through the web browser Google Chrome . For this video , the user oversees dancer Axelle unk 's journey through the streets of Haiti . Packaging Artwork The single 's cover artwork makes no mention of the band 's name , and is instead credited to the fictional band , The Reflektors . The front cover features a silhouette image band 's core members . The album 's back cover features a woman touching one of the band 's Haitian veve images , used previously in a guerrilla marketing to promote Reflektor 's forthcoming release . Fictional track listing The remainder of the 12 vinyl 's artwork suggests that it is a full length album by The Reflektors . A fictional album track listing , inspired by the song 's lyrical content , is featured on its back cover . Track listing Merge unk unk Credits and personnel Personnel adapted from the single 's liner notes . Charts Chart performance Reflektor charted in several countries , peaking within the top 20 in Canada and Ireland . The song was the band 's highest charting song in Canada , their home country , and their first song in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart ( excluding Ready to Start which peaked while in the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart ) , where it peaked at number 99 .
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2,878 | Commander Henry Alexander Stuart Menteth DSC , usually shortened to Alex Stuart Menteth ( 26 August 1912 14 May 2000 ) was a British naval officer famous for his service in the Royal Navy , particularly during World War II where he assisted in the sinking of two U boats and helped capture Enigma code fragments which enabled Bletchley Park to decipher the code . He commanded six ships during his career . He married in 1952 , having two sons and a daughter , and seven grandchildren in turn . Stuart Menteth was born as one of four . He joined a navy cadet force in Devon , serving on several ships . After his promotion course , he served both abroad and in the United Kingdom . He joined HMS Hunter shortly before World War II , before in April 1940 his ship was torpedoed after a raid on a German held port . He was kept in a hospital by the Germans , and was listed at home as killed in action . When the British liberated the area , he was freed . On his next ship , HMS Somali , he helped capture Enigma code fragments which enabled Bletchley Park to decipher the code , again capturing code in 1941 , and in the same year was given his first command , HMS Berkeley . He was mentioned in despatches in 1942 , whilst working on HMS Aldenham after the ship sunk a U boat , and a Distinguished Service Cross for sinking another U boat . Stuart Menteth was entrusted to the Royal Australian Navy in 1949 , where he commanded two destroyers . He ran the Scottish Corps of Commissionaires for 20 years after his 1958 retirement . Early life Henry Alexander Stuart Menteth , often abbreviated to Alex Stuart Menteth , was born on 26 August 1912 in unk , Surrey . He was the son of Walter Stuart Menteth and Violet Stuart Menteth ( ne Lafone ) , one of four Walter Granville Stuart Menteth ( 1906 1970 ) , Frances unk Stuart Menteth ( 1907 1957 ) , and Lucy Violet Stuart Menteth ( 1911 ) . In 1926 , he became a cadet in Dartmouth , Devon . With the cadets , he served on the ships HMS Renown in the Atlantic , HMS Dragon in the West Indies and America , and on the shore establishment HMS President on his promotion course . Naval career Alex Stuart Menteth served on the destroyers HMS Whitehall in the Mediterranean in 1934 and 1935 , HMS Windsor in the home fleet in 1935 and 1936 , the minesweeper HMS Elgin in the reserve fleet in 1935 , and HMS Defender in 1935 serving in China . World War II On 28 August 1939 , shortly before the outbreak of World War II , Stuart Menteth joined the destroyer HMS Hunter . Hunter was in Captain Warburton Lee 's 2nd Flotilla , along with four other destroyers . On 10 April 1940 , in a snowstorm , the Flotilla attacked the port of Narvik , held by the Germans . Four German destroyers were sunk and seven damaged , notably sinking SS unk , an 8 , 500 ton ship transporting ammunition . Hunter was set alight and torpedoed , leading to her sinking . As she sank , Stuart Menteth was trapped by a malfunctioning davit with a leg wound on the upper deck . A rating saved Stuart Menteth , and they were both picked up by German sailors . Stuart Menteth was taken to Narvik , at a civilian hospital . He remained in the town until its eventual liberation by the Allies . However , whilst he was in hospital , Stuart Menteth was listed as killed in action , and had an obituary in The Times as such , which he later read . After further hospitalisation in Britain from April to December 1940 , on 3 December Stuart Menteth became the first lieutenant of the Tribal class destroyer HMS Somali . She partook in Operation Claymore , an operation to disrupt supplies , to ferry unk to shore , and to capture German code . Somalia brought to a stop Krebs , a German trawler , by firing at her , forcing her to stop . A boarding party found cryptographic keys and rotor machines . This assisted Bletchley Park to decipher several Enigma codes . In May 1941 , Stuart Menteth again assisted the capture of Enigma material from the German ship Mnchen , enabling Bletchley Park to begin to decipher German Enigma codes . Several months later , he was given command of his first ship , HMS Berkeley , a Hunt class destroyer . Stuart Menteth joined HMS Aldenham in March 1942 , and helped sink the German submarine U 58 . He was mentioned in despatches on 2 June 1943 as Lieutenant Commander Henry Alexander Stuart Menteth , Royal Navy after commanding Aldenham in a disastrous mission in the Aegean Sea . In late 1943 , Stuart Menteth took command of HMS Dinosaur , and partook in training officers of landing craft . His last command in the war was HMS Havelock , with which he assisted in the sinking of U 242 , for which he was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross . After war After World War II on 13 February 1946 Stuart Menteth became first lieutenant on HMS Birmingham , followed by HMS Superb on 4 September 1946 , before being entrusted to the Royal Australian Navy in 1949 . There he commanded his last two ships , the destroyers HMS St. James and HMS Obdurate . He went on to work with Lord Mountbatten in Malta , and in 1958 he retired , moving to Scotland . He did , however , operate the Scottish Corps of Commissionaires for close to 20 years , and was chairman of the Edinburgh World Wildlife Fund for 10 years . Personal life Stuart Menteth met Penelope Giles in 1952 in Australia , the couple married , having a daughter and two sons Andrew Alexander ( 1954 ) , Walter Henry ( 1957 ) , and Harriet Lucy ( 1959 ) and seven grandchildren . He died on 14 May 2000 in Edinburgh , Lothian .
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2,879 | Interstate 270 ( I 270 ) is a 7 mile long ( 11 km ) highway in the northeastern part of the Denver Aurora Metropolitan Area in the U.S. state of Colorado . It overlaps U.S. Highway 36 ( US 36 ) for its entire length . The western terminus of I 270 is at the interchange with I 25 and US 36 . It heads eastward to an interchange with I 76 , where the mileposts reset because of a previous freeway extension . The freeway heads southeast and comes to meet Vasquez Boulevard , where it enters Commerce City . The road crosses Quebec Street before ending at I 70 . Ground was broken on the first segment of I 270 in 1965 , and the freeway was completed three years later , stretching from I 70 to Vasquez Boulevard . The road was then extended to I 76 two years later . The section between I 25 and I 76 was completed in 1999 . Since completion , this section has undergone much construction to renew bridges over Clear Creek and Washington Street . Because the western end of I 270 is close to the junction of I 25 and I 76 , some traffic movements to I 25 can only be made by using I 76 . Route description I 270 begins at an interchange with I 25 in Welby , and is concurrent with US 36 . The speed limit through the first section is 45 mph ( 72 km h ) . The freeway heads southeastward for about one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) , crossing over Washington Street and State Highway 224 ( SH 224 ) , but access is not provided to either road . Mileposts along I 270 reset to zero at the I 76 interchange because it was the original western end of the Interstate . Since the I 76 interchange is close to both I 270 's western end and to the I 25 I 76 interchanges , some movements in the interchange are missing . Eastbound I 270 traffic cannot access westbound I 76 , nor can eastbound I 76 traffic access westbound I 270 . However , traffic on I 25 can access both westbound I 76 and eastbound I 270 , thus completing the missing movements . The three interchanges work together by eliminating bottlenecks caused by redundant interchanges . Beyond the I 76 interchange , the speed limit increases to 55 mph ( 89 km h ) . The freeway heads southeast and comes to a westbound exit and eastbound entrance with York Street , and crosses the South Platte River into a commercial area in Adams County . I 270 enters the city of Commerce City , running roughly parallel with the nearby Sand Creek and crossing over SH 265 without an exit . Continuing through the city , the route comes to a cloverleaf interchange with Vasquez Boulevard , which carries US 85 , SH 2 , and US 6 . The freeway heads eastward into Denver , where it has an exit at SH 35 , a short highway which continues northward along Quebec Street for one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) . Quebec Street provides access for traffic heading to westbound I 70 . The route ends shortly thereafter when it merges into I 70 . The freeway is maintained by the Colorado Department of Transportation ( CDOT ) , who is responsible for maintaining and constructing transportation infrastructure in Colorado , including highways . As part of this role , CDOT periodically conducts surveys on their highways to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2009 , CDOT calculated that as few as 56 , 500 vehicles used I 270 daily east of its western terminus at I 25 , and as many as 89 , 600 vehicles used I 270 daily southeast of York Street in Commerce City . As part of the Interstate Highway System , the entire route is listed on the National Highway System , a system of roads that are important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . History I 270 was constructed in several phases , beginning with a section from I 70 to Vasquez Boulevard . Following this section was another part of the freeway from Vasquez Boulevard west to I 76 , and finally a section from US 36 to I 76 . This last segment has undergone much more construction , including new bridges and ramps at interchanges . Construction Construction on I 270 began in 1965 . The first portion cost about 2 . 7 million . It opened in 1968 , connecting I 70 to Vasquez Boulevard . Two years later , another two mile ( 3 . 2 km ) segment connected the portion already in service to I 80S . I 80S became I 76 in 1976 . Construction began on the section between I 76 and I 25 in April 1993 and was finished in September 1999 , costing 11 . 4 million . The mileposts were already established when construction took place , so the route was not assigned new mileposts . Completion of this portion largely decreased traffic problems in the area . Improvements The bridges along westbound I 270 over Washington Street were replaced and finished in the late 1990s , costing 12 million . By the end of 1998 , the bridges over Clear Creek near the I 76 interchange were completed . In February 2000 , a connection between westbound I 270 and westbound US 36 was completed , as was access between I 76 westbound and I 270 westbound . The eastbound section between US 36 and I 76 , including new bridges over Washington Street and Clear Creek , was completed in March 2002 and totaled 8 . 5 million . Three years later , a flyover ramp was constructed connecting I 25 southbound to I 270 eastbound . However , access between I 270 eastbound and I 76 westbound still does not exist . Future CDOT aims to widen the freeway from four up to six lanes between I 76 and I 70 by 2025 . Exit list
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2,880 | Digimon Racing ( unk , unk unk ) is a racing video game developed by Griptonite Games and published by Bandai ( now Namco Bandai Games ) for the Game Boy Advance . Part of the Digimon media franchise and video game series , it utilizes Digimon 's characters and elements . Its gameplay largely resembles that of traditional racing games , but also utilizes elements of kart racing and action games . Its eleven playable characters can be increased to over 40 via Digivolution . Digimon Racing uses Mode 7 and voice acting . The game was initially announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) 2003 and later exhibited at E3 2004 . It was released on April 1 , 2004 in Japan April 30 in Europe and September 13 in North America . It received mixed reviews from critics upon release , with criticism directed at its resemblance to other kart racers of the time and praise at some aesthetic and gameplay aspects . Gameplay Digimon Racing is a racing video game that utilizes characters and elements from Digimon as well as those of traditional racing games . The game follows a group of Digimon competing in a racing tournament within the Digital World , home to all Digimon . The purpose of the grand prix is to determine who is the best racer thus , they use specially designed karts that equate all contestants in terms of ability . Digimon Racing 's gameplay largely resembles that of traditional racing games . It focuses on competing against seven CPU controlled characters in cup races consisting of three laps . The usage of items to attack opponents and improve one 's own condition is an integral part of the gameplay , and adds an element of kart racing games . A new feature in the game is kart hopping using the karts to jump onto opponents , slowing them down . This adds an element of action gameplay . Digivolution , a recurring theme in Digimon , also plays a role in the game . Driving over energy hotspots scattered throughout the tracks increases an energy meter located at the bottom left of the game 's HUD . As the meter increases , the player traverses the Digimon 's evolutionary line , becoming more powerful and ultimately gaining the ability to use a special attack . The game 's fifteen tracks four of which are available immediately are based on conventional video game environments such as jungles , volcanoes , and cities . After completing a track for the first time , the player unlocks a time trial mode for this track , and a boss battle . The action oriented boss battles involve defeating a generally static Digimon using items scattered throughout the areas , which are not designed as race tracks . The player can also compete in single races unrelated to the story in any unlocked tracks . The game uses the Game Boy Advance Wireless Adapter or Game Link Cable accessories for a multiplayer racing mode supporting up to four players . Playable characters The game features eleven Digimon as playable characters . Eight characters are available immediately the rest are unlockable by completing cup races . However , the Digivolution mechanic increases the total number of playable Digimon to over 40 . The cast predominantly includes popular Digimon from the Digimon anime . Characters ' racing abilities differ through their ranking in three areas speed , handling and acceleration . Development Unlike previous games in the series which were developed by Japanese companies , Digimon Racing 's development was handled by the Kirkland , Washington , United States based Griptonite Games . However , Digimon series veteran Bandai ( now Namco Bandai Games ) returned to publish the game . It was the first original Digimon game for the Game Boy Advance , since Digimon Battle Spirit and Digimon Battle Spirit 2 were ports of WonderSwan Color games . The game uses the Mode 7 engine to create three dimensional gameplay on the handheld console otherwise incapable of such a feat . It occasionally uses voice acting during races , uncommon in Game Boy Advance games . The game was initially announced at E3 2003 . It was later exhibited at E3 2004 , with the North American release announced for August 2004 . Upon completion of development , the game received a rating of E ( Everyone ) from the Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) and 3 from Pan European Game Information ( PEGI ) . Reception Digimon Racing 's release fell on April 1 , 2004 in Japan April 30 in Europe and September 13 in North America . The game received mixed reviews from critics upon release it has a score of 62 at Metacritic and 63 . 67 at Game Rankings . Critics criticized the game for its close resemblance to other kart racers of the time . IGN 's Craig Harris and 1UP.com 's Garnett Lee stated that Digimon Racing 's gameplay mirrored that of Crash Nitro Kart and the Mario Kart series respectively . Aside from the familiar format , critics praised specific aesthetic points such as the graphics and music ( GameZone 's Michael Lafferty ) and the tracks ' layouts and themes ( Lee ) . Aspects of the gameplay were also praised , such as control ( Harris and Lee ) , multiplayer mode ( Lee ) , replay value , and kart hopping ( Harris ) . Nintendo Power stated that t he racing action is similar to that of other kart games , but the Digimon influence adds a fun gameplay edge . Famitsu 's four reviewers gave the game scores of 5 , 5 , 7 , and 6 out of 10 , respectively , resulting in a total score of 23 out of 40 . Allgame 's T.J. unk gave the game three stars out of five , although he did not provide a more thorough review .
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2,881 | Jason Jones ( born June 1 , 1971 ) is a video game developer and programmer who co founded the video game studio Bungie with Alex Seropian in 1991 . Jones began programming on Apple computers in high school , assembling a multiplayer game called Minotaur The Labyrinths of Crete . While attending the University of Chicago , Jones met Seropian and the two formed a partnership to publish Minotaur . Following the modest success of Minotaur , Jones programmed Bungie 's next game , Pathways Into Darkness , and worked on code , level design and story development for Bungie 's Marathon and Myth series . For Bungie 's next projects , Halo Combat Evolved and Halo 2 , Jones took on a more managerial role as project lead . He worked as design lead on the 2014 video game Destiny . Early life Jones became interested in programming in high school , and learned unk BASIC and 6502 Assembly on an Apple II series computer . When Apple released its Macintosh line , Jones 's family purchased a Macintosh 128K , but Jones never programmed much for it . After high school Jones got a job programming for a computer aided design company on PCs , before going to college the next year . In his off time Jones said that all he ever did on the Apple II was write games , and it seemed logical to continue that on the Mac , he said . The first thing I did on the Mac was to port a modem game I 'd written called Minotaur from 6502 Assembly on the Apple II into MPW C on the Mac . I was still finishing that when I came to college . By that time , I knew I wanted to write games . Bungie Jones met Alex Seropian in his second year at the University of Chicago . In 1991 Seropian had founded Bungie and published his own game , Operation Desert Storm . Seropian was looking for another game to publish , and they decided to work together to finish Minotaur . While Seropian did design and marketing , Jones finished the programming . Minotaur The Labyrinths of Crete shipped in April 1992 while the game sold only around 2 , 500 copies ( it required a then rare modem for network play ) , it developed a devoted following . After publishing Minotaur , Jones and Seropian formed a partnership What I liked about him was that he never wasted any money , Jones said of his partner . Bungie focused on the Mac platform due to familiarity with the platform and ease of use . The PC market was really cutthroat , but the Mac market was all friendly and lame . So it was easier to compete , Jones said . After Minotaur , Bungie began work on a 3D graphics version of the game , but realized that the game 's format was not suited to a 3D environment . Instead , Jones and Seropian wrote a brand new story for what became Pathways Into Darkness . Since Bungie had no money and Jones was the only one with the available time , he single handedly coded the game on a Mac unk , passing art chores to his friend Colin Brent . Pathways was successful enough that Bungie moved from a one bedroom apartment to an actual office . Bungie 's next project started as an update of Pathways but evolved into a science fiction shooter game , Marathon . The game included state of the art graphics , network multiplayer , and voice support , and won a number of awards on release in 1994 . Jones recalled that he was surprised anyone ever completed the game and sought to atone for some of its shortcomings with its sequel , Marathon 2 Durandal , which was also released for Windows PCs . The Marathon series was followed by a series of real time strategy games , starting with Myth The Fallen Lords in 1996 . Bungie continued to expand , and in 1997 work began on a new project , codenamed Blam ( Jones had changed the name from Monkey Nuts because he could not bring himself to tell his mother about the new game under that title . ) Blam evolved from a real time strategy game to a third person shooter to a first person shooter called Halo Combat Evolved . Jones role in development was unlike Marathon and Myth , where Jones was involved in developing more than half the levels and much to most of the story . Instead , he was the project lead and a manager , barely providing any code to the game . He would read war journals by authors such as John Kinkaid and Winston Churchill . In 2000 , Microsoft acquired Bungie , moving the team from Chicago to Washington State . Jones recalled that the buyout was a blur ... We 'd been talking to people for years and years before we even published Marathon , Activision made a serious offer to buy us . But the chance to work on the Microsoft Xbox console the chance to work with a company that took the games seriously . Before that we worried that we 'd get bought by someone who just wanted Mac ports or didn 't have a clue . Around the same time , a glitch in versions of Myth II was found to entirely erase a player 's hard drive this led to a massive recall of the games right before they shipped , costing Bungie nearly one million dollars . Composer Martin O 'Donnell said that this recall created financial uncertainty in the studio , though accepting the offer was not something Bungie had to do . Jones and Seropian refused to accept Microsoft 's offer until the entire studio agreed to the buyout . Combat Evolved was highly successful , selling more than a million units in its first six months and driving Xbox sales . Jones led the development team that created its sequel , Halo 2 , and he worked as design lead on a new video game series , Destiny . He was listed in Next Generation Magazine 's top 100 Developers in 2006 and 2007 .
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2,882 | The Windsor Locks , Connecticut tornado struck the towns of Windsor , Windsor Locks , and Suffield , Connecticut and Feeding Hills , Massachusetts on October 3 , 1979 . The short lived but intense tornado struck without warning and caused three deaths and 500 injuries . The storm , rated F4 on the Fujita scale , also caused more than 400 million in property damage along an 11 . 3 mile ( 18 . 2 km ) path , and ranks as the ninth most destructive tornado in American history . Storm synopsis The storm system that caused the tornado had produced severe weather , including two weak tornadoes , in eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey that morning . This was an unusual setup for a significant tornado , associated with a warm front near a low pressure center . A thunderstorm cell formed south of Long Island around 10 20 am , and became a supercell sometime later after interacting with a surface low pressure center . It turned north as a left moving supercell , meaning it moved left with respect to the mean atmospheric flow . Left moving supercells are very rare , as cyclonic storms usually turn to the right of the mean flow . It is unknown whether this leftward movement was due to an atmospheric interaction or terrain induced movement , as the storm moved straight up the Connecticut River valley . No tornado watches or warnings were issued before the storm struck . This was later determined to be because of missing atmospheric sounding data , as well as an incorrect assessment of the height of the tropopause , which led to an underestimation of the strength of the thunderstorm which produced the tornado . Although a severe thunderstorm warning was issued at 2 57 pm , very few people received the warnings in time . The tornado touched down in Poquonock , Connecticut , a village in the town of Windsor , just north of Hartford . Poquonock Elementary School was heavily damaged fortunately , students were sent home early at 1 30 pm on Wednesdays . Students at a Brownie meeting were led into a hallway just before the auditorium they had been in was destroyed . The historic Poquonock Community Church building had its roof ripped off . Miraculously , all but one of the stain glass windows from the old church were salvaged . The tornado traveled almost due north , an unusual direction for a tornado . The most severe damage occurred along River Road , Hollow Brook Road , Pioneer Drive and Settler Circle , where large frame houses were left in splinters . The tornado roughly followed Connecticut Route 75 just east of Bradley International Airport . The airport 's weather station recorded a wind gust of 39 m s ( 87 mph 140 km h ) as the tornado passed nearby . A United Airlines flight with 114 passengers was attempting to land as the tornado was passing the airport the pilot saw the tornado and was able to abort the landing just in time . The tornado then crossed the northern portion of the airport , where the New England Air Museum was located . More than 20 vintage aircraft were completely destroyed , with many more damaged . The museum 's hangar was also rendered unusable . The tornado moved north into Feeding Hills before dissipating near the Westfield city line , about five miles north of the Massachusetts state line . The tornado was accompanied by more than 7 centimetres ( 2 . 8 in ) of rain , and several instances of downburst winds . Damage from downburst winds was reported across the Connecticut River in Enfield . Aftermath Because there were no tornado warnings before the storm ( and it occurred in an area where tornadoes are rare ) , the initial damage reports claimed an explosion had damaged a roof . Soon , however , the storm 's nature and impact became apparent . Governor Ella Grasso lived just a block away from the tornado 's path , though she was in Hartford at the time of the storm . She declared an 8 pm 5 am curfew in the days following the tornado . About 500 National Guardsmen were activated to prevent looting and direct traffic , and the area was declared a disaster area by President Carter . FEMA trailers were provided within a few days , and were used by many residents until reconstruction or repairs could be completed . In all , at least 38 businesses were damaged or destroyed , 65 homes were completely destroyed , and at least 75 homes were damaged . Twenty five tobacco sheds were extensively damaged . At the airport , at least 30 vintage aircraft were damaged or destroyed , as well as most of the state 's National Guard helicopters . The final damage total reached 200 million ( 1979 USD ) , or 442 million in 1997 dollars . Because of the vast scope of the damage , initially Windsor town officials feared many , possibly even hundreds , of people could have been killed . While there were many serious injuries , only three people were killed by the storm . Two victims , construction workers working in a bank parking lot , took shelter in a work truck when they saw the storm approach . The first victim was killed immediately by a piece of flying lumber , the other died a few weeks later from his injuries becoming the 3rd victim . The second victim was found the next day across the street from her obliterated house . Over 400 people were hospitalized , mostly for injuries from flying glass or the victims ' having been thrown by winds . Records The tornado was the costliest on record in the Northeastern United States , and the 10 costliest in US history . The three people who were killed made it the deadliest tornado in Connecticut since the 1878 Wallingford tornado .
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2,883 | Good Hit is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez for her seventh studio album Love ( 2011 ) . It is an up tempo dance and R B song , written and produced by Terius The Dream Nash and C. Tricky Stewart . After the song leaked online in August 2010 , it was announced to be Lopez 's first single with her new record deal with Island Records and the lead single of Love . The song received negative reviews from music critics . The song was later issued as a promotional single for Love in January 2011 and appeared on the album . Upon the release of Love , the song debuted at number 193 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart . An accompanying music video for Good Hit was directed by Alexandre Moors . A teaser for the video surfaced and was quickly removed online in October 2010 , to later appear again in early 2011 . In the video , Lopez acts as a beauty school teacher . Whipping her hair back and forth , she instructs a classroom of students on unk and Work It Out 101 . These scenes are , in an alternative video , intercut with behind the scenes footage from the Love photoshoot . The clip was noted for its sex appeal , in which Lopez and her students were dressed in Dolce Gabbana . Production and leak Good Hit was written and produced by Terius The Dream Nash and Tricky Stewart . Lopez 's vocals for the song , which contain auto tune , were produced by Kuk Harrell . The vocals were recorded by Jim Annunziato , Josh Gudwin and Harrell at Triangle Sound Studios in Atlanta , Georgia , Record Plant Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California and Larrabee Studios in Hollywood , California . Brian B Luv Thomas and Pat Thrall handled audio engineering of Good Hit , with additional engineering from Chris Tek O 'Ryan and assistance from while Chris Galland and Dustin unk . The song was later mixed by Jaycen Joshua with the assistance of Jesus Garnica at Larrabee Studios . In August 2010 a snippet of Good Hit was released onto the internet . It was revealed to be Lopez 's first single with her new record deal with Island Records and the lead single of Love . Upon the snippet 's leak , it was panned by critics . The song , however , ultimately appeared on the final track listing of Love when it was released in May 2011 and was also released as a promotional single in January 2011 . Composition and critical response Good Hit is an up tempo dance and R B song , with a length of four minutes and four seconds ( 4 04 ) . The song contains a neck snapping beat that keeps momentum going nicely . MTV News ' Chris Ryan described Good Hit as a slick dance bear , where Lopez sings about dropping it low in a voice coated with the much maligned but incredibly popular vocal filter . Scott Shetler of PopCrush noted Good Hit to be a near rap song . Good Hit received negative reviews from music critics . Poppy Reid of The Music Network criticized the song for its reliance on autotune and lyrics you just don 't expect ( or want ) from a 41 year old . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine stated in a review of Love that apart from Good Hit and Invading My Mind , Lopez shines when the beat hits 120 or higher . Robert Copsey from Digital Spy called the song generic . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club was critical of the song , stating that Good Hit in which she drones I got that good hit when she clearly doesn 't nor does she seem to even want it . Scott Shetler of PopCrush noted Good Hit to sound as if Lopez was covering Britney Spears rather than doing her own thing . Monica Herrera from Billboard agreed , comparing the song to Britney Spears ' Piece of Me and additionally to the work of Nicki Minaj . Music video A viral music video for Good Hit was directed by Alexandre Moors in October 2010 . The video follows a series of collaborations between Nice Shoes , a New York based visual effects company , and Moors , including the short film Cherry Bloom . Moors shot the footage for Good Hit on one location using two different sets . He wanted a consistent look throughout , allowing Nice Shoes to apply the look of one shot to the rest , adjusting contrast to match . They also readjusted the windows based on how Lopez moved through each shot . The music video makes use of a bunch of different hair styling tools . Oribe , who stylized the hair for the video , created a classic unk look lots of hair , volume and wind . A teaser for the video surfaced online in October 2010 , but was removed quickly afterwards . The music video was released on January 15 , 2011 . The video for Good Hit begins with Lopez holding a pointer in her left hand , while asking for the attention of the students . Two chalk boards are shown behind her , saying the words unk and Work It Out 101 . Lopez is then seen dancing on chairs with several female students , each with a hair dryer in hand . These scenes are intercut with Lopez teaching the students how to whip their hair . They then strut up and down a hallway . The music video was noted for its sex appeal , in which Lopez and the students are dressed in Dolce Gabbana . An alternate version of the video was leaked online in December 2011 . This version begins with Lopez posing in front of a mirror , draped in jewelry and sitting on a couch with a telephone . This footage is taken from a behind the scenes look at the photoshoot for Love . These scenes are intercut with that from the original version . Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love . Charts
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2,884 | Bjamunjo unk ( also known in Old Norse as unk and in Gaelic as Ben unk , B Binn , unk , and unk fl . 1102 1103 ) was a daughter of a Muirchertach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland . In 1102 whilst still a child , she was married to Sigurr , son of Magns lfsson , King of Norway . At this time , Magns appears to have been in the process of setting up his son as king over the Earldom of Orkney , the Kingdom of the Isles , and the Kingdom of Dublin . The marriage itself temporarily bound Muirchertach and Magns together as allies before the latter 's death the following year . Sigurr thereupon repudiated Bjamunjo , and left for Scandinavia , where he proceeded to share the Norwegian kingship with his brothers . Background Bjamunjo was a daughter of Muirchertach Ua Briain , High King of Ireland ( died 1119 ) . In the late eleventh century , following the death of his father , Muirchertach seized control of the Kingdom of Munster and moved to extend his authority throughout Ireland as High King of Ireland . In so doing , he gained control of the Norse Gaelic Kingdom of Dublin , and as a result began to extend his influence into the nearby Kingdom of the Isles . There is uncertainty concerning the political situation in the Isles in the last decade of the eleventh century . What is known for sure is that , before the end of the century , Magns lfsson , King of Norway ( died 1103 ) led a marauding fleet from Scandinavia into the Irish Sea region , where he held power until his death in 1103 . The catalyst for this Norwegian intervention may have been the extension of Muirchertach 's influence into the Irish Sea region following the death of Gofraid Crobn , King of the Isles ( died 1095 ) . The region itself appears to have degenerated into chaos following Gofraid 's demise , and Magns seems to have taken it upon himself to reassert Norwegian authority . Magns made two expeditions into the Irish Sea region . One arrived in 1098 the other in 1102 . The focus of the second overseas operation appears to have been Ireland itself . Following an apparent Norwegian conquest of Dublin , Magns and Muirchertach negotiated a peace agreement , sealed through the marriage of Magns ' son , Sigurr ( died 1130 ) , and Bjamunjo herself . Marriage The marriage agreement between Magns and Muirchertach is noted in several sources . The Annals of Inisfallen and the Annals of the Four Masters reveal that the marriage to place in 1102 . Other sources reporting the marriage include grip af Nregskonungasgum , Orkneyinga saga , and Magnss saga unk within Heimskringla . The forms of Bjamunjo 's name in these Scandinavian sources ( Bjamunjo and unk ) suggest that they may represent the Gaelic B Binn , a name known to have been borne by other members of the U Briain . Other Gaelic names equated to that of Bjamunjo include Ben unk , unk , and unk . Sigurr was apparently twelve years old at the time of the marriage , although Bjamunjo 's age is uncertain . The remarkably young age of the newlyweds , and the fact that the union is recorded at all in historical sources , suggests that a dynastic marriage was required for the conclusion of peace between their fathers . There seems to be some confusion in several historical sources regarding the marriage . For example , the twelfth century monk unk Vitalis ( died 1142 ) claimed that Magns himself married the daughter of an Irish king in about 1093 . According to Morkinskinna , Magns was at one point set to marry a certain Maktildr , described as an emperor 's daughter . It is possible that Maktildr represents Matilda ( died 1118 ) , a woman who was a sister of the reigning unk mac Mal Choluim , King of Scotland ( died 1107 ) , and who is known to have married Henry I , King of England ( died 1135 ) in 1110 . In fact , the episode concerning Magns and Maktildr in Morkinskinna may have influenced the erroneous claim preserved by the same source and Fagrskinna purporting that Sigurr married a daughter of Mel Coluim mac Donnchada , King of Scotland . At about the same time as the marriage between Bjamunjo and Sigurr , the former 's father secured yet another marital alliance through another daughter and Arnulf de Montgomery , Earl of Pembroke ( died 1118 1122 ) , an English magnate in the midst of a revolt against the reigning King of England . Ramifications Just prior to the settlement of peace between the U Briain and the Norwegians , Muirchertach was not only contending with the arrival of Magns , but was also locked in an extended struggle with Domnall Mac Lochlainn , King of Cenl nEgain ( died 1121 ) . The agreement of a year 's peace between Muirchertach and Magns , however , turned Magns from an enemy into an ally . Whilst Magns appears to have intended for Sigurr to rule over his recently won overseas territories a region stretching from Orkney to Dublin Muirchertach appears to have intended to exert influence into the Isles through his new son in law . In fact , during the following year , Muirchertach and Magns cooperated in military operations throughout Ireland . Unfortunately for Muirchertach , and his long term ambitions in Ireland and the Isles , Magns was slain in Ulster in 1103 . Thereupon Morkinskinna and Fagrskinna reveal that Sigurr immediately repudiated Bjamunjo their marriage apparently having been unconsummated and returned to Norway . There Sigurr proceeded to share the Norwegian kingship with his two brothers , Eysteinn ( died 1123 ) and lfr ( died 1115 ) . It would over one hundred and fifty years until another King of Norway ventured into the Isles .
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2,885 | Bart After Dark is the fifth episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 24 , 1996 . After accidentally breaking a stone gargoyle at a local house , Bart is forced to work there as punishment . He assumes it will be boring work , but is pleasantly surprised when he learns that it is actually a burlesque house . Marge is horrified to find out about the burlesque house , and resolves to have it shut down . The episode was directed by Dominic Polcino and was written by Richard Appel . It won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Music and Lyrics for the song We Put the Spring in Springfield . Plot An Itchy Scratchy cartoon is interrupted with a news report that an oil tanker has crashed and spilled millions of gallons of oil on Baby Seal Beach . Lisa sees the report and asks Marge if she can go and help save the wildlife . After some begging , Marge agrees and the two go to help out , leaving Bart and Homer home alone . The house quickly becomes a mess and Bart goes out to play with his friends . Milhouse 's toy airplane crashes into a house after Nelson tampers with the remote control and Bart , despite warnings that the house is inhabited by a witch , goes to retrieve it . While doing so , he accidentally knocks down a stone gargoyle and Belle , the owner of the house , goes to Homer and says she will not press charges but demands he be punished . Homer originally dismisses this , but Belle threatens to come back and speak with Marge , leading Homer to force Bart to do chores for Belle . Fearing the worst , Bart soon discovers that the house is actually a burlesque house called the Maison Derrire ( the back house as Belle translates it to Bart ) and quickly takes a new enthusiasm to his job . Meanwhile , Marge and Lisa arrive at the beach , but discover that the ability to help the animals is reserved for celebrities , who are already doing the job . The two are put to work cleaning rocks , and soon abandon the job and drive home . While picking up Bart , Homer learns about the true nature of the burlesque house , but does nothing about Bart working there . Principal Skinner visits the house and sees Bart as the door greeter . He reports it to the Lovejoys and the Flanders who confront Homer about the matter . Homer declares that he has no problem with Bart working there just as Marge returns home unexpectedly . Marge asks Belle to close down the burlesque house , but Belle refuses saying that the house is a part of Springfield . At a town meeting , Marge brings up the matter of the house and shows pictures of several prominent citizens leaving . They form a mob so they can go destroy the burlesque house . The mob arrives at the house and immediately start destroying things . Bart and Homer arrive and Homer decides to try to convince the mob to stop . He does so by singing a musical number accompanied by Belle and some of her dancers . The town soon joins in and are convinced to let the house stay . However , Marge arrives with a bulldozer , having missed the song . The town announces their intentions to let the house stay , but Marge tries to sing her own song about her views . During the opening lines , she accidentally puts the bulldozer into drive and destroys a wing of the burlesque house . Marge now finds that the tables have turned , and loses any support she once had . She apologizes profusely and , to pay for the damage , she starts a ventriloquist act at the house , but when Homer yells Take it off , Bart ( now a bouncer ) kicks him out of the house . Production The episode was written by Richard Appel and directed by Dominic Polcino . Appel who was looking for new locales to put Bart and thought it would be funny to have him work at a burlesque house . The problem was to find a way to put such a house in Springfield , which was solved with the bit with the toy airplane . There were a dozen different possible names for the Burlesque house , some of which were raunchy . Josh Weinstein has said that there are so many sleazy characters in The Simpsons that it was easy to find people for the scenes in the burlesque house . A character modeled after John Swartzwelder can also be seen . Belle was not modeled after anyone in particular and she was redesigned several times . Belle was voiced by Tress MacNeille but there had been previous efforts to cast a guest voice for the role . Cultural references A lot of the episode 's plot is based on the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas . The oil spill is a reference to the Exxon Valdez oil spill . The Sea Captain was shown to be drunk at the helm , which is a reference to Joseph Hazelwood , who was the captain of the Exxon Valdez and was accused of being drunk . Reverend Lovejoy says This house is a very , very , very fine house , a reference to the Crosby , Stills , Nash , Young song Our House . The vehicle driven by the environmentalist on the beach is called the Begley 2000 after environmentalist Ed Begley Jr . Reception In its original broadcast , Bart After Dark finished 57th in ratings for the week of November 18 24 , 1996 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 . 5 , equivalent to approximately 8 . 2 million viewing households . It was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X Files , Melrose Place and Beverly Hills , 90210 . Ken Keeler and Alf Clausen won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music and Lyrics for We Put the Spring in Springfield . The song was also a part of the album Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons .
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2,886 | Mycena clariviolacea is a mushroom in the Mycenaceae family . First reported as a new species in 2007 , it is known only from Kanagawa , Japan , where it fruits on dead fallen twigs in forests dominated by oak and chinquapin trees . Distinctive features of this species are found in its medium sized , dark violet fruit bodies , with caps up to 25 mm ( 0 . 98 in ) in diameter and slender stems that are about 30 to 40 mm ( 1 . 2 to 1 . 6 in ) long . Microscopic characteristics include the amyloid spores ( staining when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) , the club shaped cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) that are covered with one or more , knob like , apical protuberances , the absence of pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) , and the cylindrical , diverticulate caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) . Taxonomy , naming , and classification The mushroom was first collected by Japanese mycologist Haruki Takahashi in 2000 , and , along with seven other Mycena species , was reported as a new species in a 2007 publication . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words unk ( meaning clear ) and violacea ( violaceous ) . The Japanese name is unk unk ( unk ) . According to Takahashi , the amyloid spores , the cheilocystidia covered with one or more , knob like , apical excrescences , the diverticulate elements in the cortical layer of cap and stem , and the diverticulate caulocystidia suggest that the species is best classified in the section Fragilipedes , as defined by the Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus . Description Depending on the age of the mushroom , the cap can range in shape from conic to convex to bell shaped to somewhat flattened in age it reaches 10 to 25 mm ( 0 . 4 to 1 . 0 in ) in diameter . It is sometimes shallowly unk ( with a small depression like a navel ) , radially grooved almost to the center , and somewhat hygrophanous ( changing color as it loses or absorbs water ) . The cap surface is dry , and pruinose ( covered with what appears to be a fine white powder ) , but this soon sloughs off , leaving the surface smooth . Initially , the cap color is dark violet , but it later fades to grayish violet around the edges . The whitish flesh is up to 0 . 5 mm thick , and lacks any distinctive taste or odor . The slender stem is 30 to 40 mm ( 1 . 2 to 1 . 6 in ) long by 1 to 3 mm ( 0 . 04 to 0 . 12 in ) thick , cylindrical , centrally attached to the stem , and hollow . Its surface is dry , pruinose over the entire length , and grayish violet to dark violet in color . The base is covered with a white mycelial tomentum ( a hairy covering of short , closely matted hairs ) . The gills are adnate ( fused to the stem ) , and distantly spaced , with about 15 19 gills reaching the stem . The gills are up to 2 . 5 mm ( 0 . 1 in ) broad , thin , and the same color as the cap or paler . Microscopic characteristics The spores are broadly ellipsoid , smooth , colorless , amyloid ( staining bluish to blue black when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) , thin walled , and measure 8 9 by 5 6 m . The basidia are 40 60 by 10 12 m , club shaped , and four spored . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are abundant , club shaped , and measure 30 45 by 10 17 m . Their tips are covered with one or more , knob like short excrescences that are colorless and thin walled . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are absent . The hymenophoral tissue ( tissue of the hymenium bearing structure ) is made of thin walled hyphae that are 12 21 m wide , cylindrical ( but often somewhat inflated ) , smooth , and contain cytoplasmic brownish pigment . These hyphae are dextrinoid , meaning that they stain reddish to reddish brown in Melzer 's reagent . The cap cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae that are 2 7 m wide , and cylindrical . These hyphae are smooth , or can be covered with scattered , warty or finger like thin walled diverticulae that are colorless or pale brownish , and dextrinoid . The layer of hyphae underlying the cap cuticle is parallel , cylindrical , hyaline or brownish , and dextrinoid it has short and inflated cells that are up to 48 m wide . The stem cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae that are 3 8 m wide , and similar to the hyphae of the cap cuticle . The caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) are 45 88 by 5 8 m , cylindrical , diverticulate , colorless or brownish , and thin walled . The flesh of the stem is composed of longitudinally running , cylindrical hyphae that are 8 25 m wide , smooth , colorless , and dextrinoid . Clamp connections are present in the cap cuticle , the stem cuticle , the gill flesh , and at the basal septa of the basidia . Similar species Mycena clariviolacea is similar to the Brazilian species M. unk and the European M. unk . Mycena unk , which belongs in the section unk of the genus Mycena , differs in having a grayish purple cap and stem , and forming somewhat utriform ( wineskin shaped ) to lageniform ( flask shaped ) , smooth cheilocystidia . Mycena unk , classified in the section Calodontes , subsection unk , may be distinguished microscopically from M. clariviolacea by its smooth , spindle shaped cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia , and unk hyphae in the cortical layer of cap and stem . Habitat and distribution Mycena clariviolacea is known only from Kanagawa , Japan . Fruit bodies are found growing solitary or scattered , on dead fallen twigs in forests that are dominated by oak and chinquapin trees . The mushroom fruits from June to September .
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2,887 | Eliurus petteri is a rodent in the genus Eliurus found in lowland eastern Madagascar . First described in 1994 , it is most closely related to the smaller Eliurus grandidieri . Virtually nothing is known of its natural history , except that it occurs in rainforest and is nocturnal and solitary . It is threatened by destruction and fragmentation of its habitat and is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List . With a head and body length of 130 to 136 mm ( 5 . 1 to 5 . 4 in ) , Eliurus petteri is a moderately large species of Eliurus . Its upperparts are gray brown to gray and contrast sharply with the white underparts . The tail tuft , a characteristic feature of Eliurus , is weakly developed . The skull is delicate and the incisive foramina ( openings in the front part of the palate ) are short and narrow . The incisors are weak . Taxonomy Eliurus petteri was first described in 1994 by American zoologist Michael Carleton as part of a revision of the genus Eliurus . Carleton had only three specimens of the new species , which had been collected in 1929 , 1956 , and 1963 in close proximity in an area of eastern Madagascar . The specific name honors French biologist Franois Petter , who has contributed to the scientific study of the nesomyines . In 1998 , Carleton and Steven Goodman described a related species , Eliurus grandidieri , from the Northern Highlands of Madagascar . Surprisingly , DNA sequence data suggest that this species is more closely related to Voalavo gymnocaudus than to other species of Eliurus however , E. petteri has not been studied genetically . Carleton and Goodman reported additional occurrences of E. petteri ( though within the same general area ) in 2007 , and formally recognized the Eliurus petteri group ( including E. grandidieri and E. petteri ) as one of five species groups within the genus . The common names Petter 's Tuft tailed Rat and Petter 's Tufted tailed Rat have been used for this species . It is now one of twelve species recognized within Eliurus , the most diverse and widespread genus of the native Malagasy rodents ( subfamily Nesomyinae ) . Description Eliurus petteri is a fairly large , long tailed species of Eliurus that resembles a smaller version of Eliurus webbi . It is larger than the closely related E. grandidieri . The fur is soft and fine . The upperparts appear gray brown to gray in overall color individual hairs are light gray for most of their length , then pale buff , and dark brown to black at the tip . Dark guard hairs longer hairs projecting above the main fur are present , but relatively short . The underparts are entirely white , a feature unique for the genus even E. grandidieri has dark gray underparts . The transition between the coloration of the upper and underparts is sharp . The mystacial vibrissae ( whiskers on the upper lip ) are 50 to 60 mm ( 2 . 0 to 2 . 4 in ) long and extend beyond the ears when pressed against the head . In some specimens , the eyes are surrounded by a dark ring . The pinnae ( external ears ) are dark and appear naked , but are covered by fine brown fur on the outer and by white hairs on the inner surface . The forefeet are entirely white above , but a narrow dark streak is present on the hindfeet . The skin of the tail is dark , sometimes with some white spots on the lower side . Although the tail appears mostly naked , it is covered with inconspicuous hairs . The tail tuft characteristic of the genus Eliurus is weakly developed and consists of light brown to grayish brown hairs along the 25 to 30 of the tail closest to the tip . The skull looks delicate . The interorbital region ( between the eyes ) is narrow and hourglass shaped , and the braincase is smooth both lack conspicuously developed ridges and shelves . The zygomatic arches ( cheekbones ) are poorly developed . The incisive foramina ( openings in the front part of the palate ) are short and narrow . The bony palate ends at the level of the back of the third upper molars . The alisphenoid strut ( a piece of bone at the back of the skull separating two foramina , or openings ) is absent . The strut is present in most Eliurus , but absent in some specimens of E. grandidieri . The subsquamosal fenestrae ( openings in the squamosal bone ) are fairly large . The auditory bullae are small . The incisors are weak and the enamel on the upper incisors is yellow to light orange . The root of the lower incisor does not project into a distinct capsular process at the back of the mandible ( lower jaw ) , a feature shared only with E. grandidieri among species of Eliurus . Distribution and ecology Eliurus petteri is known only from a limited area in the foothills of eastern Madagascar ( Toamasina Province ) , where it occurs from 450 to 1 , 145 m ( 1 , 476 to 3 , 757 ft ) above sea level . It occurs in close proximity with E. minor , E. unk , and E. webbi , and is probably sympatric with them . Information on the natural history of E. petteri is extremely limited . It occurs in lowland rainforest and is probably arboreal or scansorial ( climbing in vegetation ) . It is nocturnal and solitary and may eat fruits , seeds , and insects . The weak incisors suggest to Carleton that it eats more unk fruits and insects than other Eliurus . Conservation status Destruction and fragmentation of its habitat are major threats to Eliurus petteri , which is not known to occur in any protected area . Furthermore , it may be vulnerable to plague transmitted by introduced rodents . Accordingly , it is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List .
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2,888 | Take a Bow is a song recorded by British singer Leona Lewis for her debut studio album Spirit ( 2007 ) . It was written by Jordon Omley , Michael Mani , Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello and Ryan Tedder . Tedder explained that he wanted to create an edgy song for Lewis so that it would not be boring or predictable . A Contemporary R B and urban song , the lyrics focus the failure of a relationship . Its composition features an Ebb and Flo groove and received several comparisons to Cry Me a River by Justin Timberlake . Take a Bow received positive reviews from music critics . Most praised the production as unexpected and different but one felt it overshadowed Lewis ' vocals . Upon the release of Spirit , the song debuted at number 97 on the UK Singles Chart due to strong digital download sales . Lewis performed Take a Bow at the Rock in Rio festival and on her 2010 concert tour , The Labyrinth . Recording and production Take a Bow was conceived during recording sessions for Lewis ' debut studio album , Spirit , which was released in November 2007 . It was written by Jordon Omley , Michael Mani , Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello and Ryan Tedder , and was produced by The Runaways , Sam Watters , Wilkins , Biancaniello and Tedder . The music production , keyboards and programming were carried out by Wilkins , Biancaniello and Tedder , while vocal production was helmed by Watters . Lewis performs the lead vocals , and unk Brown performs background vocals . Take a Bow was recorded and mixed by Biancaniello , Mani , Watters and Omley at The Record Plant , Hollywood , California . As reported by Digital Spy , Tedder revealed that the types of songs that people expected to hear on Spirit , such as powerful vocal performance ballads , needed to be different and stand out rather than conventional , if you 're going to push that kind of music these days big ballads and big songs you have to be edgier they can 't be clean and polished . Composition and critical reception Take a Bow is a contemporary R B and urban music song , which lasts for a duration of 3 54 , and appears as the sixth track on the standard and deluxe versions of the album . On the North American track listing , the song appears as the eleventh track and last for a duration of 3 53 . Its instrumentation consists of daring , machine made pan pipes , melodramatic synths , a piano and a guitar . It features an Ebb and Flo groove , and was composed in the key of A minor using common time at 70 beats per minute . Lewis ' vocal range spans over two octaves from low note of A3 to the high note of unk . The song 's opening lyrics are The flowers are faded now , along with your letters . Chad Grischow for IGN and Sarah Rodman for The Boston Globe compared the song 's production to Justin Timberlake 's song Cry Me a River ( 2002 ) . The lyrics of Take A Bow pertain to a failed relationship , which Nick Levine for Digital Spy described as admirably stark . Take a Bow garnered a positive response from music critics . Nick Levine for Digital Spy described the track as unexpected due to its urban edge . Sarah Rodman for The Boston Globe wrote it was a contender to be released as a single because of how it is a mix of classic and au courant music . Linda McGee for RT was complimentary of Lewis decision to experiment with the song instead of taking a slushy ballad approach and remaining in her comfort zone . She continued to write that it is for this reason that she is more suited to the Beyonc end of the market than the Mariah end . Kitty Empire for The Guardian noted that all of the songs on Spirit are love songs , but only Take a Bow feels like it is from the 21st century . Chad Grischow for IGN wrote that the Take a Bow ' s production distracted from Lewis ' vocal performance . Live performances Lewis performed Take a Bow at the Rock in Rio festival held in Lisbon on 22 May 2010 . Take a Bow was included as the fifth song on the set list of her debut concert tour , called The Labyrinth ( 2010 ) . It was later included on the tour 's DVD release The Labyrinth Tour Live from the O2 . Lewis performed the song in the first section of the set list , along with Brave as the opener , Don 't Let Me Down , Better in Time and Whatever It Takes . The set was decorated in the style of a castle acrobats performed as they were hanging from the ceiling on large pieces of fabric while Lewis wore a gold sequined dress and thigh high boots . Track listing Spirit standard deluxe edition Take a Bow 3 54 Spirit United States standard deluxe version Take a Bow 3 53 The Labyrinth Tour Live from the O2 Take a Bow ( Live from the 02 ) 5 41 Credits and personnel Recording Recorded and mixed at The Record Plant , Hollywood , California . Personnel Lead vocals Leona Lewis Background vocals unk Brown Songwriting Jordon Omley , Michael Mani , Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello , Ryan Tedder Production The Runaways , Sam Watters , Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello , Ryan Alias Tedder Music production Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello , Ryan Alias Tedder Recording and mixing Louis Biancaniello , Michael Mani , Sam Watters , Jordon Omley Vocal production Sam Watters Keyboards and programming Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello , Ryan Alias Tedder Credits adapted from the liner notes of Spirit . Chart Upon the release of Spirit , Take a Bow debuted at number 97 on the strength of digital download sales in the chart issue released on 24 November 2007 .
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2,889 | Tropical Storm Norman was a weak tropical cyclone that brought heavy rainfall to southwestern Mexico in October 2006 . The twelfth named storm of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season , Norman developed on October 9 from a tropical wave well to the southwest of Mexico . Unfavorable conditions quickly encountered the system , and within two days of forming , Norman dissipated as its remnants turned to the east . Thunderstorms gradually increased again , as it interacted with a disturbance to its east , and on October 15 the cyclone regenerated just off the coast of Mexico . The center became disorganized and quickly dissipated , bringing a large area of moisture which dropped up to 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of rainfall to southwestern Mexico . Rainfall from the storm flooded about 150 houses , of which 20 were destroyed . One person was injured , and initially there were reports of two people missing due to the storm however , it was not later confirmed . Meteorological history A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 21 , moving across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea with little development . On October 1 it entered the eastern Pacific Ocean , and continuing westward it developed an area of persistent convection on October 5 . Initially the system was disorganized , although gradual development was expected as conditions in the upper levels of the atmosphere were expected to become more favorable . On October 7 it developed a broad low pressure area , and by the next day it was located in the eastern portion of a large area of disturbed weather the western portion of the system later developed into Tropical Storm Olivia . The eastern system developed organized convection near its center , and developed into Tropical Depression Fifteen E at 0000 UTC on October 9 , about 765 mi ( 1235 km ) southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . Upon first becoming a tropical cyclone , the depression was moving north northwestward , around the western periphery of a weak ridge the first forecast advisory by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) forecast the depression to gradually intensify before weakening and crossing the Baja California Peninsula . Located over warm water temperatures , the system developed an area of organized , deep convection near the center with satellite intensity estimates of tropical storm force using the Dvorak technique , the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Norman about 12 hours after it first formed . Strengthening continued , and Norman attained peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km h ) early on October 10 . At the time , it was officially forecast to strengthen further and continue northeastward . However , some hurricane prediction models anticipated quick weakening and a sharp turn to the southeast . Shortly after peaking in intensity , southwesterly wind shear increased , which led to a decrease in convection coverage . At the same time , a trough extending from California southward caused Norman to stall and turn to the east . The convection rapidly became separated from the center by late on October 10 , the center was located about 115 miles ( 185 km ) from the nearest thunderstorms . By then , it had weakened to tropical depression status , and early on October 11 Norman degenerated into a remnant low about 530 miles ( 855 km ) southwest of Cabo San Lucas , Mexico . The remnants of Norman continued to the east , and later to the east southeast as it interacted with a tropical disturbance off the coast of Mexico . Initially , re development of Norman was not expected , as the disturbance was instead given the possibility for further development . On October 13 , the NHC noted that the remnants of Norman were merging with the disturbance to its east during the interaction , convection redeveloped and organized around the remnant low of Norman , and early on October 15 it reformed into a tropical depression , near the coast of southwestern Mexico . With warm waters and favorable upper level conditions , Norman was predicted to re attain tropical storm status before moving ashore . However , the center quickly became less organized , turning northward and northwestward within the larger tropical disturbance . Late on October 15 , it is estimated Tropical Depression Norman dissipated 23 miles ( 37 km ) south and offshore of Manzanillo , Colima , although satellite imagery suggested the center may have dissipated inland . Preparations and impact When Norman redeveloped into a tropical cyclone , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Lzaro Crdenas to Cabo Corrientes . The storm brought heavy rainfall to southwestern Mexico , peaking at 6 . 35 inches ( 161 mm ) in La Villita , Michoacn . Flooding from four days of rainfall caused officials to close schools in and around Acapulco . The rainfall resulted in downed trees and mudslides . About 150 homes became flooded , resulting in military personnel to assist in evacuating the flooded houses . In total , 20 homes were destroyed , and 20 villages were left without power . A transport vehicle carrying 15 people was swept away by a flooded stream , resulting in one injury the truck was later rescued by police workers . About 300 hectares ( 740 acres ) of crop fields sustained damage however , little crop damage was reported , as the storm occurred after harvesting had ended . Across Mexico , the storm affected about 500 , 000 people , and initially there were two people missing however , a subsequent report indicated there were no casualties associated with the storm .
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2,890 | A Caesar or Bloody Caesar is a cocktail created and primarily consumed in Canada . It typically contains vodka , Clamato ( a proprietary blend of tomato juice and clam broth ) , hot sauce and Worcestershire sauce , and is served with ice in a large , celery salt rimmed glass , typically garnished with a stalk of celery and wedge of lime . What distinguishes it from a Bloody Mary is the inclusion of clam broth . The cocktail may also be contrasted with the unk , which has similar flavouring ingredients but uses beer instead of vodka . It was invented in Calgary , Alberta in 1969 by restaurateur Walter Chell to celebrate the opening of a new Italian restaurant in the city . It quickly became a popular mixed drink within Canada where over 350 million Caesars are consumed annually and it has inspired numerous variants . However , the drink remains virtually unknown elsewhere . Origin The Caesar was invented in 1969 by restaurant manager Walter Chell of the Calgary Inn ( today the Westin Hotel ) in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . He devised the cocktail after being tasked to create a signature drink for the Calgary Inn 's new Italian restaurant . He mixed vodka with clam and tomato juice , Worcestershire sauce , and other spices , creating a drink similar to a Bloody Mary but with a uniquely spicy flavour . Chell said his inspiration came from Italy . He recalled that in Venice , they served Spaghetti alle unk , spaghetti with tomato sauce and clams . He reasoned that the mixture of clams and tomato sauce would make a good drink , and mashed clams to form a nectar that he mixed with other ingredients . According to Chell 's granddaughter , his Italian ancestry led him to call the drink a Caesar . The longer name of Bloody Caesar is said to differentiate the drink from the Bloody Mary , but Chell said it was a regular patron at the bar who served as the inspiration . During the three months he spent working to perfect the drink , he had customers sample it and offer feedback . One regular customer , an Englishman , who often ordered the drink said one day Walter , that 's a damn good bloody Caesar . Popularity Chell said the drink was an immediate hit with the restaurant 's patrons , claiming it took off like a rocket . Within five years of its introduction , the Caesar had become Calgary 's most popular mixed drink . It spread throughout Western Canada , then to the east . Coinciding with its 40th anniversary , a petition was launched in 2009 in the hopes of having the Caesar named the nation 's official mixed drink . In Calgary , Mayor Dave Bronconnier celebrated the drink 's anniversary by declaring May 13 , 2009 as Caesar Day in the city . The Mott 's company was independently developing Clamato , a mixture of clam and tomato juices , at the same time the Caesar was invented . Sales of Clamato were initially slow Mott 's sold only 500 cases of Clamato in 1970 , but sales consistently increased after the company 's distributors discovered Chell 's drink . By 1994 , 70 of Mott 's Clamato sales in Canada were made to mix Caesars , while half of all Clamato sales were made in Western Canada . Motts claims that the Caesar is the most popular mixed drink in Canada , estimating that over 350 million Caesars are consumed every year . Outside Canada , the Caesar is virtually unknown . In the United States , it is typically only available at bars along the Canadian border . Elsewhere , bartenders will frequently offer a Bloody Mary in its place . In Europe , the drink can be found wherever there are higher concentrations of Canadians . The drink 's anonymity outside Canada has come in spite of concerted marketing efforts . Producers of clam tomato juices have speculated that their beverages have been hampered by what they describe as the clam barrier . They have found that consumers in the United States fear that there is too much clam in the beverages . The Caesar is popular as a hangover cure , though its effectiveness has been questioned . A study by the University of Toronto released in 1985 showed that drinking a Caesar when taking aspirin could help protect a person 's stomach from the damage aspirin causes . Preparation and variants Basic preparation of a Caesar follows the one , two , three , four rule . The recipe calls for 1 1 oz of vodka , two dashes of hot sauce , three dashes of salt and pepper , four dashes of Worcestershire sauce and topped with 4 6 oz of Clamato and served with ice . The ingredients are poured into a glass rimmed with celery salt or a mixture of salt and pepper and garnished with a celery stalk and lime . The Caesar is an unusual drink in that it can be mixed in bulk and stored for a period of time before drinking . Though it was not one of Chell 's original ingredients , Tabasco sauce is a frequent addition , as is horseradish . Vodka is occasionally replaced with gin , tequila or rum , though the Clamato may not be substituted . A variant that replaces vodka with beer is commonly called a Red Eye , and one without alcohol is a Virgin Caesar . The Toronto Institute of unk operates a Caesar School in various locations across Canada that teaches bartenders how to mix several variants of the drink . Mott 's holds an annual Best Caesar in Town competition as part of the Prince Edward Island International Shellfish Festival . Contests held across Canada to celebrate the cocktail 's 40th anniversary in 2009 encouraged variants that featured the glass rimmed with Tim Hortons coffee grinds , Caesars with maple syrup and Caesars with bacon infused vodka .
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2,891 | West Hendford Cricket Ground was a first class cricket ground located in Yeovil , Somerset . The land for the ground was first leased by Yeovil Cricket Club in 1874 , and was also used for a range of other sports , most significantly hosting Yeovil Rugby Club in the 1890s , and then again from 1935 until the ground was closed . Significant improvements were made to the ground during the 1930s , including the opening of a new pavilion , jointly funded by the Rugby and Cricket clubs . The ground was demolished in 1944 when Westland Aircraft extended their factory , and both Yeovil Cricket Club and Rugby Club moved to Johnson Park . Between 1935 and 1939 , the ground hosted five annual Somerset County Cricket Club matches in July or August the first of which nearly broke a county record for ticket sales on the gate . Somerset only won one of the five matches , the 1936 contest against Worcestershire . History Yeovil and County Cricket Club was formed in 1865 , and was the first attempt at setting up a county cricket team for Somerset . The attempt was unsuccessful , and the club broke up . In 1874 , the club was re formed with the lesser remit , as Yeovil Cricket Club . As part of the club 's resuscitation , the committee purchased the use of a field in West Hendford in Yeovil , from a local farmer , Mr Brook . The field , part of Key Farm , was leased for 10 . There is record of a match being played on the ground the following year between two sets of members of the Yeovil Cricket Club . During the late 19th century , the ground was used for other sports as well as cricket it had a grass athletics track , and also hosted Yeovil Football Club , who at the time played both association and rugby football . The football club played at West Hendford on an irregular basis during the late 19th century , but returned in 1935 , by which time they only played rugby , and had changed their name accordingly to Yeovil Rugby Club . In 1895 , the cricket club committee announced that there was provision for a longer lease , of five or seven years , and that they would make improvements to the ground to enable it to host first class cricket . The ground was also used for field hockey in the early 20th century , hosting a Yeovil Hockey Club . Somerset County Cricket Club played their first of five annual first class matches on the ground in 1935 . The match , against Surrey , was a significant event in the town , and a series of festivities were arranged to run alongside the three day contest , including a dance and a smoking concert . Entry for the match , which took place from 17 to 19 August was one shilling , and attracted over 5 , 000 people , raising around 400 . Surrey won the match by eight wickets . The takings from this match helped the Yeovil Cricket Club make further improvements to the ground , expanding it and adding further seating . The following year , Somerset played Worcestershire at the ground , in what the Western Gazette described as Yeovil Cricket Festival . The captain of Yeovil Cricket Club , Richard unk , was included in the Somerset team , which won the match by 170 runs . The takings were slightly lower than the previous year due to poor weather , but still described as gratifying . In 1937 , Sussex beat Somerset at the ground , in a match that once again drew a crowd of around 5 , 000 . The Yorkshire Evening Post described the wicket as crumbling towards the end of the match , favouring the bowlers . In 1938 Hampshire visited , and the report in the Western Daily Press lamented the state of the wicket , which meant that the game , like the three first class matches at the ground before it , was completed in two days , rather than the scheduled three . That winter , a new pavilion costing 550 was erected on the ground for the shared use of the cricket club and the rugby club . The final first class match on the ground was played in July 1939 against Lancashire , but torrential rain limited the match to only three hours of play . The takings for the full three days of the match were only 87 , and the Taunton Courier estimated that the losses for the match could be hundreds of pounds . Despite the weather , almost 2 , 000 people attended the match , and the Taunton Courier report praised the alterations that had been made to the ground the removal of a hedge made the ground lighter , while the ground itself had been well looked after , and drained quickly . The Second World War suspended the County Championship from 1940 to 1945 , and during that time , Westland Aircraft took over the ground to expand their factory , and informed Yeovil Cricket Club that it was no longer available , forcing them to search for a new ground in 1946 . They eventually relocated to the newly opened Johnson Park in 1948 . The rugby club also moved to Johnson Park , amalgamating itself into Yeovil Sports Club . After a short break , Somerset County Cricket Club returned to Yeovil , playing fourteen fixtures at Johnson Park between 1951 and 1970 , and eight matches at unk Sports Ground from 1971 to 1978 . Records During its limited use as a first class cricket ground , only one century was scored on the ground , by Jim Parks . During the 1937 match , he scored 140 runs for Sussex . The most wickets taken by a bowler in a match at West Hendford was achieved in 1938 , when Hampshire 's Stuart Boyes took twelve wickets , including nine in the first innings . Somerset 's only success on the ground was in 1936 against Worcestershire , who they dismissed for 60 runs in the first innings , and 77 in the second .
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2,892 | Hurricane Flossy originated from a tropical disturbance in the eastern Pacific Ocean and moved across Central America into the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical depression on September 21 , 1956 , which became a tropical storm on September 22 and a hurricane on September 23 . The hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km h ) before it struck the central Gulf coast of the United States as a Category 1 hurricane on September 24 , and evolved into an extratropical cyclone on September 25 . It was the first hurricane to affect oil refining in the Gulf of Mexico . The tropical cyclone led to flooding in New Orleans , and broke a drought across the eastern United States . The death toll was 15 , and total damages reached 24 . 8 million ( 1956 USD ) . Meteorological history A tropical disturbance moved northward , crossing Guatemala from the eastern Pacific ocean into the northwest Caribbean Sea between September 20 and September 21 . It became a tropical cyclone soon after emerging into the Caribbean , and moved across the Yucatn Peninsula as a tropical depression before becoming a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico on September 22 and a hurricane on September 23 . It turned sharply east northeast across the Mouth of the Mississippi river on September 24 as a minor hurricane . The storm continued east northeast and made landfall in Florida east of Pensacola . The system evolved into an extratropical cyclone soon after passing out of the Sunshine State and continued moving east to northeast hugging the Atlantic Seaboard to near the Virginia Capes before moving slowly through the shipping lanes between Canada and Bermuda , blocked by a high pressure system in southeast Canada . Preparations By the morning of September 22 , hurricane watches were posted for the upper Texas and Louisiana coasts . By the morning of September 24 , hurricane warnings were in effect from Grand Isle , Louisiana to Fort Walton Beach , Florida while storm warnings were in effect from Morgan City , Louisiana to St. Marks , Florida . The approach of the hurricane led to the evacuation of 15 aircraft from Florida to Ardmore Air Force Base , in Oklahoma . Impact Gulf of Mexico This was the first hurricane to cause significant disruption to oil refining in the Gulf of Mexico . Several hundred active wells went out of service , and drilling came to a halt for a few days during and after the cyclone 's passage . One of Humble company 's tenders saw three quarters of its mooring chains compromised , which swung it around into an adjacent oil platform , causing 200 , 000 in damage ( 1956 USD ) . The cost to downtime in production was greater than the damage Flossy created to the oil rigs . There was no loss of life . Due to the impact of Flossy on oil refining in the Gulf of Mexico , the American Petroleum Institute formed a committee called Fundamental Research on Weather Forecasting . Their goal was to use mathematical models and historic data to better predict hurricane formation and path . Studies went on into 1962 , but no reliable forecast mechanism was found . United States In Louisiana , wind blown sand from the beach spread over area highways due to the hurricane . A total of 16 . 70 inches ( 424 mm ) of rainfall fell at Golden Meadow , Louisiana . Burrwood , Louisiana 's pressure fell to 29 . 03 inHg ( 983 . 1 hPa or mb ) . Hundreds lost their homes in the storm . The storm surge was significant enough to submerge Grand Isle , Louisiana . At unk Lock , the storm tide reached 13 feet ( 4 . 0 m ) . Extensive coastal erosion was caused by the cyclone across the Mississippi Delta . In New Orleans , Louisiana , about 2 . 5 square miles ( 6 . 5 km2 ) were flooded as portions of the seawall were overtopped . Cattle drowned across the region , and crops such as citrus , sugar cane , and pecan were heavily damaged . Winds as high as 66 mph ( 106 km h ) struck coastal Mississippi . A total of 16 . 30 inches ( 414 mm ) of rain fell at Gulf Shores . In Montgomery , Alabama , the tent used to house the Eastern Hills Baptist Church was destroyed . Across northern Florida , southern Alabama , and Georgia , Flossy was considered drought breaking . In southwest Georgia , high winds from Flossy damaged the corn and cotton crops . The lowest pressure reported was 28 . 93 inches 979 . 8 hPa or mb at Pensacola Naval Air Station . The storm tide at Laguna Beach , Florida , reached 7 . 4 feet ( 2 . 3 m ) above mean sea level . As tides damaged some piers and small craft , and resulted in severe beach erosion . At least three tornadoes touched down throughout northern Florida in association with Flossy . One damaged or destroyed numerous structures in Gulf County two others in Jefferson and Suwannee counties caused little or no damage . Further northeast , rains brought by Flossy helped relieve drought conditions across the Carolinas , and were considered beneficial . Winds as high as 45 miles per hour ( 72 km h ) were recorded in Washington , D.C .. The gas screw vessel Mary Anne was lost at the Hampton Roads Naval Base . High tides caused by the then extratropical cyclone led to water 2 . 5 feet ( 0 . 76 m ) deep in sections of Norfolk . The Back River Light collapsed during the storm , 127 years after it was built . Severe flooding occurred along the state 's coastline , including interior bays . This occurred despite efforts to curb the storm surge with 500 tons ( 454 tonnes ) of broken rock . Total damages to Louisiana , Florida , Alabama , the Carolinas , and Virginia was 24 . 8 million ( 1956 USD ) .
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2,893 | The 2007 Groundhog Day tornado outbreak was a localized but devastating tornado event that took place in central Florida early on February 2 , 2007 . Early morning temperatures had risen well above average for the season combined with increased moisture and a powerful jet stream , this created enough instability and wind shear for thunderstorms to rotate and spawn tornadoes . Due to the conditions , a long tracked supercell formed and produced three tornadoes over one hour and seventeen minutes . The supercell resulted in a 70 mile ( 110 kilometer ) trail of damage . Twenty one people were killed and 76 others were injured in the outbreak . The first tornado damaged 1 , 145 homes and destroyed 200 others in Sumter County before hitting the Lady Lake area where it killed eight people , damaged 180 homes and destroyed 101 homes in Lake County where it killed 21 people . The second tornado killed 13 people in the Lake Mack area and damaged and destroyed over 500 homes during its existence . The final tornado damaged roofs , car ports and garage doors along its path through New Smyrna Beach . The outbreak was the second deadliest on record for Florida , with damages of 218 million . Synopsis In east central Florida , a warm sector , a region of warm surface air between a cold front and a warm front , was positioned ahead of a progressing cold front . Large scale lift was supported by a very strong jet stream aloft , with strong vertical shear evident , conducive for rotating thunderstorms and tornadoes . Instability increased overnight with temperatures and dew points increasing through the pre dawn hours . For example , northwest of Orlando , temperatures were still at 75 F ( 24 C ) , which was about 3 degrees warmer than the average high for the day and 14 degrees warmer than the average low . The conditions helped to form a long tracked supercell thunderstorm that traveled from Sumter County to the coastal waters of Volusia County during the early morning hours of February 2 , 2007 , producing three tornadoes along its track . At 3 06 am EST ( unk UTC ) , the National Weather Service ( NWS ) issued a tornado warning for northern Lake County until 4 00 am EST ( 0900 UTC ) . At 3 10 am EST ( 0810 UTC ) , the first tornado touched down near The Villages and traveled at 55 miles per hour ( 89 km h ) into Lake County . Five minutes after the tornado touched down , a severe weather update bulletin was issued by the NWS stating that there was a high likelihood of an extremely dangerous tornado and people in the path were in a life threatening situation . The tornado received an EF3 rating on the Enhanced Fujita Scale and had a track length of 16 . 5 miles ( 26 . 6 km ) . Initially , the tornado was thought to have still been on the ground and a third bulletin was released at 3 34 am EST ( 0834 UTC ) . At this time , Doppler radar indicated that a tornado was forming or was on the ground roughly 5 miles ( 8 . 0 km ) north of Umatilla . The mesocyclone that produced the first tornado restrengthened and formed another tornado near Paisley at 3 37 am EST ( unk UTC ) in Lake County . A second tornado warning was issued at 3 52 am EST ( unk UTC ) for Volusia County as the tornado was tracking toward the area . It went east northeast toward the Lake Mack area , exceeding 50 miles per hour ( 80 km h ) . The tornado received an EF3 rating on the Enhanced Fujita Scale and traveled a total of 26 miles ( 42 km ) . A third tornado warning was issued in Volusia County at 4 13 am EST ( unk UTC ) , nearly ten minutes before the third tornado touched down . The supercell produced its last tornado east of Interstate 95 at 4 22 am EST ( unk UTC ) and dissipated five minutes later at the Intracoastal Waterway , 3 miles ( 4 . 8 km ) from where it touched down . The tornado had a maximum width of 100 yards ( 91 m ) around the time it reached peak intensity . The tornado was rated EF1 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale and traveled for 3 miles ( 4 . 8 km ) . Confirmed tornadoes February 2 event Aftermath The outbreak was the second deadliest on record for Florida , behind one that killed 42 people in February 1998 . Damages from the tornado outbreak totaled 218 million ( 2007 US ) . Christopher Patton , spokesman for the Lake County emergency operations center , described the damage as unlike even perhaps the hurricanes of 2004 when we had minor roof damage , screen damage , pool damage . This is way far more devastating . The tornadoes were the first to be rated on the Enhanced Fujita Scale , which replaced the original Fujita Scale . U.S. President George W. Bush signed a declaration to designate Sumter , Lake , Volusia and Seminole counties as disaster areas . A state of emergency was declared by Governor Charlie Crist for the same counties . More than 400 American Red Cross volunteers from across several states went to help in central Florida . The Tampa Bay chapter of the American Red Cross sent six volunteers with emergency response vehicles to the main area of damage . The Walt Disney Company donated 50 , 000 to the American Red Cross to help aid victims and Feed The Children sent two truckloads of relief supplies to the central Florida area . The Salvation Army brought several mobile kitchens to offer relief to victims and Verizon Wireless helped by offering citizens the use of a wireless emergency communication center , in addition to cleaning and repairing cellular phones damaged by the storms . A moment of silence was held before Super Bowl XLI in Miami to honor the victims of the tornadoes .
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2,894 | Pearson 's Candy Company is an American chocolate and confectionery manufacturer headquartered in Saint Paul , Minnesota . Founded as a confectionery distribution firm in 1909 , the company began to manufacture its own products in 1912 . Originally a family owned company , Pearson 's experienced changes in ownership , acquisitions and product alterations in the 1960s and 1970s , before being purchased in 1989 and resold in 2011 . Pearson 's products are produced on three production lines in the company s Saint Paul plant . The company sells its Mint Patties , Salted Nut Roll and Bit O Honey nationally and its Nut Goodie and Bun Bars products in several Midwestern states . Measured by revenue , Pearson 's is among the top 100 global confectionery companies . History Pearson family Pearson 's Candy Company was founded as a confectionery distribution firm in 1909 by P. Edward Pearson and his brothers , John and Oscar . Two more brothers , Waldemar and C. Fritz , joined the company several years later . The five brothers determined manufacturing would be more profitable than distribution and , in 1912 , introduced their first confection , the Nut Goodie . Pearson 's grew and began manufacturing for other companies , including Whitmans and Planters . Pearson 's introduced the Salted Nut Roll in 1933 , at the height of The Great Depression . The success of the Salted Nut Roll prompted other manufacturers to mimic the confection . Pearson 's subsequently changed the roll 's name to the Choo Choo Bar , to distinguish the product . The Choo Choo name , however , was not as successful , and the original name was restored with the Pearson 's logo more prominently displayed . By the end of World War II , the Pearson brothers had dropped the distribution aspect of the business . The youngest brother , William Pearson , joined the family business in 1944 , as did George Pearson , son of founder P. Edward Pearson . In 1951 , Pearson 's acquired the Trudeau Candy Company , which brought Mint Patties and the Seven Up bar to Pearson 's product line . The company moved to a new manufacturing plant at its current address in 1959 . In 1962 , Pearson s acquired Milwaukee based Sperry Candy Company , a company known for its Chicken Dinner Bar . Pearson 's , however , sold Sperry Candy to the Schuler Chocolate Factory of Winona , Minnesota five years later . Ownership changes The Pearson family sold the company in 1968 to ITT Continental Baking , a New York firm . ITT Continental Baking sold the company to an out of state confectionery partnership in 1979 . During this time , sales declined due to problems with availability and product changes , such as a wrapper redesign and recipe change of the Nut Goodie . In 1985 , the company was purchased by Larry Hassler and Judith Johnston , the current CEO and COO , respectively . The company s previous owners had split up , causing the bank to offer the company in the leveraged buyout . The Nut Goodie 's original wrapper and recipe were restored and , despite the loss of a label contract with General Mills to produce Nature Valley granola bars , which accounted for 1 . 4 million bars daily and 85 percent of the company 's total tonnage , Pearson 's became profitable again in December 1992 . In early 1998 , Pearson 's acquired the Bun Bar trademark from Clark Bar America . Pearson 's introduced Flurries in 2004 . In 2011 , Pearson 's was acquired by unk Partners . Products Current products Salted Nut Rolls and Mint Patties account for approximately 80 percent of the company s sales Nut Goodie and Bun Bars account for the remainder . Mint Patties are sold nationally and Salted Nut Rolls are available in approximately 60 percent of the company 's outlets . The Bit O Honey brand was acquired from Nestle in 2013 . In the Twin Cities , Salted Nut Rolls consistently rank number one or number three in sales . Although the products are not sold internationally , the company is the 99th largest confectionery company in the world by revenue . Pearson 's utilizes 200 tons of peanuts , 400 tons of sugar , 100 tons of chocolate and 350 tons of corn syrup per month . Products are produced in the company s 130 , 000 sq ft ( 12 , 000 m2 ) . plant on three production lines . Current products include Discontinued products Seven Up Bar The Seven Up Bar was a candy bar comprising seven different chocolate pillows , each filled with a different flavor . Flavors changed with the availability and popularity of ingredients , which included , among others , unk nut , unk , butterscotch , caramel , cherry , coconut , fudge , mint , nougat and orange . The high manufacturing costs and trademark issues with a soda manufacturer ( The American Bottling Company , today Cadbury Schweppes ) , caused the bar to be retired in 1979 . Chicken Dinner Bar The Chicken Dinner Bar had been a product of the Sperry Candy Company , which was acquired by Pearson s in 1962 . The bar , introduced during The Great Depression , was so called in reference to President Herbert Hoover s promise of a chicken in every pot . The bar did not contain chicken or other poultry products , but was , rather , a chocolate covered nut roll . Pearson s discontinued the bar s production after the acquisition . Early TV commercials sang Chick Chick Chick Chick Chicken Dinner similar to , and in the cadence of a rooster crowing . Flurries Flurries were chocolate mint fudge with a white coating that were introduced in 2004 and discontinued sometime later .
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2,895 | K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I ( Mayan pronunciation unk unk unk ) , also known as Ruler 1 , was an ajaw of Piedras Negras , an ancient Maya settlement in Guatemala . He ruled during the Late Classic Period , from 603 639 AD . It has been proposed that he began a new dynasty at Piedras Negras , following years of ineffective kings . The manner in which K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I came to power is largely unknown , although it is known that he waged several successful wars against Palenque and Sak Tz 'i ' . He was succeeded by his son , Itzam K 'an Ahk I , in 639 AD . K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I left behind several monuments , including stelae at Piedras Negras and a large mortuary temple now known as Pyramid R 5 . Biography K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I , also known as Ruler 1 , was an ajaw of Piedras Negras in the 7th century AD . According to Mayanists Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube , the ruler 's name means Great Sun unk . His name was later taken by his eventual successors , K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk II and Yo 'nal Ahk III . The title k 'inich translates to red faced , and is a reference to the settlement 's rulers ' belief that they were lords of the sun . He ascended to the throne on November 14 , 603 AD ( 9 . 8 . 10 . 6 . 16 10 unk 9 Mak in the Long Count ) , although the exact details surrounding his rise to power are unknown . Mayanists Stephen D. Houston and Charles Golden have proposed the theory that he refounded the ruling dynasty at Piedras Negras in the wake of a disaster that had ruined previous rulers of the site . K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I destroyed older buildings and monuments at Piedras Negras that were associated with older kings , seemingly to cleanse the center of their connection with these discredited rulers . This period of destruction which focused heavily on structures in and around the West Group of the site , and the acropolis has left behind tell tale clues , such as offerings of pottery , jade , and small figures , suggesting that it was heavily ritualized . After this period of destruction , K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I moved his focus to the more ancient South Group , where he began to erect new buildings . During his lifetime , he waged many battles , including notable ones against Palenque and Sak Tz 'i ' . In the former he captured an aj k unk , or lord , named Ch 'ok Balam , and in the latter he captured an ajaw named K 'ab Chan Te ' . Palenque was Piedras Negras 's main rival in the area , whereas Sak Tz 'i ' seems to have eventually come under Piedras Negras 's control . K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I died on February 3 , 639 AD ( 9 . 10 . 6 . 2 . 1 5 Imix 19 K unk ) and seems to have been buried at Pyramid R 5 . K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I was succeeded by his son , Itzam K 'an Ahk I , who later dedicated or re opened the tomb in 658 AD . Monuments Stelae Many of the stelae that K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I erected became prototypes for monuments raised by his successors . The first stela raised , Stela 25 , is the king 's inaugural monument , and it established the precedent for the niche style . This type of stela features the newly installed king in a small hollow and seated on an intricately decorated scaffold , being symbolically lifted into the air . On Stela 25 , K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I is seated on a jaguar cushion , reached by a ladder covered in bloody footprints , symbolizing sacrifice . The cushion itself is raised on a reed effigy . The king is covered by a canopy that is symbolic of the sky crowning the sky is a great celestial bird , an avian version of the Maya god Itzamna . Stela 26 , dating from 628 AD , features the aforementioned war with Palenque . This monument is notable because it marks the first time that a stela at Piedra Negras had carvings on multiple faces , in this case dedication texts . Stela 26 is aligned with Itzam K 'an Ahk II 's Stela 35 , creating a direction connection between the two monuments , conveying an image of continuity , repetition , and renewal over time and across generations . Stela 31 , dating from around 637 AD , depicts the war with Sak Tz 'i ' . Stela 31 's placement is also notable , as it is standing in front of Structures R 3 and R 4 , where many of Piedras Negras 's earliest monuments , such as Stela 30 , stood . The platform for the monument was more expansive than other stelae platforms , giving more room for observation . The stela was also extremely tall , at about 4 . 5 5 metre ( 15 16 ft ) meters in height , making it nearly two meters taller than Stela 26 . Both Stelae 26 and 31 feature examples of one of K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I 's prominent themes , that of the warrior king motif . This design often depicts the king in a frontal pose , wearing a large headdress featuring iconography of the Teotihuacan War Serpent . R 5 Pyramid The R 5 Pyramid is largely believed to by K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I 's tomb , based mostly on evidence from Panel 4 , crafted by Itzam K 'an Ahk I , which records the new ajaw either dedicating or ceremonially re opening the tomb of K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I. The panel itself explicitly names the R 5 pyramid as the unk , or burial , of K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I. However , despite intense efforts , no burial has ever been found in the pyramid , although the search was complicated by and eventually abandoned because of rubble fill left behind by looters . It is probable that the majority of the pyramid was constructed within the years following the death of K 'inich Yo 'nal Ahk I , likely under Itzam K 'an Ahk I 's patronage . Itzam K 'an Ahk I later erected six stelae at the base of this pyramid .
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2,896 | Kawachi ( unk ) was the lead ship of the two ship Kawachi class dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the first decade of the 20th century . Following the Japanese ship naming conventions , Kawachi was named after Kawachi Province , now a part of Osaka prefecture . During World War I she bombarded German fortifications at Tsingtao during the Battle of Tsingtao in 1914 , but saw no other combat . She sank in 1918 after an explosion in her ammunition magazine with the loss of over 600 officers and crewmen . Background The Kawachi class was ordered on 22 June 1907 under the 1907 Warship Supplement Program after the Russo Japanese War as Japan 's first dreadnoughts , although their construction was delayed by a severe depression . Their design was based on the Aki with a uniform 12 inch ( 305 mm ) main gun armament , although cost considerations prevented all the guns from having the same barrel length . Design and description The ship had an overall length of 526 feet ( 160 . 3 m ) , a beam of 84 feet 3 inches ( 25 . 7 m ) , and a normal draft of 27 feet ( 8 . 2 m ) . She displaced 20 , 823 long tons ( 21 , 157 t ) at normal load . Her crew ranged from 999 to 1100 officers and enlisted men . Kawachi was fitted with a pair of license built Curtis steam turbine sets , each set driving one propeller , using steam from 16 Miyabara water tube boilers . The turbines were rated at a total of 25 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 19 , 000 kW ) for a design speed of 21 knots ( 39 km h 24 mph ) . She carried enough coal and fuel oil to give her a range of 2 , 700 nautical miles ( 5 , 000 km 3 , 100 mi ) at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km h 21 mph ) . Kawachi 's main armament consisted of four 50 caliber 12 inch 41st Year Type guns in two twin gun turrets , one each fore and aft of the superstructure , and eight 45 caliber 12 inch 41st Year Type guns mounted in four twin gun turrets , two on each side of the superstructure . Kawachi 's secondary armament was ten 45 caliber 6 inch 41st Year Type guns , mounted in casemates in the sides of the hull , and eight 40 caliber quick firing ( QF ) 4 . 7 inch 41st Year Type guns . The ship was also equipped with a dozen 40 caliber 3 inch 4th Year Type guns and four others were used as saluting guns . In addition , the battleship was fitted with five submerged 18 inch ( 457 mm ) torpedo tubes , two on each broadside and one in the stern . The waterline main belt of the ship had a maximum thickness of 12 inches amidships . It tapered to a thickness of 5 inches ( 127 mm ) at the ends of the ship . A 6 inch ( 152 mm ) strake of armor protected the casemates . The barbettes for the main guns were 9 11 inches ( 229 279 mm ) thick . The armor of Kawachi 's main gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 11 inches . The deck armor was 1 . 1 inches ( 29 mm ) thick and the conning tower was protected by 6 to 10 inches of armor . Construction and career Kawachi was laid down at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 1 April 1909 . She was launched on 15 October 1910 in a ceremony attended by Emperor Meiji and completed on 31 March 1912 at a cost of 11 , 130 , 000 . On 3 October 1912 , the ship was present when the battleship Mikasa had a fire that was started by a sailor in the forward magazine . It was flooded before the fire could get out of control and Kawachi sent over fire fighting teams to assist Mikasa 's crew in case they were needed . When World War I began in August 1914 , Kawachi was at Yokosuka . Together with her sister ship , Settsu , she bombarded German fortifications in October November 1914 during the final stage of the Battle of Tsingtao . The ship was present in Yokosuka on 8 January 1915 when the victorious Second Squadron returned to Japan after the Battle of Tsingtao . She was assigned to the First Squadron from 1915 1917 and refitted that latter year . Kawachi rejoined the First Squadron after her refit commanded by Captain Yoshimoto Masaki and entered Tokuyama Bay on the evening of 11 July 1918 . The following morning torpedo target practice was cancelled due to rough seas and the battleship remained at anchor for the rest of the day . That afternoon a loud explosion was heard at 15 51 in the vicinity of the starboard forward main gun turret and large quantities of smoke erupted from the turret and between the first and second funnels . Two minutes later , she began to list to starboard and capsized at 15 55 , only four minutes after the explosion . Over a thousand men were aboard Kawachi at the time of the explosion and over 600 were killed , with 433 survivors . The Imperial Japanese Navy convened a commission to investigate the explosion the day after the incident with Vice Admiral Murakami Kakuichi as chairman . The commission first suspected arson , but no plausible suspect could be found and it reported that the cordite in her magazine might have spontaneously ignited due to decomposition . Kawachi 's magazines had been inspected in January February 1918 , however , and no problems were discovered , which made that possibility less likely . The commission made recommendations on tighter control of production and handling of cordite that were successfully adopted by the navy . The Japanese Navy considered salvaging Kawachi , but ultimately decided that it would be too expensive and would delay the construction of one battlecruiser by over a year . Stricken from the navy list on 21 September 1918 , the wreck was later partially dismantled although most of the hull was abandoned in place to serve as an artificial reef .
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2,897 | The Wignacourt Arch known as the Fleur De Lys Gate ( Maltese L unk ta ' Wignacourt unk unk l Bieb ta ' Fleur De Lys ) is an ornamental arch located on the boundary between Fleur de Lys ( a suburb of Birkirkara ) and Santa Venera , Malta . The arch was originally built in 1615 as part of the Wignacourt Aqueduct , but it was destroyed between 1943 and 1944 . A replica of the arch was constructed in 2015 , being inaugurated on 28 April 2016 . Original arch The Wignacourt Aqueduct was constructed between 1610 and 1615 to carry water from springs in Dingli and Rabat to the Maltese capital Valletta . It was named after Alof de Wignacourt , the Grand Master of the Order of St. John , who partially financed its construction . The aqueduct was carried through underground pipes or over a series of stone arches where there were depressions in the ground level . To commemorate the construction of the aqueduct , the Wignacourt Arch was constructed at an area where the aqueduct crossed the road leading from Valletta to Mdina . The Baroque archway had a large arch in the centre , and a smaller arch on either side . It was decorated with three fleurs de lis , a relief of Wignacourt 's coat of arms , and two marble plaques with Latin inscriptions . The plaque on the side facing Santa Venera reads HAC unk unk unk unk unk VISA EST unk unk SPIRITUS unk unk unk unk unk unk SPIRITUS unk SPIRITUS unk SIC unk unk unk ( meaning So far Valletta lay as a corpse . Today the spirit of water has brought life to her . The primordial spirit floated on water . Now water has been drawn to her and that spirit reappears . ) The plaque on the side facing Birkirkara reads unk . unk DE unk unk unk unk unk ET unk unk unk unk unk unk REN . IN 1739 ( meaning Fra Alof de Wignacourt , Grand Master . Valletta city and citadel , the sweetest waters revive eternal salvation . Renovated in 1739 . ) The area around the arch remained rural until the early 20th century . A tram used to pass near the arch between 1905 and 1929 . After World War II , the suburb of Fleur de Lys developed in the area , and it got its name from the heraldic symbols on the arch . Destruction On 18 April 1943 , a Royal Air Force breakdown lorry heading to the airfield at Ta ' Qali hit the arch and severely damaged its Santa Venera facing faade . The central arch was dismantled by military personnel under the supervision of the Public Works Department about two months later . The arch was completely destroyed on 12 February 1944 , when a Royal Army Service Corps truck hit the remaining parts of the structure . A roundabout with a fountain was later built on the site of the arch . Some arches of the aqueduct were demolished in order to widen the road and make way for this roundabout . The arch 's two marble plaques reportedly survived its destruction . Reconstruction The surviving arches of the Wignacourt Aqueduct were restored between 2004 and 2005 . The chairman of the Bank of Valletta , whose headquarters is located close to the arch , promised to build a replica of the arch but initially nothing materialized . In 2012 , the Fleur de Lys Administrative Committee and the Birkirkara Local Council announced that they were planning to rebuild the arch to the same dimensions of the original . The plans were approved by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority in October of the same year , but they were placed on hold since a tender appeal had to be sorted out . In April 2013 , the tender was awarded to Vaults Ltd instead of V C Contractors who had originally won the tender . The replica arch cost 280 , 000 to build , and 100 , 000 of these were donated by the Bank of Valletta . 40 , 000 were taken from the Good Causes Fund , while the remaining 140 , 000 were paid by the Birkirkara Local Council . While preparations were being made for rebuilding the arch , a dispute arose between the Birkirkara and Santa Venera Local Councils on what to call the arch . The former said that it should be called Fleur de Lys Gate , while the latter insisted on using the name Wignacourt Arch . In September 2013 , the Santa Venera council took the Birkirkara council to court and accused it of causing historical damage by calling the arch with an incorrect name . The councils agreed on using the name The Wignacourt Arch known as the Fleur de Lys Gate in August 2014 . Reconstruction of the arch began on 1 August 2014 , but work stopped soon afterwards after part of the original arch 's foundations was found . Reconstruction continued in January 2015 , and it was complete by the end of November 2015 . Some finishing touches were made in February 2016 , including the installation of two marble plaques . The arch was inaugurated on 28 April 2016 by Prime Minister Joseph Muscat and mayor of Birkirkara Joanne unk Grech . A plaque with the coat of arms of Birkirkara and the following inscription was installed to commemorate the reconstruction IL unk unk TA ' unk IL unk unk unk unk , unk MAS unk , IS unk unk unk unk , unk DIN L unk unk unk unk unk L unk TA ' unk DE unk unk 28 TA ' APRIL 2016 ( meaning Birkirkara Local Council . Prime Minister Joseph Muscat , together with the mayor , Mrs. Joanne unk Grech , inaugurated the Wignacourt Arch known as the Fleur De Lys Gate , today 28 April 2016 ) Commemorations In 2015 , the Central Bank of Malta minted a 10 silver coin , and unk issued a set of two stamps to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the Wignacourt Aqueduct . The Wignacourt Arch is depicted on the coin and one of the stamps .
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2,898 | The 1975 Pacific Northwest hurricane was an unusual Pacific tropical cyclone that attained hurricane status farther north than any other Pacific hurricane . It was officially unnamed , with the cargo ship unk providing vital meteorological data in assessing the storm . The twelfth tropical cyclone of the 1975 Pacific hurricane season , it developed from a cold core upper level low merging with the remnants of a tropical cyclone on August 31 , well to the northeast of Hawaii . Convection increased as the circulation became better defined , and by early on September 2 it became a tropical storm . Turning to the northeast through an area of warm water temperatures , the storm quickly strengthened , and , after developing an eye , it attained hurricane status late on September 3 , while located about 1 , 200 miles ( 1 , 950 km ) south of Alaska . After maintaining peak winds for about 18 hours , the storm rapidly weakened , as it interacted with an approaching cold front . Early on September 5 , it lost its identity near the coast of Alaska . Meteorological history On August 26 , the tropical cyclone that was once Hurricane Ilsa degenerated into a remnant low pressure area about 1 , 200 miles ( 1 , 950 km ) west of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula . The remnants of Ilsa drifted northwestward through the Stratocumulus cloud field of the eastern north Pacific Ocean . At the same time , a mid tropospheric trough slowly intensified while gradually undergoing cyclogenesis to develop into a cold core upper level low . Early on August 31 , a low level circulation formed within the upper level low about 930 miles ( 1 , 500 km ) northeast of Hawaii at that time , the circulation and the remnants of Ilsa were located within 370 miles ( 600 km ) of each other . The cold core low rapidly intensified as convection increased , and late on August 31 it absorbed the remnants of Ilsa , which influenced the development of the system . Convection steadily organized as it tracked westward , and it is estimated it transitioned into a subtropical depression by 18 00 UTC on September 1 . With warm water temperatures , the system strengthened and began to develop tropical characteristics . Subsequent to the development of banding features , convection contracted and deepened over the increasingly well defined center , and is estimated it became a tropical storm by early on September 2 while located about 685 miles ( 1 , 100 km ) north of the Hawaiian island of Kauai . The storm quickly developed a central dense overcast , and by 00 00 UTC on September 3 Dvorak classifications began on the cyclone . With water temperatures of over 82 F ( 28 C ) , it strengthened rapidly as an approaching cold front caused it to accelerate to the northeast . An eye became apparent on satellite imagery , and the storm intensified into a hurricane at 18 00 UTC on September 3 , while located about 1 , 170 miles ( 1 , 885 km ) south of unk National Monument and Preserve in Alaska . Upon becoming a hurricane , the cyclone was small , measuring about 85 miles ( 140 km ) in diameter . Operationally , the hurricane was not classified due to lack of ship confirmation by the time it became a hurricane , the strongest winds reported by a ship was 40 mph ( 65 km h ) about 80 miles ( 130 km ) southeast of the center . Additionally , upon developing a closed eyewall , the cyclone was beginning to interact with the frontal system to its west . However , late on September 3 , a ship reported a pressure of 1003 mbar with a 3 hour tendency increase of 13 . 5 mb , suggesting a minimum pressure of under 990 mbar . At the time , the storm maintained a T number of 4 . 0 , resulting in estimated winds of 75 mph ( 120 km h ) and an estimated pressure of 987 mbar . Maintaining hurricane status for about 18 hours , the storm continued rapidly northeastward and weakened due to strong wind shear from the approaching cold front . Early on September 5 , it is estimated the cyclone became extratropical in the Gulf of Alaska while located about 315 miles ( 510 km ) southwest of Juneau , Alaska . The circulation was rapidly absorbed by the front , and the remnants quickly reached the coast of British Columbia . The remnants of the storm turned southeastward , and was last tracked definitively to a point north of Montana . Impact and records At 18 00 UTC on September 3 , a ship named unk recorded 50 mph ( 85 km h ) winds near the center of the storm . At 06 00 UTC on September 4 , the U.S. Navy chartered cargo ship unk recorded winds of 65 mph ( 100 km h ) about 120 miles ( 200 km ) , the strongest reported winds in association with the tropical cyclone the ship also reported 27 foot ( 8 . 5 m ) swells . No significant land impact occurred in association with the cyclone , and no fatalities were reported . Forming at 31 N , the storm formed farther north than any other Pacific tropical cyclone at the time , though , in 2000 , Tropical Storm Wene formed farther to the north . The cyclone marked the first known occurrence of a mid Pacific upper tropospheric low developing into a tropical cyclone , though Tropical Storm Fausto in 2002 redeveloped in a similar occurrence to the hurricane . The cyclone attained hurricane status at 40 N , a record for a Pacific hurricane . Only Tropical Storm Dot in 1970 , Hurricane John in 1994 , Tropical Depression Guillermo in 1997 , and Tropical Storm Wene in 2000 were tropical cyclones north of the latitude , of which only John was a hurricane none maintained tropical cyclone status further north than the cyclone .
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2,899 | LOL Smiley Face ( styled as LOL ) ) is a song by American recording artist Trey Songz . It features rappers Gucci Mane and Soulja Boy Tellem . The three co wrote the song with producers Troy Taylor and Tony Scales . The song serves as the second single from Songz ' third studio album , Ready . LOL Smiley Face is an R B song featuring bouncy , poppy synths , and lyrically refers to sexting and other electronic multimedia messaging . The song was released as the second single from Songz 's third album Ready on August 24 , 2009 . The song received generally positive reviews from critics , who noted its catchy melody . The song peaked at number fifty nine on the Billboard Hot 100 and number twelve on the Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart . Rather than releasing a traditional music video , a montage of fans singing and dancing to the track was released . Background The song was recorded in Atlanta , Georgia , at three different studios , Doppler Studios , Patchwerk Studios and D2 Music Studios . LOL was written by its performers , Trey Songz , Gucci Mane and Soulja Boy , and its producers , Troy Taylor and Tony Scales also contributed to the writing process . Taylor recorded the track while Jean Marie Horvat mixed the song . When speaking on the conceptual basis of Ready , Songz said , You think about a record like ' LOL Smiley Face , ' it 's something real simple , but when you look at the title or listen to the record , you 're like , ' Wow . ' That 's something great from a songwriter 's perspective . I 'm just trying to make hits and classic records that people can vibe to and live their life . In an interview with unk , Songz commented on his thoughts of making a remix of the song , stating , I think there 's going to be a remix for that song , because a lot of people dig it . A lot of people have hit me up actually about it . That song is blowing up real fast man . He also stated the possibility of American rapper Nicki Minaj appearing on a remix , saying , She wanted to do more of a commercial record , a cuter sex record . ' LOL ' was actually already done , but when she heard it , she hit me up , and said ' I love that song . You 're a punk for not putting me on it . ' She 'll definitely be on the remix . However no remix was seen to be in the works nor did it come to fruition . Composition The song is derived from R B , pop and hip hop music . It is backed with heavy percussion and smooth vocals . According to Andrew Rennie of NOW , the song , along with Neighbors Know My Name , continues Songz 's usage of his hook heavy and playful style . Ajitpaul Mangat of Tiny Mix Tapes called the chorus ringtone ready . The song is lyrically about sexting , as verses talk about tales of wired romance . Its lyrics contain references to Twitter , TwitPic , MySpace , and BlackBerry , and Soulja Boy 's line contains a reference to his song Kiss Me Thru the Phone . According to Mark Edward Nero of About.com , the song is aimed at teenage girls . Ken Capobianco of The Boston Globe said that Ready was built about the popping tracks of LOL Smiley Face and Say Aah . Critical reception Although Mark Edward Nero of About.com called the song gimmicky , he said it was catchy and addictive , commenting that the song actually deserves creativity points it 's a silly , lighthearted song that 's not meant to be taken seriously . Tyler Lewis of PopMatters called the song silly , and in an album review , commented , The less said about LOL ) , the better , calling the listening experience frustrating . Ajitpaul Mangat of Tiny Mix Tapes said that in the song , we have a genuinely novel pop music moment a booty call ( an R B staple ) that only this generation can relate to . Mangat also commended the song 's beat , chorus , and Soulja Boy 's cameo , commenting , In the end , it is all somehow apropos . Chris Ryan of MTV Buzzworthy said the song had an irrefutably catchy melody , and complimented the song because of the appearance of Gucci Mane and Soulja Boy , stating , it 's incredibly playful , as any song about texting should be . Melanie Fried of Billboard called LOL Smiley Face the most absurdly appealing , tech savvy song of the year to date , commenting Anyone younger than 15 is already texting their friends about their new favorite song . Chart performance On the week ending September 19 , 2009 , LOL debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number fifty one , the second highest debut of the week behind Breaking Benjamin 's I Will Not Bow . The song peaked at its entry position , remaining on the chart for eight weeks . At the time LOL was Songz 's second biggest hit overall , only behind his breakthrough single Can 't Help but Wait . On the week labeled October 10 , 2009 , the song peaked at number twelve on the Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart , as Songz 's seventh overall and fifth top twenty entry on the chart . Performance and music video Songz and Drake performed the song on music video show 106 Park on September 2 , 2009 as a part of a medley with I Need a Girl and Successful . Instead of releasing a typical video for the song , the accompanying clip features fans singing and dancing along to the clip , as well as tweeting and texting the title . The video was released online on November 25 , 2009 . Credits and personnel Songwriting Trey Songz , Gucci Mane , Soulja Boy , Tony Scales , Troy Taylor Production Troy Taylor , Tony Scales Recording Troy Taylor Mixing Jean Marie Horvat Source Charts Release history
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