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3,000 | Silvia is a song performed by Swedish indie pop band Miike Snow . Written and produced by the band , it is a six minute electronic piano ballad with drum , piano and synthesizer instrumentation and electro house beats . Lyrically , it speaks of longing and lead singer Andrew Wyatt 's vocals are edited with Auto Tune . Silvia served as the third and final single from the band 's 2009 self titled debut album . Columbia Records first digitally released it as a remix extended play ( EP ) on 22 January 2010 . Band members Christian Karlsson and Pontus Winnberg contributed their own remix to the release , using the alias Robotberget . Critical reception of Silvia was generally positive many critics deemed it the album 's centerpiece and criticized its early placement as the third track on Miike Snow . The single achieved minor chart success in the United Kingdom it became the band 's second entry on the UK Dance Chart , peaking at number 16 . However , it missed the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart as it only reached number 154 . The accompanying music video was directed by Marcus unk and plays out in a post apocalyptic setting . Background Silvia was written and produced by Miike Snow 's three members , Christian Karlsson , Pontus Winnberg and Andrew Wyatt . It was recorded at Robotberget , the band 's own studio in Stockholm , Sweden . The band mixed it with Anders Hvenare and mastering was handled by Ted Jensen . Wyatt explained during an interview for The Aquarian Weekly that Silvia is likely the most autobiographical song on the band 's 2009 self titled debut album as it was inspired by a real event of a stripper who straightened out and quit . According to Wyatt , the band especially liked the song because it shares names with Queen Silvia of Sweden . Music magazine Clash announced on 10 December 2009 that Silvia had been selected as the third single from the album . The announcement revealed it would coincide with a United Kingdom concert tour from January through February 2010 . Columbia Records released the single on 22 January 2010 , as a digital extended play ( EP ) containing remixes made by unk , Felix da Housecat , Hugg unk and Sinden . Karlsson and Winnberg also contributed their own remix to the release , using the alias Robotberget . Columbia issued a 12 vinyl , featuring the aforementioned remixes , in the United Kingdom on 8 February 2010 . Composition Silvia is a six minute electronic piano ballad with electro house beats . Instrumentation is provided by drums , a piano and synthesizers . John Fortunato of The Aquarian Weekly likened it to works by German electronic band Kraftwerk , and Martin Turenne of The Georgia Straight felt it held a blissful groove of ' 90s era piano led house . According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing , the song is written in the time signature of common time with a moderate beat rate of 125 beats per minute . It is written in the key of G minor and Wyatt 's vocal range spans the notes of E 4 to E 6 . It follows a sequence of Gm B E as its chord progression . Silvia begins as a ballad and transforms into a psychedelic , danceable piece as the synth pads accelerate . Wyatt 's vocals are echoed and edited with Auto Tune . Elliott Townsend of URB deemed the singer 's vocals emotionally transparent . The piece lyrically speaks of longing , and Alex Young of Consequence of Sound described it as a boy done wrong ode to the titular woman . Reception Silvia received positive reviews from music critics a writer for Complex considered it a standout on Miike Snow . Staff reviewer Rudy Klapper of Sputnikmusic deemed it the undeniable centerpiece of Miike Snow , It 's the kind of climactic tune that makes everything after it seem lesser . He regarded its placement as the third track on the album as odd . Similarly , PopMatters critic John Bergstrom also described Silvia as the album 's centerpiece , referring it to as stunning . Naming it a lost Duran Duran classic , Bergstrom wrote , It 's so thrilling , you 'll forgive the overzealous Auto Tune . The single achieved minor commercial success on charts in the United Kingdom . It entered the UK Dance Chart at number 39 in the issue dated 23 January 2010 . The following week , it rose to number 32 , before acquiring its peak position of number 16 in its third week . Silvia spent four weeks on the chart its last appearance was in the issue dated 13 February 2010 at number 23 . The single missed the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 154 in the issue dated 6 February 2010 . Music video Marcus unk directed the accompanying music video for Silvia . It premiered exclusively on NME 's website in December 2009 . A writer for Complex commented , The vid is kind of dramatic and hard to make sense of , but what do you expect from a band like this The video plays out in a post apocalyptic world . It begins with the band 's three members waking up from sleeping in the middle of a street , appearing to be homeless . The men then walk way in the woods while shots of homeless people are interspersed . Several people are seen carrying torches in the woods and are soon joined by the band . They then set fire to a large wooden version of a jackalope and the video ends as it bursts into flames . Formats and track listings Credits and personnel Songwriting Christian Karlsson , Pontus Winnberg , Andrew Wyatt Production Miike Snow Mixing Anders Hvenare , Miike Snow Mastering Ted Jensen Credits are adapted from the Miike Snow liner notes . Charts Release history
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3,001 | No. 1 Operational Training Unit ( No. 1 OTU ) was an operational conversion unit of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) during World War II . Formed in December 1941 at Nhill , Victoria , it relocated to Bairnsdale in mid 1942 , and then to East Sale the following year . No. 1 OTU 's primary role was to train aircrew for multi engined aircraft operations . At its peak of activity in August 1944 , it was operating over 130 aircraft , the most numerous being Bristol Beauforts . Its aircraft and personnel also conducted transport missions in New Guinea and maritime patrols in southern Australian waters . Following the end of hostilities , the unit was disbanded in December 1945 . History During World War II , the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) established several operational training units to convert recently graduated pilots from advanced trainers to combat aircraft , and to add fighting ability to the flying skills they had already learned . No. 1 Operational Training Unit ( No. 1 OTU ) was formed at Nhill , Victoria , on 8 December 1941 , under the control of Southern Area Command . Its inaugural commanding officer was Wing Commander unk Carr . The unit 's purpose was to train pilots , air observers and wireless air gunners for multi engine aircraft operations . The first courses commenced on 22 December . After preliminary training , pilots went through a six week conversion to Lockheed Hudsons and Bristol Beauforts , while observers and gunners underwent instruction on Airspeed Oxfords and Avro Ansons . Their training included bombing , gunnery , navigation , evasive action , ship recognition and maritime reconnaissance . Nhill was always meant to be a temporary location for No. 1 OTU , whose home was to be East Sale , also in Victoria . As accommodation at East Sale would not be available until October 1942 , the school 's 1 , 630 personnel were relocated to Bairnsdale in June and July . The base 's living quarters , recreational buildings and 88 tents could not fully accommodate this influx , so the RAAF rented hotels in Bairnsdale for 320 airmen . On 10 December 1942 , No. 1 OTU Detached Flight , consisting of 15 Hudsons and 108 personnel including air and maintenance crews , was sent to North Eastern Area Command to help fulfill urgent transport requirements in New Guinea . This force joined a military Douglas DC 2 and eleven civil aircraft pressed into service to form RAAF Special Transport Flight , which operated out of Wards Airfield from 14 December 1942 to 11 January 1943 . The Hudsons flew 645 sorties , carrying some 1 , 100 troops and almost 800 tons of equipment . Two of the Hudsons were lost , one to enemy action and one to friendly fire , and several were damaged . By April 1943 , No. 1 OTU 's complement had grown to 2 , 411 personnel . Over a four day period beginning 20 April , the unit relocated to East Sale , utilising 110 tenders in 535 trips along the Princes Highway . Its fleet of aircraft included 55 Beauforts , 35 Oxfords , 25 Hudsons , 14 Fairey Battles and one de Havilland Tiger Moth . Training courses commenced at the new base the day after the move was completed . One of the students on the first course at East Sale was future Prime Minister Gough Whitlam . Group Captain Bill Garing served as commanding officer from August 1943 to February 1944 . He set an Australian record on 19 January 1944 , when he landed a Tiger Moth atop the 5 , 000 foot ( 1 , 500 m ) Mount Wellington , to retrieve an injured stockman . Garing also took measures to allay concerns among crews regarding the Australian built Beaufort , which appeared to have a mysterious fault that caused many fatalities . By the time No. 1 OCU moved to East Sale , it had suffered 47 accidents involving Beauforts . Garing organised an aerobatic display by a Beaufort for the benefit of students , and an open day at the base on 16 October 1943 he also ordered extensive ground testing on the aircraft . Accidents continued to occur , however , and it was ultimately through the efforts of Wing Commander Charles Learmonth immediately prior to his death in a Beaufort off the Western Australian coast that the nature of the problem was recognised and overcome . As well as maintaining its training program , No. 1 OTU was required to periodically release instructors , students and aircraft for maritime patrols to protect Australian shipping lanes . In April 1943 , six Hudsons were attached to No. 32 Squadron at Camden , New South Wales , for convoy escort and anti submarine duties . A year later , four Beauforts were deployed to Mount Gambier , South Australia , to carry out a two day escort for the Dutch transport ship Van unk . Beauforts from No. 1 OTU were also ordered to locate and destroy the German U Boat U 862 , which had shelled the Greek tanker unk off Kingston , South Australia , on 9 December 1944 . Although the submarine was not sunk , it was apparently frightened off by the presence of the Beauforts and aircraft from other RAAF units in the vicinity . No. 1 OTU 's intensive training regime included night flying , so that it operated almost round the clock . Flying effort reached a peak in August 1944 , when 132 aircraft made 2 , 479 flights , instructing 221 students . The unit had by this time logged over 100 , 000 flying hours . It trained a total of 2 , 150 aircrew on Beauforts during the war , and suffered 147 aircraft accidents on instructional and operational fights in Australia and New Guinea , resulting in the loss of 131 aircrew killed or missing . Post war demobilisation saw the disbandment of all the RAAF 's operational training units No. 1 OTU was dissolved in December 1945 .
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3,002 | The Ilyushin Il 20 was a Soviet prototype for a heavily armored ground attack aircraft to replace the Ilyushin Il 10 . It featured a number of innovative concepts including a cockpit mounted on top of the engine , directly behind the propeller , and wing mounted autocannon that could be adjusted on the ground to fire level or depressed 23 to allow the aircraft to strafe ground targets while remaining in level flight . However it was slower than the Il 10 , and its immature M 47 engine was problematic in flight tests in 1948 49 . It was not placed into production . The test pilots called the aircraft the unk ( Hunchback ) . Development Sergey Ilyushin 's concept to meet the 1947 requirement for a superior aircraft to the Il 10 in performance and firepower was a heavily armored , single engine , all metal , low wing monoplane powered by the newly developed M 47 also known as the MF unk or M unk liquid cooled engine , which developed 3 , 000 horsepower ( 2 , 200 kW ) at take off . The design 's most notable feature was the pilot 's cockpit mounted directly above the engine , reminiscent of the Blackburn Blackburn and Blackburn unk . Furthermore , the cockpit was situated directly behind the four bladed propeller to maximize pilot visibility . The windshield extended down to the propeller hub and provided the pilot with a 37 downward field of view in a medium dive he could view targets directly underneath the aircraft . As was traditional with Ilyushin 's ground attack aircraft the Il 20 used a load bearing armored shell to protect the pilot and gunner as well as the engine , fuel , lubrication and cooling systems . The thickness of the armor varied between 6 to 15 mm ( 0 . 24 to 0 . 59 in ) and weighed a total of 1 , 840 kg ( 4 , 060 lb ) . The pilot 's canopy used armored glass 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) thick for the main windshield and 65 mm ( 2 . 6 in ) for the unk . A wide variety of armament suites were considered for the Il 20 . One involved two wing mounted 23 mm ( 0 . 91 in ) cannon and two others mounted in the fuselage , fixed downwards at a 23 angle for strafing targets in level flight . This version 's normal bomb load was only 400 kg ( 880 lb ) , but 700 kg ( 1 , 500 lb ) could be carried in overload condition or four RS 132 rockets could be carried instead . Another version used one 45 mm ( 1 . 8 in ) cannon , two 23 mm guns and six under wing rockets . Most studies placed the rear gunner in a dorsal turret separated from the cockpit by the main fuel tank , but one study put him in an armored Il unk rear turret , but this required a longer fuselage and moving the wings aft to maintain the CG in the right place . The obliquely mounted fuselage cannon were thought to be too difficult to aim and were not included in the prototype the weight savings allowed the ammunition for the four 23 mm unk 'nyy Sh 3 wing mounted guns to be increased to 900 rounds . One additional innovation in the prototype was that they could be adjusted on the ground to fire at a 23 downward angle in addition to the normal level position . The dorsal gunner also fired a Sh 3 gun , which was mounted in a separate , remotely controlled , Il VU 11 turret that could traverse through 180 and elevated to a maximum of 80 . A cassette of ten AG 2 aerial grenades was provided to deter any fighters approaching from below . Maximum bomb load was 1 , 190 kg ( 2 , 620 lb ) and four bomb bays were provided in the wing center section for small bombs . Alternatively two 500 kg ( 1 , 100 lb ) bombs could be carried on wing racks . Launch rails were provided for four 132 mm ( 5 . 2 in ) RS 132 rockets . The prototype was completed on 27 November 1948 and its first flight was shortly afterwards on 4 December . The best speed that the Il 20 could manage was only 515 km h ( 320 mph ) at an altitude of 2 , 800 m ( 9 , 200 ft ) , 36 km h ( 22 mph ) slower than the Il 10 at the same altitude , possibly a consequence of the increased drag and weight penalties inherent in the greater fuselage cross section and area as a result of the placement of the pilot above the engine . The new M 47 engine proved to be defective with severe vibration problems . Other problems were that the Air Force wasn 't satisfied with the armament and that access to the engine for routine maintenance was severely hampered by the placement of the cockpit over the engine . Another concern was the close placement of the cockpit to the propeller this was believed to increase the risk to the pilot if he had to bail out or make a belly landing in which case the bent propeller blades might hit the canopy . These issues , coupled with emerging jet engine technology , led to the cancellation of the Il 20 program on 14 May 1949 . Specifications ( Il 20 ) Data from The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft from 1875 1995 General characteristics Crew 2 Length 13 . 58 m ( 44 ft 6 5 8 in ) Wingspan 15 . 43 m ( 50 ft 7 in ) Height ( ) Wing area 44 . 0 m ( 473 . 66 ft ) Empty weight 7 , 500 kg ( 16 , 534 lb ) Loaded weight 9 , 500 kg ( 20 , 950 lb ) Powerplant 1 AM 47 Liquid cooled V 12 , 2 , 200 kW ( 3 , 000 hp ) Performance Maximum speed 515 km h ( 278 kn , 320 mph ) Range 1 , 680 km ( 908 nmi , 1044 mi ) Service ceiling 7 , 750 m ( 25 , 430 ft ) Wing loading 223 kg m ( 45 . 6 lb ft ) Power mass 0 . 23 kW kg ( 0 . 14 hp lb ) Climb to 5 , 000 m ( 16 , 400 ft ) 8 min Armament Prototype as flown 1 Sh 3 23 mm cannon mounted in a Il VU 11 turret 4 Sh 3 23 mm cannon in adjustable mounts outboard of the main undercarriage legs 1 , 190 kg of bombs 4 RS 132 132 mm rockets
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3,003 | Marengo was a wooden hulled , armored frigate of the Ocan class , built for the French Navy in the mid to late 1860s . The ship was running her sea trials in July 1870 when the Franco Prussian War began and was immediately placed in reserve until after the war was over . Marengo participated in the French occupation of Tunisia in 1881 and was flagship of the Northern Squadron in 1891 when it made port visits in Britain and Russia . She was sold for scrap in 1896 . Design and description The Ocan class ironclads were designed by Henri Dupuy de Lme as an improved version of the Provence class ironclads . The ships were central battery ironclads with the armament concentrated amidships . For the first time in a French ironclad three watertight iron bulkheads were fitted in the hull . Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal reinforced ram . The ship measured 87 . 73 meters ( 287 ft 10 in ) overall , with a beam of 17 . 52 meters ( 57 ft 6 in ) . Marengo had a maximum draft of 9 . 09 meters ( 29 ft 10 in ) and displaced 7 , 749 metric tons ( 7 , 627 long tons ) . Her crew numbered between 750 and 778 officers and men . The metacentric height of the ship was very low , between 1 . 7 2 . 2 feet ( 0 . 5 0 . 7 m ) . Propulsion The Ocan class ships had one horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving a single propeller . Their engines were powered by eight oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced 3 , 600 indicated horsepower ( 2 , 700 kW ) and unk reached 13 . 5 knots ( 25 . 0 km h 15 . 5 mph ) . She carried 650 metric tons ( 640 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for approximately 3 , 000 nautical miles ( 5 , 600 km 3 , 500 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . The Ocan class ships were barque or barquentine rigged with three masts and had a sail area around 2 , 000 square meters ( 22 , 000 sq ft ) . Armament These ships had their main armament mounted in four barbettes on the upper deck , one gun at each corner of the battery , with the remaining guns on the battery deck below the barbettes . Marengo 's armament was upgraded , before she commissioned , to four 274 millimeter ( 10 . 8 in ) guns in the barbettes , and on the battery deck , four 240 millimeter ( 9 . 4 in ) and seven 138 millimeter ( 5 . 4 in ) guns . By 1885 two more 274 millimeter guns had been added and all of the 138 millimeter guns were replaced by four 120 millimeter ( 4 . 7 in ) guns . The 18 caliber 274 millimeter Modle 1870 gun fired an armor piercing , 476 . 2 pound ( 216 . 0 kg ) shell while the gun itself weighed 22 . 84 long tons ( 23 . 21 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 , 424 ft s ( 434 m s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14 . 3 inches ( 360 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The armor piercing shell of the 19 caliber 240 millmeter Modele 1870 gun weighed 317 . 5 pounds ( 144 . 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 15 . 41 long tons ( 15 . 66 t ) . It had a muzzle velocity of 1 , 624 ft s ( 495 m s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14 . 4 inches ( 366 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The 138 millimeter gun was 21 calibers long and weighed 2 . 63 long tons ( 2 . 67 t ) . It fired a 61 . 7 pound ( 28 . 0 kg ) explosive shell that had a muzzle velocity of 1 , 529 ft s ( 466 m s ) . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . At some point the ship received a dozen 37 millimeter ( 1 . 5 in ) Hotchkiss 5 barrel revolving guns . They fired a shell weighing about 500 g ( 1 . 1 lb ) at a muzzle velocity of about 610 m s ( 2 , 000 ft s ) to a range of about 3 , 200 meters ( 3 , 500 yd ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute . The hull was not recessed to enable any of the guns on the battery deck to fire forward or aft . However , the guns mounted in the barbettes sponsoned out over the sides of the hull did have some ability to fire fore and aft . Late in the ship 's career four above water 356 millimeter ( 14 . 0 in ) torpedo tubes were added . Armor The Ocean class ships had a complete 178 203 millimeter ( 7 . 0 8 . 0 in ) wrought iron waterline belt . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 160 millimeters ( 6 . 3 in ) of wrought iron . The barbette armor was 150 millimeters ( 5 . 9 in ) thick . The unarmored portions of their sides were protected by 15 millimeter ( 0 . 6 in ) iron plates . Gardiner says that the barbette armor was later removed to improve their stability , but this is not confirmed by any other source . Service Marengo was laid down at Brest in July 1865 and launched on 15 October 1868 . The ship began her sea trials on 1 July 1870 and was running them when the Franco Prussian War of 1870 71 began . She was immediately put in reserve and not commissioned until 1872 for service with the Mediterranean Squadron . Marengo remained with the squadron until 1876 when she was again placed in reserve . On 2 October 1880 the ship was recommissioned and assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron . Marengo was transferred to the Levant Squadron ( French Division Navale du Levant ) on 13 February 1881 and bombarded the Tunisian port of Sfax in July as part of the French occupation of Tunisia . She remained in the Mediterranean until 1886 when she was assigned to the Reserve Squadron . In 1888 Marengo became the flagship of the Northern Squadron and led the squadron during its port visits to Osborne Bay and Spithead in August 1891 and to Kronstadt in September 1891 . She was reduced to reserve the following year and sold on 7 March 1896 .
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3,004 | East to West is a song recorded by contemporary Christian band Casting Crowns . Written by Mark Hall and Bernie unk and produced by Mark A Miller , it was released as the lead single from the band 's 2007 album The Altar and the Door . Lyrically , the song deals with the concept of forgiveness . The song met with a positive to mixed reception from music critics and won two awards at the 39th GMA Dove Awards Song of the Year and Pop Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year . It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance at the 51st Grammy Awards . East to West received 78 adds in its first week , a record at Christian radio . The song peaked atop five chart formats , as well as at number twenty five on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . It ranked at number six on the decade end Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart and at number seven on the decade end Billboard Hot Christian AC chart . Additionally , it ranked inside the top fifteen on both the 2007 and 2008 year end Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts . Recording and composition In the liner notes for The Altar and the Door , Casting Crowns lists Psalm 51 , Ephesians 2 1 10 , 1 John 1 9 , Psalm 103 , Romans 8 , Colossians 2 9 15 , Isaiah 38 17 , Psalm 32 , Lamentations 3 22 24 , Romans 6 and Romans 3 5 8 as inspirations for writing East to West . It was written by Mark Hall and Bernie Herms and produced by Mark A. Miller . It was recorded and mixed by Sam Hewitt at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee and at My Refuge Studio in McDonough , Georgia . Additional recording was handled by Michael Hewitt and Dale Oliver at Zoo Studio , while the song was mastered by Richard Dodd . The string section was arranged by Herms and recorded by Bill Whittington and Steve unk at The Sound Kitchen in Franklin , Tennessee . East to West is a contemporary Christian song lasting four minutes and twenty six seconds . It was written in common time in the key of F minor at a tempo of 73 beats per minute . The vocal range in the song ranges from the low note of D4 to the high note of F 5 . Lyrically , East to West deals with the concept of forgiveness , and the doubt that God forgives and forgets all sin . Casting Crowns ' lead vocalist Mark Hall explained that We have a hard time with the concept of forgiveness . We cut ourselves and it heals , but the scar remains . Sometimes we think God treats sin like we would if we were God , and that he handles forgiveness like we would . We know he forgives , but we can 't accept that God chooses to forget and relinquishes his right to avenge . That 's what we 're singing about in ' East To West ' . In a separate interview , Hall elaborated on that theme , commenting that I see forgiveness as God giving away His right to revenge in my life . He loved me so much that He s choosing to remember that against me no more , all because of Jesus . Critical reception and awards Upon the release of The Altar and the Door , East to West met with positive to mixed critical reception . Kevin McNeese of New Release Tuesday regarded the song as a powerful song and moment , while Steve Morley of United Methodist Communications commented that the song offers grace for the journey and emphasizes the sin crushing power of Jesus death and resurrection . Andree Farias of Christianity Today was more negative , opining that the song took too long to reach its climax . At the 39th GMA Dove Awards , East to West won the awards for Song of the Year and Pop Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year . It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance at the 51st Grammy Awards . Chart performance East to West received 78 radio adds in its first week , a record at Christian radio . It debuted at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart and advanced to number one in its seventh week on the chart. in total , East to West spent forty three weeks atop the chart The song spent a total of nineteen weeks at the top spot , tied with Brandon Heath 's Give Me Your Eyes for the second most weeks at number one in the history of the Hot Christian Songs chart . East to West also topped the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart and the Radio Records INSPO chart . It spent thirteen weeks atop the Radio Records Christian AC Monitored chart and a record fourteen weeks atop the Radio Records Christian AC Indicator chart . East to West also peaked at number twenty five on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . In 2012 , East to West was certified Gold by the RIAA , signifying sales of over 500 , 000 digital downloads . East to West was ranked at number eight on the 2007 year end Hot Christian Songs chart and at number nine on the 2007 year end Hot Christian AC chart , as well as at number twelve on the 2008 year end Hot Christian Songs chart and at number fourteen on the 2008 year end Hot Christian AC chart . It ranked at number six on the decade end Hot Christian Songs chart and at number seven on the decade end Hot Christian AC chart , Casting Crowns highest ranking song on both decade end charts . Live performances Casting Crowns has performed East to West in concert and at events since its release as a single . At the 39th GMA Dove Awards , they performed a stirring rendition of the song . At a concert on February 28 , 2010 in Hershey , Pennsylvania , Casting Crowns performed the song as part of their set list . They performed the song at a concert at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri as the fourth to last song of their set list . Charts Release history
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3,005 | The Australian ringneck ( Barnardius zonarius ) is a parrot native to Australia . Except for extreme tropical and highland areas , the species has adapted to all conditions . Traditionally , two species were recognised in the genus Barnardius , the Port Lincoln parrot ( Barnardius zonarius ) and the mallee ringneck ( Barnardius barnardi ) , but the two species readily interbred at the contact zone and are now considered one species . Currently , four subspecies are recognised , each with a distinct range . In Western Australia , the ringneck competes for nesting space with the rainbow lorikeet , an introduced species . To protect the ringneck , culls of the lorikeet are sanctioned by authorities in this region . Overall , though , the ringneck is not a threatened species . Description The subspecies of the Australian ringneck differ considerably in colouration . It is a medium size species around 33 cm ( 11 in ) long . The basic colour is green , and all four subspecies have the characteristic yellow ring around the hindneck wings and tail are a mixture of green and blue . The B. z. zonarius and B. z. semitorquatus subspecies have a dull black head back , rump and wings are brilliant green throat and breast bluish green . The difference between these two subspecies is that B. z. zonarius has a yellow abdomen while B. z. semitorquatus has a green abdomen the latter has also a prominent crimson frontal band that the former lacks ( the intermediate shown in the box has characteristics of both subspecies ) . The two other subspecies differ from these subspecies by the bright green crown and nape and blush cheek patches . The underparts of B. z. barnardi are turquoise green with an irregular orange yellow band across the abdomen the back and mantle are deep blackish blue and this subspecies has a prominent red frontal band . The B. z. macgillivrayi is generally pale green , with no red frontal band , and a wide uniform pale yellow band across the abdomen . The calls of the mallee ringneck and Cloncurry parrot have been described as ringing , and the calls of the Port Lincoln ringneck and twenty eight have been described as strident . The name of the twenty eight parrot is an onomatopoeic derived from its distinctive ' unk eight ' call ( or ' unk unk ' , from an early French description ) . Taxonomy and naming The Australian ringneck was first described by the English naturalist George Shaw in 1805 . It is a broad tailed parrot and related to the rosellas of the genus Platycercus it has been placed in that genus by some authorities , including Ferdinand Bauer . Currently , four subspecies of ringneck are recognised , all of which have been described as distinct species in the past ( As of 1993 , the twenty eight and Cloncurry parrot were treated as subspecies of the Port Lincoln parrot and the mallee ringneck , respectively ) . Several other subspecies have been described , but are considered synonyms with one of the above subspecies . B. z. occidentalis has been synonymised with B. z. zonarius . Intermediates exist between all subspecies except for between B. z. zonarius and B. z. macgillivrayi . Intermediates have been associated with land clearing for agriculture in southern Western Australia . The classification of this species is still debated , and molecular research by Joseph and Wilke in 2006 found that the complex split genetically into two clades one roughly correlating with B. z. barnardi and the other with the other three forms B. z. macgillivrayi was more closely related to B. z. zonarius than to the neighbouring B. z. barnardi . The researchers felt it was premature to reorganise the classification of the complex until more study was undertaken . Subspecies Behaviour The Australian ringneck is active during the day and can be found in eucalypt woodlands and eucalypt lined watercourses . The species is gregarious and depending on the conditions can be resident or nomadic . In trials of growing hybrid eucalypt trees in dry environments parrots , especially the Port Lincoln parrot , caused severe damage to the crowns of the younger trees during the research period between 2000 3 . Feeding This species eats a wide range of foods that include nectar , insects , seeds , fruit , and native and introduced bulbs . It will eat orchard grown fruit and is sometimes seen as a pest by farmers . Breeding Breeding season for the northern populations starts in June or July , while the central and southern populations breed from August to February , but this can be delayed when climatic conditions are unfavourable . The nesting site is a hollow in a tree trunk . Generally four or five white oval eggs are laid measuring 29 mm x 23 mm , although a clutch may be as few as three and as many as six . unk survival rates have been measured at 75 . Conservation Although the species is endemic , the species is considered not threatened , but in Western Australia , the twenty eight subspecies ( B. z. semitorquatus ) gets locally displaced by the introduced rainbow lorikeets that aggressively compete for nesting places . The rainbow lorikeet is considered a pest species in Western Australia and is subject to eradication in the wild . In Western Australia , a licence is required to keep or dispose of more than four Port Lincoln unk . All four subspecies are sold in the Canary Islands and in Australia , and they are traded via the CITES convention . The sale of the Cloncurry parrot is restricted in Queensland . The Australian ringneck can suffer from unk beak and feather disease , which causes a high nestling mortality rate in captivity .
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3,006 | Crazier is a song by American recording artist Taylor Swift . The song was written by Swift and Robert Ellis Orrall and produced by Nathan Chapman with Swift 's aid . The song was featured in both the 2009 film Hannah Montana The Movie and on its soundtrack . The song is a relaxed ballad with country qualities and lyrics that describe being in love . Swift performed the song as herself during a cameo in the Hannah Montana The Movie this scene was taken from the film and released as a music video for Crazier . The song was premiered on Radio Disney and Disney Channel , the latter promoting the home release of the film . The song charting at number seventeen on the Billboard Hot 100 , sixty four in the Australian Singles Chart , sixty seven in the Canadian Hot 100 , and one hundred on the UK Singles Chart . Crazier was praised by critics , many of whom named it the best song on the soundtrack . Digital downloads began immediately after the soundtrack 's release on March 23 , 2009 , and led to commercial success in Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Its highest international peak was at number seventeen on the United States chart , the Billboard Hot 100 . Background Swift co wrote Crazier with Robert Ellis Orrall . The song is set in compound time with six eighth notes per bar . It is played in E major at a moderately fast tempo of 144 beats per minute . Swift 's vocals span one octave , from E3 to B4 . The chorus has the following chord progression , E B C m A. The song 's appearance in Hannah Montana The Movie came about after filmmakers approached Swift about using her music in the film . Film officials emailed her asking for a song that was perfect to fall in love to and sort of a country waltz . Although it was not written intentionally for the film , Swift sent in Crazier and the filmmakers loved it . In addition , Swift offered to perform the song in the film herself as a cameo appearance . In the film , Swift performs at an open mic fundraiser to save a small town 's treasured park from developers . The quick scene was filmed in a single day , but Swift 's performance impressed film members . Film director Peter Chelsom said , I 've made a very big mental check to work with her again . Critical reception The song received critical acclaim . Warren Truitt of About.com complimented Swift 's unk ing in the ballad . Heather Phares of Allmusic praised the track , calling it the best song on Hannah Montana The Movie . She complimented it for being more genuine , more effortless , than any of Cyrus ' or Hannah 's tracks . James Berardinelli agreed , stating , Arguably , the movie 's biggest mistake is having Taylor Swift perform a song , since she can sing and the comparison is not flattering to the movie 's star . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly described Crazier as a pretty , yearning ballad . Premiere magazine reviewer Olivia unk referred to Swift 's performance one of the film 's high points . Peter Hartlaub of The San Francisco Chronicle believed that Swift 's cameo was enjoyable , but also calls it a mistake on the part of the filmmakers , explaining Swift is so talented that she makes Cyrus seem bland by comparison . Perry Seibert from TV Guide wrote , when genuine teen star Taylor Swift shows up to perform ... she demonstrates all the spontaneity and authenticity that Miley Cyrus lacks . Chart performance Crazier received exclusive airplay on Radio Disney . The song made its debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number seventy two on the week ending April 11 , 2009 . Crazier rose three spots to number sixty nine in the following week , but jumped to number thirty eight on the week ending April 25 , 2009 due to an 87 percent increase in digital downloads . For the week of Saturday , May 2 , 2009 , the song reached its peak on the Hot 100 at number seventeen , selling 110 , 000 downloads . It also peaked at number twenty eight on the Pop 100 chart . As of November 2014 , Crazier has sold one million copies in the USA . As the song was not officially released to radio as a single , digital sales also accounted for Crazier ' s appearance on international charts . The song debuted at number seventy nine on the week ending April 11 , 2009 . For the week ending May 2 , 2009 , it reached number thirty on Hot Canadian Digital Singles and number sixty three on the Canadian Hot 100 . Crazier reached number fifty seven on the Australian Singles Chart . The song debuted and peaked at number one hundred in the UK Singles Chart for the week ending May 16 , 2009 . Music video Crazier ' s music video , directed by Peter Chelsom , featuring excerpts from Hannah Montana The Movie , which premiered on March 28 , 2009 on Disney Channel . The video begins in its principal setting with Swift and two backup musicians atop a stage in a crowded barn . Swift is dressed in a fitted pastel sundress and plays an acoustic guitar strapped over her shoulder . The backup musicians play the fiddle , the piano , the drum set , and the upright bass . The video then transitions to a clip from Hannah Montana The Movie in which Miley Stewart ( Cyrus ) spots her love interest , Travis Brody ( Lucas Till ) , riding a brown horse . The video alternates between Swift performing and more film clips . Other scenes include Stewart and Brody riding the brown horse together , Stewart staring out from a red car into the street , Brody swinging from a rope in a waterfall , and the two characters on a date . At the end of the video , the couple are slow dancing while Swift sings . Charts and certifications
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3,007 | UA 8699 ( University of Antananarivo specimen 8699 ) is a fossil mammalian tooth from the Cretaceous of Madagascar . A broken lower molar about 3 . 5 mm ( 0 . 14 in ) long , it is from the Maastrichtian of the Maevarano Formation in northwestern Madagascar . Details of its crown morphology indicate that it is a unk , a member of the group that includes living marsupials and placentals . David W. Krause , who first described the tooth in 2001 , interpreted it as a marsupial on the basis of five shared characters , but in 2003 Averianov and others noted that all those are shared by zhelestid placentals and favored a close relationship between UA 8699 and the Spanish zhelestid Lainodon . Krause used the tooth as evidence that marsupials were present on the southern continents ( Gondwana ) as early as the late Cretaceous and Averianov and colleagues proposed that the tooth represented another example of faunal exchange between Africa and Europe at the time . Discovery and context UA 8699 was discovered in a joint study by Stony Brook University and the University of Antananarivo ( UA ) and placed in the collections of the latter as specimen 8699 . It was found at a locality named unk 95 in the unk Member of the Maevarano Formation , which is Maastrichtian ( latest Cretaceous ) in age . The locality is in the Mahajanga Basin of northwestern Madagascar . Several other mammals have been recovered from similarly aged Madagascar deposits , but most are also known from very limited material . These include the gondwanathere Lavanify , an indeterminate multituberculate , and a few other indeterminate teeth , as well as a nearly complete skeleton representing an otherwise unknown mammalian lineage . In a 2001 Nature paper , David Krause announced the discovery of UA 8699 and argued for marsupial affinities of the specimen . Because the specimen is so fragmentary , he refrained from assigning a new scientific name to the tooth . Two years later , Alexander Averianov , David Archibald , and Thomas Martin favored a placental interpretation in a paper in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , noting that the specimen was essentially similar to the zhelestid Lainodon . In a 2006 review of some of the Cretaceous vertebrates of Madagascar , Krause and colleagues continued to consider the specimen as a marsupial and announced that an upcoming paper by Case would make the case for marsupial affinities more fully . Description UA 8699 is a worn and broken left lower molar . Part of the trigonid ( the front group of cusps ) , at the unk ( inner front ) corner of the tooth is missing . Krause estimated that the complete tooth would have been 3 . 5 mm ( 0 . 14 in ) long and 2 . 2 mm ( 0 . 09 in ) wide . The tooth is tribosphenic , like that of modern mammals , as indicated by a number of features , including the broad basin of the talonid ( the back group of cusps ) , and the acute angle ( 48 ) between the cusps of the trigonid . UA 8699 lacks a unk ( ridge ) resembling a shelf on the lingual ( inner ) side , indicating that is not a member of Australosphenida ( the proposed clade uniting monotremes and some ancient Gondwanan mammals , including the Jurassic Madagascan Ambondro ) thus , it can be identified as representing Boreosphenida , which includes marsupials , placentals , and their extinct relatives . Krause listed five features that indicate that UA 8699 is a marsupial , not a placental or primitive therian . There is a well developed unk at the outer back margin ( unk ) , between the hypoconid ( one of the main cusps ) and the hypoconulid ( a smaller cuspule ) . The hypoconulid itself is located far lingually , relatively far from the hypoconid . The trigonid and talonid are about as broad , the trigonid is low crowned , and wear is mainly horizontal , resulting in broad , flat exposed wear facets . Averianov and colleagues noted that zhelestids , a placental group , share all those traits , though to varying degrees , and that the hypoconulid in similarly aged marsupials is even more lingually located , twinned to the entoconid ( the cusp on the back lingual corner of the tooth ) . They wrote that the specimen is on the whole more similar to zhelestids than to marsupials . Interpretations Krause wrote that UA 8699 was the first marsupial to be identified from Madagascar and the first from the Mesozoic of any part of Gondwana . Marsupials date back to the Eocene in Australia and Africa and to the Paleocene in South America although Cretaceous marsupials have been recorded there , none of the records are unambiguous . Marsupials were certainly present in the Northern Hemisphere during the late Cretaceous . He interpreted UA 8699 as evidence that marsupials must already have colonized the southern continents by the late Cretaceous , presumably having reached Madagascar through South America and Antarctica . By the late Cretaceous , boreosphenidans must already have been in the process of replacing archaic mammals like gondwanatheres on the southern continents , as suggested by the presence of unk , a placental , in the Cretaceous of India . Averianov , Archibald , and Martin instead placed UA 8699 in the context of faunal similarity and exchange between the late Cretaceous faunas of Europe and Africa , noting the presence of similar animals , such as snakes ( unk ) and sauropods ( Lirainosaurus and unk ) , in the Cretaceous faunas of Madagascar and the Spanish locality unk . They proposed the relationship between Lainodon , which is from unk , and UA 8699 as another example of this relationship and cited a previous prediction by unk and unk that zhelestids similar to Lainodon would be found in Africa .
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3,008 | Eastcote House Gardens is an area of public parkland in Eastcote , within the London Borough of Hillingdon . The site covers 3 . 63 hectares ( 9 acres ) and incorporates the walled garden , dovecote and coach house of Eastcote House . The house was demolished in 1964 by the Ruislip Northwood Urban District Council ( RNUDC ) , the predecessor of the London Borough of Hillingdon . At the public 's request , the garden and outbuildings were retained and are now maintained by a group of volunteers , the Friends of Eastcote House Gardens , in partnership with the local authority . Eastcote House was one of three largest in Eastcote , together with Highgrove House and Haydon Hall . All came to be owned by the RNUDC , but only Highgrove House remains in its original form Haydon Hall was demolished in 1967 by the RNUDC 's successor . The coach house , dovecote , and garden walls received Grade II listed status on 6 September 1974 . Ecological surveys have found fifty types of trees in the gardens , and numerous species of birds , mammals and insects have been recorded . The gardens received the Green Flag Award in September 2011 following an earlier inspection . History Eastcote House Eastcote House is first recorded in 1507 , when it was known as unk , under the ownership of the unk family . In 1525 , Ralph Hawtrey married Winifred unk , and they made unk their marital home , renaming it Eastcote House . The house was extended by either Ralph Hawtrey or his son John , and the brick exterior added . The original timber framework was not revealed again until the house was demolished . John Hawtrey built the dovecote without applying for the required licence . After his death in 1593 , his nephew Ralph Hawtrey applied retrospectively , and the licence was granted . During the 18th century , the dovecote was substantially rebuilt , leaving only the original first few rows of bricks . The Hawtrey family , later the Hawtrey unk , continued to live in the house until Francis Deane moved to East View in Uxbridge in 1878 . Eastcote House was then let to tenants and parts of the estate sold for housing developments . The Ruislip Northwood Urban District Council purchased the house and grounds , totalling 9 . 1 acres ( 3 . 7 ha ) , in 1931 after it became endangered by the proposed new housing development by the builders unk unk . Eastcote House became a public building for the use of the Scouts , Guides , Women 's Institute and a welfare clinic , though under the ownership of the council , the condition of the house deteriorated . In 1962 the house was declared unsafe , and it was demolished two years later after the council ruled there were no features of the house worth retaining . The Eastcote Billiards Club began using the coach house in 1938 . The club 's lease of the building expired in 2005 , but the club remained in residence , rent free . In 2013 , the club had moved to nearby Haydon Hall . Gardens The narrow bricks in the garden walls have been dated to around the 17th century . The walled garden would originally have been used predominantly for growing fruit , vegetables , and herbs for the household 's consumption , as well as flowers to exhibit at shows and for pleasure . The walled garden , coach house , and dovecote were retained at the public 's request when the house was demolished . On 6 September 1974 , the garden walls and remaining buildings were awarded Grade II listed status . The herb garden was planted across the four centre beds in 1977 to celebrate the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II . These included Artemisia , catmint , unk and curry plants . To keep the plants within the beds , each was lined by box in 1983 . The eastern wall was rebuilt in 1981 , at which point the northern wall was reduced by seven layers of brick . An area of topiary with seven specimens was planted in 1983 with box , behind the coach house . Lilacs , weeping cherries and hibiscus were planted in 1984 along the garden wall near the coach house . A pergola covered with laburnum and wisteria was introduced in 1986 leading to the entrance into the walled garden . Between 1986 and 1988 , two iron gates and a sundial were added . In the 1990s , the orchard near the walled garden was supplemented by black mulberry , walnut and quince trees . A footbridge crossing the River Pinn and leading to Long Meadow was replaced in 2007 the original had been built in 1977 . In 2008 , the Friends of Eastcote House Gardens was formed to care for the gardens and ensure they remain protected . The group received a 24 , 000 grant from the Big Lottery Fund for the replanting of the gardens , which went ahead in April 2010 . The Mayor of Hillingdon officially reopened the gardens on 17 July 2010 . A survey completed in November 2009 found 50 types of trees in the gardens . Bats were found in the coach house during an ecological survey , but were not believed to be nesting there long term . Species of birds observed in the gardens have included song thrush , jay , wren , robin , kingfisher and tawny owl . Mammals regularly observed include hedgehogs , grey squirrels and foxes . Butterflies including the holly blue and painted lady have been recorded . Hillingdon Council provided a 150 , 000 grant in September 2010 for the restoration of the buildings . In April 2011 , the council joined with the Friends to seek funding of up to 1 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund , to support restoration work . It is planned that the coach house could be converted into a tea room . The gardens received the Green Flag Award in 2011 following an earlier inspection . The flag was raised in a ceremony on 14 September 2011 .
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3,009 | Vanilla production contributes to the local economy of French Polynesia . Although it was a major export crop after its introduction by the French in 1848 , vanilla is no longer a significant export product . Vanilla was first introduced to French Polynesia by French colonizers as an export crop . Later , it became an important cash crop in the development of the island 's economy . In the early 20th century , production was much greater than it is today , with 150 200 tons produced annually and plantations employing a sizable percentage of the population . Over the years , its production has been influenced by several factors and has declined from a high of 200 tons to a 2013 yield of 60 tons . The largest concentration of the vanilla variety Vanilla unk ( Tahitian vanilla ) is situated in the Society Islands . The island of Taha 'a , known as the Vanilla Island because of its pervasive aroma of vanilla , produces about 80 of all French Polynesia 's vanilla . Background Vanilla unk ( Tahitian vanilla ) , which is a cross strain of Vanilla unk ( Mexican vanilla and Bourbon vanilla ) and Vanilla odorata ( unk Vanilla ) , is produced in French Polynesia , especially in Tahiti , and also Hawaii . Its pods have fewer seeds than Vanilla unk , which is not a direct competitor . Mexican vanilla is used almost exclusively as the base of vanilla extract , due to higher unk levels . Tahitian vanilla is used primarily in perfume because of its coumarin like scent . Other Tahitian vanilla products include vanilla green tea , vanilla oil , vanilla powder , vanilla rum , and vinegar based vanilla . History Vanilla , originally a crop endemic to South America , was introduced in French Polynesia in 1848 by Admiral Ferdinand Alphonse Hamelin , a French commander in the Pacific . The admiral delivered several dozen specimens of the plant to the Tahitian Governor 's garden in Papeete . A new variety of vanilla was subsequently developed in the area and came to be popularly known as Tahitian vanilla . This has special characteristics compared to the varieties such as Vanilla unk grown in other parts of the world , particularly in respect to taste and scent . It has resulted in greater demand for the Tahitian variety . The introduction occurred only one year after France made French Polynesia its protectorate , and over the next 40 years it became a major export to the United States , France , and Britain . Initially the vanilla plantations were owned by French mainland transplants later , the local Tahitians learned the processes and became major producers of the crop , with native families involved in its growth from seed to pod . However , in the 20th century , the Chinese , who came initially as labor for the plantations , became the primary actors in processing the crop for , marketing to , and making the crop available to the international market , though still some farms are owned by people of French and native origins . Production Vanilla is grown on small patches of land both as a single crop as well as an inter crop . As it needs lot of water for growth , it is largely grown on the rainier windward side of the island . Initially , vanilla is planted next to small trees until its vines grow to some height , at which point it is cut down closer to the soil so that it spreads across the ground . It starts to flower when about three years old the flowering period is from July to August . Production , initially for export , reached a high of 200 tons in 1939 . But it decreased to about 125 tons ( metric ) due to the onset of World War II in 1945 . Exports gradually increased after the war to 300 tons by 1949 but then started to decline with about four tons of export in 1985 as it became ineffective to produce vanilla due to as international competition , the costs of transportation of processed vanilla , exchange rates , state protectionism , plant pathology , varying global economics , and availability of cheaper varieties all affected the economics of vanilla production in the area . The Centre d Experimentation du Pacifique ( CEP ) was established with the goal of reviving the economy . It was launched in 1962 to overcome the drawbacks faced by the economy at large , with vanilla production being the economy 's cornerstone at the time . In an effort to spark innovation and new growing techniques , emphasis was shifted to shade house cultivation , with less intensive labour required ( due to the controlled indoor climate ) , and reduction in chemicals necessary for outdoor farming . Controlled growth resulted in an export record or 12 tons in 2010 . In the present day , the production is largely locally utilized in view of Tahitian vanilla becoming a status symbol of cultural identity and pride in Polynesia . Promotional actions instituted by the government to act upon this pride and boost vanilla production are many even a dessert served by an airline in the on board meal is infused with Tahitian vanilla . As of 2013 , vanilla production ( FAO records for 2013 ) in French Polynesia ( specifically Tahiti ) accounted to only about 0 . 07 of the total world production it was 60 tons from an area of 7 hectares ( 17 acres ) with an yield of 13 unk per ha , comparative to the 3 , 500 tons yielded by plantations in Madagascar , and 3 , 400 tons yielded in Indonesia . Some plantations are open to tourists Maison de la Vanille for instance , near unk , permits visitors to view the vanilla preparation and drying processes . The island of unk offers a tour , conducted by a private outfit , that takes visitors to one of the older and more voluminous plantations , situated on unk Bay .
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3,010 | The suspensory muscle of duodenum is a thin muscle connecting the junction between the duodenum , jejunum , and duodenojejunal flexure to connective tissue surrounding the superior mesenteric artery and coeliac artery . It is also known as the ligament of Treitz . The suspensory muscle most often connects to both the third and fourth parts of the duodenum , as well as the duodenojejunal flexure , although the attachment is quite variable . The suspensory muscle marks the formal division between the first and second parts of the small intestine , the duodenum and the jejunum . This division is used to mark the difference between the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts , which is relevant in clinical medicine as it may determine the source of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract . The suspensory muscle is derived from mesoderm and plays a role in the embryological rotation of the gut , by offering a point of fixation for the rotating gut . It is also thought to help digestion by widening the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure . Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a rare abnormality caused by a congenitally short suspensory muscle . Structure The duodenum and the jejunum are the first and second parts of the small intestine . The suspensory muscle of the duodenum marks their formal division . The suspensory muscle arises from the right crus of the diaphragm as it passes around the esophagus , continues as connective tissue around the stems of the celiac trunk ( celiac artery ) and superior mesenteric artery , passes behind the pancreas , and enters the upper part of the mesentery , inserting into the junction between the duodenum and jejunum , the duodenojejunal flexure . Here , the muscles are continuous with the muscular layers of the duodenum . Variation Considerable anatomic variation exists , in terms of length and point of attachment . Despite the classical description , the muscle only solely attaches to the duodenojejunal flexure in about 8 of people it is far more common , 40 to 60 of the time to attach additionally to the third and fourth parts of the duodenum and 20 to 30 of the time it only attaches to the third and fourth parts . Moreover , separate multiple attachments are not that uncommon . According to some authors , who use the original description by Treitz , the muscle may be divided into two sections a unk portion attaching the right crus of diaphragm to the connective tissue surrounding the coeliac artery and superior mesenteric artery and a lower muscular portion from the connective tissue attaching to the duodenum . The superior portion is also described as the unk . These two parts are now considered anatomically distinct , with the suspensory muscle referring solely to the lower structure attaching at the duodenum . Function The ligament contains a slender band of skeletal muscle from the diaphragm and a fibromuscular band of smooth muscle from the horizontal and ascending parts of the duodenum . When it contracts , by virtue of connections to the third and fourth parts of the duodenum , the suspensory muscle of the duodenum widens the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure , allowing movement of the intestinal contents . Embryology unk , the suspensory muscle of the duodenum is derived from mesoderm . It plays an important role in the embryological rotation of the small intestine as the superior retention band . Clinical significance This ligament is an important anatomical landmark of the duodenojejunal flexure , separating the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts . For example , bloody vomit or unk , black tarry stools , usually indicate a gastrointestinal bleed from a location in the upper gastrointestinal tract . In contrast , unk , bright red blood or clots in the stool , usually indicates gastrointestinal bleeding from the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract . It is an especially important landmark to note when looking at the bowel for the presence of malrotation of the gut , a syndrome often suspected in young children when they have episodes of recurrent vomiting . unk a normal location of the ligament of Treitz in radiological images is critical in ruling out malrotation of the gut in a child it is abnormally located when malrotation is present . During a Whipple 's procedure , commonly used to treat pancreatic cancer by removing the pancreas , duodenum , and part of the jejunum , the ligament of Treitz is separated from the duodenum and preserved . When the remaining jejunum is unk with the pylorus of the stomach , it may be passed through the ligament . Superior mesenteric artery syndrome ( SMA ) is an extremely rare life threatening condition that can either be congenital and chronic , or induced and acute . SMA Syndrome is characterised by compression of the duodenum between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery , and may when congenital result from a short suspensory muscle . One surgical treatment is Strong 's operation , which involves cutting the suspensory muscle , though this is not often carried out . History The suspensory muscle of the duodenum was first named in 1853 by Vclav Treitz , as the musculus unk unk ( in Latin ) , and described as consisting of a lower muscular portion with a broad base , and an upper tendinous portion blending with connective tissue around the origins of the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries . It is commonly termed the ligament of Treitz by clinicians and as the suspensory muscle of the duodenum by anatomists . It has also been likened to a polar ice cap ... a structure that many refer to but few have seen . Additional images
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3,011 | Reptar on Ice is the tenth episode of the second season of the animated television series Rugrats . It is the first segment of the twenty third episode for the entire series . The episode was written by Peter Gaffney and directed by Howard E. Baker . It was originally broadcast on November 8 , 1992 . Reptar on Ice followed the infant main characters , Tommy , Chuckie , Phil , and Lil going to an ice show with their parents that follows the love story of the babies ' favorite monster , Reptar . There , the babies attempt to return a lizard to the actor , assuming it is his child . Reptar on Ice continued Rugrats ' employment of the character Reptar , a satirical parody of Godzilla . The episode included several other cultural references the basic theme lampoons the commercialization of children 's media products and its plethora of merchandise tie ins . The ice show the children see is referent to real life ice shows , such as Disney on Ice , and its plot centers around a Beauty and the Beast style love story . The episode was released on the DVD and VHS compilation Decade in Diapers , which included the favorite episodes of Rugrats in their respected category as voted on by fans on Nick.com , and was celebratory of the show 's tenth anniversary . Reptar on Ice in particular was categorized as the Favorite Reptar unk Episode . Gord Lacey of unk described it as one of his favorite episodes from the compilation , tied with Vacation Special . It was adapted into an audio story , which was featured prominently on the CD and cassette tape In Search of the Mighty Reptar . Plot The babies discover a tiny lizard in Tommy Pickles ' backyard that they are convinced is the offspring of Reptar , a fictitious green dinosaur and main character of many action movies of which the Rugrats are fond . After learning about the extinction of the dinosaurs , Tommy decides to return the lizard to Reptar just as his family has purchased tickets for a musical ice show based on the character . After Tommy 's parents and grandfather have fallen asleep , the babies sneak into the ice rink and present the lizard to Leo , the actor portraying Reptar , who coincidentally happens to possess a phobia of lizards . Stu Pickles , Tommy 's father , sees the unk and must retrieve them from the ice rink . Production Reptar on Ice was written by Peter Gaffney and directed by Howard E. Baker . It was the tenth episode of season two of Rugrats , which was created by Arlene Klasky and Gabor Csupo , along with Paul Germain , founders of the self titled company Klasky Csupo . Reptar on Ice was originally broadcast on November 8 , 1992 on Nickelodeon . John Schuck guest starred as Reptar . In the episode , Reptar is played by a man named Leo , who was used during season one 's Reptar 's Revenge dressed as Reptar for a state fair . Reptar 's Revenge was also written by Gaffney . Themes Reptar had been used since season one , episode three , At the Movies , as a satirical parody of the fictional Japanese monster , Godzilla . Despite being a green dinosaur , he still embodies the character , and though he is portrayed comically , his name is referent to the way a child would pronounce Velociraptor , made famous for its appearance in Jurassic Park , though that film is highly unlikely to have been the inspiration since it was released after Reptar 's dbut . Reptar is used to demonstrate and subsequently lampoon the ever growing domination of Japanese culture into children 's society . Reptar on Ice continues this satirical tradition , heavily displaying the over commercialization where media is dragged on into several merchandising tie ins . Angelica is insistent on only eating Reptar brand cereal , which Stu states has no actual food in it . The ice show the babies attend mocks several different real life ice shows , including Disney on Ice and Barney on Ice . Another reference in the episode is the subsequent joke about Beauty and the Beast in the romantic plot of the entire Reptar on Ice performance . Reception and home media releases Reptar on Ice was originally broadcast on November 8 , 1992 . The 1997 VHS tape Return of Reptar was the first home video release with this episode . Four years later in 2001 , the episode is featured on a VHS and DVD compilation for the show 's tenth anniversary entitled Decade in Diapers . It included ten episodes that were voted by fans on Nick.com as their favorites in specific categories Reptar on Ice was listed as the favorite Reptar unk Episode . The Decades in Diapers video had originally been released as a VHS in 2001 , and though Paramount Studios intended to concurrently put it as a DVD as well , they opted to wait a year . The episode was most recently re released to DVD in June 2009 as a part of the Rugrats Season 2 DVD set . Gord Lacey of unk named the episode one of his favorites on the compilation , tying with the episode Vacation Special , which followed the families going to Las Vegas to relax . Reptar on Ice was adapted onto a CD entitled In Search of the Mighty Reptar . It features a story time set of two adventures the babies have the second story features another Reptar story , entitled Journey to the Center of the Basement , where they venture to their basement in order to rescue their Reptar , Jr . toy . The CD was as well made for cassette tapes , both being released on July 20 , 1999 . In Search of the Mighty Reptar was a part of Nickelodeon 's Rugrats Go Reptar event that published several different other merchandise types for Rugrats , including direct to video releases and magazines .
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3,012 | The first season of the serial crime thriller television series Millennium commenced airing in the United States on October 25 , 1996 , concluding on May 16 , 1997 , and consisting of twenty two episodes . It tells the story of retired FBI Agent Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) . Black has moved to Seattle , Washington with his family and has begun working with a mysterious organization known only as the Millennium Group . He investigates cases with members of the Group and the Seattle Police Department , contributing his remarkable capability of relating to the monsters responsible for horrific crimes . He finds that his daughter has inherited the same gift that he has , while the cases become increasingly more personal . Critics received season one well . Although the show got the highest number of viewers for a pilot episode for the Fox Network at the time , it steadily dropped in the ratings , which led to it losing the Sunday slot to its sister show , The X Files . The main cast of the show were Henriksen as Frank Black and Megan Gallagher as Catherine Black . Production Development The original idea behind Millennium came from an episode of The X Files Chris Carter had written about a serial killer . The episode got Carter thinking about the monsters who lurked in the shadows . Later , he started to flesh out a character which would become Frank Black , but he was busy working with other projects at the time . In the mid 1990s , after the success of The X Files , the Fox Network asked Carter if he could create another show for them . Originally , the show was planned to include a new murder mystery each week , at the same time having a comprehensive storyline . So Carter created the idea of the new millennium , which could give the show its own feel . He felt he could capitalise and at the same time have a new murder mystery every week with a millennial twist to it . He also wanted to explore evil , not the scientific approach which was the psychological explanation of evil . Carter wanted to explore evil through an unscientific approach , an exploration where the Bible played an important role . While clearly stating that the show was not supposed to be heavily grounded in religious text , he felt in many ways that the Bible explained things on various levels and not just in the modern scientific way . Casting and characters Chris Carter had envisioned Lance Henriksen portraying the character of Frank Black , long before he was ever contacted . Although Carter 's colleagues responded positively to the selection , the Fox Network wanted someone younger to take the lead part . Fox asked William Hurt to play the lead role , but after finding out that Hurt had no interest in acting on television , Henriksen got the part . When Henriksen first got the script , he mistook it for a film because of its powerful story . He was not fond of the idea of participating in a television project . Henriksen contacted Carter about the character his first question was How are you going to make this hero a hero I mean , it is so dark , how are you going to handle this Carter replied saying that Frank was a hero because he was able to stand up against all of this . Henriksen was also worried about the dark feel of the show , saying that all shows needs some glimpse of light at the end of the tunnel . According to Carter The yellow house was the light , which Henriksen later agreed upon . Studio executive Ken Horton was very pleased with Megan Gallagher 's acting experiences . After winning the audition , she was given a secret script . Reacting positively towards the script , she later met up with Carter and David Nutter . Critical reception Peter Wunstorf was nominated for an American Society of Cinematographers award for his work on the pilot episode . Lance Henriksen was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal of Frank Black but lost to E.R. performer , Anthony Edwards . Co star Brittany Tiplady was later nominated for a Young Artist Award but failed to win . The show itself was nominated for a People 's Choice Award in the category Favorite Television New Dramatic Series but did not win . Robert McLachlan was nominated and won a Canadian Society of Cinematographers in 1997 . The first season was received well by critics . Keith Uhlich of Salon magazine called the season and series Carter 's greatest series , and that , television work always improves in retrospect his seemingly haphazard , on the fly narratives become more coherent when taken out of the hellish , commercial break happy context wherein they spawned . Paul Katz of Entertainment Weekly said , Despite the unapologetic bleakness of the show , it was Lance Henriksen performance that was the real killer . Mark unk from The Seattle Times said the X Files follow up was uncompromisingly grim , fascinating , cinematically crafted , and that the show was years ahead of such forensic mysteries as CSI Crime Scene Investigation . USA Today writer Matt Roush said With nightmare visions of bleeding walls , charred bodies , decapitations and a grisly live burial , the show took a new grim view on drama . Although the season premiere received good ratings , the series gradually lost viewers as they were reportedly turned off by the morose and unnerving story lines . Main cast Starring Lance Henriksen as Frank Black Megan Gallagher as Catherine Black Recurring Terry O 'Quinn as Peter Watts Brittany Tiplady as Jordan Black Stephen J. Lang as Det . Bob Giebelhouse Bill Smitrovich as Lt. Robert Bletcher Episodes
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3,013 | Der Herr ist mein getreuer Hirt ( The Lord is my faithful Shepherd ) , BWV 112 , is a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach , a church cantata for the second Sunday after Easter . Bach composed the chorale cantata in Leipzig and first performed it on 8 April 1731 . It is based on the hymn by Wolfgang unk , a paraphrase of Psalm 23 written in 1530 , sung to a melody by Nikolaus Decius . Bach , the Thomaskantor in Leipzig from May 1723 , composed this cantata to complete his second cantata cycle of chorale cantatas , begun in 1724 . He used the lyrics of the hymn unchanged , which reflect the psalm and Jesus as the Good Shepherd . Bach structured the work in five movements . The outer choral movements are a chorale fantasia and a four part closing chorale , both on the hymn tune . Bach set the inner stanzas as aria recitative aria , with music unrelated to the hymn tune . He scored the cantata for four vocal soloists , a four part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns , two oboes d 'amore , strings and continuo . Bach scholars agree that the brass instruments , normally reserved for Feast days , could come from an earlier chorale fantasia of the same melody with the text of the German Gloria . History and words In his second year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig , Bach composed chorale cantatas between the first Sunday after Trinity of 1724 and Palm Sunday of 1725 , but for Easter he returned to cantatas on more varied texts . He had not composed a chorale cantata yet for the occasion Misericordias Domini , the second Sunday after Easter . The prescribed readings for that Sunday were from the First Epistle of Peter ( Christ as a model 1 Peter 2 21 25 ) , and from the Gospel of John , ( the Good Shepherd John 10 11 16 ) . During the cycle of 1724 25 , the text of the inner stanzas of a hymn was paraphrased by a contemporary poet with whom Bach collaborated . In this cantata however , Bach used the hymn text unchanged , a 1530 hymn in five stanzas written by Wolfgang unk as a paraphrase of Psalm 23 . The hymn is sung to the melody of Allein Gott in der unk sei Ehr , the German unk , by Nikolaus Decius ( 1522 ) . unk 's hymn is different from the one with the same opening line by Cornelius Becker , but sung to the same melody , which Bach had used in his other two cantatas for the same occasion , Du Hirte Israel , unk , BWV 104 and Ich bin ein guter Hirt , BWV 85 . The hymn 's topic , the Lord as the Good Shepherd , has traditionally been used for Jesus and is thus related to the gospel . Bach first performed the cantata at the Nikolaikirche on 8 April 1731 . Structure and scoring Bach structured the cantata in five movements . The text and tune of the hymn are kept in the outer choral movements , a chorale fantasia and a four part closing chorale , which frame a alternating arias and a recitative . Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists ( soprano , alto , tenor , bass ) , a four part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns ( Co ) , two oboes d 'amore ( Oa ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) and basso continuo . In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Drr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 4 ) . The continuo , playing throughout , is not shown . Music In the opening chorus , a chorale fantasia , the melody of the German Gloria Allein Gott in der unk sei Ehr is embedded in an orchestral concerto . The movement opens with calls derived from the chorale tune played on the two horns , leading to a free concerto with the strings and oboes . The cantus firmus is sung by the soprano in long notes , while the lower voices engage in imitation . John Eliot Gardiner compares the movement to the openings of the two former cantatas for the same occasion The presence of two horns ... reveals a much more regal portrait of the Good Shepherd than we have previously met . Both Alfred Drr and Klaus Hofmann assume that the music was not originally composed for this pastoral text , but previously , for the Gloria . Bach had composed a different chorale fantasia on the same melody in Auf Christi Himmelfahrt allein , BWV 128 , with similar instrumentation . The inner three movements quote the text of the hymn without change , but their music is not related to the hymn tune . The alto aria is accompanied by an obbligato oboe . It is structured in two similar parts , and is in pastoral 6 8 time . The steady flow of the oboe can be seen as depicting the pure water mentioned in the text , the steps in the continuo as the steps made on this significant journey on the pathway of the righteousness of His commandments . The central movement begins as an arioso , accompanied by the continuo , illustrating the walk through the valley of darkness . The second part is a dramatic recitative with strings , first expressing unk , Leiden , Trbsal ( persecution , sorrow , trouble ) in a broken melodic line against sustained string chords , then Thy rod and Thy staff comfort me , where the first violins weave a comforting little melody . The following duet expresses enjoyment at God 's table in a dance , a bourre . The cantata closes with a four part chorale , most instruments playing colla parte , while the horns play different parts because of their limited range . Selected recordings The selection is taken from the listing on the Bach Cantatas website . Choirs and orchestras are roughly marked as large by red background instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green under the header Instr ..
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3,014 | Lost Our Lisa is the twenty fourth episode in the ninth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 10 , 1998 . The episode contains the last appearance of the character Lionel Hutz . When Lisa learns that Marge cannot give her a ride to the museum and forbids her to take the bus , she tricks Homer into giving her permission . After Lisa gets lost , Homer goes looking for her and the two end up visiting the museum together . The episode is analyzed in the books Planet Simpson , The Psychology of the Simpsons D 'oh , and The Simpsons and Philosophy The D 'oh of Homer , and received positive mention in I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide . Plot Bart and Milhouse visit a joke shop . Meanwhile , Marge and Lisa plan a trip to the unk Museum so they can see the Egyptian Treasures of Isis exhibit and the Orb of Isis . Marge has to take Bart to a doctor instead , since he has unk various novelty items to his face . Since this is Lisa 's last chance to see the exhibit , she phones Homer to ask him if she can take the bus . He seems uncertain , which prompts her to trick him into letting her take the bus . However , once on the bus , Lisa realizes she is on the wrong bus and is dropped off in the middle on nowhere . During his lunch break at work , Homer has a conversation with Lenny and Carl . He tells them that he let Lisa ride the bus alone . Lenny and Carl point out the error of his judgment , and Homer leaves work to go look for her . He heads to the museum and ends up in downtown Springfield . He uses a unk to get up higher . Homer and Lisa spot each other , but the vehicle 's wheels creak backwards and it rolls down a hill . It slides off the edge of a pier at the harbor into a river . Lisa tells the drawbridge operator to close the bridge so Homer can grab on . His head is caught between the two closing halves and he survives with nothing more than a few tire marks across his forehead . With Homer and Lisa re united , he tells her that it is all right to take risks in life . The two decide to go to the museum after all , by illegally entering since it is now closed . While there , they make a fascinating discovery that the Orb of Isis is a music box which had gone overlooked by scientists and museum staff . Lisa concludes that what her father said about risks was right until the alarm goes off and guard dogs chase them out of the building . Production Writer Mike Scully came up with the idea for the plot because he used to live in West Springfield , Massachusetts and he would ask his parents if he could take the bus to Springfield , Massachusetts and they finally agreed to let him one day . The production team faced several challenges during development of this episode . The animators had to come up with a special mouth chart to draw Bart 's mouth with the joke teeth in . The pile of dead animals in the back of Cletus ' truck originally included dead puppies , but the animators thought it was too sad , so they removed them . Scully used to write jokes for Yakov Smirnoff so he called him up to get the signs in Russian . Dan Castellaneta had to learn proper Russian pronunciation so he could speak it during the chess scene in which he voiced the Russian chess player . In the season 9 DVD release of the episode , The Simpsons animators use a unk to show similarities between Krusty and Homer in the episode . This episode contains the last showing of character Lionel Hutz . He is seen standing at the bus stop with Lisa , but does not speak . Due to Phil Hartman 's death , the recurring characters of Lionel Hutz and Troy McClure were retired . Themes In his book Planet Simpson , Chris Turner cites Lisa 's experiences on the bus as an example of satirical laughs scored at the expense of Lisa 's idealism . Lost Our Lisa is cited in The Simpsons and Philosophy The D 'oh of Homer along with episodes Lisa the Iconoclast , Lisa the Beauty Queen , and Lisa 's Sax , in order to illustrate Homer 's success bonding with Lisa . In The Psychology of the Simpsons D 'oh , the authors utilize statements made by Homer in the episode to analyze the difference between heuristic and algorithmic decision making . Homer explains to Lisa , Stupid risks are what make life worth living . Now your mother , she 's the steady type and that 's fine in small doses , but me , I 'm a risk taker . That 's why I have so many adventures The authors of The Psychology of The Simpsons interpret this statement by Homer to mean that he relies on his past experiences of taking massive , death defying risks and winding up okay to justify forging ahead in the most extreme circumstances . Reception In its original broadcast , Lost Our Lisa finished 45th in ratings for the week of May 4 10 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 7 . 8 , equivalent to approximately 7 . 6 million viewing households . It was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X Files , Ally McBeal , and King of the Hill . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood write positively of the episode in their book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide A smashing episode , loads of good jokes and clever situations ... and best of all , Lisa working intelligently . The teaming up of father and daughter has rarely been more enjoyable and lovely . Gives you a warm feeling . A review of The Simpsons season 9 DVD release in the Daily Post notes that it includes super illustrated colour commentaries on All Singing , All Dancing and Lost Our Lisa .
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3,015 | St Mary 's Church , Tal y llyn is a medieval church near Aberffraw in Anglesey , north Wales . It was originally a chapel of ease for the parish church of St Peulan 's , Llanbeulan , but the township that it once served , Tal y llyn , no longer exists . It was declared a redundant church in the early 1990s , and has been in the care of the Friends of Friendless Churches since 1999 . Services are held once per month during part of the year . The date of the church is unknown , but the oldest parts could be from the 12th century . The chancel was rebuilt in the 16th century , and a side chapel added in the 17th century . The church furnishings , such as pews , pulpit and communion rails , were added in the 18th century , although some of the pews are modern replacements after vandalism . It is a Grade I listed building , a national designation given to buildings of exceptional , usually national , interest , because it is a very rare example of a virtually unrestored Medieval church of simple , rustic character . History and location St Mary 's Church is in a rural and thinly populated part of Anglesey , about 4 . 25 kilometres ( 2 . 6 mi ) northeast of Aberffraw and about 3 . 75 kilometres ( 2 . 3 mi ) southwest of Gwalchmai . It stands on a low mound with a circumference of approximately 120 yards ( 110 m ) the wall around the churchyard , which contains no gravestones , follows the shape of the mound to some extent . Its original purpose was to serve as one of five chapels of ease for the local parish church , St Peulan 's , Llanbeulan , about 1 . 5 miles ( 2 . 4 km ) to the north St Peulan 's itself has now closed . The township that St Mary 's served , Tal y llyn , has now disappeared , although before the time of the Black Death there were 22 houses here . The date of foundation of the church is unknown . The nave is the oldest part of the church , possibly built in the 12th century . Later changes saw the rebuilding of the chancel ( in the late 16th century ) and the addition of a chapel on the south side of the building ( in the 17th century ) . It was used for services until the early 1990s , and was then made a redundant church in about 1992 . It was placed in the care of the Friends of Friendless Churches in 1999 , who hold a 999 year lease effective from 19 November 1999 . Services are held in the church on one Sunday afternoon per month between May and October . Architecture and fittings The church was constructed using rubble masonry with boulder quoins . The floor is laid with flagstones throughout , and the roof has modern slates . The nave measures 25 by 13 feet ( 7 . 6 by 4 . 0 m ) , the chancel measures 16 feet 6 inches by 11 feet ( 5 . 03 by 3 . 47 m ) , and the chapel adjoining the chancel on the south side is 9 by 8 feet ( 2 . 7 by 2 . 4 m ) . Between the nave and chancel is a pointed arch , with some 13th century elements but probably reconstructed in the 16th century . The side chapel has rectangular windows in the east and west walls from the 17th century a narrow stone bench runs along the west and south walls of the chapel . The roof trusses , which date from the 15th and 17th centuries , are visible inside the building and the undersides are chamfered . There are two rectangular windows in the north wall of the nave ( 20th century additions ) , matching the window in the north wall of the chancel . The east window , in the chancel , has three rounded lights set in a square frame it dates from the latter part of the 16th century . The windows still have their clear leaded glass but are now boarded up . There are no windows on the south side , which is the most exposed side . There is an empty bellcote on the roof at the west end of the nave . The entrance is also at the west end , where there is a rounded arch doorway set deep into the thick wall , possibly dating from the 14th century . The 12th century font was removed when the church was made redundant it is now in the nearby church of St unk , Llanfaelog . The church now houses a 15th century octagonal font made of gritstone , positioned on an octagonal stem . The communion rails are dated 1764 and is of a simple design the pulpit , also 18th century , has recessed panels . There are stone benches along the north and south walls of the nave . Many of the pews , which dated from the 18th century , were vandalised or stolen after the church was made redundant . Replacements were made by a local craftsman as part of the restoration project carried out in 1999 and 2000 by the Friends of Friendless Churches . Assessment St Mary 's has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade I listed building the highest grade of listing , designating buildings of exceptional , usually national , interest . Fewer than 2 of the listed buildings in Wales are in this category . It was given this status on 5 April 1971 , because it is a very rare example of a virtually unrestored Medieval church of simple , rustic character . Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also note as a reason for listing the retention of a complete set of 18th century fittings , including simple benches , although this comment predates the 1990s vandalism . One modern guide to the buildings of the region comments that it has the vernacular character of Anglesey 's country buildings , which survives scarcely at all in the churches . The 19th century writer Samuel Lewis , however , took a different view of the building , calling it a small edifice of no interest .
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3,016 | Adam Edward Miller ( born 19 February 1982 ) is a retired footballer . He began his career with Ipswich Town but failed to make the first team and played for several non league teams before joining Queens Park Rangers , where he made his Football League debut in December 2004 . He later joined Stevenage Borough , but followed manager Mark Stimson to Gillingham in late 2007 . He has represented the England National Game XI and played at Wembley Stadium in the final of the FA Trophy . Early life Miller was born in Hemel Hempstead , but grew up in the unk district of Colchester , where his family still lived as of 2004 . He attended The Stanway School in the town . At the age of 17 he joined Ipswich Town as a trainee . At around the same time he was called up to represent Northern Ireland at under 18 level , qualifying by virtue of the fact that his maternal grandfather was born in the country . Career Miller proved unable to break into Ipswich 's first team and was permitted to undertake a trial with Southend United in August 2000 . He played for the Essex club 's reserve team , which led to him being offered a professional contract , but Alan Little was dismissed as the club 's manager shortly afterwards , and the offer of a contract was withdrawn . In October 2000 , Miller was released from his contract at Ipswich and dropped into non league football , joining Canvey Island of the Isthmian League . In the 2000 01 season he made 36 appearances for the Gulls and helped the team reach the final of the FA Trophy , although he was an unused substitute for Canvey 's victory over Forest Green Rovers in the final . The following season he was a key member of the team that finished second in the Isthmian League Premier Division , playing 48 times in total . In August 2002 , after two final games for Canvey , he moved to Grays Athletic in a swap deal which saw Jeff Minton go in the opposite direction . Although he played 26 times for Grays in the 2002 03 season , scoring six goals , he was made available for transfer at the end of the season . He joined Gravesend Northfleet in September 2003 , but played just four games for the club before moving on to Aldershot Town a month later . His form at Aldershot won him The Non League Paper 's Young Player of the Year award for the 2003 04 season , and also led to a call up to the England National Game XI in February 2004 , although it was to be his only cap for the semi professional national team . In November 2004 , Miller played for Aldershot against the reserve team of Queens Park Rangers , the team he had supported since childhood . Rangers manager Ian Holloway , who had received promising reports about Miller from scouts , was sufficiently impressed to sign the player after watching him in person . Although the exact amount was undisclosed , the transfer fee was the highest ever received by Aldershot Town . Miller made his Football League debut on 4 December 2004 in a 2 1 defeat to Nottingham Forest , and played in more than half of the team 's remaining league matches that season . By late September 2005 , he had made just one league appearances since the start of the season , and was sent to Peterborough United on what was originally intended to be a three month loan . A month later he was recalled to Loftus Road , but he was not to feature again in the Rangers team . In January 2006 , he had a brief trial with Oxford United but the following week he joined Stevenage Borough of the Conference National , initially on an 18 month contract . Miller featured regularly for Stevenage , and was in the starting line up for the 2007 FA Trophy final , the first competitive match at the new Wembley Stadium , in which Borough came back from two goals down to beat Kidderminster Harriers and win the Trophy . Stevenage manager , Mark Stimson , was appointed as the new manager of Gillingham in November 2007 , and quickly moved to sign Miller and his team mate John Nutter on loan . Miller made his debut for the Kent club in the 2 1 home win over Hartlepool United on 24 November 2007 , and signed a permanent contract in January 2008 , set to keep him at the club until 2010 . During the team 's ultimately unsuccessful struggle to avoid relegation from League One in the 2007 08 season , Miller was identified as a key player and singled out for praise by Stimson , who said If eight players play like Adam Miller we won 't be in this position but if we 've only got one or two we will be . The following season he remained a regular selection in Stimson 's team , acting as captain in Barry Fuller 's absence , but injury kept him out of the team at the end of the season as Gillingham clinched a place in , and ultimately promotion through , the play offs . In the 2009 10 season , however , he failed to hold down a regular place in the team , and in November 2009 went to Dagenham Redbridge on a one month loan . Miller 's debut for Dagenham came on 14 November in a 1 0 away win against Accrington Stanley . He returned to Gillingham at the end of his loan spell , but Stimson announced that the club was considering paying off the remainder of the player 's contract . Despite this , Miller played regularly during the remainder of the 2009 10 season . At the end of the season he left Gillingham and joined Cambridge United . Miller played several times at the start of the 2010 11 campaign , but was seriously injured in early September against Eastbourne Borough . Two years later , he announced his retirement from football as a result of the injury . He subsequently set up a company leasing luxury cars to other footballers . Honours FA Trophy 2001 , 2007
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3,017 | Garry Williams ( born August 20 , 1986 ) is a gridiron football offensive tackle who is currently a free agent . He previously played for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League ( NFL ) , who signed him as an undrafted free agent in 2009 . He attended the University of Kentucky , where he played college football for the Wildcats while studying community communications and leadership development . Williams dealt with repeated injuries while playing for the Carolina Panthers . His injuries prevented him from being a consistent starter despite multiple opportunities . In 2012 , Williams played a complete season and contributed to a team record 29 first downs in a single game . High school career Williams played high school football at Seneca High School MCA for the Red Hawks , where he started at the defensive tackle position as a freshman before switching to offensive tackle . The Red Hawks competed in the playoffs each year that Williams played . In his senior year , he was named a 2003 first team all state player by the Associated Press and the Courier Journal after leading his team to a 10 2 record and the second round of state playoffs . The Red Hawks were also ranked first in the state for the first time in school history that season . Williams also played track and field at Seneca , and he was ranked second in the state at shot put in 2003 . College career In early 2004 , Williams committed to play football at the University of Kentucky , but he did not join the team that season . He later recommitted to Kentucky in 2005 and enrolled that year . In the 2005 season , Williams played in five games before starting in the final three matches of the season at left tackle . He started 12 games in his sophomore year and was named the Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman by the team . In early 2007 , Williams was indefinitely suspended from the Wildcats for academic reasons , but his suspension was later lifted prior to the start of the season . In 2007 , Williams started in all 13 games and was named a second team All SEC player . The Wildcat 's offense also broke the team record for most points scored in a season with 475 points in Williams ' junior year . Williams was named the SEC 's offensive lineman of the week for his play against the Florida Atlantic Owls on September 29 . As a senior , Williams was again named to the All SEC second team after starting in 11 games . He was also named the team 's most outstanding offensive lineman after allowing only a single sack the entire season . A knee injury caused Williams to miss two games as a senior . He finished his career at Kentucky with 45 games played and 39 starts . Professional career Carolina Panthers Williams was eligible for the 2009 NFL Draft but went undrafted . He was later signed by the Carolina Panthers as a free agent , and was the only undrafted rookie to make the active roster of the Panthers following training camp . Williams made his NFL debut in Week 11 of his rookie season against the Miami Dolphins . He went on to play in seven games in 2009 , where he was utilized mostly on special teams . In 2010 , Williams played in all 16 regular season games , while starting in 11 . He started for the first time against the San Francisco 49ers in Week 7 , and remained a starter for the rest of the season . In Carolina 's final preseason game of 2011 , Williams suffered a broken ankle , causing him to miss the entire season . Head coach Ron Rivera later said the Panthers had planned on Williams taking on the role of a starter prior to his injury . In 2012 , Williams played in all 16 games and started in nine . In Week 15 against the San Diego Chargers , Williams started and contributed to the Panthers breaking a team record with 29 first downs . Williams also started on the offensive line that helped reach 273 rushing yards and 530 total offensive yards in Week 17 against the New Orleans Saints , both the second highest values in team history . Prior to the 2013 season , the Panthers released right guard Geoff unk and announced Williams as the likely starter . He started against the Seattle Seahawks in the regular season opener , but was injured and left the game . He was later diagnosed with a torn ACL and MCL in his left knee , ending his season . Williams played in the 2014 season opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , but left practice later that week with coaches citing a sore hip . He was later placed on injured reserve with a back injury , ending his season . Williams became a free agent in 2015 and the Panthers did not resign him . Calgary Stampeders The Calgary Stampeders signed Williams as an international free agent on May 28 , 2015 . Williams made the Stampeders ' active roster following preseason and made his CFL debut on July 18 against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers . He started three games at left tackle before being forced to leave the August 1st game against the Montreal Alouettes with an arm injury . After Williams reportedly had X rays of his elbow taken , he was diagnosed with a hyperextended right elbow . He suffered multiple injuries during the rest of the regular season , causing him to sit out several games . He returned in time to play in both playoff games for Calgary . Personal life Williams was born in Atlanta , Georgia to Garry Williams Sr. and Angela Williams . While playing college football and studying public service and leadership at the University of Kentucky , he was involved in community service . He helped with a Breakfast with Santa event at the University of Kentucky Children 's Hospital and rang bells to collect donations for the Salvation Army .
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3,018 | Lava ( Russian unk ) was an Uragan class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . She was struck from the Navy List in 1900 , converted into a barracks ship in 1902 and then into a storage hulk for mines in 1912 and renamed Blokshiv No. 1 . During World War I , she was converted into a hospital ship in 1916 and was then abandoned by the Soviets in Finland in 1918 the ship was probably later scrapped by the Finns around 1922 . Description Lava was 201 feet ( 61 . 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 . 0 m ) and a draft of 10 . 16 10 . 84 feet ( 3 . 1 3 . 3 m ) . She displaced 1 , 500 1 , 600 long tons ( 1 , 524 1 , 626 t ) , and her crew numbered eight officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877 . The ship was fitted with a two cylinder , horizontal direct acting steam engine built by Carr and MacPherson of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Lava 's sea trials on 12 July 1865 , she reached a maximum speed of 6 . 5 knots ( 12 . 0 km h 7 . 5 mph ) . She carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 193 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 , 440 nmi ( 2 , 670 km 1 , 660 mi ) at 6 knots ( 11 km h 6 . 9 mph ) . Lava was designed to be armed with a pair of nine inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license built fifteen inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading Rodman guns in 1867 68 . The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine inch rifled guns . All of the wrought iron armor that was used in the Uragan class monitors was in 1 inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 . 1 m ) below the waterline . This armor was backed by a wooden beam that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) . The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight , but Lava 's deck was reinforced by the addition of 0 . 5 inch ( 12 . 7 mm ) armor plates after completion . Career Construction of the ship began on 7 September 1863 at the Semiannikov Poletika Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Lava was laid down on 15 December 1863 and she was launched on 8 June 1864 . She entered service on 1 September 1865 and cost a total of 1 , 142 , 700 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 , 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich . She was present when the American warships Miantonomoh and Augusta visited Kronstadt in July August 1866 . Sometime after Lava was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 . 75 inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was assigned to the newly formed Artillery Training Detachment in March 1870 and she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . Lava was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . The ship was used as a floating barracks by the Third Destroyer Division from 1902 to 1908 and was then used as an observation post during gunnery training . Lava was converted into a mine storage hulk in 1912 and renamed Blokshiv No. 1 on 14 April of that year . She was converted into a floating hospital in 1916 and may have received her old name at that time . She was abandoned by the Soviets in Helsingfors ( Helsinki ) when they were forced to withdraw from Finland in April 1918 according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest Litovsk , but she was later returned by the Finns in 1922 . The ship was supposedly broken up there around that time , but may have still been in existence in 1941 .
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3,019 | The fur bearing trout ( or furry trout ) is a fictional creature purportedly found in North America and Iceland . According to tales , the trout has created a thick coat of fur to maintain its body heat . Tales of furry fish date to the 17th century and later the shaggy trout of Iceland . The earliest known American publication dates from a 1929 Montana Wildlife magazine article by J.H. Hicken . A taxidermy furry trout produced by Ross C. Jobe is a specimen at the Royal Museum of Scotland it is a trout with white rabbit fur ingeniously attached . There are no real examples of any fur bearing trout species , but two examples of hair like growths on fish are known . The cotton mold , Saprolegnia , can infect fish , which can result in the appearance of fish covered in the white fur . A real fish , unk unk , also known as the Hairy Fish , has hair like outgrowths and wings . unk Fur bearing trout are fictional creatures that are purportedly found in Arkansas , northern North America , and Iceland . The basic claim ( or tall tale ) is that the waters of lakes and rivers in the area are so cold that they evolved a thick coat of fur to maintain their body heat . Another theory says that it is due to four jugs or two bottles of hair tonic being spilled into the Arkansas River . The origins vary , but one of the earlier claims date to a 17th century Scottish immigrant 's letter to his relatives referring to unk animals and fish being plentiful in the New World . It was followed by a request to procure a specimen of these unk fish and one was sent one home . A publication in 1900 recounts the Icelandic Lodsilungur , another haired trout , as being a common folklore . The earliest known American publication dates from a 1929 Montana Wildlife magazine article by J.H. Hicken . The cotton mold Saprolegnia will sometimes infect fish , causing tufts of fur like growth to appear on the body . A heavy infection will result in the death of the fish , and as the fungus continues to grow afterwards , dead fish that are largely covered in the white fur can occasionally be found washed ashore . A real fish , unk unk known as the Hairy Fish , has hair like outgrowths and wings . It was discovered in the Azores in 1956 . Icelandic Lodsilungur According to Icelandic legend , the Lodsilungur is a furry trout that is the creation of demons and giants . The Lodsilungur are described as inedible fish that overwhelm rivers and are a form of punishment for human wickedness . In 1900 , The Scottish Review featured an account of the Lodsilungur as a poisonous Shaggy trout of northern Iceland . In 1854 , a shaggy trout was cast on shore at unk unk and featured in an 1855 illustration in unk , a newspaper . It was described as having a reddish hair on its lower jaw and neck , sides and fins , but the writer of the unk article did not specifically identify it by name . Sjn , a popular Icelandic writer , became obsessed with the folk tale when he was nine . Sjn recounted that if a man were to eat the furry trout he would become pregnant and that his scrotum would have to be cut open to deliver the baby . Sjn noted that the story might explain why I was later propelled towards surrealism . United States Furry unk An account of a furry trout appeared in 1929 in Montana Wildlife magazine and was first noted by J.H. Hicken . Hicken 's account states that when the fish is caught the change of temperature from this water to atmosphere is so great that the fish explodes upon being taken from the water , and fur and skin come off in one perfect piece , making it available for commercial purposes , and leaving the body of the fish for refrigerator purposes or eating , as desired . Another fur bearing trout story originated with Wilbur Foshay , secretary of the Chamber of Commerce . Foshay promoted the story so convincingly that it was picked up by the Salida Record newspaper . According to its Foshay , the trout grew fur due to the cold temperatures of the Arkansas River and shed the fur as the water temperatures warmed in the summer . In November 1938 , a story in the Puebloan unk recounted the hairy trout history and stated that o ld timers living along the Arkansas River near Salida have told tales for many years of the fur bearing trout indigenous to the waters of the Arkansas near there . In 2014 , Mysteries at the Museum visited the Salida Museum and is expected to be part of a segment in late 2014 . A tall tale was recounted by S.E. Schlosser , it states that hairy trout were the result of two bottles or four jugs of spilled hair tonic . To catch hairy trout , fisherman would act as barbers and lure fish from the waters with the offer of a free trim or shave . An intentionally fantastical story in Maine and claimed hairy trout were under catch and release policy that was enforced by wardens ' carrying Brannock Devices . If a fish was caught , the warden would measure it against the fisher 's foot . If the fish 's length matched the fisher 's foot size , the fish could be eaten and the unk made into furry slippers . Canada The Canadian Fur bearing trout is another example of the furry trout hoax . According to the story , a trout with white fur was caught in Lake Superior off Gros Cap in Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario , Algoma District , Canada , and its taxidermist was Ross C. Jobe of Sault Ste . Marie . The purchaser of the fish learned of the hoax after presenting it to the Royal Museum of Scotland . The white fur of a rabbit was described as being ingeniously attached to the fish . A fictional description of the Canadian Hairy Trout was published by Takeshi Yamada .
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3,020 | Morchella snyderi is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae . Described as new to science in 2012 , it occurs in the non burned montane forests of western North America , including California , Idaho , Montana , Oregon and Washington . It produces fruit bodies up to 14 cm ( 5 . 5 in ) tall with ridged and pitted conical caps , and stipes that become pitted in maturity . The color of the morel is yellow to tan when young , but the cap ridges become brown to black in maturity or when dried . Taxonomy Morchella snyderi was described as new to science in 2012 , along with 13 other morels from the United States and Canada . The study , published in the journal Mycologia , resulted from the Morel Data Collection Project , which aimed to help clarify the taxonomy , biology , and distribution of morel species in North America . The specific epithet honors Leon C. Snyder , who described similar morels in Washington state in the 1930s . According to Michael Kuo , who coauthored the species description , the morel should have been named Morchella unk , as it was previously described by Snyder in 1938 , from collections made in Washington . However , molecular analysis determined that Snyder 's type collection contained two distinct species , rendering the validity of the taxon dubious . M. snyderi was also previously identified as phylogenetic species Mel 12 ( i.e. , defined by DNA sequence ) in a 2011 study . Despite the light coloration of young fruit bodies , Morchella snyderi groups in the elata clade ( named after the European black morel M. elata ) along with other black morels such as M. angusticeps and M. tomentosa . Morphological characteristics of morels in this clade include pits on the cap that are usually elongated vertically in mature fruit bodies , and often the presence of a sinus ( a space or indentation ) where the cap attaches to the stipe . Description The fruit bodies are 6 14 cm ( 2 . 4 5 . 5 in ) high . The conical cap is 3 . 5 8 cm ( 1 . 4 3 . 1 in ) high and 3 5 cm ( 1 . 2 2 . 0 in ) wide at the widest point . The cap surface features pits and ridges , formed by the intersection of 16 22 primary vertical ridges and frequent shorter , secondary vertical ridges , with occasional sunken , horizontal ridges . The cap is attached to the stipe with a sinus about 2 4 mm deep and 2 4 mm wide . The ridges are smooth or very finely tomentose ( covered with densely matted filaments ) . They are initially pale yellowish , becoming pale tan , then grayish brown in maturity , eventually darkening to nearly black when dried . They are flattened when young but sometimes become sharpened or eroded in maturity . The pits are somewhat elongated vertically ( particularly when mature ) . They are finely tomentose , yellowish when young , becoming pale tan to pale grayish brown . Fruit bodies are often found in a transitional stage where the upper part of the cap has turned dark while the lower part remains light . The whitish to pale brownish stipe is 3 . 5 7 cm ( 1 . 4 2 . 8 in ) long by 2 . 5 4 cm ( 1 . 0 1 . 6 in ) wide and is roughly equal in width throughout its length , or sometimes slightly thicker near the base . Its surface , initially covered with whitish granules , becomes more granulated as the mushroom ages , and typically develops prominent ridges and pits ( i.e. , becomes lacunose ) with maturity . The flesh is whitish , measuring 1 2 mm thick in the hollow cap it becomes layered and chambered , particularly in the base of the stipe . The sterile inner surface of the cap is whitish and pubescent ( covered with short , soft hair ) . The ascospores of M. snyderi are elliptical and smooth , measuring 25 37 by 15 23 m . Asci ( spore bearing cells ) are eight spored , cylindrical , and measure 225 300 by 7 . 5 32 . 5 m . Paraphyses are cylindrical , septate , and measure 100 200 by 7 . 5 20 m . Their tips are variably shaped , from rounded to club shaped , to fuse shaped . The contents of the paraphyses are hyaline ( translucent ) to faintly brownish in dilute potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) . Hyphae on the sterile cap ridges are septate and measure 75 175 by 10 20 m . The terminal cells are variably shaped ( similar to the paraphyses ) , and have hyaline to brownish contents in KOH . North American Morchella are generally considered choice edibles , but the edibility of M. snyderi was not mentioned in its original description . Similar species Morchella snyderi can be distinguished from similar North American morels by differences in ecological and morphological features . M. frustrata resembles young specimens of M. snyderi , but the ridges of the caps of the former species do not darken in maturity , and it has smaller ascospores , measuring 20 29 by 14 19 m . Another potential lookalike , M. brunnea , has a browner fruit body color in young specimens , and a stipe that is not lacunose . Habitat , distribution , and ecology Morchella snyderi is suspected of being both saprobic and mycorrhizal at different stages in its life cycle . Fruit bodies grow singly , scattered , or in groups on the ground under conifers , particularly Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) , ponderosa pine ( P. ponderosa ) and white fir ( Abies concolor ) . Fruiting occurs from April to June . The fungus has been collected in California , Idaho , Montana , Oregon and Washington . M. snyderi , identified as phylogenetic species Mel 12 , has been shown to colonize the non native species Bromus tectorum ( cheatgrass ) as an endophyte . This is hypothesized to be a contributing factor in the success of cheatgrass as an invasive species in western North America .
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3,021 | Suriname sent a delegation of four people to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China two athletes ( Jurgen Themen and Kirsten Nieuwendam and two swimmers ( Gordon Touw Ngie Tjouw and Chinyere Pigot ) who participated in four distinct events . The appearance of Suriname at Beijing marked its tenth Olympic appearance , which included every Olympic games since the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City and excluded the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . Its four athletes did not advance past the first round in each of their events . The Surinamese flag bearer in Beijing was not an athlete , but Anthony Nesty , the only medalist in Surinamese history ( as of the Beijing Olympics ) and the nation 's Olympic swimming coach . Background Up to and including its participation in the Beijing Games , Surinamese athletes participated in ten Olympic games , all of which were summer Games . The first case of a Surinamese athlete 's participation was at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , when it sent a single male athlete . Since then , Suriname 's athletes have participated in every Olympic games except the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union . As of Beijing , the country had not sent more than seven athletes to any one Games . Prior to and including 2008 , one Surinamese athlete had won the two medals ever claimed by Surinamese athletes Anthony Nesty , who won a gold medal in 1988 , and a bronze medal in 1992 , both in swimming events . No medals were won in Beijing . Although Nesty did not participate in any event at the Beijing Olympics , he was Suriname 's flag bearer at the ceremonies . He also served as the head coach for the Surinamese Olympic swim team , having served previously as associate head coach for the University of Florida swim team and , during the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , the assistant coach for the Surinamese team . Athletics Then 22 year old Jurgen Themen appeared at the Olympics for the first time when he participated in the 100 meters dash in Beijing . He was the sole male Surinamese participant in track and field during the 2008 Olympics . Themen participated in the first heat during the August 14 qualification round , completing the event in 10 . 61 seconds and ranking seventh of eight athletes . The leaders of Themen 's heat included Usain Bolt of Jamaica ( 10 . 20 seconds ) and Daniel Bailey of Antigua and Barbuda ( 10 . 24 seconds ) . Themen himself scored directly ahead of Vanuatu 's Moses Kamut ( 10 . 81 seconds ) and directly behind Italy 's Fabio Cerutti ( 10 . 49 seconds ) . All heats combined , Themen ranked 54 out of the 80 athletes who participated in the qualification round . He did not progress to quarterfinals . Then 16 year old student of Florida 's St. Thomas Aquinas High School Kirsten Nieuwendam participated in the Beijing Olympics on behalf of Suriname as its only female track and field athlete that year . Nieuwendam had not previously participated in any Olympic games . Nieuwendam participated in the first heat of the qualification round , which took place on August 18 . She completed her event in 24 . 46 seconds , placing seventh out of the eight athletes in her heat , finishing behind Liberia 's Kia Davis ( 24 . 31 seconds ) . Vida Anim of Ghana , the eighth competitor in the heat , never started her event . The leaders of Nieuwendam 's heat were Allyson Felix of the United States ( 23 . 02 seconds ) and unk unk of Sri Lanka ( 23 . 04 seconds ) . Out of the 48 athletes who competed in the qualification round , Nieuwendam ranked 44th . She did not progress to further rounds . Key Note Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q Qualified for the next round q Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR National record N A Round not applicable for the event Bye Athlete not required to compete in round Men Women Swimming Then 23 year old Gordon Touw Ngie Tjouw participated on Suriname 's behalf in the men 's 100 meters butterfly . His participation in Beijing marked his second Olympic appearance , as he had participated previously in men 's 100 meters butterfly at the Athenian 2004 Summer Olympics . He was the only male Surinamese swimmer participating in the Beijing games . During the August 14 preliminary round , Tjouw participated in the second heat . He completed his event in 54 . 54 seconds , ranking third out of the seven athletes in the heat . Tjouw ranked directly behind Malaysia 's Daniel Bego ( 54 . 38 seconds ) and directly ahead of Kazakhstan 's Rustam unk ( 54 . 62 seconds ) . The leaders of the heat were Shaune Fraser of the Cayman Islands ( 54 . 08 seconds ) and Bego . Overall , Tjouw ranked 55 out of the 66 athletes who participated in the event . He did not advance to later rounds . Paramaribo born swimmer Chinyere Pigot was the youngest athlete to participate in the Surinamese delegation at Beijing she was fifteen years old at the time of her performance , and the only female Surinamese swimmer in the delegation . Pigot has not previously appeared at any Olympic games . The preliminary round for the women 's 50 meters freestyle , the event in which she participated , took place on August 15 . Pigot was placed in the fifth heat . She completed her event in 27 . 66 seconds , taking second in the heat Pigot fell behind Honduran athlete Sharon Paola Fajardo Sierra ( 27 . 19 seconds ) but scored ahead of Nicaraguan Dalia unk Zamora ( 27 . 81 seconds ) . Out of the 92 athletes who participated in the preliminary round , Pigot ranked 54th . She did not advance to later rounds . Men Women
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3,022 | Kedok Ketawa ( unk unk Indonesian for The Laughing Mask , also known by the Dutch title Het unk unk ) is a 1940 action film from the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) . Union Films ' first production , it was directed by Jo An Djan . Starring Basoeki Resobowo , Fatimah , and Oedjang , the film follows a young couple who fight off criminals with the help of a masked man . Advertised as an Indonesian cocktail of violent actions ... and sweet romance , Kedok Ketawa received positive reviews , particularly for its cinematography . Following the success of the film , Union produced another six works before being shut down in early 1942 during the Japanese occupation . The film , screened until at least August 1944 , may be lost . Plot In Cibodas , Banten , a young woman named Minarsih ( Fatimah ) is rescued from four thugs by the painter Basuki ( Basoeki Resobowo ) . They fall in love and begin planning their life together . However , a rich man interested in taking Minarsih to be his wife sends a gang to kidnap her . Basuki is unable to repel them , but is soon joined by a masked vigilante known only as the The Laughing Mask ( Oedjang ) , who has almost supernatural fighting abilities . After two battles with the gang , Basuki and The Laughing Mask are victorious . Basuki and Minarsih can live together in peace . Production Kedok Ketawa was the first film produced by Union Films , one of four new production houses established after the success of Albert Balink 's Terang Boelan revived the ailing film industry of the Dutch East Indies . Union was headquartered in Prinsenlaan , Batavia ( now Mangga Besar , Jakarta ) and funded by the ethnic Chinese businessman Ang Hock Liem , although Tjoa Ma Tjoen was in charge of day to day operations . The film was shot on location in Cibodas , and featured fighting , comedy , and singing . The film was directed by Jo An Djan and starred Oedjang , Fatimah , and Basoeki Resobowo . Other members of the cast included S Poniman and Eddy Kock . Oedjang had been a stage actor before appearing in the film , while Fatimah and Basoeki were nobles with a formal education . The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that this is evidence the film was targeted at intellectual audiences , a manifestation of Union 's stated goal of improv ing the quality of Indonesian art . Following the success of Terang Boelan ( 1937 based on The Jungle Princess ) , the domestic film industry began to model their productions after Hollywood works , as this was expected to ensure financial success . The Indonesian film scholars unk Imanjaya and Said Salim write that Kedok Ketawa was influenced by Bram Stoker 's 1897 novel Dracula through its Hollywood adaptations . Neither writer gives comparisons to illustrate this influence . Kedok Ketawa was not the first contemporary film featuring a masked hero . Tan 's Film had released Gagak Item ( The Black Crow ) , with Rd Mochtar as the masked Black Crow , in 1939 , and later productions , including Java Industrial Film 's Srigala Item ( The Black Wolf 1941 ) , continued the trend . As was common for contemporary productions , the soundtrack for Kedok Ketawa performed by Poniman consisted of kroncong songs . Release and reception Kedok Ketawa was released in Batavia in July 1940 , with a press screening on 20 July . By September it was being shown in Surabaya . In some newspaper advertisements , such as in Pemandangan , it was referred to as Pendekar dari Preanger ( Warrior from Preanger ) , while in others it was advertised with the Dutch title Het unk unk . It was marketed as an Indonesian cocktail of violent actions ... and sweet romance and rated for all ages . The critic and screenwriter Saeroen , writing for Pemandangan , praised Kedok Ketawa , especially its cinematography and the beauty of its scenery he compared the film to imported Hollywood films . An anonymous review in Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad found that the film was a mix of native and European sensibilities and lauded its cinematography . According to the review , the film surpassed expectations , but it was evident that this was a first production . Another review , in Soerabaijasch Handelsblad , considered the film among the best local productions , emphasising the quality of its cinematography and acting . Legacy Soon after the success of Kedok Ketawa , Saeroen joined Union Films and wrote four films for the company . These were not directed by Jo An Djan , who left Union for the competitor Populair 's Film , but by the newly hired R Hu and Rd Ariffien . Union Film ultimately produced a total of seven films in 1940 and 1941 before being closed following the Japanese invasion in early 1942 . Of the film 's main cast , only Fatimah and Oedjang are recorded as continuing their acting career , both appearing in several further Union productions . However , in the 1950s Resobowo continued his career behind the screen , serving as art director of such films as Darah dan Doa ( The Long March 1950 ) . Kedok Ketawa was screened as late as August 1944 , but may now be lost . Movies in the Indies were recorded on highly flammable nitrate film , and after a fire destroyed much of Produksi Film Negara 's warehouse in 1952 , old films shot on nitrate were deliberately destroyed . While the American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider suggests that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost , J.B. Kristanto 's Katalog Film Indonesia records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia 's archives , and Biran writes that some Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service . Explanatory notes
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3,023 | Albert Alexander Ox Wistert ( December 28 , 1920 March 5 , 2016 ) was an All Pro American football tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Philadelphia Eagles . He played his entire nine year NFL career for the Eagles and became their team captain . He was named to play in the NFL 's first Pro Bowl as an Eagle . During most of Wistert 's career there were no football All star games , although he was named to the league All Pro team eight times . Wistert played college football at the University of Michigan . He is one of the three brothers along with Whitey and Alvin who were named All American tackles at Michigan and later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . He was the first Michigan alumnus to be selected to the National Football League Pro Bowl . The Wistert brothers all wore jersey No. 11 at Michigan and are among the seven players who have had their numbers retired by the Michigan Wolverines football program . Their number will be put back into circulation starting on November 10 , 2012 before a Michigan home game against Northwestern as part of the Michigan Football Legend program . Early life Wistert , who was born in Chicago , Illinois , was from a Lithuanian family . His father , unk Wistert , was a Spanish American War veteran who was later killed in the line of duty while working for the Chicago Police Department . The story of the Wistert brothers at Michigan began when Whitey 's Carl Schurz High School classmate John Kowalik was invited to visit the University of Michigan . At the time , Whitey Wistert had a factory job where he was involved with building Majestic radios . Kowalik took Whitey with him on his visit to Ann Arbor , and according to Alvin , that 's how it started the unk of Michigan . College football After graduating from Foreman High School , Wistert became the second of the Wistert brothers to play for Michigan where he wore number 11 like his brothers and played from 1940 to 1942 . He was a consensus All American and team MVP in 1942 . He played in the 1943 East West Shrine Game . He is well remembered , among other things , for his exploits in a 1942 game against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team , and he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968 , one year after his brother Francis . In 1981 , he was named to the University of Michigan Hall of Honor in the fourth class of inductees alongside his brothers . Only five Michigan football players earned this honor before him . Michigan posted a 20 5 1 record during Wistert 's three years on the team . In 1940 , the team 's only loss in its eight game season was to the eventual national champion Minnesota Golden Gophers football . The Wolverines followed that season with 6 1 1 and 7 3 marks in the next two years . Wistert served as captain of the College All star team that beat the Sammy Baugh led National Football League champion Washington Redskins , 27 7 , in Chicago . He was the only one of the three brothers not to play on a national championship squad at Michigan . Professional football After being drafted in the fifth round by the Philadelphia Eagles and signing for 3800 ( 51 , 965 today ) , he encountered animosity from veteran players for having signed such a large contract ( though they thought he signed for 4500 ) . He earned All Pro honors in eight ( five by consensus ) of his nine seasons . As a two way player , he played his entire nine year career for the Philadelphia Eagles ( who operated as a merged team with the Pittsburgh Steelers for one season during World War II . ) The National Football League had no All Star games between 1943 and 1950 . Thus , although Wistert was a perennial All Pro selection , it is difficult to compare him to more modern players who are often measured by Pro Bowl invitations . He served as Eagles captain for five consecutive seasons , from 1946 to 1950 , and was named All Pro in each season . In Wistert 's next to last season he was selected to the first Pro Bowl . In his final season , he recovered three fumbles . The Eagles won the 1948 and 1949 National Football League Championships with Wistert . These were the only consecutive National Football League champions to win by shutout . His number 70 was retired by the Eagles in 1952 . According to his College Football Hall of Fame biography , during his career he started every game the Eagles played except for the 1950 season opener against the Cleveland Browns . However , according to other statistical databases he only started about 2 3 of his career games . His is one of only seven retired Eagles Jerseys . Wistert lamented not having been enshrined in the Professional Football Hall of Fame and on Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll Wistert was inducted into the Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll on September 29 , 2009 along with Randall Cunningham . In 2003 , he was named to the Pro Football Researchers Association Hall of Very Good in the association 's inaugural HOVG class . Later life and family After football Wistert became a successful life insurance salesman . He sold insurance for 40 years . Among the places he has lived since retirement are California and Grants Pass , Oregon . He was married to his late wife Ellie for 61 years and has three daughters ( Pam , Dianna and Kathy ) and three grandchildren . At one point he was both coaching football at Riverside High School in Riverside Township , New Jersey and playing professionally . According to brother Alvin , their father was born unk unk and he Anglicized it when he came to America to Wistert . Wistert died on March 5 , 2016 in Grants Pass , Oregon at the age of 95 .
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3,024 | The 1939 California tropical storm , also called the 1939 Long Beach tropical storm , El unk , The Lash of St. Francis was a tropical cyclone that hit Southern California in September , 1939 . Formerly a hurricane , it was the only tropical storm to make landfall in California in the twentieth century . The only other known tropical cyclone to directly affect California is the 1858 San Diego Hurricane , and only three other eastern Pacific tropical cyclones have caused gale force winds in the continental United States . The tropical storm caused heavy flooding , leaving many dead , mostly at sea . Meteorological history On September 15 , a tropical depression formed off the coast of Central America . It moved west northwest , passing southwest of the Revillagigedo Islands . It then turned north and then north eastward . For some time , it was a hurricane , and it lost that intensity on or just before September 25 . The tropical storm made landfall near San Pedro , California early on September 25 with winds of severe gale strength . It dissipated later that day . The strongest reported wind was of Force 11 , reported by a ship , making this system a minimal hurricane . The lowest pressure was reported by the same ship and was 28 . 67 inHg ( 971 mb ) . Due to the rotation of the Earth , tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere tend to move from east to west . This causes tropical cyclones to approach the West Coast of the United States infrequently . Another inhibiting factor for a California landfall is the water temperatures . Because of the water currents , the waters off California are rarely above 70 F ( 21 C ) , which is too cold for hurricanes to sustain themselves . This tropical cyclone was rare enough that only three other eastern Pacific tropical cyclones brought tropical storm force winds to the Continental United States during the twentieth century . The Long Beach Tropical Storm was the only one to make landfall the other three hit Mexico before moving north . Impact The storm dropped heavy rain on California , with 5 . 66 inches ( 144 mm ) falling in Los Angeles ( 5 . 24 inches in 24 hours ) and 11 . 60 inches ( 295 mm ) recorded at Mount Wilson , both September records . Over three hours , one thunderstorm dropped nearly 7 inches ( 180 mm ) of rain on Indio . 9 . 65 inches fell on unk Flat , and 1 . 51 inches ( 38 mm ) on Palm Springs . 4 . 83 inches fell on Pasadena , a September record at the time . At the Citrus Belt near Anaheim , at least 4 . 63 inches of rain fell . The 11 . 60 inches ( 295 mm ) at Mount Wilson is one of California 's highest rainfall amounts from a tropical cyclone , although at least one system has a higher point maximum . The rains caused a flood 2 to 4 feet ( 1 . 2 m ) deep in the Coachella Valley , although some of this may be attributable to a rainstorm dropping 6 . 45 inches ( 164 mm ) the day before the storm hit . The Los Angeles River , which was usually low during September , became a raging torrent . The flooding killed 45 in Southern California , although some of these may be attributable to the rain immediately before the tropical storm . At sea , 48 were killed . The National Hurricane Center only attributes 45 deaths to this system . Six people caught on beaches drowned during the storm . Most other deaths were at sea . Twenty four died aboard a vessel called the Spray as it attempted to dock at Point Mugu . The two survivors , a man and a woman , swam ashore and then walked five miles ( 8 km ) to Oxnard . Fifteen people from Ventura drowned aboard a fishing boat called the unk . Many other vessels were sunk , capsized , or blown ashore . Many low lying areas were flooded . The Hamilton Bowl overflowed , flooding the Signal Hill area . Along the shore from Malibu to Huntington Beach houses were flooded . Throughout the area , thousands of people were stranded in their homes . Streets in Los Angeles proper were covered with water , flooding buildings and stalling cars . Flooding in Inglewood and Los Angeles reached a depth of 2 to 3 feet . Construction on a flood control project in the Los Angeles River 's channel by the Army Corps of Engineers was stopped by the flooding . In Long Beach windows throughout that city were smashed by the wind . At Belmont Shore , waves undermined ten homes before washing them away . Debris was scattered throughout the coast . Agriculture was disrupted . Crop damage in the Coachella Valley reached 75 . Rains washed away a 150 foot ( 46 m ) section of the Southern Pacific Railroad near Indio , and a stretch of the Santa Fe main line near Needles . Waters backing up from a storm drain under construction in the Santa Monica Valley blocked U.S. Route 6 in California . The pier at Point Mugu was washed away . In Pasadena , 5000 people were left without electricity and 2000 telephones lost service . Communications throughout the affected area was disrupted or rendered impossible . The total amount of damage was 2 million ( 1939 USD , 26 . 2 million 2005 USD ) . The tropical storm was credited with at least one beneficial effect it ended a vicious heat wave that had lasted for over a week and killed at least 90 people . People were caught unprepared by the storm , which was described as sudden . Some people were still on the beach at Long Beach when the wind reached 40 miles per hour , at which time lifeguards closed the beach . Schools were closed there . At sea , the Coast Guard and Navy conducted rescue operations , saving dozens of people . In response to Californians ' unpreparedness , the Weather Bureau established a forecast office for southern California , which began operations in February 1940 .
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3,025 | Jon Coghill ( born 26 August 1971 ) is an Australian drummer best known for his work with Australian rock band , Powderfinger , although he has also toured with Regurgitator . Coghill replaced Powderfinger 's original drummer Steven Bishop in 1991 when Bishop wanted to pursue further studies . At this time , Powderfinger had not made any recordings , and as such , Coghill has been the group 's drummer for all of their releases . Biography Coghill attended Nambour State High School in Nambour , Queensland where his father was a Physics teacher , graduating in 1988 . While in high school , Coghill 's ambitions were not directed towards music , as he expressed an interest in football or surfing . Upon graduating , he moved to Queensland 's state capital Brisbane and began studying Botany at the University of Queensland , however was interested in the Brisbane local music scene . Before long , Coghill had begun playing drums for local bands including side project Shock Fungus . Coghill met Powderfinger when he attended one of their practice sessions and joked with the band , introducing himself as a drummer . Two years later , when Steven Bishop left the band , guitarist Ian Haug recognised Coghill at an audition , and signed him at that point . Previously , Coghill had been rejected in an audition for Custard . Jon spent about six months playing alongside Scott Coleman and Marc Zande in the Brisbane grunge band , Gland , before committing full time to Powderfinger in early 1992 . In December 1997 , Coghill took a brief break from Powderfinger and toured with Regurgitator . Drummer Ross McLennan of Far Out Corporation and later from The Predators , took Coghill 's place for a Powderfinger performance on 19 December . Through his time in the band , Coghill has endeavoured to improve his drumming . In 1999 following the release of the band 's third album Internationalist , he took up lessons with Brisbane based drum tutor Col Gillies . Coghill has stated that he took the lessons due to being really sore three quarters the way through a show . In 2004 , Coghill was named Best Drummer by Jack Daniels for their inaugural Jack Awards . To commemorate this , he joined with several other Australian musicians to form the one shot band unk unk . Composed of members of The unk , Silverchair and Sleepy Jackson , along with Coghill from Powderfinger , the group 's name is a portmanteau of all of the members ' band 's names . Coghill has been described by Powderfinger lead singer Bernard Fanning as psycho , stating There 's a constant battle between unk and I as to who 's the biggest psycho in the band on numerous occasions . Fanning has also said of Coghill He likes to antagonise people , and I don 't mean that in a mean way , and continued to say jokingly that It makes me want to smash him sometimes . Guitarist Darren Middleton says of Coghill Jon likes movies with explosions in them , and has also described him as stubborn . Fellow guitarist Ian Haug says Coghill is an excellent arranger , explaining he can listen to it all , just sort of sit back and go , ' Okay , that 's a really good bit . ' Coghill himself has described himself as a superhero . He has also stated that he shares the band 's hatred of band photos . Coghill says he shares the stereotype of drummers being the most out there member of the band . He says this is true because We have so much energy ... We re stuck up the back and we re more likely to do stupid shit to get rid of it . In 2008 , Coghill studied a mixture of politics and law at Griffith University . He is currently a journalist for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Style , technique , and influences Coghill took up drumming in high school , because one of the coolest guy s also played the drums . He says he never enjoyed reading about drumming , but preferred to talk to drummers . He has also stated that he doesn 't listen to drummer music , but prefers listening to music as a whole . Coghill cites drummers Keith Moon and Mitch Mitchell as major influences on his playing , while boxer Mohammad Ali as a non musical inspiration . He notes that multi instrumentalist Stevie Wonder is his favourite . During his university years , Coghill began listening to technical drummers such as Dennis Chambers . Others have noted that Coghill is influenced by The Dead Kennedys and The Fugees . In 1997 , Coghill stated I m really interested in groove , and explained that he enjoyed the lyrical elements of Hip Hop and bands such as Spearhead . Coghill has also stated that as a child growing up in Nambour , he had aspired to be a star like Michael Jackson . He says this ambition was sparked by a breakdancing teacher in his home town , and by his sister 's love of Jackson 's Thriller . Equipment Coghill received his first drum at the age of 14 , which was a Pearl drum kit given to him by his parents . In 1999 , Coghill noted that he began using a 1970 Slingerland drum kit , citing that it had a better sound than a new kit , and was cheaper . Coghill uses unk Zildjian cymbals . He says that he has been offered sponsorship , but opted for older drums as a matter of preference . Despite this assertion , as of 2007 Coghill 's name is mentioned in the Brady Drums artist roster . Awards and nominations APRA Awards The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) . Discography Parables for Wooden Ears ( 1994 ) Double Allergic ( 1996 ) Internationalist ( 1998 ) Odyssey Number Five ( 2000 ) Vulture Street ( 2003 ) Dream Days at the Hotel Existence ( 2007 ) Golden Rule ( 2009 )
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3,026 | Somebody to Love is the sixth episode of the second season of 30 Rock , and the twenty seventh episode overall . It was written by Kay Cannon and the series ' creator , Tina Fey , and was directed by Beth McCarthy . The episode first aired on November 15 , 2007 on the NBC network in the United States . Guest stars in this episode include Hamza Ahmed , Fred Armisen , Kevin Brown , Chris unk , Grizz Chapman , Matthieu Cornillon , Michael Devine , Edie Falco , John Lutz , Maulik Pancholy , unk Tisdale and Kristen Wiig . The episode focuses on Jack Donaghy 's ( Alec Baldwin ) first meeting with Celeste C.C. Cunningham ( Edie Falco ) Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) believes that her new neighbor , Raheem Haddad ( Fred Armisen ) , is a terrorist and Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) accidentally loses a pair of Jack 's trousers . Plot At a party in honor of Robert Novak , which is being thrown by John McCain and Jack Bauer , Jack Donaghy meets C.C. , the Democratic congresswoman for Vermont . After the party , Jack and C.C. go back to Jack 's apartment and have sex together . The following morning , Jack discovers that C.C. is suing the Sheinhardt Wig Company , the fictional subsidiary of General Electric ( GE ) and owner of NBC , the company that Jack works for . This is because the company is allegedly leaking Auburn Fantasy Dye Number 260 into the unk River , causing the children of unk to turn orange . After discovering that Jack works for GE , C.C. leaves and goes to work at Bill Clinton 's office in Harlem . Jack and Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) , follow her there and Jack and C.C. decide to carry on their relationship in secret . Liz is worried when she smells maple syrup in her apartment and Jack tells her that it could be the chemical agent unk . She suspects that her new neighbour , Raheem ( Fred Armisen ) , is a terrorist because he has maps in his apartment and she has seen him and his brother , Hakeem ( Hamza Ahmed ) , on an agility course in the park . Liz is shocked to discover that the pair are auditioning for The Amazing Race and , in fact , not terrorists . After bringing Jack 's suit back from the dry cleaners , Kenneth discovers that he has lost the suit 's trousers . Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) , James Toofer Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) and Josh Girard ( Lonny Ross ) pay him to complete various dares so that he can pay for a new pair of trousers . Production Fred Armisen and Kristen Wiig , who play Raheem and Candace Van der Shark in the episode , have both appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live , a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States . Tina Fey was the head writer on Saturday Night Live from 1999 until 2006 . Various other cast members of Saturday Night Live have appeared on 30 Rock , including Rachel Dratch , Will Forte , Jason Sudeikis , Molly Shannon and Chris Parnell . Tina Fey and Tracy Morgan have both been part of the main cast of Saturday Night Live . Alec Baldwin has also hosted Saturday Night Live fifteen times , the highest amount of episodes of any host of the series . This episode was the second episode , after Greenzo , to air since the start of the 2007 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , which began on November 5 , 2007 and ended on February 12 , 2008 , 100 days later . This episode was the first to contain reference to the strike . The reference occurs when C.C. is being interviewed on MSNBC and the news crawl below reads News crawl affected by writers strike . Using repeat text from previous season . This episode was filmed in early October , 2007 . This was the ninth episode written by Tina Fey and the second written by Kay Cannon . It was the third episode directed by Beth McCarthy . Reception Somebody to Love brought in an average of 6 . 4 million viewers . The episode also achieved a 3 . 2 8 in the key 18 to 49 year old demographic , the highest result in that demographic since the episode SeinfeldVision aired on October 4 , 2007 . The 3 . 2 refers to 3 . 2 of all 18 to 49 year olds in the U.S. , and the 8 refers to 8 of all 18 to 49 year olds watching television at the time of the broadcast in the U.S .. 30 Rock ranked in first place in the male 18 34 demographic , for its 8 30 p.m 9 00 pm timeslot . Robert Canning of IGN thought that the episode was 30 Rock s best episode of the season so far , if not the best episode ever from this young series . Canning also said that this was just a fantastic , funny episode of 30 Rock . It was also an episode that once again proved the character of Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) , who was completely absent from this half hour , simply isn 't necessary when you 've got Tracy Jordan talking to a pigeon on a trash can . Canning rated this episode 9 . 5 out of 10 . Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide wrote that it 's not surprising that in my opinion , at least it fell unk sic a bit short . It 's almost as if the funniest parts of the Edie Falco story were played by Kristen Wiig in the Lifetime movie . He thought that the ' Liz suspects the neighbor is a terrorist ' story played out rather well . Jeff Labrecque of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Overall , this was another splendid episode . My only beef was with the Verizon bit . 30 Rock normally does a splendid job of balancing the corporate elements of television , often utilizing it for comic fodder . But the winking cell phone banter lacked subtlety , and it seemed to me like the show was trying to have its cake and eat it , too . Beth McCarthy , the director of this episode , was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing Comedy Series .
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3,027 | Frederick Hugh Old Eagle Eyes Lehman ( October 27 , 1885 April 12 , 1961 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender . He started his ice hockey career playing for the Pembroke Lumber Kings and the Berlin Dutchmen . In 1911 , Lehman joined the New Westminster Royals , playing for the Royals for three seasons , before joining the Vancouver Millionaires in 1914 . Lehman played half of his 22 year professional career with Vancouver , winning his only Stanley Cup he would be unsuccessful in seven other attempts . In 1926 , he joined the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , playing a full season and splitting the second one as player and head coach . Although some ice hockey historians credit Jacques Plante for originating the practice , Lehman was the first goaltender to regularly pass the puck to his fellow forwards and defensemen he even scored a goal by shooting the puck in the opponent 's net while playing for the Professionals . He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958 . Playing career Lehman began his playing career in 1903 04 , playing for the Pembroke Lumber Kings of the Ottawa Valley Hockey League ( unk ) for the first three seasons of his career . In the 1906 07 season , Lehman was signed as free agent by the Canadian Soo of the International Professional Hockey League ( IPHL ) the IPHL was the first fully professional ice hockey league . Lehman returned to Pembroke for the 1907 08 season , appearing in four games . For the 1908 09 season , Lehman joined the Berlin Dutchmen of the Ontario Professional Hockey League ( OPHL ) . In the 1909 10 season , Lehman was in two different Stanley Cup playoff series , with two different teams , the Berlin Dutchmen and the Galt Professionals , but he lost both times . During those playoff series , he appeared in three games , giving up 22 goals . Lehman played with the Berlin Dutchmen until 1911 . In 1911 12 , Lehman played for the New Westminster Royals of the newly founded Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) . He played three seasons for New Westminster , winning the league championship in his first season . In 1914 15 , Lehman joined the Vancouver Millionaires of the PCHA . In his first season with the Millionaires , Lehman posted a 14 3 record , with a 4 . 08 goals against average , which was a very good average in an era when goaltenders were not allowed to drop on their knees to make a save . In the Stanley Cup playoffs , Lehman helped the Millionaires become the first PCHA team to win the Stanley Cup , with a 3 0 record and 2 . 67 goals against average . This would be the only Stanley Cup victory of Lehman 's career , as he was on the losing side in seven other attempts . The Millionaires squad consisted of seven future members of the Hockey Hall of Fame when they won the Cup Lehman , Frank Nighbor , Cyclone Taylor , Si Griffis , Barney Stanley , Frank Patrick , and Mickey MacKay . Lehman played with the Millionaires until the 1925 26 season . During that time , Lehman and some of his teammates were involved in a humorous incident when going back to Canada after an exhibition game against the Montreal Wanderers in New York City . In New York , Lehman 's wife bought numerous women 's designer outfits , after being treated to a shopping spree by him . When going back to Canada , Lehman , on the advice of Cyclone Taylor , who was both a professional ice hockey player and a Canadian immigration officer , split up all outfits among his teammates to avoid paying additional taxes he would have had to pay if he had brought all the clothing by himself at once this puzzled the Customs officers . In 1922 23 , the Millionaires were renamed the Maroons , and joined the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . The WCHL was renamed to the Western Hockey League in 1925 26 however , the league disbanded at the conclusion of that season . While playing for the Millionaires , Lehman appeared in six Stanley Cup finals , losing every time , except in his first season , in 1914 15 . Following the collapse of the WHL , Lehman joined the Chicago Black Hawks for the 1926 27 season . While in Chicago , Lehman mentored future Chicago goaltender and captain Charlie Gardiner . Lehman played one full season , and another four games the next one . During the 1926 season , Lehman became the oldest goaltender to win his first NHL game . Coaching career During the 1927 28 season , Black Hawks owner and manager Frederic McLaughlin was sketching some plays for his team after Lehman was shown the plays by McLaughlin , Lehman responded by calling it the craziest bunch of junk he 's ever seen . Expecting to be fired after that outburst , Lehman was later told to go to McLaughlin 's office . It was how Lehman 's playing career ended McLaughlin appointed Lehman to be Chicago 's new head coach . Lehman coached Chicago for part of one season , finishing with a 3 17 1 record over 21 games . He was replaced by Herb Gardiner the following season . Playing style As a goaltender , Lehman was a strong skater and good puckhandler . He chased down loose pucks , and was able to pass the puck to his forwards , surprising the other team 's defenders . Playing in the OPHL , Lehman scored a goal by shooting the puck in the opponent 's net . The first NHL goaltender to duplicate such a feat was Ron Hextall , who did it in 1987 . Legacy After retiring from ice hockey , Lehman worked in the road construction business , eventually becoming the president of a paving company . Lehman was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958 . Career statistics Regular season Playoffs Coaching record
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3,028 | The 1793 Second Partition of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth was the second of three partitions ( or partial annexations ) that ended the existence of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795 . The second partition occurred in the aftermath of the War in Defense of the Constitution and the Targowica Confederation of 1792 , and was approved by its territorial beneficiaries , the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia . The division was ratified by the coerced Polish parliament ( Sejm ) in 1793 ( see the Grodno Sejm ) in a short lived attempt to prevent the inevitable complete annexation of Poland , the Third Partition . Background By 1790 , on the political front , the Commonwealth had deteriorated into such a helpless condition that it was successfully forced into an unnatural and ultimately deadly alliance with its enemy , Prussia . The Polish Prussian Pact of 1790 was signed , giving false hope that the Commonwealth might have at last found an ally that would shield it while it reformed itself . The May Constitution of 1791 enfranchised the bourgeoisie , established the separation of the three branches of government , and eliminated the abuses of Repnin Sejm . Those reforms prompted aggressive actions on the part of its neighbours , wary of the potential renaissance of the Commonwealth . Once again Poland dared to reform and improve itself without Russia 's permission , and once again the Empress Catherine II was angered arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical Jacobinism then at high tide in France , Russian forces invaded the Commonwealth in 1792 . In the War in Defense of the Constitution , the army of the Russian Empire , invited by the pro Russian , conservative , Polish magnates ' alliance , the Confederation of Targowica , fought against the Polish forces supporting the Constitution . The conservative nobility ( szlachta ) believed that the Russians would help them restore their Golden Liberty . Abandoned by their Prussian allies , the badly outnumbered Polish pro Constitution forces fought under Prince Jzef Poniatowski a defensive war with some measure of success , but were ultimately ordered to abandon their efforts by their supreme commander , King Stanisaw August Poniatowski . The King decided to join the Targowica Confederation , as demanded by the Russians . Russia invaded Poland to ensure the defeat of the Polish reforms , with no overt goal of another partition ( it viewed Poland as its protectorate , and saw little need in giving up chunks of Poland to other countries ) . Frederick William II of Prussia , however , saw those events as an opportunity to strengthen his country . Frederick demanded from Catherine that for his country 's abandoning Poland as a close ally , and for Prussian participation in the War of the First Coalition against revolutionary France ( a participation that Russia encouraged , and in which Prussia recently suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Valmy ) , Prussia should be compensated preferably with parts of the Polish territory . Russia soon decided to accept the Prussian offer . Partition On 23 January 1793 Prussia signed a treaty with Russia , agreeing that Polish reforms would be revoked and both countries would receive chunks of Commonwealth territory . Russian and Prussian military took control of the territories they claimed soon afterward , with Russian troops already present , and Prussian troops meeting only nominal resistance . In 1793 , deputies to the Grodno Sejm , the last Sejm of the Commonwealth , in the presence of Russian forces , agreed to the Russian and Prussian territorial demands . The Grodno Sejm became infamous not only as the last sejm of the Commonwealth , but because its deputies had been bribed and coerced by the Russians ( Russia and Prussia wanted official , legal sanction from Poland for their demands ) . Russia took 250 , 000 square kilometres ( 97 , 000 sq mi ) , while Prussia took 58 , 000 square kilometres ( 22 , 000 sq mi ) . The Commonwealth lost about 307 000 km , being reduced to 215 000 km . Russia received the Kiev Voivodeship , Bracaw Voivodeship , Podole Voivodeship and Minsk Voivodeship , and parts of the Vilnius Voivodeship , Nowogrdek Voivodeship , Brest Litovsk Voivodeship and the Volhynian Voivodeship . This was accepted by the Grodno Sejm on 22 July . Russia reorganized its newly acquired territories into Minsk Viceroyalty and Izyaslav Viceroyalty ( which in 1795 was split into unk and Volhynian unk ) . Prussia received the cities of Gdask ( Danzig ) and Toru ( Thorn ) , and Gniezno Voivodeship , Pozna Voivodeship , Sieradz Voivodeship , Kalisz Voivodeship , Pock Voivodeship , Brze Kujawski Voivodeship , unk Voivodeship , Dobrzy Land , and parts of the Krakw Voivodeship , Rawa Voivodeship and Masovian Voivodeship . This was accepted by the Grodno Sejm on 23 September or 25 September ( sources vary ) . Prussia organized its newly acquired territories into South Prussia . The Commonwealth lost about 5 million people only about 4 million people remained in the Polish Lithuanian lands . What was left of the Commonwealth was merely a small buffer state with a puppet king , and Russian garrisons keeping an eye on the reduced Polish army . Aftermath Targowica confederates , who did not expect another partition , and the king , Stanisaw August Poniatowski , who joined them near the end , both lost much prestige and support . The reformers , on the other hand , were attracting increasing support . In March 1794 the Kociuszko Uprising begun . The defeat of the Uprising in November that year resulted in the final Third Partition of Poland , ending the existence of the Commonwealth .
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3,029 | The French destroyer Chacal was the name ship of her class of destroyers ( contre torpilleur ) built for the French Navy during the 1920s . Initially assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron , she spent most of the following decade as a training ship . The ship was assigned convoy escort duties in the Atlantic after the start of World War II in September 1939 until she was committed to the English Channel after the Battle of France began in May 1940 . Chacal was crippled by German bombers and artillery on 23 24 May and had to beach herself near Boulogne sur Mer . Design and description The Chacal class ships were designed to counter the large Italian Leone class destroyers . They had an overall length of 126 . 8 meters ( 416 ft 0 in ) , a beam of 11 . 1 meters ( 36 ft 5 in ) , and a draft of 4 . 1 meters ( 13 ft 5 in ) . The ships displaced 2 , 126 metric tons ( 2 , 092 long tons ) at standard and 2 , 980 3 , 075 metric tons ( 2 , 933 3 , 026 long tons ) at deep load . They were powered by two geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by five du Temple boilers . The turbines were designed to produce 50 , 000 metric horsepower ( 37 , 000 kW 49 , 000 shp ) , which would propel the ship at 35 . 5 knots ( 65 . 7 km h 40 . 9 mph ) . During her sea trials on 18 May 1926 , Chacal 's turbines provided 54 , 911 metric horsepower ( 40 , 387 kW 54 , 160 shp ) and she reached 35 . 3 knots ( 65 . 4 km h 40 . 6 mph ) for a single hour . The ships carried 530 metric tons ( 522 long tons ) of fuel oil which gave them a range of 3 , 000 nautical miles ( 5 , 600 km 3 , 500 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . Their crew consisted of 10 officers and 187 crewmen in peacetime and 12 officers and 209 enlisted men in wartime . The main armament of the Chacal class ships consisted of five Canon de 130 mm modle 1919 guns in single mounts , one superfiring pair fore and aft of the superstructure and the fifth gun abaft the aft funnel . The guns were numbered ' 1' to ' 5' from front to rear . Their anti aircraft armament consisted of two Canon de 75 mm modle 1924 guns in single mounts positioned amidships . The ships carried two above water triple sets of 550 millimeter ( 21 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes . A pair of depth charge chutes were built into their stern these housed a total of twenty 200 kilogram ( 440 lb ) depth charges . They were also fitted with four depth charge throwers for which they carried a dozen 100 kilogram ( 220 lb ) depth charges . Construction and career Chacal , named after the jackal , was ordered on 26 February 1923 from the Ateliers et Chantiers de Saint Nazaire Penhot . She was laid down on 18 September 1923 at their shipyard in Saint Nazaire , launched on 27 September 1924 , commissioned on 1 May 1926 , completed on 28 July and entered service on 23 December . Completion was delayed by problems with her propulsion machinery and late deliveries by sub contractors . Even before she was formally completed , she participated in two Baltic cruises in mid 1926 and made another cruise in the Eastern Atlantic in November December . Chacal was assigned to the 1st Large Destroyer Division ( 1re division de contre torpeilleurs ) ( DCT ) of the Mediterranean Squadron ( renamed 5th Light Division ( Division lgre ) ( DL ) of the First Squadron ( 1re Escadre ) on 1 February 1927 ) based at Toulon upon completion , together with her sister ships Panthre and Tigre . On 27 April 1927 , the ship participated in a naval review by Gaston Doumergue , President of France , off Marseilles . The following month , she was one of the ships that escorted Doumergue across the English Channel during his state visit to Britain in May June 1927 . The ship was present when he next reviewed the fleet on 3 July 1928 off Le Havre . Chacal and Tigre escorted the light cruiser Primauguet to French West Africa between 13 January and 10 April 1931 . The four depth charge throwers were removed from Chacal in 1932 and the ship was briefly assigned to the 9th DL of the Torpedo Training School ( Ecole d 'application du lancement la mer ) at Toulon on 1 October until she was relieved of that assignment the following year . About a year later , the 75 millimeter guns were replaced by four twin mounts for 13 . 2 millimeter ( 0 . 5 in ) anti aircraft machineguns . On 15 July 1935 , Chacal and her sister Lopard of the 8th DL were assigned to the Naval School ( Ecole Navale ) at Brest . On 12 April 1937 , the 8th DL was redesignated as the 2nd DCT their sister Jaguar joined them in September . By 7 September 1939 , Chacal was no longer a part of the 2nd DCT and was assigned to the Western Command ( Forces maritimes de l 'Ouest ) for convoy escort duties from October to May 1940 where she guarded convoys traveling between Gibraltar and Brest as well as Casablanca , French Morocco , and Le Verdon sur Mer . In November , the ship had a British Type 123 ASDIC installed in addition two depth charge throwers were reinstalled , No. 3 gun removed , and her depth charge stowage reduced to a dozen 200 kg and eight 100 kg depth charges to improve her stability . By 22 May Chacal was reassigned to the 2nd DCT when the unit was tasked to carry demolition teams to the northernmost French ports the ship arrived at Calais that evening . Together with Lopard and eight smaller destroyers , Chacal bombarded advancing German troops as they approached the defenses of Boulogne sur Mer throughout the 23rd . During the night of 23 24 May , the ship was badly damaged by bombs from Heinkel He 111 bombers and shells from German artillery and had to be beached between Ambleteuse and Wimereux lest she sink .
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3,030 | Typhoon Nida , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Dindo , was the fourth tropical cyclone and second named storm of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season . Nida was the second super typhoon of the 2004 season , reaching a peak intensity of 160 miles per hour ( 260 km h ) . Forming southeast of the Philippines , the storm strengthened as it moved northwest . The typhoon brushed the eastern Philippines causing heavy rains across the island archipelago . Nida later accelerated northeast , missing Japan to the east while becoming an extratropical cyclone . A total of 1 . 3 million ( 2004 USD ) in damage occurred , and Nida left 31 fatalities . Meteorological history On May 12 , a persistent area of thunderstorms formed within a monsoon trough 220 miles ( 350 km ) southwest of Palau . Satellite imagery revealed a weak low level circulation . Initially , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) forecast the storm to not strengthen . The following day , forecasters saw that the storm was strengthening and upgraded the system to tropical depression status . Forecasters at the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration designated the storm as Tropical Depression Dindo . At the time of formation , the depression was located 190 miles ( 310 km ) east of Palau as it moved west northwest at 3 mph ( 5 km h ) . unk satellite imagery showed the depression 's winds were near 29 mph ( 46 km h ) and increasing . Satellite imagery later the showed deep convection organizing over the low level circulation . The depression underwent rapid intensification as it became a tropical storm late in the morning on May 14 and was assigned the name Nida by the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) . Still intensifying , the storm turned northwest where it reached typhoon status later that night . Curving west northwest at 7 mph ( 11 km h ) , Typhoon Nida attained winds of 115 mph ( 185 km h ) , equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane . On May 16 , Nida became a super typhoon as its winds reached 165 mph ( 266 km h ) . At its peak , its highest winds extended 35 miles ( 56 km ) from the center . Satellite imagery showed the storm developed a defined eye measuring 25 miles ( 40 km ) wide . On May 17 , the center of Nida passed over Catanduanes Island , Philippines . After making landfall , Nida weakened and then turned more northward and slowed down . Re entering the warmer waters of the Western Pacific Ocean , Nida 's winds restrengthened to 150 mph ( 250 km h ) . During the night of May 18 , the typhoon began to weaken . Infrared satellite imagery showed the eye being obscured by high cirrostratus clouds , indicative of the weakening typhoon . The eyewall became significantly disorganized as Nida continued to recurve to the northeast . Nida accelerated northeast and its maximum sustained winds weakened to 90 mph ( 148 km h ) . Interacting with an upper level low pressure system over Japan , the typhoon became elongated . Nida weakened below typhoon strength as the center passed 290 miles ( 467 km ) south of Tokyo , Japan . By May 21 , Nida transitioned to an extratropical cyclone . The JMA continued to track the remnants of Nida as it weakened northeast of northern Japan . Preparations and impact In the Philippines , evacuation centers were opened to accommodate 2 , 986 people . The typhoon approach cancelled ferry operations stranding 15 , 057 passengers . In Taiwan , forecasters at the Central Weather Bureau issued a typhoon warning as forecast models predicted a high probability of the typhoon hitting Taiwan . The warnings interrupted the preparations for the inauguration of President Chen Shui bian . In the Philippines , winds were clocked at 100 knots ( 190 km h ) at unk on Catanduanes Island at 6 a.m. local time on May 17 . The pressure at that location fell to 965 millibars ( 28 . 5 inHg ) . Structural damage was severe as the typhoon damaged or destroyed over 700 4 , 000 homes displacing 11 , 000 people . In Guimba , Nueva Ecija , Nida spawned a tornado that caused moderate damage . After the storm , President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo placed eight unk under a state of emergency . Nida produced heavy rainfall across the eastern Philippines . Rainfall up to 10 . 6 inches ( 270 mm ) was reported in unk while Naga City received 5 . 9 inches ( 150 mm ) of rain . The rest of the Philippines received 104 millimetres ( 4 . 1 in ) to 372 millimetres ( 14 . 6 in ) of rain . 31 fatalities ( 20 confirmed , 11 unaccounted for ) were reported during Nida 's landfall . In Camotes island , nine people drowned and five were declared missing when a ferry boat sank during the storm . Elsewhere offshore , 13 crewmen were rescued when their ship ran aground near Luzon . In all , the typhoon left 1 . 3 million in damage across the eastern Philippines . In Japan , heavy rains produced by the outer bands of Nida triggered flash flooding and landslides in Fukushima Prefecture . Several highways were shut down due to rising waters or debris and a few homes also were inundated . In Mito , Ibaraki , 360 homes were left without power after high winds knocked down electrical wires . A 10 m ( 33 ft ) section of highway in the city also collapsed . In addition to the structural damage caused by Nida , the poor weather conditions created during its passage resulted in several canceled flights by Japan Air Commuter . In Minamidait , Okinawa , a weather station operated by the WMO reported winds gusting to 71 mph ( 115 km h ) and a barometric pressure of 972 millibars ( 28 . 7 inHg ) . Rainfall total at the station was 1 . 25 inches ( 32 mm ) with the highest at 2 . 79 inches ( 71 mm ) . There were no reports of damage .
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3,031 | Hatsuse ( , Hatsuse ) was a Shikishima class pre dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy by the British firm of Armstrong Whitworth in the late 1890s . The ship participated in the early stages of the Russo Japanese War of 1904 1905 , including the Battle of Port Arthur on the second day of the war . She was involved in the subsequent operations until she struck two mines off Port Arthur in May 1904 . The second mine detonated one of her magazines and Hatsuse sank almost immediately afterwards with the loss of over half her crew . Description Hatsuse was 438 feet ( 133 . 5 m ) long overall and had a beam of 76 feet 9 inches ( 23 . 4 m ) . She had a full load draught of 27 feet ( 8 . 2 m ) and normally displaced 14 , 850 long tons ( 15 , 090 t ) and had a crew of 849 officers and enlisted men when serving as a flagship . The ship was powered by two Humphrys Tennant vertical triple expansion steam engines using steam generated by 25 Belleville boilers . The engines were rated at 14 , 500 indicated horsepower ( 10 , 800 kW ) , using forced draught , and were designed to reach a top speed of around 18 knots ( 33 km h 21 mph ) . Hatsuse , however , reached a top speed of 19 . 11 knots ( 35 . 39 km h 21 . 99 mph ) from 16 , 117 indicated horsepower ( 12 , 018 kW ) on her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 1 , 643 long tons ( 1 , 669 t ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 4 , 000 nautical miles ( 7 , 400 km 4 , 600 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . The ship 's main battery consisted of four 12 inch ( 305 mm ) guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of fourteen 6 inch ( 152 mm ) quick firing guns , mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull and in the superstructure . A number of smaller guns were carried for defence against torpedo boats . These included 20 QF 12 pounder 12 cwt guns , eight 47 millimetre ( 1 . 9 in ) 3 pounder guns and ten 37 millimetre ( 1 . 5 in ) 2 . 5 pounder Hotchkiss guns . She was also armed with four submerged 18 inch torpedo tubes . Hatsuse 's waterline armour belt consisted of Harvey armour and was 4 9 inches ( 102 229 mm ) thick . The armour of her gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 10 in ( 254 mm ) and her deck ranged from 2 . 5 to 4 inches ( 64 to 102 mm ) in thickness . Construction and career Hatsuse , named after the Hase dera temple , which was famous for its maple trees , was ordered as part of the 10 Year Naval Expansion Programme and paid for from the 30 , 000 , 000 indemnity paid by China after losing the Sino Japanese War of 1894 1895 . The ship was laid down by Armstrong Whitworth at their Elswick shipyard on 10 January 1898 . She was launched on 27 June 1896 and completed on 18 January 1901 . Before sailing to Japan , she represented the Meiji Emperor at Queen Victoria 's funeral . At the start of the Russo Japanese War , Hatsuse , commanded by Captain Yu unk , was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet . She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 when Admiral Tg Heihachir led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur . Tg had expected his surprise night attack on the Russians by his destroyers to be much more successful than it actually was and anticipated that they would be badly disorganized and weakened , but the Russians had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack . The Japanese ships were spotted by the cruiser Boyarin which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defences . Tg chose to attack the Russian coastal defences with his main armament and engage the Russian ships with his secondary guns . Splitting his fire proved to be a bad idea as the Japanese 8 inch ( 203 mm ) and six inch guns inflicted little damage of significance on the Russian ships who concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect . Although a large number of ships on both sides were hit , Russian casualties numbered only 17 while the Japanese suffered 60 killed and wounded before Tg disengaged . Hatsuse was hit twice during the battle , losing seven crewmen killed and 17 wounded . Hatsuse participated in the action of 13 April when Tg successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron , including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov 's flagship , the battleship Petropavlovsk . When Makarov spotted the five battleships of the 1st Division , he turned back for Port Arthur and Petropavlovsk struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night . The Russian battleship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded , Makarov one of the 677 killed . Emboldened by his success , Tg resumed long range bombardment missions , which prompted the Russians to lay more minefields . On 14 May 1904 , Admiral Nashiba put to sea with the battleships Hatsuse ( flag ) , Shikishima , and Yashima , the protected cruiser Kasagi , and the dispatch boat Tatsuta to relieve the Japanese blockading force off Port Arthur . On the following morning , the squadron encountered a minefield laid by the Russian minelayer Amur . Hatsuse struck one mine that disabled her steering at 10 50 a.m. and Yashima struck another when moving to assist Hatsuse . At 12 33 p.m. , the latter drifted onto another mine that detonated one of her magazines , killing 496 of her crew , and sinking the ship at 38 37 N 121 20 E. Tatsuta and Kasagi managed to save the Admiral and Captain unk with 334 other officers and enlisted men . Yashima 's flooding could not be controlled and she foundered about eight hours later , after her crew had abandoned ship .
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3,032 | Yamashita Yoshitsugu ( unk unk , 16 February 1865 26 October 1935 , also known as Yamashita Yoshiaki ) , was the first person to have been awarded 10th degree red belt ( unk ) rank in Kodokan judo . He was also a pioneer of judo in the United States . Early years Yamashita was born in Kanazawa , then the capital of the powerful Kaga Domain . His father was of the samurai class . As a boy , Yamashita trained in the traditional ( unk ) Japanese martial arts schools of Yshin ry and Tenjin Shin 'y ry jujutsu . In August 1884 , he joined the Kodokan judo dojo of Kano Jigoro ( unk unk Kan Jigor , 1860 1938 ) , as its nineteenth member . He advanced to first degree black belt ( unk ) rank in three months , fourth degree ( unk ) ranking in two years , and sixth degree ( unk ) in fourteen years . He was a member of the Kodokan team that competed with Tokyo Metropolitan Police jujutsu teams during the mid 1880s , and during the 1890s , his jobs included teaching judo at the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy and Tokyo Imperial University ( modern University of Tokyo ) . The Four Guardians of Kdkan When Kan Jigor began to develop judo from jiu jitsu , his efforts were met with fierce opposition from jiu jitsu practitioners . However , Kano drew a loyal following that included exceptional fighters . Hence the term Four Guardians of Kdkan came into existence , referring to Yamashita Yoshiaki along with unk Tomita , Yokoyama unk , and Saig Shir . Introducing judo to America In February 1902 , Seattle based railroad executive Samuel Hill decided that his 9 year old son , James Nathan , should learn judo , which he had apparently seen or heard about while on a business trip to Japan . In Hill 's words , the idea was for the boy to learn the ideals of the Samurai class , for that class of men is a noble , high minded class . They look beyond the modern commercial spirit . Hill spoke to a Japanese American business associate , Masajiro Furuya , for advice . Furuya referred Hill to Kazuyoshi Shibata , who was a student at Yale University . Shibata told Hill about Yamashita , and on 21 July 1903 , Hill wrote a letter to Yamashita , asking him to come to Seattle at Hill 's expense . On 26 August 1903 , Yamashita replied , writing that he , his wife , and one of his students ( Saburo Kawaguchi ) would leave for Seattle on 22 September 1903 . The ship carrying the Yamashita party docked in Seattle on 8 October 1903 . A week later , on 17 October 1903 , Yamashita and Kawaguchi gave a judo exhibition at a Seattle theater that Hill had rented for the evening . Attendance was by invitation only , and guests included Sam Hill 's mother in law , Mary Hill ( wife of unk J.J. Hill ) , Senator Russell Alger , and assorted Sportswriters . Afterwards , Hill took the Yamashita party east to Washington , D.C. , where Mrs. Hill and young James Nathan were then living . Meanwhile , the favorable publicity surrounding the event caused Japanese Americans living in Seattle to start their own judo club , known as the Seattle Dojo . Soon after arriving in the District of Columbia , Yamashita visited the Japanese Legation , and in March 1904 , the Japanese naval attach , Commander Takeshita Isamu , took Yamashita to the White House to meet President Theodore Roosevelt . Roosevelt practiced wrestling and boxing while in the White House , and he had received jujutsu jackets from William Sturgis Bigelow and jujutsu lessons from J. J. O 'Brien , a Philadelphia police officer who had studied jujutsu while living in Nagasaki . Roosevelt was impressed with Yamashita 's skill , and during March and April 1904 , Yamashita gave judo lessons to the President and interested family and staff in a room at the White House . Subsequently , at other locations , Yamashita and his wife unk gave lessons to prominent American women , to include Martha Blow Wadsworth ( sister of Kindergarten pioneer Susan Blow ) , Hallie Elkins ( wife of Senator Stephen Benton Elkins ) , and Grace Davis Lee ( Hallie Elkins ' sister ) , and their children . In January 1905 , Yamashita got a job teaching judo at the U.S. Naval Academy . There were about 25 students in his class , including a future admiral , Robert L. Ghormley . The position ended at the end of the school term , and Yamashita was not rehired for the following year . When President Roosevelt heard of this , he spoke to the Secretary of the Navy , who in turn told the Superintendent of the Naval Academy to rehire Yamashita . Consequently , Yamashita 's judo was taught at the Naval Academy throughout the first six months of 1906 . Later life At the end of the 1906 academic year , Yamashita left the United States for Japan . On 24 July 1906 , he participated in a conference in Kyoto that had been called for the purpose of standardizing judo forms ( kata ) that could be taught in Japanese public schools . From the 1910s to the 1930s , Yamashita worked as a judo teacher at Tokyo Higher Normal School ( unk , Tky Kt unk unk ) . In this capacity , he often attended judo tournaments and exhibitions . He also taught judo to the Tokyo Municipal Police . Thus , from September 1924 to April 1926 , Yamashita was part of a committee that developed a new kata for Japanese police . An example of Yamashita 's teaching method is the advice Yamashita 's last major public appearance was probably the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Kodokan , an event which took place in November 1934 . British judoka Sarah Mayer described Yamashita 's participation as follows His ultimate promotion to 10th dan was posthumous . Video footage Koshiki no kata Yoshiaki Yamashita with Jigoro Kano
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3,033 | Deanna Merryman ( born 1972 ) is an American actress , glamor model , and fitness model . Merryman went to high school with model and sports commentator Leeann Tweeden . She was part of Playboy 's Great Lingerie Model Search in 1997 and was a contestant in the Miss Hawaiian Tropic beauty pageant in 1998 later becoming a model for Hawaiian Tropic . The next year , she was featured on the cover of Iron Man Magazine . She starred on the documentary soap drama Desperately Seeking Stardom in 1999 . This garnered her roles on Baywatch and Veronica 's Closet . Merryman met stock car racing driver Jeff Gordon in 2000 and they had a brief relationship while the NASCAR driver was still married . Merryman was featured in a pictorial in the October 2003 issue of Playboy magazine . Early life Deanna Merryman was born in 1972 . Her father was a clergyman from Virginia . Merryman attended high school with Leeann Tweeden . She spent her early years living in Texas . Merryman worked as an exotic dancer in the mid 1990s . She danced at a nightclub in San Antonio , Texas called PT 's Show Club in 1992 . While employed at PT 's Show Club she suffered injury from a bite by a patron at the facility who was later charged with assault by police . She was transported to the hospital where she received treatment for puncture wounds . Acting and modeling career Merryman was featured in Playboy magazine in 1997 in Playboy 's Great Lingerie Model Search . She was featured in a pictorial in 1998 in an Celebrity Sleuth . In 1998 Merryman was a contestant in the Miss Hawaiian Tropic beauty pageant . She later became a model for Hawaiian Tropic . Merryman worked as a fitness model . She was featured on the cover of Iron Man Magazine in 1999 . She starred on the documentary soap drama Desperately Seeking Stardom in 1999 . Broadcast on the ITV network , the program featured six individuals living in a house in California and documented their attempts to become successful actors in Los Angeles . During this time attempting to gain a foothold in the acting industry , Merryman worked simultaneously as a model for lingerie , and a waitress , and was featured in Playboy . The show chronicled her audition process for a horror film , and a role in the television soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful . She successfully landed a role during Desperately Seeking Stardom , on the television show Baywatch . Merryman subsequently gained a part on the television series Veronica 's Closet . In 2000 , Merryman was selected for a photo shoot by American photographer Mark Daughn her pictures were used to advertise the Internet company Bomis . Daughn 's photographs of Merryman also appeared in Mystique Magazine in January 2003 , alongside models including Aria Giovanni , Sunny Leone , Lisa Marie Scott , Natasha Yi , and Kalin Olson . She was featured in the book Mystique Models of Mystique in the same year , photographed by Daughn . Merryman posed nude in the October 2003 Playboy issue , and was photographed for the publication by Daughn . In May 2004 , Merryman appeared onstage at the Porn Star Ball at the Uptown Cabaret in Charlotte , North Carolina she was introduced to the audience by Ron Jeremy . Merryman starred in the 2004 comedy film unk Cops alongside Nikki Nova , Jesse Jane , Katie James , Sunn Leone and unk Ryan . She again appeared in a Celebrity Sleuth pictorial in its October 2004 issue . She was photographed by Sam T unk for Beach Babes calendar in 2005 , and by Daughn for the Mystique calendar published the same year . In 2006 , Merryman moved from Los Angeles , California and hosted a party in South Beach , Florida at Club Deep which was sponsored by unk Film Works and unk Ent . In 2011 she resided in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , where she worked as a makeup artist . Personal life Merryman had a relationship with stock car racing driver Jeff Gordon . She first met Gordon in 2000 while she was employed in Palm Beach , Florida at a Neiman Marcus store in a mall where she advised customers about cosmetics products . Merryman did not recognize the race car driver at their first meeting , though her friends were excited to meet him during the same encounter . Initially Merryman turned down Gordon 's request to take her out for lunch . One year after their initial encounter , they began a relationship . They were romantically linked for 11 months . Merryman and Gordon vacationed together in Saint Jean , Saint Barthlemy in the Caribbean in January 2003 to celebrate the New Year . This relationship caused difficulty for his then ongoing marriage to Brooke Sealy . Sealy discovered Gordon 's relationship with Merryman and subsequently divorced the race car driver . Gordon 's wife , who also went by the name Jennifer Brooke Gordon , cited Merryman by name in her divorce papers with the racecar driver . Merryman was featured in the October 2003 issue of Playboy magazine , where she was interviewed about her relationship with Gordon . Merryman stated that Gordon had confided in her He got married when he was 23 and has been on the racetrack since he was a kid . He used to tell me all the time he never had a chance to have fun . She reflected on what she had learned after her period of time with Gordon , saying in the future she would avoid relationships both with men of his occupation and those who were married . Gordon did not comment on Merryman 's 2003 appearance in the magazine . When asked about the article , Gordon refused to comment on it . He stated It 's not even worth commenting on . All I want to talk about is being fast . Gordon 's divorce was finalized in June 2003 . Filmography Film Television
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3,034 | Marilyn Monroe is a song by Trinidadian born recording artist Nicki Minaj . The song was written by Minaj , Daniel James , Leah Haywood , Ross Golan and J.R. Rotem , while production was handled by J.R. Rotem and Dreamlab . Musically , Marilyn Monroe is an introspective mid tempo ballad that contains an upbeat piano , synth beats , and features influences of bubblegum pop . Lyrically , the song alludes to oneself questioning the status of their relationship . The song makes frequent references to pop icon Marilyn Monroe , with many of her quotes woven into the song . Marilyn Monroe was generally well received by music critics , with some noting its crossover potential , while others felt like the song was too similar to other artists . The song has received comparisons to the 2011 singles Disaster by JoJo and unk by Fefe Dobson , as well as Minaj 's own 2010 single Your Love from her debut album Pink Friday . The album 's high digital sales led Marilyn Monroe to chart on the UK Singles Chart and US Billboard charts . Production and composition Following the success of Minaj 's debut album , Pink Friday , Cash Money co CEO , Brian Birdman Williams announced to Billboard that Minaj was aiming for a first quarter release in 2012 . In November 2011 , Minaj announced on Twitter that the album would be released on February 14 , 2012 , though it was later delayed to April 3 , 2012 . The album focuses on Roman Zolanski , one of Minaj 's alter egos that was first featured on Pink Friday . J.R. Rotem , who previously produced a track for Minaj 's debut album , originally conceived Marilyn Monroe . According to Minaj , He hit me up and he said , ' I have a song that I think only an icon can sing ' . I was like , ' Oh J.R. , shut up ' We laughed a little bit on iChat . It was written by Minaj , Daniel James , Leah Haywood , Ross Golan and Rotem . Rotem and Dreamlab produced the track , with vocal production handled by Nicholas Cooper . Ariel Chobaz Gelly Kusuma recorded and mixed Marilyn Monroe with assistance from Jon Sher at Conway Studios and Beluga Heights Studio , both studios in Los Angeles . Musically , Marilyn Monroe is an introspective mid tempo ballad that contains an upbeat piano , synth beats , and features influences of bubblegum pop . The song is written in the key of E minor with a moderate pop tempo of 84 beats per minute . It follows the chord progression Em C2 ( no 3 ) G D , and Minaj 's vocals span two octaves from G3 to D5 . Celebrity Marilyn Monroe is mentioned numerous times throughout the song , including the famous quote I 'm selfish , impatient and a little insecure . I make mistakes , I am out of control and at times hard to handle . But if you can 't handle me at my worst , then you sure as hell don 't deserve me at my best . However , it has never been confirmed that Monroe actually said this . Minaj liked the track , as it spoked to me as a woman . I 'm very infatuated with Marilyn Monroe . I had a moment with that song where I was like , ' Oh my God , every woman in this world needs to hear that ' . No , we 're not perfect . Sometimes , we think , ' What 's wrong with us ' We spend so much time criticizing ourselves . I needed to hear that , ' I 'm not perfect , but I 'm worth it ' . It resonated with me . I felt like the world needed to hear it . Release and reception Marilyn Monroe was first leaked in February 2012 . On May 24 , 2012 , a poll was posted on Minaj 's official website asking fans to choose the next single ( s ) . The poll was divided into three categories The first category asked fans to choose between Marilyn Monroe , Fire Burns , Young Forever , and Gunshot . Marilyn Monroe had the most votes and won the poll Young Forever came in second , Fire Burns came in third , and Gun Shot came in fourth . When asked whether Marilyn Monroe would become a single during an interview with The Guardian , Minaj replied It has to be . It will be . We wanted to do it now , but then UK radio started playing ' Va Va Voom ' . We 're definitely going to have ' Marilyn Monroe ' top of 2013 , and we 're going to spend quality time on the video . We 're going to take care of that one . Marilyn Monroe received mostly positive reviews . Andrew Hampp of Billboard gave the song a positive review , but felt the song was too similar to the JoJo song Disaster , adding that Of the three mid tempo pop cuts on the album , ' Marilyn Monroe ' stands the best chance of pop crossover . Andy Gill of The Independent called it one of the most impressive songs on the pop half of the album and also encouraged fans to download it . BBC 's Al Fox gave the song a positive review , praising Young Forever and Marilyn Monroe for displaying the same tender vulnerabilities of Minaj 's breakthrough anthem Your Love , saying that it is a necessary and successful respite in an album so boastful . Slant Magazine negatively compared Marilyn Monroe to the works of pop star Demi Lovato . Live performances Minaj performed the song on select dates of her debut concert tour , the Pink Friday Tour . She also added the song to her set list for her Pink Friday Reloaded Tour . Personnel Source Locations Recorded at Conway Studios , Los Angeles , CA , and Beluga Heights Studio , Los Angeles , CA Mixed at Conway Studios , Los Angeles , CA Credits Writers O. Maraj , D. James , L. Haywood , R. Golan , J. Rotem Producers J.R. Rotem Co producers Dreamlab Recorded by Ariel Chobaz Gelly Kusuma Recording Assistant Jon Sher Mixed by Ariel Chobaz Mix Assistant Jon Sher Vocal production by Nicholas Cooper Chart performance
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3,035 | Brian 's Got a Brand New Bag is the fourth episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It premiered on Fox in the United States on November 8 , 2009 . The episode follows anthropomorphic dog Brian as he dates a middle aged woman named Rita , after he is stood up by her daughter . He eventually becomes reluctant to continue their relationship , however , after he discovers several health concerns that she endures and is continually harassed by his family . The episode premiered during an all Seth MacFarlane schedule , preceding the live action episode Seth and Alex 's Almost Live Comedy Show . The episode was written by series regular Tom Devanney and directed by Pete Michels . It received very mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 . 38 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Hart Bochner , James Burkholder , Aimee Garcia , Jack Samson , Stacey Scowley , Debra Skelton , Reginald VelJohnson , Nana Visitor , Tico Wells , Mae Whitman and Bruce Willis , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . Brian 's Got a Brand New Bag was released on DVD along with seven other episodes from the season on June 15 , 2010 . The episode is dedicated to Patrick Swayze . Plot During a visit to a closing video store during a DVD sale , Peter decides to buy Road House and , after watching it , decides to start roundhouse kicking everything in sight including his family . While driving with Brian using his feet , Peter crashes into a young woman 's car , leading Brian to assure she is okay . The woman apologizes to Brian , and he asks her out . She accepts , but when he comes to her house to pick her up , her mother Rita says she has just left with somebody else . Brian keeps talking to Rita and finds himself attracted to her . After dating for several weeks , they sneak into the Griffin home late one night , but the family finds out the next morning and ridicule Rita behind her back . Brian attempts to convince the family that Rita is a wonderful , charming woman despite the fact that she 's significantly older than he is , and invites her to dinner to prove his point . It doesn 't go well they demand that she reveal her age , and she breaks down and admits that she 's 50 . Infuriated with the Griffins , Brian goes to console Rita , and proposes to her . Feeling guilty for how they treated him , the Griffins give Brian their blessings . Rita breaks her hip while she and Brian are having sex . Peter warns Brian that their relationship will not last much longer now that he must run errands for her . Brian goes out to pick up medicine for bedridden Rita , but is distracted by the sight of a group of young women entering a bar . One of them offers to have sex with Brian in the bathroom , after which he returns with her medicine . Realizing that he still loves Rita , he admits his infidelity . However , Rita decides he is far too young for her and breaks off their engagement . A regretful Brian understands that it is for the best and leaves her . Production and development The episode was directed by former The Simpsons artist Pete Michels , and written by Tom Devanney , shortly after the conclusion of the seventh production season . Both are series regulars for the show , who joined in its third and fourth season , respectively . Prior to providing minor voice over roles for the series , actress Nana Visitor portrays the episode 's featured character , Rita . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors , with series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane and David Zuckerman serving as staff writers for the episode . Brian 's Got a Brand New Bag , along with the seven other episodes from Family Guy 's eighth season , were released on a three disc DVD set in the United States on June 15 , 2010 . The sets included brief audio commentaries by Seth MacFarlane and various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes , a special mini feature which discussed the process behind animating Road to the Multiverse , and mini feature entitled Family Guy Karaoke . In addition to Visitor and the regular cast , actor Hart Bochner , James Burkholder , actress Aimee Garcia , Jack Samson , actress Stacey Scowley , Debra Skelton , Reginald VelJohnson , actor Tico Wells , actress Mae Whitman and actor Bruce Willis , guest starred in the episode in both voice and live action appearances . Recurring guest voice actors Alexandra Breckenridge , writer Steve Callaghan , voice actor Ralph Garman , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin and writer John Viener also made minor appearances . Recurring guest cast members Adam West and Patrick Warburton also made appearances in the episode . Reception In a significant decline from the previous week 's show , and despite being heavily promoted as an all Seth MacFarlane night , the episode received a Nielsen Rating of 4 . 3 7 in the 18 49 demographic , and was viewed in 7 . 38 million homes . The episode received mostly mixed reviews from critics . Ahsan Haque of IGN gave it a 6 . 5 10 , saying that the episode felt very formulaic and a bit of a wasted opportunity Todd VanDerWerff from The A.V. Club gave it a B , saying , it 's weird to see a Family Guy episode that has something approaching an actual story ... and even the cutaway gags were more muted than usual . In a subsequent review of Family Guy 's eighth season , Ramsey Isler of IGN listed Brian 's Got a Brand New Bag as remarkably unfunny , with lazy and unoriginal writing .
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3,036 | The 2012 13 Ivy League men 's basketball season marked the continuation of the annual tradition of competitive basketball among Ivy League members . The tradition began when the league was formed during the 1956 57 season and its history extends to the predecessor Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which was formed in 1902 . Due to a cheating scandal that involved defending champion Harvard , Princeton was the preseason favorite . Harvard won the regular season title outright and earned the conference 's only postseason bid . Princeton 's Ian Hummer earned the Ivy League Men 's Basketball Player of the Year after setting records for most single season and career Ivy League Player of the Week awards . Harvard tied an Ivy League single season team record with 13 combined Player of the Week and Rookie of the Week Awards . Ivy League records also fell for career games played by Hummer and career free throw percentage ( Brian Barbour ) . In the 2013 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament , Harvard earned the school 's first ever NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament victory and the conference 's first NCAA Tournament victory in three years . Preseason The Ivy League media selected Princeton as the preseason favorite when 16 of 17 voting members ( one voter selected Harvard ) named Princeton first in the preseason poll . Jeff Goodman of CBS Sports also selected Princeton as his preseason choice with Harvard second , noting that Harvard had been his preseason favorite until the September 2012 Harvard cheating scandal that involved about 125 athletes and students , including Kyle Casey and Brandyn Curry who withdrew from school as a result . Casey and Curry had been first team and second team All Ivy selections for the 2011 12 Ivy League men 's basketball season , respectively . Both players withdrew in hopes of preserving their final year of athletic eligibility following the investigation . Season Twelve different television networks scheduled a total of 36 Ivy League men 's basketball live broadcasts for the 2012 13 season . This includes a 14 game television package , featuring all eight member institutions , with 13 games being broadcast on the NBC Sports Network and one on the CBS Sports Network . The conference endured two one day postponements due to the February 2013 nor 'easter ( also known as Winter Storm Nemo ) . Harvard 's contest against Columbia at Levien Gymnasium in Manhattan that was originally scheduled for February 9 at 7 00 PM was postponed until February 10 at 2 00 PM . Similarly , Dartmouth 's game against Cornell originally scheduled to be played at 7 00 PM on February 9 at Newman Arena in Ithaca , New York was postponed until February 10 at 12 00 noon . Led by Wesley Saunders ' five Ivy League Player of the Week Awards and Siyani Chambers ' six Rookie of the Week Awards , Harvard tied the Ivy League team record with thirteen single season weekly recognitions . Meanwhile Hummer tied the individual career record with nine player of the week awards and set a new single season record with seven . Two Ivy League career statistical records fell . Columbia 's Brian Barbour completed his career with an 89 . 7 free throw shooting percentage , surpassing Jim Barton of Dartmouth ( class of 1989 ) who tallied 89 . 5 . Hummer surpassed former teammate Doug Davis ' ( class of 2012 ) 122 career games played with 123 games . Honors and accolades Columbia senior guard Brian Barbour was listed among 30 preseason Senior CLASS Award candidates . Cornell 's Eitan unk and Brown 's Matthew Sullivan were first team All District selections from District I placing them among the 40 candidates for the 15 man Academic All American team . Brown , a third team selection in 2012 , was recognized as a 2013 first team All American . In season Each week the Ivy League selected one or more player ( s ) of the week and one or more rookie ( s ) of the week . G Guard F Forward C Center Fr . Freshman So . Sophomore Jr . Junior Sr. Senior All Ivy The following players earned Ivy League postseason recognition with ( Class , Position Hometown ) USBWA On March 12 , the U.S. Basketball Writers Association released its 2012 13 Men 's All District Teams , based upon voting from its national membership . There were nine regions from coast to coast , and a player and coach of the year were selected in each . The following lists all the Ivy League representatives selected within their respective regions . NABC The National Association of Basketball Coaches announced their Division I All District teams on March 26 , recognizing the nation 's best men 's collegiate basketball student athletes . Selected and voted on by member coaches of the NABC , 240 student athletes , from 24 districts were chosen . The selections on this list were then eligible for the State Farm Coaches ' Division I All America teams . The following list represented the District 13 players chosen to the list . Other Hummer also earned Associated Press honorable mention All American recognition . Postseason NCAA Tournament On March 21 in the 2013 NCAA Tournament , Harvard earned the school 's first NCAA Tournament victory and its first victory over a top 10 opponent when it defeated number three seeded New Mexico ( 10 , AP Poll 10 , Coaches ' Poll ) . The victory was the conferences first since the 2009 10 Cornell Big Red men 's basketball team advanced to the Sweet Sixteen . Two days later , the team lost to Arizona , ending its season . Other Princeton declined any postseason invitation . No other bids were accepted .
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3,037 | Super Rich Kids is a song by American recording artist Frank Ocean , and the fifth single from his debut studio album , Channel Orange . It was first performed live by Ocean in 2011 and then on his channel ORANGE tour in 2012 . The single was released in March 2013 . The song is in the style of R B and neo soul , and includes references to and samples of the songs Bennie and the Jets by Elton John , Got to Give It Up by Marvin Gaye , and Real Love by Mary J. Blige . It addresses young , wealthy characters ' ennui and fears of the financial crisis with dry humor . The song received positive critical responses and charted on the Billboard R B Songs chart and the UK singles and R B chart . The song also appeared on the TV show Gossip Girl and the film The Bling Ring . Background Super Rich Kids was written by Frank Ocean , Malay , Earl Sweatshirt , Kirk Robinson , Nathaniel Robinson Jr . , Roy Hammond , Mark Morales and Mark Rooney and produced by Malay . Ocean and Malay came up with Super Rich Kids on their first day working together on Ocean 's debut album , channel ORANGE . According to Ocean , the 2000 film Traffic was an inspiration for the song . Ocean first performed the song during his debut solo tour in 2011 , and later performed it on the Channel Orange tour . The single release was originally announced on January 23 , 2013 . It was released in Britain on March 11 , and in the United States on the 17th . Composition Music Super Rich Kids is an R B and neo soul ballad set in common time and a slow half time groove tempo of 60 beats per minute . The key the song is in is E major , with a chord progression of E maj9 G 6 A D maj7 B unk B aug followed throughout the song . The song includes a piano part that references the thumping piano line of Elton John 's 1973 song Bennie and the Jets , and horns and synth arpeggios are also present . According to The Quietus , a stomping piano and the steady smack of unk anchors the ghostly crowd noise from a vast dbutantes ball , as the synths quiver both unk and as subtly as candle smoke in a floor draft . Lyrics Super Rich Kids addresses young , wealthy characters ' ennui and fears of the financial crisis with dry humor . The song 's chorus takes the lyrics from Mary J. Blige 's Real Love . The track includes a verse from Earl Sweatshirt , which , according to Complex , is a reminder of Ocean as OFWGKTA at the end of the day . Paste Magazine said that Earl 's low verses push Ocean way up into his vocal range . According to Sound and Motion Magazine , the track is exactly as the title suggests Frank s view on the children of parents who have inherited massive trust funds without the grasp of what a huge responsibility it is and the good they could do . From expensive cars to a different woman every night , the alleged social elite stumble through a charmed existence where the real world is buffered from them and then they breed a new generation with the same attitude . The track also contains brief glimpses into what he perceives as an alternative view of loneliness and isolation where all the super rich want is a love that s not about money or anything material . Super Rich Kids is described by Muso 's Guide as a contemporary version of a Jay McInerney novel , and by The Independent as something Carole King knocked out in the 1970s . unk said that at no point are the lyrics judgemental . If anything they re compassionate . The song also takes samples from Marvin Gaye 's Got to Give It Up , and a reference to the 1970s sitcom Good Times ( the Dy no mite catchphrase of the character J.J. Evans ) . Critical reception The single was positively reviewed by critics . Sound and Motion magazine said that it could easily be listened to repeatedly or just set on in the background for an evening 's entertainment . Muso 's Guide said the song could be viewed as one of those tail end singles from a brilliant album that doesn 't stand strong on its own ( Can anyone remember ' Until The End of Time ' from FutureSex LoveSounds or ' Broken Hearted Girl ' from I am ... Sasha Fierce ) . Ocean , proving his talent as a songwriter , and a jaded voice for this frustrated introspective generation is able to find something profound from a superficial world . The song became an Editor 's Pick on unk Critical reactions of the song in reviews of channel ORANGE were also positive . Time called the track a stand out , tying together the album s two themes of class and love . Billboard , in a track by track review , said that the steadiness of the beat is immediately familiar but wholly fresh it 's like Ocean snatched ' Benny and the Jets ' and threw the composition down a trap door into another universe . No Ripcord said that it 's so incongruous against the crass commercialism and consuming greed that pervades so much of popular culture that it 's astonishing . Complex listed Earl Sweatshirt 's appearance in the song 15 on their 25 Best Guest Verses of 2012 . In other media Super Rich Kids appeared on the Gossip Girl episode Monstrous Ball , along with four other Frank Ocean tracks Lost , Pyramids , Sweet Life and Thinkin Bout You . The song also appears as the seventeenth track on the soundtrack for the film The Bling Ring . The song was also covered by Misha B. Lawsuit In 2014 , record label unk filled a copyright lawsuit against Vivendi and Universal Music Group for the sampling of Mary J. Blige 's Real Love in Super Rich Kids . This was because , according to the lawsuit , the sample included a sample of unk the President . Chart positions
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3,038 | Elmer Griffin Stricklett ( August 29 , 1876 June 7 , 1964 ) was an American professional baseball pitcher . He pitched in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Sox and Brooklyn Superbas from 1904 through 1907 . Including his time in minor league baseball , Stricklett pitched professionally from 1897 through 1912 . Stricklett is considered one of the pioneers of the spitball . He learned the pitch while playing in the minor leagues . He later taught the spitball to Ed Walsh and Jack Chesbro , both of whom were elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame . Career Stricklett attended Santa Clara University , where he played college baseball for the Santa Clara Broncos baseball team . He began his professional career in minor league baseball with the Topeka Colts of the Kansas State League in 1897 . In 1898 , he pitched for the Salina Blues and Atchison Huskers of the Kansas State League , before joining the Dallas Colts of the Class C Texas League later that year . He pitched for the Rock Island Moline Islanders of the Class B Western Association and Kansas City Blues of the Class A Western League in 1899 . Despite pitching to a 14 1 win loss record in 1899 , Kansas City released Stricklett to the Wheeling Stogies of the Class B Interstate League in 1900 . Stricklett split the 1900 season with Wheeling and the Toledo Mud Hens , also of the Interstate League , pitching to a 13 8 record . In 1901 , Stricklett pitched for the Toledo Swamp Angels of the Western Association and Sacramento Senators of the California League , compiling a 27 22 record . In 1902 , he pitched for the Newark Sailors of the Class A Eastern League and the Sacramento Gilt Edges of the California League , finishing the season with a 23 22 record . While pitching for Sacramento , Stricklett mastered the spitball . In 1903 , Stricklett pitched for Los Angeles and the Seattle Chinooks of the Pacific National League , going 24 8 . The Chicago White Sox of the American League ( AL ) invited Stricklett to spring training in 1904 , where he roomed with Ed Walsh . Stricklett taught Walsh the spitball . After pitching in one game for the White Sox , allowing eight earned runs in seven IP , he received his release , and pitched for the Milwaukee Brewers of the Class A American Association for the remainder of the season , where he pitched to a 24 11 record in 267 innings pitched ( IP ) . The Boston Americans of the AL purchased the rights to Stricklett in August 1904 , but allowed him to remain in Milwaukee . The Brooklyn Superbas of the National League ( NL ) chose Stricklett from Milwaukee after the 1904 season in the Rule 5 draft . He debuted with the Superbas in the 1905 season , pitching to a 9 18 record and a 3 . 34 earned run average ( ERA ) in 237 1 3 IP . His 18 losses were ninth most in the league . Among NL pitchers , only Stricklett and Deacon Phillippe allowed no home runs that season . In 1906 , Stricklett went 14 18 with a 2 . 72 ERA in 291 2 3 IP , the ninth most losses and IP in the NL that season . He appeared in 41 games , tied for fifth in the NL with Vic Willis and Jake Weimer , and his 28 complete games and five shutouts were both tied for tenth most in the NL . However , he also allowed 88 earned runs , sixth most in the league . Stricklett pitched on Opening Day for the Superbas in 1907 , a game the Superbas lost . That year , Stricklett had a 12 14 record and a 2 . 27 ERA in 229 2 3 IP . His 25 complete games were eighth best in the NL , while his four shutouts tied for tenth . In four MLB seasons , Stricklett went 35 51 with a 2 . 84 ERA and 10 shutouts . After the 1907 season , Stricklett returned to the California League to pitch for the San Jose unk unk and Sacramento unk , and refused to report to Brooklyn in 1908 as his wife wanted him to remain closer to their California home . As the California League was not recognized in organized baseball at this time , Stricklett was banned by MLB for four years . Though he applied for reinstatement , his banishment was upheld . Stricklett continued to pitch for San Jose through 1910 , pitching to a 23 12 record in 1909 and a 19 14 record in 1910 . After the 1910 season , Stricklett he retired from baseball . However , he applied for reinstatement in 1912 , which was granted by the National Commission . Stricklett was fined 100 ( 2 , 452 in current dollar terms ) for playing outside organized baseball for the previous three years . The Superbas sold his rights to the Binghamton unk of the New York State League , and he pitched for the team . In minor league baseball , Stricklett won 20 games in a season at least five times , compiling a 169 99 record across nine seasons . unk Stricklett denied inventing the spitball , though he claimed to be the first pitcher to master the spitball and to feature it exclusively . To achieve the pitch , he would moisten the ball with a spot the size of two of his fingers . The pitch would act exactly the same way as reverse English does on a billiard ball . Stricklett learned the spitball from minor league teammate George Hildebrand in 1902 , who learned about it from Frank unk . Stricklett played an important role in popularizing the spitball . Stricklett taught the spitball to Jack Chesbro , who saw him use the pitch while pitching in minor league baseball . Though Chesbro had experimented with the pitch in the minor leagues , Stricklett showed him how to master it in 1904 . Stricklett taught it to Ed Walsh while they roomed together with the White Sox . Later life Stricklett retired to Mountain View , California , where he grew apricots on a ranch . He died in Santa Cruz , California , at the age of 87 .
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3,039 | Halo Legends is a collection of seven short anime films set in the Halo science fiction universe . Financed by Halo franchise overseer 343 Industries , the stories were created by six Japanese production houses Bee Train , Bones , Casio Entertainment , Production I.G. , Studio 4 C , and Toei Animation . Shinji Aramaki , creator and director of Appleseed and Appleseed Ex Machina , serves as the project 's creative director . Warner Bros. released Legends on DVD and Blu ray Disc on February 16 , 2010 . The idea for an anime compilation existed for years before there was momentum for the project . 343 creative director Frank O 'Connor produced story outlines or finished scripts that the production houses animated in a variety of styles . Development To oversee development of the entire Halo franchise , Microsoft created an internal division , 343 Industries , to manage the Halo brand . Frank O 'Connor , 343 's creative director , said that such a move was vital If you look at how George Lucas held on to Star Wars , not just to make money from action figures but to control the direction the universe went in , you can see why we think it 's pretty vital . Halo Legends had origins in the 2006 Marvel Comics tie in , The Halo Graphic Novel O 'Connor said that the idea of an anime compilation existed for years before there was momentum for the project . Wanting to tell smaller stories in a different format than video games and novels and in different art styles , O 'Connor said that anime was a natural fit . An additional consideration was that 343 Industries felt that the Japanese style of narrative fit the stories well . Most of the animation studios Microsoft approached were available for the project . Most studios were afraid of creating their own stories , even if they were familiar with the series , so O 'Connor sent them possible story treatments . Microsoft was deeply involved in making sure story details were correct and writing the scripts for the stories O 'Connor estimated that 50 of the dialogue in the final products were verbatim from the original scripts . While all the stories save one are considered canon , O 'Connor noted that some discrepancies were the cause of artistic interpretation . The animation studios were given wide latitude in their presentation . We realized very early on that Halo could take interpretation , said O 'Connor , saying that the look and feel of the universe persisted even through differing artistic styles . In developing their stories and styles , the anime studios were supplied with access to Halo 's story bible and art assets . One of the artistic styles that is the most radical departure from traditional animation styles is in The Duel , which employs a filter that makes every cell look as though it was hand painted by watercolors . His goal that he was aiming for in this project was , to make audiences understand there should be other styles of animation beyond the existing two primary kinds of animation presented precisely cel drawing 2D style and CG 3D style . I wanted to show that creators are not limited , that they have many options for different ( animation ) styles to create stories . Voice recording for the English dub was done by Seraphim Digital in Houston , Texas . Episodes Several episodes were originally broadcast on Halo Waypoint on the specified date . The episodes range in length from ten to twenty minutes . The DVD released in 2010 has another episode sequence . Origins I Origins II The Duel Homecoming Odd One Out Prototype The Babysitter The Package Release and reception Halo Legends was originally to be released on February 9 , but launch was pushed back a week to February 16 . The compilation comes in three different retail packages a standard DVD release with all the episodes , a two disc special edition which contains additional commentary , and the Blu ray Disc edition , featuring the special edition features and a summary of the Halo storyline . The film 's United States premiere was held at the AMC Metreon in San Francisco on February 10 , with the companion soundtrack released by Sumthing Distribution the day previous . Reception to Legends was mixed . Orlando unk of IGN UK wrote that while the decision to merge Halo and Japanese anime seemed an odd choice , Halo Legends proves a successful if uneven attempt to fuse these two universes , and will certainly prove essential viewing for those with more than a passing interest in Bungie 's seminal shooters . IGN US reviewers Cindy White and Christopher Monfette said that the short films prove surprisingly accessible to sci fi fans in general , and that the collection was well worth the time . Matt Miller of Game Informer said that Halo Legends would appeal to story interested fans of the franchise , not those who cared about multiplayer gameplay . Based on Rentrak and Home Media Magazine numbers , Legends ranked second and fourth in Blu ray Disc and DVD sales , respectively , during its first week of sales in the United States . It also ranked seventh in Blu ray Disc rankings in Japan . In its second week it dropped off the US Blu ray Disc Top 20 charts , and slipped to tenth for DVD sales . According to The unk , Legends sold 2 . 56 million worth of merchandise or 168 , 000 DVDs its first week . Total sales have reached 8 . 32 million , selling almost 600 , 000 units . Soundtrack The soundtrack was composed by various artists , such as Tetsuya Takahashi and Yasuharu Takanashi . Although the soundtrack contains mostly remixes of original work by Martin O 'Donnell and Michael Salvatori , it also has some original material of its own .
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3,040 | Give It Up to Me is a song by Colombian singer songwriter Shakira featuring American rapper Lil Wayne , taken from the deluxe version of the former 's eighth studio album She Wolf . It was released on 19 October 2009 , by Epic Records as the third single from the album . The song was written by Shakira , Amanda Ghost , Dwayne Carter and Timbaland . Timbaland also served as the producer of the song . Musically , Give It Up to Me is a synthpop and hip hop song that incorporates sexually suggestive lyrics . The song features uncredited vocals from Timbaland Upon its release , the song received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who appreciated its production and the collaboration with Lil Wayne and Timbaland . It peaked at number twenty nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Elsewhere , the song attained moderate success in Australia , Canada , and Europe . Its accompanying music video was directed by Sophie Muller and premiered on 17 November 2009 . It received mixed reviews from critics , who were ambivalent towards its choreography and production . Background and composition Give It Up to Me was written by Shakira , Amanda Ghost , Lil Wayne , and Timbaland , and was produced by the latter . Timbaland , who produced Give It Up to Me , initially planned to include the song on his third studio album Shock Value II ( 2009 ) . He originally served as the featured vocalist , though his verse was replaced by Flo Rida , who himself was later substituted by Lil Wayne . Amanda Ghost , the president of Epic Records , noted that everyone 's breath was blown away when Lil Wayne expressed interest in appearing on the track . The last minute collaboration resulted in the delayed release of its parent album She Wolf in the United States . The decision resulted in the creation of a deluxe version of the album available exclusively in the country . After the respective releases of She Wolf and Did It Again as the first and second singles from She Wolf , Shakira launched Give It Up to Me as the third single from the album . The track incorporates synthpop and hip hop influences with hand claps and a pounding bass . It additionally displays sexually suggestive lyrics , including the lines put me in a cage and lock me away and I 'll play the games that you want me to play and anything you want you can make it yours . Reception Upon its release , Give It Up to Me received generally favorable reviews from music critics . A reviewer from Billboard complimented the track for displaying Shakira 's signature beat and her quirky yet sensual vocals . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine noted her collaborations with Lil Wayne and Timbaland as an increasingly clich but not yet altogether ineffective move , but identified the song as being among the best moments showcased on the project . Similarly , Mario Tarradell from The Dallas Morning News recognized the recording as an insanely catchy , robotic corker , elaborating that it and She Wolf were the most radio friendly songs on the album . However , an editor from The New York Times provided an underwhelming review of the track , suggesting it would disappoint customers who had listened to the previous recording Loba . In the United States , Give It Up to Me peaked at number twenty nine on the Billboard Hot 100 . It additionally reached number twenty three on the Pop Songs component chart . It was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for digital downloads of 500 , 000 copies . Internationally , the track achieved moderate commercial success . It reached number thirty two on the Canadian Hot 100 , and additionally peaked at number thirty five on the Australian Singles Chart . It peaked at number 5 on the Deutsche Black Charts . Music video and promotion The accompanying music video for Give It Up to Me was directed by Sophie Muller . On 13 November 2009 , People provided an exclusive first look of the project . The full clip premiered the following day through Vevo . Throughout the clip , scenes of Shakira and Lil Wayne are interspersed between the choreography . It begins as the latter raps his verse , while the former begins her routine with a group of female dancers . During the bridge , Shakira portrays Senju Kannon , the goddess of 1 , 000 hands and is seen wearing a blue dress and a gold colored spiked crown . The video concludes as she continues to dance with the women . James Montgomery from MTV News noted that it shared similarities with the music video for Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) by Beyonc Knowles , highlighting a similar wardrobe and dance routine . He complimented the inclusion of Lil Wayne , and added that Shakira really is a true original . A review from Neon Limelight was less complimentary of the clip , opining that the switch from sexy Latin hip rolls to street stepper was a sign of desperation . They also noted similarities to the music video for Promiscuous by Nelly Furtado . Shakira additionally promoted the single through her performance at the American Music Awards of 2009 . On 14 February 2010 , Shakira performed She Wolf and Give It Up to Me at the 2010 NBA All Star Game halftime show . Track listings Digital download Give It Up to Me featuring Lil Wayne 3 03 European maxi single Australia digital download bundle EP Give It Up to Me featuring Lil Wayne 3 03 Did It Again featuring Kid Cudi ( Benassi Remix ) 5 58 Did It Again featuring Kid Cudi ( unk Remix ) 7 41 Charts Certifications Release history
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3,041 | Daniel Dan Perkins Smith Paul ( July 22 , 1924 January 24 , 2010 ) was an American attorney best known for arguing the landmark case Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo before the Supreme Court of the United States . The decision established the principle that government could not force a newspaper to publish content . Paul was born in Jacksonville , Florida , grew up in Daytona , Florida , and was educated at Harvard University , receiving degrees in law and public administration . Setting up practice in Miami , Florida , he specialized in First Amendment and environmental law . His clients included the Miami Dolphins of American football and newspapers such as The Miami Herald and the Wall Street Journal . For his active role in city politics , Paul was nicknamed the father of Metro . On June 13 , 2015 supporters led by unk Miami , the Urban Environment League and New Tropics named a four ( 4 ) acre Biscayne Bay waterfront site after Dan Paul . The site , owned by Miami Dade County , was formerly called Parcel B and in 1996 the Miami Heat had promised to turn the site into a public park including a mini soccer field . Supporters , now including several elected officials , demand the County force the Heat to honor its promise . The site will now be called the Dan Paul park . ( 16 ) Early life Dan Paul was born in Jacksonville , Florida on July 22 , 1924 , to Henry Paul , a pharmacist , and Cornelia Smith Paul , a county tax collector . After growing up in Daytona , he attended Harvard University , receiving a law degree in 1948 and a master 's degree in public administration in 1949 . Legal career Paul began to practice in Miami , Florida in 1949 with the firm of Loftin , Anderson , Scott , McCarthy and Preston . In 1954 he formed a partnership with Francis Sams , specializing in corporate law . Over the next decade , he established himself as one of Miami 's most prominent attorneys . In 1966 , the Miami News called him Dade 's knight and wrote of him that the name Dan Paul comes up in so many civic controversies that it is hard to keep up with him . Paul eventually became known as the father of Metro . In 1967 , a suit filed by Paul against a plan to unk and expand the Florida Legislature reached the US Supreme Court . The Court struck down the plan . Paul stated that he had filed the suit because it would greatly hurt the future of Florida to let the Legislature grow to such monstrous proportions that we would cease to have effective government . One of Paul 's specialties was environmental law , and he represented the National Audubon Society in a late 1960s lawsuit to stop an airport from being constructed in the Florida Everglades , a protected region of subtropical wetlands . He also acted as a parks activist , protesting the removal of sidewalks designed by Brazilian architect Roberto unk Marx . Paul played a major role in amending Miami 's city code to block the construction of buildings within fifty feet of the shore . Paul worked for a time in partnership with Parker Thomson in one of the most prominent legal practices in Miami , Paul and Thomson . By the end of their practice , 28 percent of Paul and Thomson 's time was devoted to pro bono work . However , the partners split acrimoniously in 1983 . In the 1970s and ' 80s , Paul also acted as general counsel for the Miami Dolphins of American football . In 2001 , Harvard established a professorship in his name at the John F. Kennedy School of Government . First Amendment law Paul represented the Miami Herald for more than three decades , as well as working for the New York Times , Wall Street Journal , and NBC . James Goodale , a First Amendment specialist , described Paul after his death as an important figure in freedom of press matters nationally and particularly in Florida ... In Florida , in particular , he was a leader in resisting subpoenas for reporters ' sources . Paul is best known for acting as the chief lawyer for the Herald in Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo , a 1974 US Supreme Court case . In the case , a political candidate , Pat Tornillo Jr . , had requested that the Herald print his rebuttal to an editorial criticizing him , citing Florida 's right to reply law , which mandated that newspapers print such responses . The Herald challenged the law , and the case was appealed to the Supreme Court . The Court unanimously overturned the Florida statute under the Press Freedom Clause of the First Amendment , ruling that Governmental compulsion on a newspaper to publish that which ' reason ' tells it should not be published is unconstitutional . The decision showed the limitations of a 1969 decision , Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission in which a similar Fairness Doctrine had been upheld for radio and television establishing that broadcast and print media had different Constitutional protections . The decision is considered a landmark in First Amendment law . Personal life Paul never married . For hobbies , he enjoyed tennis , unk , and waterskiing . On January 9 , 1980 , Paul was attacked by an 18 year old guest , Bradley Schlegel , at his home in Star Island . Schlegel stabbed Paul in the face , chest , arms , and back , and Paul subsequently underwent plastic surgery to repair the wounds . Schlegel was charged with attempted murder , possession of a weapon , and attempted robbery . He initially contended that Paul had made aggressive sexual advances to him , prompting him to stab Paul in self defense . Schlegel later pleaded no contest to a charge of aggravated battery . Paul died at his home in Miami on January 24 , 2010 , of Parkinson 's disease .
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3,042 | The Blitz class was a pair of avisos built by the Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) in the 1880s . The ships , Blitz and Pfeil , were the first steel hulled ships of any kind built by the German Navy , and the progenitors of the later light cruisers of the Gazelle type . They were armed with a 12 . 5 cm ( 4 . 9 in ) gun and one 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tube as their principal armament , and were capable of a top speed in excess of 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . Blitz and Pfeil served extensively in various roles , including as flotilla leaders for torpedo boats . Pfeil was deployed to German East Africa in 1889 to suppress an anti colonial revolt , and after 1899 , was used for fishery protection . They were both reduced to tenders by 1912 . Blitz was briefly used as a coastal patrol vessel early in World War I before returning to tender duties by 1915 . Both ships survived the war , and were sold for scrap in the early 1920s . Design The Blitz class avisos were the first step toward creating the modern , steel hulled light cruiser , which would ultimately come to fruition in the Gazelle class , built a decade later . The Blitz class ships were also the first steel hulled ships of any type built by the German Navy . At the time of their completion , they were among the earliest torpedo cruisers in the world . General characteristics The Blitz class ships were 75 . 30 meters ( 247 ft 1 in ) long at the waterline and 78 . 43 m ( 257 ft 4 in ) long overall . They had a beam of 9 . 90 m ( 32 ft 6 in ) and a maximum draft of 4 . 07 m ( 13 . 4 ft ) forward . The ships displaced 1 , 381 metric tons ( 1 , 359 long tons ) as designed and up to 1 , 486 t ( 1 , 463 long tons ) at full combat load . The ships ' hulls were constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames , and contained eleven watertight compartments . A double bottom was located beneath the ships ' engine rooms . Blitz and Pfeil had a crew of 7 officers and 127 enlisted men , though this number was later revised to 6 officers and 135 sailors . When serving as torpedo boat flotilla leaders , the ships had an additional 3 officers and 16 enlisted men . The ships carried several smaller boats , including one picket boat , one yawl , and one dinghy . Later in their careers , a cutter , another yawl , and another dinghy were added . Machinery The ships ' propulsion system consisted of two horizontal 2 cylinder double expansion engines in a single engine room . The engines drove a pair of 3 bladed screws . Steam for the engines was provided by eight coal fired locomotive boilers . After refits in the early 1890s , the ships ' boilers were replaced with newer , more efficient models Blitz received eight transverse cylindrical boilers , while Pfeil had eight cylindrical boilers installed . The ships were supplied with electrical power with a single 10 kilowatt ( 13 hp ) generator that operated at 67 volts . As built , the ships were fitted with a schooner rig with a sail area of 591 square meters ( 6 , 360 sq ft ) to supplement her steam engines , but this was later reduced to a rig of auxiliary sails with an area of 282 m2 ( 3 , 040 sq ft ) , and the sails were removed entirely by 1900 . The propulsion system was rated at 2 , 700 indicated horsepower ( 2 , 000 kW ) , for a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km h 18 mph ) . Neither ship reached this speed on trials Blitz managed 15 . 7 knots ( 29 . 1 km h 18 . 1 mph ) , and Pfeil made 15 . 6 knots ( 28 . 9 km h 18 . 0 mph ) . The ships carried up to 220 t ( 220 long tons 240 short tons ) of coal , which allowed them to steam for approximately 2 , 440 nautical miles ( 4 , 520 km 2 , 810 mi ) at a cruising speed of 9 knots ( 17 km h 10 mph ) . Steering was controlled with one rudder . Armament As built , the Blitz class avisos were armed with one 12 . 5 cm ( 4 . 9 in ) K L 23 gun placed in a pivot mount . The gun was supplied with 100 rounds of ammunition . The ships were also equipped with four 8 . 7 cm K L 23 guns in single mounts and one 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tube mounted in the bow . In 1891 and 1892 , the ships were rearmed with six 8 . 8 cm SK L 30 guns in single mounts and three 35 cm torpedo tubes , one in the bow and one on each broadside , all submerged in the hull . The ships did not carry any armor protection . Service history Blitz was laid down at the Norddeutscher Schiffbau in Kiel in 1881 . She was launched on 26 August 1882 and commissioned into the German fleet on 28 March 1883 . Pfeil was built by the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven . Her keel was laid down in 1881 , she was launched on 16 September 1882 , and commissioned into the German fleet on 25 November 1884 . Both ships served in the fleet following their commissioning . Blitz was assigned as the flagship of the I Torpedo boat Flotilla , while Pfeil initially served as a tender for the fleet . Blitz participated in extensive training and experimentation in the Torpedo School , under the command of Alfred von Tirpitz , the future architect of the High Seas Fleet . In 1889 , Pfeil was sent to German East Africa to participate in the suppression of a local revolt against German colonial rule . By 1899 , both ships were withdrawn from front line service Pfeil was used for fishery protection , and Blitz became a fleet tender . In 1912 , both Blitz and Pfeil were serving as tenders to the I Battle Squadron and the II Battle Squadron , respectively . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Blitz was mobilized as a coastal patrol ship , while Pfeil remained a tender . Blitz returned to her tender duties in 1915 . Both ships were sold for scrapping in the early 1920s .
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3,043 | Guepinia is a genus of fungus in the Auriculariales order . It is a monotypic genus , containing the single species Guepinia helvelloides , commonly known as the apricot jelly . The fungus produces salmon pink , ear shaped , gelatinous fruit bodies that grow solitarily or in small tufted groups on soil , usually associated with buried rotting wood . The fruit bodies are 4 10 cm ( 1 . 6 3 . 9 in ) tall and up to 17 cm ( 6 . 7 in ) wide the stalks are not well differentiated from the cap . The fungus , although rubbery , is edible , and may be eaten raw with salads , pickled , or candied . It has a white spore deposit , and the oblong to ellipsoid spores measure 9 11 by 5 6 micrometers . The fungus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere , and has also been collected from South America . Taxonomy The species was first described and illustrated as Tremella rufa by Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1778 . Elias Magnus Fries later ( 1828 ) called it Guepinia helvelloides in his Elenchus Fungorum , based on Augustin Pyramus de Candolle 's Tremella helvelloides , both being names he sanctioned . This has made Tremella rufa and all names based on it unavailable for use , as they are conserved . Later , Lucien Qulet erected a separate monotypic genus unk for Jacquin 's species , whereas Julius Oscar unk placed it ( as unk rufa ) in Persoon 's small genus unk ( rejected name for Gyromitra ) . The proper name for the fungus was debated for some time , as the name Guepinia is a homonym ( pointed out by Fries in 1828 ) , because it had been used by Toussaint Bastard in 1812 for a genus of flowering plants in the Cruciferae family . To further complicate matters , the generic name unk , originally considered to have priority over the name Guepinia for the plant genus , was later determined to have been validly published after Guepinia , rendering unk an illegitimate name . In 1982 , changes in the International Code for Botanical Nomenclature gave protected status to all names adopted by Fries in the Elenchus Fungorum , and established Guepinia as the correct genus name . Guepinia is variously classified in the Auriculariales order , with uncertain familial position ( incertae sedis ) , or as part of the unk family . The genus is named after French mycologist Jean Pierre unk ( 1779 1858 ) . The mushroom is commonly known as the red jelly fungus , or apricot jelly . Description The fruit bodies of Guepinia helvelloides grow singly or in small clumps . Although they can appear to be growing in the soil , their mycelium lives in buried wood . They are 4 10 cm ( 1 . 6 3 . 9 in ) tall and 3 17 cm ( 1 . 2 6 . 7 in ) wide , spoon or tongue shaped , and twisted like a cornet or horn so that they look like a slender funnel , cut out on one side and often with a wavy margin . The fruit bodies are flexible , 2 3 . 5 mm ( 0 . 08 0 . 14 in ) thick , and smooth on the outer side which they are usually attenuated on the underside into a cylindrical or depressed stem that is up to 5 cm ( 2 . 0 in ) high and about 1 . 5 cm ( 0 . 6 in ) thick . The stem is normally covered with a white tomentum at the base . The upper side ( inside ) of the fruit body is usually quite sterile or with a few isolated basidia and is slightly verrucose as a result of the densely crowded protruding ends of the hyphae . The sterile and fertile surfaces of the fruit body are almost the same color , transparent reddish orange to flesh pink or flesh orange , at other times more purplish red . The fruit bodies usually develop a slightly brownish tinge when they are old . The underside is usually slightly more vividly colored than the upper side . The flesh is gelatinous , softly so in the upper part of the fruit body and with a more cartilage like consistency in the stem . It has a nondescript odor , and a watery , insignificant taste . The hymenium is developed on the under ( outer ) side of the fruit body . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) consist of a globular part ( the unk ) to which inflated or elongated unk are attached . In Guepinia , the unk are egg shaped to ellipsoid , measuring 12 16 by 9 12 m , and attached to fibril like unk that are 20 45 by 3 4 m . The spore deposit is white , while the spores are 9 11 by 5 6 m , hyaline ( translucent ) , cylindrical to elongated ellipsoid in shape , and have a large oil drop . Edibility Guepinia helvelloides is an edible , but bland , fungus . Older specimens are usually tough and indigestible . It can be used raw in salads , for pickling in vinegar and also for preserving in sugar like candied fruit . One source reports using it to prepare a wine by fermenting with wine yeast . Similar species Guepinia helvelloides has a rather unusual appearance , and is not likely to be mistaken for other fungi . However , the red chanterelle species Cantharellus cinnabarinus is superficially similar unlike G. helvelloides , however , it does not have a rubbery and gelatinous texture , and its undersurface is wrinkled , not smooth . Habitat and distribution Guepinia helvelloides is saprobic , deriving nutrients by breaking down organic matter . The fruit bodies of G. unk typically grow solitarily or in small tufts on soil , usually in association with buried rotting wood . Although the fruit bodies sometimes appear in the spring , they are more commonly found in the summer and autumn months . In North America , it is associated with coniferous forests . It is also found throughout temperate North America , from Canada to Mexico . Europe , Iran , and Turkey . It is also known from Brazil and Puerto Rico . The fungus has also been collected from the Qinling region of China .
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3,044 | Carex binervis , the green ribbed sedge , is a European species of sedge with an Atlantic distribution . It is found from Fennoscandia to the Iberian Peninsula , and occurs in heaths , moorland and other damp , acidic environments . It typically grows to a height of 15 120 cm ( 6 50 in ) , and has inflorescences comprising one male and several female spikes , each up to 45 mm ( 1 . 8 in ) long . The utricles have two conspicuous green veins , which give rise to both the scientific name and the common name of the species . In the vegetative state , it closely resembles C. bigelowii , a species that usually grows at higher altitude . C. binervis was first described by James Edward Smith in 1800 , and is classified in Carex sect . unk several hybrids with other Carex species are known . Description Vegetative parts The culms of Carex binervis are 15 150 centimetres ( 6 in 4 ft 11 in ) tall , although typically less than 120 cm ( 3 ft 11 in ) . They are triangular in section with rounded corners and often a single furrow . The leaves are 7 30 cm ( 2 . 8 11 . 8 in ) long and 2 6 millimetres ( 0 . 08 0 . 24 in ) wide , light green and shiny on the underside , but dark green and matt on the upper surface . The leaves are flat or slightly keeled , and taper abruptly to a fine point . The roots of C. binervis are 1 2 mm ( 0 . 04 0 . 08 in ) in diameter , with the root hairs mostly occurring on the short lateral rootlets . The rhizomes run 25 40 mm ( 1 . 0 1 . 6 in ) below the soil surface , and are light brown and approximately 6 mm ( 0 . 2 in ) in diameter . The whole root system reaches a maximum depth of 18 cm ( 7 . 1 in ) , spreading more widely than Juncus squarrosus , another dominant plant in Atlantic wet heaths . In the vegetative state , C. binervis is difficult to distinguish from C. bigelowii , a species that tends to grow at higher altitudes than C. binervis . They differ in that C. bigelowii has glaucous leaves and purplish brown scales on the rhizome , whereas C. binervis has orange brown rhizome scales , and leaves which are not glaucous . The leaves of C. binervis also develop wine red patches on aging , which are never seen in C. bigelowii . Reproductive parts The inflorescence of C. binervis may be up to half the length of the stem . The lower bracts resemble the leaves , while the upper bracts are more like the unk . The inflorescence comprises a single terminal male spike , and 2 4 lateral female spikes . The male spike is 20 45 mm ( 0 . 8 1 . 8 in ) long , with purplish unk which are 4 . 0 4 . 5 mm ( 0 . 16 0 . 18 in ) long and have a paler midrib . The female spikes are 15 45 mm ( 0 . 6 1 . 8 in ) long and cylindrical . Their peduncles are half sheathed , and up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) long , such that the lower female spikes tend to be nodding , while the upper female spikes are erect . The utricles ( seeds ) of C. binervis are 3 . 5 4 . 5 mm ( 0 . 14 0 . 18 in ) long and broadly elliptical , with a rough , notched beak 1 . 0 1 . 5 mm ( 0 . 04 0 . 06 in ) long . They are purplish brown or sometimes partly green , and both the plant 's scientific and common names refer to the fact that the utricles are marked with two conspicuous green veins ( from the Latin roots bis , two , and unk , nerve ) . C. binervis has a chromosome number of 2n 74 . Distribution and ecology Carex binervis has an oceanic distribution , occurring only in areas of high rainfall , from Finland and Norway , through the British Isles , Germany , Belgium and France , to Spain and Portugal . Within the British Isles , Carex binervis has a westerly and northerly distribution , and is more abundant in the Scotland , Wales and Ireland than in England . Plants from Morocco that were previously referred to C. binervis are now treated as a separate species , C. unk unk . Carex binervis grows in acidic , siliceous environments , including damp heaths , moors , rocky places and mountainsides together with species such as Deschampsia flexuosa , it is a useful indicator of acid substrate . The species has been recorded at altitudes of up to 930 metres ( 3 , 050 ft ) on unk Fach in north Wales , and there are reports of occurrences up to 975 m ( 3 , 200 ft ) in the Scottish Highlands . Although sedges are chiefly wind pollinated , insect pollinators have been observed to visit C. binervis occasionally . Taxonomy In 1800 , James Edward Smith published an article in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London , titled Descriptions of five new British species of Carex , which included the first descriptions of Carex unk , C. binervis , C. tomentosa ( a synonym of C. filiformis ) , C. unk ( a synonym of C. unk ) and C. laevigata . After the Latin diagnosis of Carex binervis , Smith writes This species appears to have been confounded with C. distans and from Lightfoot 's description of the green angles of the fruit , I presume it to have been what he intended under that name . It is considerably larger than the real distans , the spikes black intermixed with green rather than yellowish , and the female ones often branched or compounded at their base . Its most essential and decisive character however consists in the two strong deep green nerves or ribs which run along each side of the fruit externally near the edge . The unk is also broader and more compressed than in C. distans . Carex binervis is classified in Carex subsection unk , part of Carex section unk , alongside C. laevigata and other species . Natural hybrids are known between C. binervis and various other Carex species , including C. laevigata ( forming C. unk ) , C. unk ( forming C. unk ) , C. punctata and C. flava .
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3,045 | Fire is a song by American recording artist Big Sean from his second studio album Hall of Fame ( 2013 ) . It was released on August 20 , 2013 by GOOD Music and Def Jam Recordings as the fourth single from the record . It was written and produced by unk Camper Jr. and Rob Kinelski of Cocaine 80s , with additional songwriting provided by Big Sean and Alexander Izquierdo of The Monsters and the unk . Fire is a hip hop song that lyrically describes the perseverance to overcome personal difficulties . Fire received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who compared it the catalogs of fellow rappers Kanye West and Jay Z , and recognized it as a standout track from Hall of Fame . The song peaked at number 19 on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles component chart to the Billboard Hot 100 , and reached number 46 on the Billboard Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart . An accompanying music video was premiered through Vevo on August 2 , 2013 , and featured American recording artist Miley Cyrus critics primarily focused on the continuation of the increasingly provocative image she established earlier in the year . Background and composition When describing his second studio album Hall of Fame ( 2013 ) in December 2012 , Big Sean stated that he wished to teach and leave a legacy with its tracks , admitting that the content on his debut record Finally Famous ( 2011 ) didn 't really teach too much . Fire was officially premiered through SoundCloud on July 29 , 2013 , after having surfaced online earlier that day . On his Instagram account , Big Sean commented that this IS NOT a single ... yet , but 1 of his favorites on the album . The track was released for digital download on August 20 by GOOD Music and Def Jam Recordings . Its release preceded the launch of Hall of Fame , which was made available later that month . Fire is a hip hop song that incorporates a moody but confident bass line and celebratory piano keys . It was compared to the musical styles seen on Graduation ( 2007 ) , the third studio album by Kanye West , and Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) , a collaborative record between West and Jay Z. Lyrically , it has been described to place emphasis on pushing through personal struggles , and has also been noted for lifting a few cues from heroes such as mentor Kanye West and Jay Z . Big Sean performed Fire on The Arsenio Hall Show , which had recently been revived after a nearly twenty year hiatus , on September 19 , 2013 . Critical reception Upon its release , Fire received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Kyle Anderson spoke favorably of the track , calling it the centerpiece of Fame , an infectious antidote to his famous mentor Kanye West ' s self seriousness . While recognizing musical similarities to Graduation and Watch the Throne , Gary Graff from The Oakland Press felt that Big Sean drew inspiration from West and Jay Z 's records while maintaining his own stylized favor and flow . Khari of The Source felt that Fire was appropriately placed as the second song on Hall of Fame , where it matched the flawless effort seen in the opening track Nothing Is Stopping You . David Jeffries of AllMusic and Edna Gundersen from USA Today both considered the track to be a standout from the record , and both placed it on their lists of recommended purchases from the album . Music video An accompanying music video for Fire was directed by Jack Heller and Matthew Williams it premiered through Vevo on August 2 , 2013 . The clip features American recording artist Miley Cyrus according to Emily Blake and Nadeska Alexis of MTV News , it is composed entirely of seductive stances and sultry glares which are interrupted solely by images of a red rose and a burning picture of the MC Big Sean himself . Big Sean commented that the lyrics delivered in the track really don 't have anything to do with her personal story in the video . Critical commentary regarding the music video focused on Cyrus ' increasingly provocative image . Margaret Eby of Daily News stated that she just can 't stop strutting her stuff and flaunted several barely there outfits in the three minute video . A writer for The Huffington Post shared a similar sentiment , adding that even though her wardrobe is full of crop tops and unk bitty shorts , Miley Cyrus ' skimpy outfits still manage to shock . A writer for Rap Up provided a favorable review , complimenting Cyrus for turning up the heat in the striking visuals . Writing for VH1 , Emily Exton joked that hip hop 's fledgling relationship with a former Disney star just got a little stronger , and noted that Jay Z may have encouraged Miley s love of twerking with his Somewhereinamerica shout out , but it appears Sean is less interested in seeing Billy Ray 's daughter shake her thing than having her walk around in dazzling heels and stare the camera down in the name of art . Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Hall of Fame . Big Sean lead vocals , songwriting Elijah Blake background vocals unk Hey DJ Camper songwriting , production James Fauntleroy background vocals Melanie Fiona background vocals Alexander Izquierdo songwriting Rob Kinelski songwriting , production Nicole unk background vocals Charts Fire peaked at number 19 on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles component chart to the Billboard Hot 100 , which represents the twenty five songs that failed to reach the flagship Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached number 46 on the Billboard Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart . Release history
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3,046 | Morchella populiphila is a species of morel fungus ( family Morchellaceae ) native to northwestern North America . Described as new to science in 2012 , its specific epithet refers to its association with black cottonwood ( Populus trichocarpa ) . The morel used to be referred to as Morchella semilibera in western North American field guides until molecular analysis established that to be a strictly European species . M. populiphila occurs in California , Nevada and Oregon . Its fruit bodies grow up to 15 cm ( 6 in ) tall with a ridged and pitted conical cap that attaches about halfway down the stipe . The cap ridges are dark brown to black in maturity , while the pits are yellowish to brownish . The fungus is edible , although not as highly valued as other morels . Morchella populiphila is one of three species of fungi commonly referred to as half free morels , the others being Morchella punctipes in eastern North America and Morchella semilibera in Europe . Taxonomy Morchella populiphila was one of 14 new Morchella species described in 2012 by Michael Kuo and colleagues as a result of the Morel Data Collection Project , which was aimed at clarifying the biology , taxonomy , and distribution of morel species in the United States and Canada . The type locality is in Jackson County , Oregon . The fungus used to be referred to as Morchella semilibera ( the half free morel ) in western North American field guides until molecular analysis established that to be a strictly European species . It was previously referred to as phylogenetic species Mel 5 ( i.e. , identified based on DNA sequence ) in a 2011 publication . The specific epithet populiphila refers to its association with the tree species Populus trichocarpa . Description The fruit bodies are 4 15 cm ( 1 . 6 5 . 9 in ) high with a conical cap that is 2 5 cm ( 0 . 8 2 . 0 in ) tall and 2 5 cm ( 0 . 8 2 . 0 in ) wide at the widest point . The cap surface has pits and ridges , formed by the intersection of 12 20 primary vertical ridges and infrequent shorter , secondary vertical ridges and unk horizontal ridges . The cap is attached in a skirt like manner to the stipe , roughly halfway from the top , with a sinus 1 2 . 5 cm ( 0 . 4 1 . 0 in ) deep . The ridges are smooth and colored yellowish brown to honey brown when young , but darken in age to brown , dark brown or black . When young the ridges are up to 1 mm wide and flat with sharp edges but usually become rounded , sharp or eroded in age . The pits are smooth and vertically elongated . Initially whitish to pale brown when immature , they become brownish to yellowish or grayish brown at maturity . The fragile stipe measures 2 . 5 11 cm ( 1 . 0 4 . 3 in ) tall by 1 5 cm ( 0 . 4 2 . 0 in ) thick and is roughly the same width throughout its length , or tapered towards the top . It is often hidden by the cap when young but becomes longer as it matures , often developing shallow longitudinal furrows . In warm , wet conditions the stipe sometimes becomes inflated , especially near the base . White to whitish or watery brownish in color , its texture is occasionally nearly smooth but more commonly covered with mealy whitish granules that sometimes darken to brown . Orson K. Miller likened the stipe texture to that of a cow tongue . The fragile , whitish to watery tan flesh is 1 2 mm thick in the hollow cap , and sometimes forms chambers or layers near the base . The whitish to brownish sterile inner surface of the cap is covered in mealy granules . In deposit , the spores are bright yellowish orange . Ascospores are smooth , elliptical , and typically measure 20 25 by 12 16 m . Asci ( spore bearing cells ) are eight spored , cylindrical , hyaline ( translucent ) , and measure 225 325 by 15 22 . 5 m . Paraphyses are septate , and cylindrical with tips that are rounded to club shaped , and measure 150 275 by 7 15 m . unk cells on sterile ridges are septate , measuring 100 175 by 10 25 m . They are tightly packed in an even layer . The terminal hyphae are club shaped to somewhat rectangular with a flattened to broadly rounded tip . Although Morchella populiphila is an edible species , it is not as highly valued as other morels because of its fragile nature and its inferior flavor . Similar species Morchella populiphila is a distinct morel because of its cap attachment and its habitat , and it is unlikely to be mistaken for other species . Verpa bohemica is somewhat similar in appearance , but its cap hangs free from attachment to the stipe . The other North American half free morel , Morchella punctipes , is very similar in appearance to M. populiphila , and they cannot be reliably distinguished on morphology alone . The distribution of M. punctipes extends from the Great Plains eastward . The widespread European species Morchella semilibera is morphologically indistinguishable from M. populiphila , in both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics . Habitat and distribution Like many morel species , the ecological mode of Morchella populiphila is not known with certainty , but it is suspected of being both saprobic ( obtaining its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter ) and mycorrhizal ( symbiotic with trees ) at different stages in its life cycle . Fruit bodies grow singly , scattered , or in groups . It is found in Oregon to Nevada and northern California , where it grows on dried out riverbeds . Fruiting , which occurs in the spring , tends to occur shortly after the emergence of Verpa mushrooms , and before the appearance of other morels . M. populiphila has been found in Europe , but is suspected to have been introduced with trees from North America .
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3,047 | Wahrlich , wahrlich , ich sage euch ( Truly , truly I say to you ) , BWV 86 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed it in Leipzig for Rogate , the fifth Sunday after Easter , and first performed it on 14 May 1724 . An unknown poet began the text with a quotation from the farewell discourses of Jesus . He used a stanza of Georg Grnwald 's hymn Kommt her zu mir , spricht Gottes Sohn in movement 3 and as the closing chorale a stanza from Es ist das Heil uns kommen her by Paul Speratus ( 1524 ) . Bach structured the cantata in six movements , a gospel quotation in the beginning , chorales as movements 3 and 6 , otherwise recitatives and arias . He scored it for three vocal soloists , a four part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two oboes d 'amore , strings and continuo . History and words Bach composed the cantata in Leipzig in his first annual cycle as Thomaskantor for the fifth Sunday after Easter , called Rogate . The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the Epistle of James , doers of the word , not only listeners ( James 1 22 27 ) and from the Gospel of John , from the farewell discourses of Jesus , prayers will be fulfilled ( John 16 23 30 ) . The theme of the cantata is a quotation from the gospel at the beginning , the promise of Jesus Verily , verily , I say unto you , whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name , he will give you . An unknown poet used as movement 3 the 16th stanza of Georg Grnwald 's hymn Kommt her zu mir , spricht Gottes Sohn ( 1530 ) , and as the closing chorale the eleventh stanza of Es ist das Heil uns kommen her by Paul Speratus ( 1524 ) . The poet hints at the question how the promise can be understood looking at the reality of life . In movement 2 he uses the image of a rose with thorns to illustrate two conflicting aspects . In movements 3 and 4 he confirms the promise which has to be seen in the perspective of time . Movement 5 refers to the waiting for a promise being kept , and the closing chorale assures that God knows the right time . The structure of the six movements a gospel quotation in the beginning , chorales as movements 3 and 6 , the sequence of recitative and arias is similar to Wo gehest du hin BWV 166 , first performed one week earlier . Bach first performed the cantata on 14 May 1724 . Scoring and structure Bach structured the cantata in six movements , beginning with a biblical quotation for the vox Christi , Jesus speaking . An aria is followed by a chorale for the soprano , a set of recitative and aria , and the closing chorale , the only movement for choir . Bach scored the work for three vocal soloists ( alto , tenor , bass ) , a four part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two oboes d 'amore ( Oa ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) and basso continuo . In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Drr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 4 ) . The continuo , playing throughout , is not shown . Music 1 The gospel quotation , Wahrlich , wahrlich , ich sage euch , so ihr den Vater unk bitten werdet in meinem unk , so wird er 's euch geben . ( Truly , truly I say to you , whatever you ask of the Father in My name , so will it be given to you . ) , is given to the bass as the vox Christi , the voice of Jesus . The instruments , strings probably doubled by oboe d 'amore , introduce vocal motifs which the voice picks up . The bass sings the text three times , while the instruments continue playing the same motifs . Julian Mincham observes The richness of the text , the unobtrusive nature of the melodic ideas and the gently flowing rhythms combine to create an appropriate atmosphere of dignified restraint . 2 In the alto aria , Ich will doch wohl Rosen unk ( I will yet indeed pluck roses ) , the voice is accompanied by the strings and a violin obbligato in virtuoso figuration , which may illustrate the heavenly light promised as the final fulfillment . John Eliot Gardiner , who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000 , interprets the solo violin 's motif as an image of plucking a rose , who notes that the solo violin is silent when fulfillment is reached ( For He has pledged His word ) . 3 In the chorale , Und was der ewig unk Gott in unk Wort unk hat ( And whatever the eternally merciful God has promised with His word ) , the unadorned cantus firmus in the soprano is embedded in a trio of the two oboes d 'amore and the continuo . Gardiner notes that the oboes ' music may illustrate the stratospheric circling of the angelic host which the hymn text refers to . 4 In a short tenor recitative for tenor , Gott macht es nicht unk die Welt , die viel unk und unk unk ( God does not do as the world does , that promises much and upholds little ) , the musicologist Julian Mincham notes a moment of harsh severity in the melody at the mention of the world s failings . 5 In the tenor aria , Gott unk unk wird gleich die unk unk ( God helps indeed even if that help is delayed ) , a motif on the first line is introduced by the violin , repeated by the voice , and repeated several times . 6 The closing chorale , Die Hoffnung wart ' der unk Zeit ( Hope awaits the right time ) , is set for four parts . Selected recordings The selection is taken from the listing on the Bach Cantatas website . Choirs are roughly marked as large by red background vocal groups with one voice per part ( OVPP ) and instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green . Complete cycles
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3,048 | Route 167 is a short , 0 . 77 mile ( 1 . 24 km ) long unsigned state highway in Atlantic and Burlington Counties in New Jersey . The route is one of the few discontinuous state highways in New Jersey , split by wetlands , the Garden State Parkway and the Mullica River . Although the alignment is registered by the New Jersey Department of Transportation as 2 . 76 miles ( 4 . 44 km ) highway , the amount of roadway is considerably shorter . The route begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 9 in Port Republic , where it continues along Old New York Road to an end of roadway at the Parkway embankment . Across the Mullica River , Route 167 continues at a gate for wetlands , heading northward to an intersection with U.S. Route 9 in Bass River Township . The route originated as part of New Jersey Route 4 during construction of a new state highway in 1917 . Route 4 was built northward to the current Route 167 northern terminus in 1926 , which was designated as part of U.S. Route 9 that year . The highway was 2 . 64 miles ( 4 . 25 km ) long along an iron truss bridge . The route remained intact until construction of the Garden State Parkway and a new bridge over the Mullica River in 1948 . When the bridge was finished , Route 9 was realigned off the roadway and the prior alignment became Route 167 during the New Jersey state highway renumbering . The route was split twice since 1953 , first by the removal of the old Mullica River bridge in 1962 as part of a sale to the National Park Service for a refuge in Virginia , then the northern portion was dismantled except for a 0 . 12 miles ( 0 . 19 km ) long alignment for a wetland mitigation project . Today , the route remains in half and the road is still maintained by the state . Route description Route 167 's southern terminus is located at an intersection with U.S. Route 9 ( New York Road ) in the city of Port Republic . The route then intersects with the original alignment of New York Road , now known today as Old New York Road . Route 167 crosses over a stream , intersecting with a privately maintained roadway soon after . The route approaches the Garden State Parkway , but ends at a gate just nearby . The purpose of the gate is to block off the roadway , which previously crossed underneath . After a 1 . 99 mile ( 3 . 20 km ) gap in the roadway , which consists of a former bridge over the Mullica River dismantled and moved to Virginia and bridges removed for wetlands mitigation in the marshes just north , and the orphaned roads in between , which are visible from the Garden State Parkway to the west , Route 167 resurfaces in Bass River Township as a short dead end street only approximately 800 ft ( 0 . 24 km ) long , serving only a few homes . The route intersects with Bogan Lane and comes to an end at an intersection with U.S. Route 9 . The route 's official speed limit , which is not signed , is 25 mph ( 30 km h ) at its southern segment and 50 mph ( 70 km h ) in its northern segment . However the Straight Line Diagrams produced by the Department of Transportation list both segments as 50 mph ( 70 km h ) . History Route 167 originates as a part of New Jersey Route 4 from Absecon to Rahway , designated in the 1920s . The route remained intact for several years , receiving the co designation of U.S. Route 9 in 1926 , when the nationwide system was assigned . In 1927 , the New Jersey State Highway Department had a statewide state highway renumbering , extending Route 4 in both directions . The two routes remained intact until the construction of the Garden State Parkway 's tenth section from New Jersey Route 43 in Absecon to Dover Road in 1948 . That year , a bridge over the Mullica River for the Parkway , in which Routes 4 and 9 were realigned onto , was constructed , replacing the alignment over the old structure . During construction , Route 4 and Route 9 was realigned onto a temporary alignment to the older structure , unk the old one remained unnumbered . The bridge was finished in 1954 , and Route 9 was realigned onto the new bridge . ( Route 4 was truncated back to Bergen County during the 1953 state highway renumbering . ) Upon the realignment of U.S. Route 9 , the State Highway Department renumbered the former alignment as Route 167 . The route , originally 55 feet ( 17 m ) wide , was shortened during the construction of the new alignments , which also involved taking homes and properties from the highway . The former portion became a gravel road upon completion in Port Republic . Route 167 now continued along the former alignment , using the iron truss bridge built in 1917 for Route 4 to the intersection with U.S. Route 9 in Bass River Township . The old iron truss bridge lasted several years after the realignment , lasting past 1960 . The truss bridge was dismantled in 1962 , and sold to the state of Virginia and the National Park Service for the National Wildlife Refuge . The route remained intact for a couple decades , with a gap in the highway . The State Highway Department registered the alignment of Route 167 in 1969 as 2 . 64 miles ( 4 . 25 km ) long , although there was a gap in the roadway . The route 's northern half from the Mullica River , constructed in 1926 as part of Route 4 , was dismantled in 1984 for Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge . As of 2007 , Route 167 is unsigned , running from U.S. Route 9 in Port Republic to the bank of the Garden State Parkway at the Mullica River Bridge on its south side and from U.S. Route 9 to a gate on the north side . The straight line diagrams also mention the length of the roadway being 2 . 76 miles ( 4 . 44 km ) long , although only 0 . 77 mile ( 1 . 24 km ) is still roadway . Major intersections
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3,049 | M 25 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan . The route follows an arc like shape closely along the Lake Huron shore of the Thumb in the eastern Lower Peninsula between Port Huron and Bay City . It serves the lakeshore resorts along Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay and generally lies within sight of the lake and the bay . All is surface road and generally scenic , except for the freeway segment near the junction with I 75 and connection into the US 10 freeway . Between Port Huron and Port Austin it is the north south highway that used to be US 25 before the designation was removed from Michigan . Between Port Austin and Bay City it is an east west route that appeared on some maps as US 25 and on some maps as M 25 . Since the 1970s , when all of US 25 was deleted north of Cincinnati , Ohio , it is now entirely M 25 . Route description North to Port Austin The starting point of M 25 at a junction with Business Loop I 69 Business Loop I 94 ( BL I 69 BL I 94 ) in Port Huron . M 25 is part of the Lake Huron Circle Tour for its entire length . From here M 25 heads north on Pine Grove Avenue until meeting M 136 . At this intersection , M 25 turns north on 24th Avenue to Lakeshore Road then runs parallel to the Lake Huron shoreline . In the community of Lakeport , M 25 passes through Lakeport State Park . Past the park , M 25 changes names from Lakeshore Road to Kimball Road temporarily . M 25 intersects the east end of M 90 blocks from Lake Huron in Lexington . There are public beaches in Lexington and in Port Sanilac . M 25 's street name changes after the M 46 intersection to that of North Lakeshore Road . The Huron Shores Golf Club is located off the highway north of Port Sanilac at the intersection of unk Road . Sanilac County has established the Sanilac County Park at the intersection of unk Road and M 25 south of Richmondville . North of Forestville M 25 is once again called South Lakeshore Road as the highway crosses into Huron County . Wagener County Park is located off M 25 in the community of Helena . M 25 begins to curve to the northwest in Sand Beach near the Rock Falls Cemetery . In the city of Harbor Beach , M 25 is called Huron Avenue and meets M 142 for the first of two occasions . Here is the Harbor Beach Golf Course on the south side of town as M 25 moves inland through town . North of town , the trunkline parallels an old routing of the Chesapeake Ohio Railway as it is once again renamed Lakeshore Road . The highway moves farther inland north of Rubicon and Port Hope as it begins to round the tip of the Thumb . In Grindstone City , M 25 loses the Lakeshore Road name in favor of Grindstone Road all the way to Port Austin . West to Bay City Port Austin is the location of the historical northern terminus of US 25 . Through town , M 25 turns north along Lake Street and runs concurrently with the northern end of M 53 . The highway turns westward on Port Austin Road along the lake where M 53 terminates this is also the point where the M 25 signage changes from northbound to westbound . West of town , M 25 turns south along the Saginaw Bay and meets Port Crescent State Park . From here south west , M 25 hugs the bay and its miles of beaches . North of unk is the Albert E. Sleeper State Park . Through unk , M 25 uses Main Street and passes the city beach off State Street . McKinley is home to the Scenic Golf Country Club and Wild Fowl Bay . M 25 follows the shore of Wild Fowl Bay , a smaller bay off Saginaw Bay , to the city of Bay Port and the western terminus of M 142 on Fairhaven a smaller community south of Bay Port . From here south , the road is called Unionville Road and turns inland to unk . At Unionville , M 25 turns more westerly to round the bottom of Saginaw Bay into Bay City along Bay City Forestville Road in Tuscola County . In the community of unk , it transitions to Center Road and crosses into Bay County . M 25 is routed the one way street pair of 7th Street and McKinley Street before crossing the Veterans Memorial Bridge over the Saginaw River . West of the bridge , the one way pairing of Jenny Street and Thomas Street are used before the two merge into Thomas Street west of the M 13 intersections . The western terminus is at the junction of I 75 US 23 and US 10 . As the roadway crosses the I 75 US 23 freeway it feeds into the eastern end of US 10 freeway . History Previous designation The M 25 designation was first used by July 1 , 1919 . in the Upper Peninsula . The highway ran from Skandia along what is today M 94 to Munising . From there it used today 's routing of M 28 eastward to Newberry and Sault Ste . Marie . This designation was replaced by M 28 in 1927 . Current designation In 1933 , US 25 was extended north from Port Huron to Port unk along M 29 . M 25 was designated along the portion of M 29 disconnected by the US 25 extension , from Bay City to Port Austin . M 25 was extended along US 25 to Port Huron when the latter was removed from Michigan in 1973 . The southern terminus was placed at I 94 in Marysville , Michigan until it was moved northward to end at BL I 94 ( now BL I 69 BL I 94 ) in 1987 . The section of M 25 in the City of Bay City was named what is now called a Pure Michigan Historic Byway by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) . This designation was created on October 23 , 1997 , for the section of M 25 along Center Avenue between Madison Avenue and the eastern city limits . Originally called the Bay City Historic Heritage Route , it has been called the Center Avenue Heritage Route by its local stewardship committee . Major intersections
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3,050 | Suffren was a wooden hulled , armored frigate of the Ocan class , built for the French Navy in the mid to late 1860s as an improvement over the Provence class ironclad . Although she was laid down in 1866 , the ship was not launched until 1872 and commissioned in 1876 . Suffren was one of the French ships assigned to the international squadron gathered to force the Ottoman Empire to carry out its obligations under the Treaty of Berlin in 1880 . The ship was paid off in 1895 and discarded two years later . Design and description The Ocan class ironclads were designed by Henri Dupuy de Lme as an improved version of the Provence class ironclads . The ships were central battery ironclads , with the armament concentrated amidships . For the first time in a French ironclad three watertight iron bulkheads were fitted in the hull . Like most ironclads of their era , they were equipped with a metal reinforced ram . The ship measured 87 . 73 meters ( 287 ft 10 in ) overall , with a beam of 17 . 52 meters ( 57 ft 6 in ) . Suffren had a maximum draft of 9 . 09 meters ( 29 ft 10 in ) and displaced 7 , 800 metric tons ( 7 , 700 long tons ) . Her crew numbered between 750 and 778 officers and men . The metacentric height of the ship was very low , between 1 . 7 2 . 2 feet ( 0 . 5 0 . 7 m ) . Propulsion The Ocan class ships had one horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving a single propeller . Their engines were powered by eight oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced 4 , 100 indicated horsepower ( 3 , 100 kW ) and Suffren reached 14 . 3 knots ( 26 . 5 km h 16 . 5 mph ) . She carried 650 metric tons ( 640 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for approximately 3 , 000 nautical miles ( 5 , 600 km 3 , 500 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . The Ocan class ships were barque or barquentine rigged with three masts and had a sail area around 2 , 000 square meters ( 22 , 000 sq ft ) . Armament These ships had their main armament mounted in four barbettes on the upper deck , one gun at each corner of the battery , with the remaining guns on the battery deck below the barbettes . Suffren 's armament was upgraded , before she commissioned , to four 274 millimeter ( 10 . 8 in ) guns in the barbettes , and on the battery deck , four 240 millimeter ( 9 . 4 in ) guns , six 138 millimeter ( 5 . 4 in ) guns and one 120 millimeter ( 4 . 7 in ) gun . By 1885 , all of the 138 millimeter guns were replaced by six 120 millimeter guns . The 18 caliber 274 millimeter Modle 1870 gun fired an armor piercing , 476 . 2 pound ( 216 . 0 kg ) shell while the gun itself weighed 22 . 84 long tons ( 23 . 21 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 , 424 ft s ( 434 m s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14 . 3 inches ( 360 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The armor piercing shell of the 19 caliber 240 millmeter Modele 1870 gun weighed 317 . 5 pounds ( 144 . 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 15 . 41 long tons ( 15 . 66 t ) . It had a muzzle velocity of 1 , 624 ft s ( 495 m s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14 . 4 inches ( 366 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The 138 millimeter gun was 21 calibers long and weighed 2 . 63 long tons ( 2 . 67 t ) . It fired a 61 . 7 pound ( 28 . 0 kg ) explosive shell that had a muzzle velocity of 1 , 529 ft s ( 466 m s ) . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . At some point the ship received a dozen 37 millimeter ( 1 . 5 in ) Hotchkiss 5 barrel revolving guns . They fired a shell weighing about 500 g ( 1 . 1 lb ) at a muzzle velocity of about 610 m s ( 2 , 000 ft s ) to a range of about 3 , 200 meters ( 3 , 500 yd ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute . The hull was not recessed to enable any of the guns on the battery deck to fire forward or aft . However , the guns mounted in the barbettes sponsoned out over the sides of the hull did have some ability to fire fore and aft . Late in the ship 's career , four above water 356 millimeter ( 14 . 0 in ) torpedo tubes were added . Armor The Ocean class ships had a complete 178 203 millimeter ( 7 . 0 8 . 0 in ) wrought iron waterline belt . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 160 millimeters ( 6 . 3 in ) of wrought iron . The barbette armor was 150 millimeters ( 5 . 9 in ) thick . The unarmored portions of their sides were protected by 15 millimeter ( 0 . 6 in ) iron plates . Gardiner says that the barbette armor was later removed to improve their stability , but this is not confirmed by any other source . Service Suffren was laid down at Cherbourg in July 1866 , but was not launched until 26 December 1872 . The ship began her sea trials on 15 January 1873 and was completed on 5 August . She was placed into reserve after her completion and was not commissioned until 1 March 1876 when she became flagship of the Cherbourg Division . Throughout her career Suffren was often used as a flagship because of her spacious admiral 's quarters . On 1 September 1880 the ship was assigned to the division that participated in the international naval demonstration at Ragusa later that month under the command of Vice Admiral Seymour of the Royal Navy in an attempt to force the Ottoman Empire to comply with the terms of the Treaty of Berlin and turn over the town of Ulcinj to Montenegro . Suffren was reduced to reserve in 1881 and not recommissioned until 23 August 1884 when she was assigned to the Northern Squadron . The ship was transferred to the Mediterranean Squadron about 1888 and remained there until paid off in 1895 and condemned in 1897 .
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3,051 | Virgin Atlantic Little Red ( also referred to as Virgin Little Red and Little Red ) was a British airline subsidiary owned by Virgin Atlantic . It was created in 2012 as a way to provide competition for aviation giant British Airways ( BA ) on UK domestic mainland flights to Aberdeen , Edinburgh and Manchester from London Heathrow Airport . During its operation , the airline operated four Airbus A320s wet leased from Irish airline Aer Lingus and served a network of four domestic destinations . The airline ceased operations in 2015 following low passenger numbers . History In 2012 , British Airways took over British Midland International ( BMI ) which gave them a monopoly on UK mainland flights from Heathrow . In order for the deal to be completed , the European Union Competition Commissioner decreed that BA would have to give up 14 of BMI 's landing slots at Heathrow to comply with EU competition regulations . 12 of these slots were set aside for domestic usage , which were bought by Virgin Atlantic after they outbid Aer Lingus for the required British domestic operating licence . Virgin announced that they would set up Virgin Atlantic Little Red as a subsidiary to use these slots to cover domestic UK mainland routes as Aer Lingus already provided competition for BA on flights to Northern Ireland from Heathrow . Little Red was later revealed to be operated on a wet lease by Aer Lingus whereby the planes would be operated by Aer Lingus but would bear Virgin Atlantic livery . The pilots would be employed by Aer Lingus , with cabin crew supplied by McGinley Aviation . The cabin crew would wear Virgin Little Red uniforms and had training from Virgin , despite the fact that airline had not previously operated narrow body aircraft . Virgin announced that initially the airline would operate four daily flights between London Heathrow Airport and Manchester Airport , six daily flights between Heathrow and Edinburgh Airport , and three daily flights between Heathrow and Aberdeen Airport . The airline brand made its first flight on 31 March 2013 , flying from Manchester to Heathrow . The new service was launched in 2013 with owner Sir Richard Branson stating his intent to compete with BA with Virgin 's rock and roll spirit and to allow Virgin Atlantic 's long haul passengers to connect to the rest of the UK using Virgin . In its first six months of operation , Little Red transported 250 , 000 passengers . Despite Branson 's aim and a rise in passenger numbers during the first few months of Little Red 's existence , the majority of Little Red 's passengers were eventually using it for domestic flights only which led to flights often departing with only a third of seats sold . The Civil Aviation Authority published figures that revealed that Little Red had the worst load figures of any airline in aviation at the time with 37 . 6 of passenger seats occupied . International Airlines Group CEO , Willie Walsh had criticised Little Red calling it a mistake and stated You cannot make money flying aircraft that are less than half full . Closure Virgin had claimed that they were prepared to take losses on Little Red , estimated to be up to 3 million a week , in order to wait for an expansion in brand awareness . Virgin then stated that losses on Little Red would be covered by Virgin Atlantic 's transatlantic routes . Despite this , as a result of the low passenger numbers in October 2014 , it was announced that Little Red would cease to operate from September 2015 . This was attributed to BA 's dominance of the UK domestic market and Heathrow 's restrictions of the usage of the small number of slots available . The slot limitation issue had been mentioned at Little Red 's foundation in that the slots to Scottish airports could only be used to fly to Edinburgh and Aberdeen . It was also claimed in the media that passengers preferred to use low cost carriers such as EasyJet to fly to and from other London airports aside of Heathrow for domestic travel owing to pricing . Little Red 's flights to Manchester ended in March 2015 with the final flights to Edinburgh and Aberdeen departing on 26 September 2015 . The planes were returned for Aer Lingus ' sole use in the Republic of Ireland following the final passenger fights of Little Red . After the closure of Little Red , all but three of the Heathrow slots were returned to BA and adsorbed back into their operation , thus granting them a monopoly on UK mainland domestic flights at Heathrow for the first time since British Midland Airways ( as BMI were named at the time ) moved into Heathrow in 1982 . However this was dependent on another airline not being willing to take the place of Little Red in running domestic flights from Heathrow . Virgin leased out the three slots it retained . Fleet During its operation , Virgin Atlantic Little Red 's fleet consisted of four Airbus A320s wet leased from Aer Lingus under a three year contract . The aircraft had 29 rows of seating with a 3 3 configuration , for a total of 174 seats . The fleet was painted with Virgin Atlantic livery with future plans to eventually repaint them with Little Red livery . However , due to the closure of operations , this rebrand of the planes never occurred and they retained their original livery . There was consideration that Aer Lingus would take over the Little Red routes under their own brand with the Little Red fleet repainted . However they declined to do this stating that they wanted more flexibility with the returned aircraft to support their current fleet and operation . Destinations During its operation , Virgin Atlantic Little Red operated to four destinations in the United Kingdom . Sources
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3,052 | Down Street , also known as Down Street ( Mayfair ) , is a disused station on the London Underground , located in Mayfair , west London . It was opened in 1907 by the Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway . It was latterly served by the Piccadilly line and was situated between Dover Street ( now named Green Park ) and Hyde Park Corner stations . The station was little used and trains often passed through it without stopping . Its lack of patronage coupled with its proximity to other stations resulted in its closure in 1932 . During the Second World War it was used as a bunker by prime minister Winston Churchill and his War Cabinet . The station building survives today and is close to Down Street 's junction with Piccadilly . Part of it is now converted to a retail outlet . History Operation The station is in Down Street in Mayfair , just off Piccadilly and a short distance from Park Lane . It lies between Green Park ( originally named Dover Street ) and Hyde Park Corner on the Piccadilly line . It was opened by the Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway ( GNP BR the precursor to the Piccadilly line ) on 15 March 1907 , a few months after the rest of the line opened . The delay was due to difficulties in purchasing the site for the station building and agreeing a safe layout of the passages below ground with the Board of Trade . The surface building was designed by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London 's ( UERL 's ) architect Leslie Green in the UERL house style of a two storey steel framed building faced with red glazed terracotta blocks , with wide semi circular windows on the upper floor . The station had a pair of Otis lifts , with the platforms located 22 . 2 metres ( 73 ft ) below the street level of Piccadilly . Down Street was never a busy station , as the surrounding area was largely residential and its residents mostly wealthy enough to travel by other means . The neighbouring stations were also close by , with Dover Street station about 550 metres ( 600 yd ) to the east and Hyde Park Corner 500 metres ( 550 yd ) to the west , . From 1909 , like Brompton Road , Down Street was often skipped by trains . From 1918 it was closed on Sundays . In 1929 , Down Street was one of the stations suggested for closure in connection with the extension of the Piccadilly line the elimination of less busy stations in the central area would improve both reliability and journey times for long distance commuters . Additionally , the neighbouring stations were being rebuilt with escalators in place of lifts and their new entrances were even nearer to Down Street , further squeezing its catchment area . The station was permanently closed on 21 May 1932 . After the station was closed it was almost immediately modified . The western headwalls of both platform tunnels were rebuilt to allow a step plate junction to be installed , providing access from the eastbound and westbound tunnels to a new siding located between Down Street and Hyde Park Corner . The siding is mainly used to reverse westbound trains , but could also be used for servicing trains . The siding tunnel is accessible at its western end through a small foot tunnel constructed from Hyde Park Corner station . The lifts were removed and the shafts adapted to provide additional tunnel ventilation . Wartime use and after The station was selected for use as an underground bunker in early 1939 as part of a programme of developing deep shelters to protect government operations from bombing in the event of war . The platform faces were bricked up and the enclosed platform areas and space in the circulation passages were divided up into offices , meeting rooms and dormitories . The engineering and structural work was carried out by the London Passenger Transport Board and the fitting out of the rooms and installation of the power and communications equipment was done by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . A two person lift was installed in the original emergency stairwell and a telephone exchange , toilets and bathrooms were added . The main occupant of the shelter was the Railway Executive Committee , but it was also used by prime minister Winston Churchill and his war cabinet until the Cabinet War Rooms were ready for use . Churchill called the establishment at Down Street The Barn . Since the end of the war , the station has been used only as an emergency exit point from the Underground . In April 2015 , Transport for London announced that it was seeking proposals for the commercial use of parts of the surface building , disused lift shaft and underground passages . Suggested possible uses included a restaurant , a bar , a theatre , a gallery or retail space . Use in media Down Street is the inspiration for a location in the television series and novel Neverwhere , where it provides an entrance to an underground labyrinth . A much modified and expanded version of the station appears as a part of a level in the video game Shadow Man . Part of the 2004 British horror film Creep was set in Down Street station , although the scenes were actually shot at the disused Aldwych station and on studio sets . The British band Hefner released a song titled Down Street on their 2006 album Catfight according to its sleeve notes , it is set in the early 1930s and tells the story of two lovers who meet at the station . Steve Hackett also recorded a song titled Down Street on his 2006 album Wild Orchids , about the station . The station features in Billy Connolly 's World Tour Of England , Ireland and Wales , Dan Cruickshank 's National Geographic Channel series Great Railway Adventures and the 2012 TV Series The Tube .
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3,053 | Route 87 is a state highway located in Atlantic County in the U.S. state of New Jersey . It runs 1 . 70 mi ( 2 . 74 km ) , heading north from Atlantic City at an intersection with U.S. Route 30 ( Absecon Boulevard ) to Brigantine , where it terminates at the end of the Justice Vincent S. Haneman Memorial Bridge over the Absecon Channel , continuing as County Route 638 ( Brigantine Boulevard ) . In Atlantic City , the route runs through the Marina District , which contains a few casinos , along Huron Avenue and Brigantine Boulevard . Here , Route 87 intersects with Route 187 ( Brigantine Boulevard ) and the Atlantic City Brigantine Connector , the latter providing a limited access route between Route 87 and the Atlantic City Expressway . Route 87 is the only road to and from Brigantine . What is now Route 87 was initially proposed as Route S4A in 1927 , a spur from Route 4 ( now U.S. Route 9 ) in Tuckerton , Ocean County , south through Brigantine to Atlantic City . The portion of this route south of Little Beach was to be built by Atlantic County however , the state took over plans of building the road in 1938 . Despite this , Route S4A was never completed between Brigantine and Little Beach , and the portion of the road that existed in Ocean County was removed from the state highway system by 1941 . In 1945 , Route S56 , a spur of Route 56 ( now U.S. Route 30 ) , was proposed to run from Atlantic City to Brigantine along Brigantine Boulevard . Route 87 was created on its current alignment in 1953 as an unsigned route , replacing Route S4A and the proposed Route S56 . Previously , Route 87 split into two alignments in Atlantic City along Huron Avenue and Brigantine Boulevard the Brigantine Boulevard alignment eventually became Route 187 . Route description Route 87 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 30 in Atlantic City , heading to the northeast on Huron Avenue , an undivided road with two northbound lanes and three southbound lanes . Immediately after beginning , it passes under the Atlantic City Brigantine Connector and comes to a ramp that provides access from southbound Route 87 to the southbound connector . From here , the route widens to seven lanes , with two northbound lanes and five southbound lanes . It passes by the Borgata casino , with a ramp from the casino to the northbound direction . The road becomes a four lane divided highway and passes under a ramp from the Atlantic City Brigantine Connector to the Borgata before heading under northbound direction of the connector . Here , a ramp from the connector provides access to Route 87 . A short distance later , the route comes to the northern terminus of Route 187 and turns north to follow Brigantine Boulevard , which is a four lane divided highway . The route passes to the west of the Golden Nugget casino and comes to a ramp that provides access from northbound Route 87 to both the Trump Marina and Harrah 's Atlantic City casinos before passing under the northbound Atlantic City Brigantine Connector again . Immediately after , the route has a ramp from the southbound direction that provides access to the connector and westbound U.S. Route 30 . The northbound Atlantic City Brigantine Connector parallels Route 87 to the east as it turns northeast and comes to a right in right out in the southbound direction that serves both Harrah 's and Borgata . From here , the route passes to the southeast of Harrah 's . The northbound Atlantic City Brigantine Connector merges onto northbound Route 87 before the route comes to a ramp that provides access to the northbound direction of the route from Harrah 's . Past here , the route crosses over the Absecon Channel on the Justice Vincent S. Haneman Memorial Bridge and runs along the border of Atlantic City to the northwest and Brigantine to the southeast . After crossing the Absecon Channel , the route arrives on Brigantine Island and passes through wetlands , with U turn ramps in both directions . A short distance later , Route 87 ends and County Route 638 continues along Brigantine Boulevard through Brigantine . History In 1927 , a spur of Route 4 , Route S4A , was proposed as a route running from Route 4 ( now U.S. Route 9 ) in Tuckerton in Ocean County south to Little Beach . In 1929 , this route was to continue south through Brigantine to Atlantic City , with the portion south of Little Beach to be built by Atlantic County . The state of New Jersey took over the proposed extension of Route S4A from Little Beach to Atlantic City in 1938 . However , the portion of this route between Brigantine and the Atlantic Ocean County line was never built , and the portion of road that existed in Ocean County was removed from the state highway system by 1941 . In 1945 , another route called Route S56 , a spur of Route 56 ( now U.S. Route 30 ) , was proposed to run north along Brigantine Boulevard ( present day Route 187 and Route 87 ) from Atlantic City to Brigantine . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 87 was designated as an unsigned route along the former alignment of Route S4A and the proposed Route S56 between U.S. Route 30 in Atlantic City and Brigantine . Following the 1953 renumbering , the southern portion of Route 87 in Atlantic City split into two alignments , with one following Huron Avenue and the other following Brigantine Boulevard . Eventually , the alignment of Route 87 along Brigantine Boulevard between U.S. Route 30 and Huron Avenue became Route 187 . In 2001 , the Atlantic City Brigantine Connector was completed , linking Route 87 , the casinos in the Marina District , and Brigantine with the Atlantic City Expressway . Exit list The entire route is in Atlantic County .
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3,054 | Hurricane Darby was the first Eastern Pacific major hurricane since Hurricane Kenna in 2002 . The sixth tropical cyclone , fourth named storm , and second hurricane of the 2004 Pacific hurricane season , Darby developed from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on July 12 . After crossing into the Eastern Pacific , the storm became a tropical depression on June 26 . The system steadily intensified , and became a hurricane on 000 UTC July 28 . Darby peaked as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale , though it quickly deteriorated due to cooler waters and increasing wind shear . While Darby dissipated on August 1 , the remnants of the tropical cyclone affected the Hawaiian Islands . The system produced high waves and heavy rainfall that led to extensive flash flooding . Numerous roads were closed , while minor landslides and rockslides were reported . Despite the effects , no fatalities or severe damages occurred . Meteorological history A tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa on July 12 and entered the Atlantic Ocean . The wave progressed westward , crossing the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea before crossing into the Eastern Pacific on July 20 . The west began to exhibit signs of development on July 23 . The next day , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) noted an associated area of showers and thunderstorms , indicating that gradual development was possible . The system had become better organized and on July 25 , the NHC continued to remark upon the potential for the weak low pressure area accompanied by disorganized convective activity to develop . On July 26 , the system became better organized , and under favorable conditions it was upgraded to a tropical depression at 1200 UTC , while located about 760 miles ( 1 , 220 km ) to the south southwest of Cabo San Lucas , Mexico . Under the steering currents of a subtropical ridge of high pressure , the depression continued moving westward . Upon becoming a tropical cyclone , the depression contained a somewhat well defined low level center of circulation , as well as convective banding . Based on Dvorak classifications , the storm was upgraded to a tropical storm at 0000 UTC on July 27 as the fourth tropical storm of the 2004 season , it was named Darby by the NHC . Darby continued to intensify , with established outflow and a well defined banding feature . Later that day , forecasters predicted the storm to peak as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . Darby was upgraded to a hurricane at 0000 UTC on July 28 , at which time it began to turn towards the northwest . An eye , embedded within the deep convection , developed later in the day . Darby attained Category 2 intensity at around 1800 UTC , and it rapidly strengthened to Category 3 , becoming the first Eastern Pacific major hurricane since Hurricane Kenna of the 2002 season . Shortly after peaking in intensity , Darby moved over coolers waters and began to deteriorate . The eye became less well defined and the associated convection started weakening . Increasingly colder waters and growing wind shear continued to affect Darby , and the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm on July 30 . The low level center of circulation became exposed from the thunderstorm activity , and the storm quickly degenerated into a swirl of clouds , although it maintained tropical storm strength . On July 31 , it weakened to a tropical depression . Darby soon crossed into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility , and it dissipated as a tropical cyclone on August 1 . However , its remnants continued westward under the low level trade winds , and dropped heavy rainfall on Hawaii several days after the cyclone dissipated . Impact Upon reaching the Hawaiian Islands , the remnants of Darby contributed to heavy rainfall and high winds , prompting the issuance of flash flood watch . Along the eastern shores of Kauai , Oahu , Molokai , Maui , and the Island of Hawaii , the system generated 4 to 8 feet ( 1 . 2 to 2 . 4 m ) swells . The Honolulu Airport reported a daily record of 2 . 92 inches ( 74 mm ) of rainfall , breaking the previous record of 0 . 96 inches ( 24 mm ) set in 1948 . Elsewhere , parts of Maui reported in excess of 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of precipitation , while 4 . 6 inches ( 120 mm ) fell on Oahu . The rainfall was beneficial in some areas , where dry conditions had persisted . Although crop damage from the storm system was limited , some farming operations were postponed and some coffee and not trees were damaged . Along the eastern shores of several Hawaiian Islands , the storm system triggered surf of 4 to 8 ft ( 1 . 2 to 2 . 4 m ) . The heavy rainfall resulted in flash flooding throughout several areas . On Oahu , roads and some structures were flooded , and minor landslides were reported . On the island , telephone and electrical service were disrupted . At one location , a large boulder rolled down a hillside and struck a fire hydrant firefighters were called to shut it off . On Kauai , the Wailua River exceeded flood stage on August 4 . Small stream and drainage ditch flooding was reported in the Kau District of Hawaii . Excessive runoff around Kailua Kona resulted in extensive flooding that forced the closure of five schools , submerged several roads , and triggered rockslides . Due to high water , several roads , including part of the unk Highway on Maui , were temporarily shut down . A portion of the Kamehameha Highway was also closed after being submerged under waters of up to 1 . 5 feet ( 0 . 46 m ) deep . Despite the flooding , neither Darby nor its remnant moisture caused any casualties or severe property damage .
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3,055 | The Ojo de Agua Raid was the last important military engagement between Mexican Seditionistas and the United States Army . It took place at Ojo de Agua , Texas . As part of the Plan of San Diego , the rebels launched a raid across the Rio Grande into Texas on October 21 , 1915 aimed at harassing the American outposts along the Mexican border and disrupting the local economy . After moving across the border , the Seditionistas began an assault against the United States Army Signal Corps station at Ojo de Agua . The small group of American defenders was cornered into a single building and suffered heavy casualties before reinforcements arrived driving the unk force back into Mexico . The raid proved to be the tipping point in the American conflict with the Seditionistas , as its severity convinced American officials to send large numbers of American troops to the area in order to deter any further serious border raids by the Mexican force . Background Throughout 1915 Mexican insurgents raided the Texas border region as part of the Plan of San Diego . Supported by the Mexican Carranza government , a group of raiders known as the Seditionistas attacked American military and commercial interests along the United States Mexican border in an effort to provoke a race war in the Southwestern United States with aims of returning the area to Mexican control . Charged with guarding the border , American General Frederick Funston had 20 , 000 troops to pit against the few hundred Seditionista insurgents . Nonetheless , the Mexicans never raided in force and the long border was difficult for Funston to fully protect . The Seditionista raids became such a threat to the Americans in the Big Bend area that local vigilante groups were formed in order to repel the Mexican raiders as Funston did not have enough troops to ensure the safety of the American citizens living in the area . In order to protect the Big Bend region , the United States deployed a number of cavalry and signalmen in various posts along the Texas border . One of these posts was at the village of Ojo de Agua which had been raided on September 3 , 1915 and was the planned target of a Seditionista raid in October 1916 . The American base at Ojo de Agua under the command of Sergeant Ernest Schaeffer consisted of a radio station manned by approximately ten men from Troop G , 3rd Cavalry , and eight men of the United States Army Signal Corps . The post at Ojo de Agua was lightly defended and seemed to be little match for the 25 to 100 raiders that planned to raid the village . Raid After crossing the Rio Grande and arriving at Ojo de Agua at approximately 1 am , the Mexican raiders attacked the village 's garrison . The American soldiers who had been sleeping in a wooden building stubbornly resisted . The Americans were heavily outgunned , though , as the Signal Corps personnel were armed only with pistols . In the fighting Sergeant Schaeffer was killed , and as a result command devolved to Sergeant First Class Herbert Reeves Smith who by that time had also been wounded three times . In addition to attacking the garrison , the raiders robbed the post office and attacked the home of the Dillard family , setting their house on fire and stealing their livestock . Although the Americans at Ojo de Agua were unable to call for reinforcements due to the fact that their wireless station had been knocked out of action earlier in the attack , other American detachments in the vicinity heard gunfire and two groups of American cavalry set out to investigate . A company from the 3rd Cavalry under Captain Frank Ross McCoy at Mission , Texas some 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Ojo de Agua was dispatched , as was a small group of twelve recruits under Captain W. J. Scott . As Scott 's outfit was only 2 miles ( 3 . 2 km ) from the fighting , they arrived at the scene well before McCoy did and immediately attacked from the west of the raiders ' positions driving them off from their assault on the mission . McCoy 's force arrived just as the Mexicans withdrew and saw little or no fighting . Aftermath By the end of the raid one civilian and three American soldiers had been killed and eight wounded including the Ojo de Agua post 's commanding officer , Sergeant Schaffer , who was included among the former . The Seditionistas also took several casualties , with five men dead and at least nine others wounded , of whom two later died . A Japanese man was found among the dead , as were two unk soldiers , a fact which was seen as evidence that the unk had been supporting the Plan of San Diego . The American soldiers were commended for their bravery during the raid , and Sergeant First Class Herbert Reeves Smith was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross for his actions during the engagement . The Seditionista raid on Ojo de Agua had a vast impact on American military strategy in the area . The severity of the raid led the commanding American general in the region , General Frederick Funston , to reinforce the Texas Mexico border region with troops and to contact Washington with demands that he be allowed to give no quarter to any Mexican raiders who attacked the United States in the future . Although Washington denied General Funston his request , the raids did come to an end when Washington finally gave diplomatic recognition to the Mexican government under Carranza . Wishing to maintain good relations with the American government , Carranza ordered the Seditionista commanders to cease their raiding activities . Without support from the Mexican federal government the Plan of San Diego movement fell apart and there were no further Mexican invasions of the United States until the Villistas raids began in 1916 .
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3,056 | Cyclone Osea was the second of seven cyclones to affect French Polynesia during the 1997 98 South Pacific cyclone season . Forming on November 22 , the storm initially remained weak . Moving south and later east , it was named Osea on November 24 after achieving windspeeds equal to a Category 1 cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale . Continuing to intensify , Osea soon reached its peak intensity of 90 mph ( 145 km h ) . Afterwords , Osea began to weaken because of increased wind shear , and the cyclone started moving southeast . By November 28 , Osea was no longer a tropical cyclone . The cyclone brought major damage to some islands in French Polynesia . Around 95 of the infrastructure in Maupiti was destroyed , including 77 homes , an airport , and a town hall . About 30 of the infrastructure in Bora Bora was destroyed , as well as 309 homes and many yachts . Many roads were also damaged . Almost everything on the north side of the island was destroyed . However , no deaths were reported . The name Osea was retired after this usage of the name . Meteorological history On November 22 , 1997 , the Fiji Meteorological Service 's Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi , Fiji ( RSMC Nadi ) and the Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center ( NPMOC ) started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed about 465 km ( 290 mi ) to the northeast of the Northern Cook Island Manihiki . Over the next two days the depression gradually developed further , as it slowly moved southwards due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge of high pressure . At 1200 UTC on November 23 , the NPMOC reported that the depression had become equivalent to a tropical storm and assigned it the designation 06P . Twelve hours later RSMC Nadi named the system Osea after it had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale . Thereafter , Osea started moving towards the southeast , as an area of high pressure started to develop to the south of the system . During November 25 , RSMC Nadi estimated that Osea had become a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone , while the NPMOC announced that the system had become equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale as it moved through French Polynesia . The next day both agency 's reported that Severe Tropical Cyclone Osea had reached its peak intensity . RSMC Nadi reported 10 minute sustained winds of 150 km h ( 90 mph ) the NPMOC reported peak 1 minute sustained windspeeds of 165 km h ( 105 mph ) which made it equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on the SSHS . After attaining peak intensity , Osea gradually weakened . By November 27 , the NPMOC had issued their final warning on the system because the convection had become dislocated over 185 km ( 115 mi ) from the low level circulation center due to increased wind shear . RSMC Nadi subsequently monitored Osea for another 24 hours before it was last noted by the agency on November 28 , around the time it degenerated into a tropical depression . Preparations , impact , and aftermath Prior the arrival of Cyclone Osea on November 24 , various cyclone alerts and warnings were issued for the whole of French Polynesia , while authorities strengthened security measures and advised people not to drive . Throughout the archipelago schools were closed . Furthermore , people on the atoll of Scilly were evacuated by helicopter to other islands . Cyclone Osea was extremely destructive to some of the islands in French Polynesia . Over 700 homes were destroyed or severely damaged on Maupiti , Bora Bora , and Raiatea . Several roofs were blown off of buildings across the archipelago . On Maupiti , an island with a population of 1 , 100 , about 95 of the infrastructure was destroyed . The town hall , two schools , and an airfield were destroyed . The town hall was originally being used as an emergency shelter , but was later evacuated due to strong winds and was later destroyed . Furthermore , many roadways and highways were blocked due to flooding . In addition , 77 homes on the island were destroyed . All but three homes that belonged to Mormons on the island were destroyed . On Bora Bora , an island which had a population of 4 , 500 at the time , roughly 30 of the infrastructure was destroyed , including 309 houses . Hotels were also impacted during the storm . On the north side of Bora Bora , nearly everything was destroyed , including the village of unk and a local yacht club . Across unk , roads were blocked by fallen trees and telecommunication lines were severed due to high winds . Seven people on the island were reportedly slightly injured . In addition , the islands of unk , Raiatea , and Moorea all sustained damage , though yachts in Raiatea managed to survive unscathed . In another archipelago , 700 homes and various public infrastructures were at least somewhat destroyed by Osea . In addition to the impact on infrastructure , banana trees were knocked down due to the winds , especially in mountain gardens . Throughout the impacted region , no deaths were reported . Osea was the second tropical cyclone to impact French Polynesia during the season Cyclone Martin had impacted the islands a few weeks earlier . In the aftermath of the storm , disaster aid was delivered to the victims of Osea . President Gaston unk , accompanied by technicians , arrived in Maupiti to help repair the island 's electrical and hydraulic systems . A Latter Day Saint meeting house was used as an emergency shelter , though the house itself sustained minor damage from the storm . The name Osea was later retired from the South Pacific list of tropical cyclone names .
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3,057 | On 1 November 1944 a United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) F 13 Superfortress conducted the first flight by an Allied aircraft over the Tokyo region of Japan since the Doolittle Raid in April 1942 . This photo reconnaissance sortie was highly successful , with the aircraft 's crew taking thousands of photographs which were later used to plan many air raids on Japan during the final months of World War II . Attempts by Japanese air units and anti aircraft gun batteries to destroy the F 13 failed , as the available fighter aircraft and guns could not reach the high altitude it operated at . Background In late 1944 the United States Twentieth Air Force 's XXI Bomber Command prepared to conduct strategic bombing raids on the Japanese home islands from bases in the Mariana Islands . These attacks were to replace the largely unsuccessful Operation Matterhorn raids which had been conducted by XX Bomber Command aircraft based in India and staging through bases in China since June 1944 . While XX Bomber Command conducted photo reconnaissance sorties over Japan as part of this effort , the aircraft flying from China lacked the range to reach Japan 's main industrial centers . Without photographic intelligence XXI Bomber Command was unable to develop detailed plans for raids against its intended targets . On 10 October 1944 the Committee of Operations Analysts , which provided advice to USAAF commanders on suitable strategic bombardment targets , recommended that photo reconnaissance flights be conducted over Japan 's main industrial areas as soon as possible to provide intelligence which could be used to direct raids from the Mariana Islands . These operations were to be conducted by the 3d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron ( 3d PRS ) , which was the only photo reconnaissance unit in the XXI Bomber Command . The 3d PRS had been formed on 10 June 1941 . After conducting flights over the Americas , it was deployed to the China Burma India Theater . The unit flew mapping missions over the region from 10 December 1943 until it was disbanded and re formed in the United States during April 1944 to be equipped with the new F 13 photo reconnaissance variant of the Boeing B 29 Superfortress heavy bomber . Due to delays to the development of the F 13 , the 3d PRS was unable to commence training on the type until 24 August , and began to receive its first operational F 13s on 4 October . 3d PRS F 13s began to depart for Saipan in the Mariana Islands on 19 October , where they would be supported by the unit 's ground echelon which had arrived on 18 September . Photo reconnaissance sortie The first two 3d PRS F 13s arrived at Saipan on 30 October after a 33 hour flight from Mather Field in California via Oahu and Kwajalein . While the commander of the XXI Bomber Command , Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell , encouraged the exhausted airmen to rest , they insisted on conducting a flight over Japan as soon as possible . At 5 . 55 am on 1 November an F 13 whose crew was led by Captain Ralph D. Steakley took off from Saipan bound for Japan . Weather conditions over Tokyo were perfect for photo reconnaissance , with the skies free of clouds . Flying at 32 , 000 feet ( 9 , 800 m ) , Steakley 's aircraft repeatedly passed over a complex of aircraft and engine plants to the west of Tokyo , before moving on to photograph a similar facility near the city of Nagoya . Overall , the American airmen took 7 , 000 photos during the mission . Steakley was surprised to encounter strong head winds , and reported that his ground speed while passing over Tokyo was only about 70 miles per hour ( 110 km h ) . The strong winds over this region were not known to the USAAF at the time , and greatly complicated XXI Bomber Command 's later air raids . The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 's 47th Sentai had responsibility for providing fighter aircraft to guard the Tokyo area on 1 November . The unit 's Nakajima Ki 44 fighters began to take off from unk airfield to intercept the F 13 at 1 pm . These aircraft were not designed to be used at high altitudes , and the Japanese airmen were unable to get closer than about 3 , 300 feet ( 1 , 000 m ) of Steakley 's aircraft . Two formations of fighters fired machine guns at the F 13 , but did not hit it . Several batteries of Japanese anti aircraft guns also unsuccessfully fired on the American aircraft . The F 13 was the first American aircraft to fly over Tokyo since the Doolittle Raid in April 1942 , and was sighted by many Japanese civilians . Aftermath The F 13 returned to Saipan after a flight of 14 hours duration . Either later that day or the next day the crew named the aircraft Tokyo Rose in reference to the propaganda broadcaster . Steakley received the Distinguished Flying Cross for the flight , and the other members of the crew were also later issued with awards . The photographs taken during the sortie were an important source of intelligence for the Twentieth Air Force and other American units , especially as 1 November proved to be the only day of the air campaign against Japan in which weather conditions over the home islands were entirely clear of cloud . Hansell later stated that the sortie had been probably the greatest ... single contribution ... in the air war with Japan . The 3d PRS conducted a further 16 sorties over Japan before XXI Bomber Command 's first raid against Tokyo on 24 November , but several of these missions were frustrated by bad weather . One F 13 was lost during a mission to Nagoya on 21 November , but the squadron had nine aircraft at Saipan by the end of the month . The 3d PRS continued to fly reconnaissance sorties over Japan until the end of the war .
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3,058 | Miniopterus mahafaliensis is a bat in the genus Miniopterus that occurs in southwestern Madagascar . Populations of this species have historically been included in Miniopterus manavi , but molecular data published in 2008 and 2009 indicate that this supposed species in fact consists of five separate species , including the newly described M. mahafaliensis . The species has been found in dry , spiny , and gallery forest , as well as more open habitats , in southwestern Madagascar . Miniopterus mahafaliensis is a small , brown Miniopterus its forearm length is 35 to 40 mm ( 1 . 4 to 1 . 6 in ) . The hairs of the underparts have gray tips . The tragus ( a projection in the outer ear ) is thick and blunt tipped . The uropatagium ( tail membrane ) is well furred and the palate is concave . Taxonomy During the 2000s , molecular studies have revealed that the widely distributed African , Eurasian , and Australian genus Miniopterus is much more species rich than previously thought . In a 1995 contribution to Faune de Madagascar on Malagasy bats , Randolph Peterson and colleagues listed four species of Miniopterus on Madagascar and the nearby Comoros , including the small Miniopterus manavi with a broad distribution on both Madagascar and the Comoros . In 2008 and 2009 , however , Steven Goodman and colleagues presented evidence that the former concept of M. manavi in fact encompassed five morphologically and molecularly distinct species of small Miniopterus . These included M. manavi itself in the Central Highlands , M. griveaudi and M. aelleni in the Comoros and northern and western Madagascar , M. brachytragos in northern and western Madagascar only , and M. mahafaliensis in southwestern Madagascar . The five recognized species of M. manavi like bats are not each other 's closest relatives , but apparently acquired their similarities through convergent evolution . Miniopterus mahafaliensis was described as a new species in the second 2009 paper by Goodman and colleagues . The specific name is derived from the Malagasy word Mahafaly , which refers to the Mahafaly Plateau , where the specimen has been recorded , and to the Mahafaly ethnic group of the region . Analysis of sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene suggested that M. brachytragos is most closely related to another Malagasy species , M. unk . Although samples of M. mahafaliensis differed from each other by a maximum of 2 . 2 in their cytochrome b , Goodman and colleagues could not discern any phylogeographic structure within the species . Description Miniopterus mahafaliensis is a small , short tailed Miniopterus with long and dense fur . The fur of the upperparts is brown and the hairs on the underparts have gray tips . Miniopterus brachytragos is similar in color , but other small Malagasy Miniopterus are darker . The ears are partially haired above , but virtually naked below and end in a rounded tip . The tragus ( a projection on the inner side of the outer ear ) is relatively thick , has the sides mostly parallel , and ends in a curved , rounded tip . The wing membrane is also brown , but the uropatagium ( tail membrane ) is lighter . The wing membrane and uropatagium are attached to the upper leg at the same level , above the ankle . The uropatagium is relatively densely covered with hairs , particularly on the upper side . M. manavi and M. brachytragos also have a densely haired uropatagium , but in M. aelleni and M. griveaudi it is only sparsely haired or even mostly naked . In 66 to 74 specimens measured by Goodman and colleagues , total length was 87 to 96 mm ( 3 . 4 to 3 . 8 in ) , averaging 91 . 1 mm ( 3 . 59 in ) tail length was 38 to 48 mm ( 1 . 5 to 1 . 9 in ) , averaging 42 . 4 mm ( 1 . 67 in ) hindfoot length is 6 to 7 mm ( 0 . 2 to 0 . 3 in ) , averaging 6 . 3 mm ( 0 . 25 in ) tragus length was 5 to 6 mm ( 0 . 2 to 0 . 2 in ) , averaging 5 . 8 mm ( 0 . 23 in ) ear length was 9 to 11 mm ( about 0 . 4 in ) , averaging 9 . 4 mm ( 0 . 37 in ) forearm length was 35 to 40 mm ( 1 . 4 to 1 . 6 in ) , averaging 37 . 4 mm ( 1 . 47 in ) and body mass was 3 . 8 to 7 . 3 g ( 0 . 13 to 0 . 26 oz ) , averaging 4 . 9 g ( 0 . 17 oz ) . There is no evidence for substantial size differences between males and females . In the skull , the rostrum ( front part ) is relatively long and line shaped . The central groove in the nasal depression is relatively narrow . The frontal bones are slightly rounded and bear a prominent sagittal crest . Further back on the braincase , the lambdoid crest is also prominent . The middle part of the palate is concave , not flat as in M. aelleni and M. manavi . At the palate 's back margin is a long , thin posterior palatal spine . Miniopterus mahafaliensis has 36 teeth in the dental formula 2 . 1 . 2 . 33 . 1 . 3 . 3 ( three incisors , one canine , three premolars , and two molars in both upper toothrows and two incisors , one canine , two premolars , and three molars in the lower toothrows ) . As is characteristic of Miniopterus , the first upper premolar ( P1 ) is smaller and more simplified than the second ( P2 ) . Distribution and ecology The range of Miniopterus mahafaliensis extends through southwestern Madagascar in the spiny forest and dry forest , often but not always near caves it has been found on the Mahafaly Plateau , in the Fort des Mikea , and the Kirindy Mitea National Park . Further inland , it has been found in disturbed gallery forest in Isalo National Park , in a cave in savanna habitat near unk , and in unspecified habitat at Betroka . Little is known of the ecology of M. mahafaliensis , but species of Miniopterus generally feed on insects , breed seasonally , and roost in large colonies in caves .
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3,059 | A juniper berry is the female seed cone produced by the various species of junipers . It is not a true berry but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales , which give it a berry like appearance . The cones from a handful of species , especially Juniperus communis , are used as a spice , particularly in European cuisine , and also give gin its distinctive flavour . Juniper berries have been called the only spice derived from conifers , although tar and inner bark ( used as a sweetener in Apache cuisines ) from pine trees is sometimes considered a spice as well . Species All juniper species grow berries , but some are considered too bitter to eat . In addition to J. communis , other edible species include Juniperus drupacea , Juniperus phoenicea , Juniperus unk , and Juniperus californica . Some species , for example Juniperus sabina , are toxic and consumption is inadvisable . Characteristics Juniperus communis berries vary from four to twelve millimeters in diameter other species are mostly similar in size , though some are larger , notably J. drupacea ( 20 28 mm ) . Unlike the separated and woody scales of a typical pine cone , those in a juniper berry remain fleshy and merge into a unified covering surrounding the seeds . The berries are green when young , and mature to a purple black colour over about 18 months in most species , including J. communis ( shorter , 8 10 months in a few species , and about 24 months in J. drupacea ) . The mature , dark berries are usually but not exclusively used in cuisine , while gin is flavoured with fully grown but immature green berries . Uses The flavor profile of young , green berries is dominated by pinene as they mature this piney , resinous backdrop is joined by what Harold McGee describes as green fresh and citrus notes . The outer scales of the berries are relatively unk , so the berries are almost always at least lightly crushed before being used as a spice . They are used both fresh and dried , but their flavour and odour are at their strongest immediately after harvest and decline during drying and storage . Juniper berries are used in northern European and particularly Scandinavian cuisine to impart a sharp , clear flavor to meat dishes , especially wild birds ( including thrush , blackbird , and woodcock ) and game meats ( including boar and venison ) . They also season pork , cabbage , and sauerkraut dishes . Traditional recipes for unk unk , an Alsatian dish of sauerkraut and meats , universally include juniper berries . Besides Norwegian and Swedish dishes , juniper berries are also sometimes used in German , Austrian , Czech , Polish and Hungarian cuisine , often with roasts ( such as German unk ) . Northern Italian cuisine , especially that of the South Tyrol , also incorporates juniper berries . Juniper , typically Juniperus communis , is used to flavor gin , a liquor developed in the 17th century in the Netherlands . The name gin itself is derived from either the French unk or the Dutch unk , which both mean juniper . Other juniper flavoured beverages include the Finnish rye and juniper beer known as unk , which is flavored with both juniper berries and branches . The brand Dry Soda produces a juniper berry soda as part of its lineup . Recently , some American distilleries have begun using ' New World ' varieties of juniper such as Juniperus occidentalis . Juniper berry was first intended as a medication since juniper berries are a diuretic and were also thought to be an appetite stimulant and a remedy for rheumatism and arthritis . Native Americans are reported to have used the juniper berry as an appetite suppressant in times of hunger . Juniper berry is being researched as a treatment for diet controlled diabetes , as it releases insulin from the pancreas , hence alleviating hunger . It is also said to have been used by some tribes as a female contraceptive . A few North American juniper species produce a seed cone with a sweeter , less resinous flavor than those typically used as a spice . For example , one field guide describes the flesh of the berries of Juniperus californica as dry , mealy , and fibrous but sweet and without resin cells . Such species have been used not just as a seasoning but as a nutritive food by some Native Americans . In addition to medical and culinary purposes , Native Americans have also used the seeds inside juniper berries as beads for jewellery and decoration . An essential oil extracted from juniper berries is used in aromatherapy and perfumery . The essential oil can be distilled out of berries which have already been used to flavour gin . History Juniper berries , including Juniperus phoenicea and Juniperus oxycedrus have been found in ancient Egyptian tombs at multiple sites . J. oxycedrus is not known to grow in Egypt , and neither is Juniperus excelsa , which was found along with J. oxycedrus in the tomb of Tutankhamun . The berries imported into Egypt may have come from Greece the Greeks record using juniper berries as a medicine long before mentioning their use in food . The Greeks used the berries in many of their Olympics events because of their belief that the berries increased physical stamina in athletes . The Romans used juniper berries as a cheap domestically produced substitute for the expensive black pepper and long pepper imported from India . It was also used as an adulterant , as reported in Pliny the Elder 's Natural History Pepper is adulterated with juniper berries , which have the property , to a marvellous degree , of assuming the pungency of pepper . Pliny also incorrectly asserted that black pepper grew on trees that were very similar in appearance to our junipers .
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3,060 | Lyo and Merly were the official mascots of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics held in Singapore . Lyo is a red male lion whose name stands for Lion of the Youth Olympics , while Merly is a blue female Merlion whose name combines mer ( meaning sea ) with liveliness and youthfulness . The duo represent several Olympic values ( such as excellence ) and traits of Singapore ( known as the Lion City ) . Cubix International designed the mascots , while another local company , Mascots and Puppets Specialists , developed their costumes . Before and during the Youth Olympics , Lyo and Merly appeared in school events , launches and roadshows . They also participated in pre National Day Parade activities , were displayed at competition venues and were featured in Youth Olympics memorabilia . Background The first official Olympics mascot was unk , introduced at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , Germany . Games mascots have varied between being animals native to the area where the Games take place , humans , and imaginary creatures . They often reflect the culture and history of the hosting region , and have traits chosen to embody the ideals of Olympism and the Paralympic movement . The introduction of a mascot or mascots is often highlighted in the lead up to the Games , to help build event anticipation , with a focus placed on them in contemporary Olympics . The first ever Summer Youth Olympics , Singapore 's organizing committee extended the tradition of having mascots to this new event . Development In early 2009 , seven shortlisted mascot design proposals were submitted to the Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee ( SYOGOC ) . Amongst the seven , the proposal of Cubix International , a company specialising in branding , animation and character development , was eventually selected . Cubix initially sought to develop robot mascots , intending to showcase Singapore as a technologically advanced country . However , research on Olympic mascots prompted them to move away from the robot theme and focus on animal mascots . The company stated it wanted to develop a pair of mascots who had contrasting yet complementary personalities . Mascots and Puppets Specialists , led by creative director Frankie Malachi Yeo , was hired to transform the mascots from designs to actual three dimensional forms . Designing the mascots took about six months . There were issues over the materials used to build the mascot suits . Eventually , foam was selected as the main material . The mascot suits are heavy , with Lyo 's head weighing 8 kilograms ( 18 lb ) and Merly 's weighing 6 kilograms ( 13 lb ) . The heads are strapped on to a harness donned by the mascot wearer . To minimize overheating , costumes included a built in fan , and optional cooling vests were made available . Parts of the mascot production process were captured in the documentary , Beyond Gold The Journey to the first Youth Olympic Games , which was commissioned by the Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee ( SYOGOC ) . Mascots The mascots ' designers created elaborate descriptions of Lyo and Merly , which are summarised below Lyo 's name is the initials ( unk ) of Lion of the Youth Olympics , while Merly 's name is a combination of mer , which means the sea , and the letters L and Y which stand for liveliness and youthfulness . The two characters allude to the Lion City label of Singapore , and the Merlion , a national symbol of Singapore , respectively . Lyo 's mane resembles the Flame of Passion of the Spirit of Youth , the emblem of the Games . It is also a reference to the Singapore 2010 bid tagline Blazing the Trail . The pad on his paw is shaped like the island of Singapore . Merly is vegetarian due to a deep respect for all living creatures , and her paw pad is shaped like a heart . Outreach The two mascots were officially introduced by Minister for Community Development , Youth and Sports Dr. Vivian Balakrishnan on 21 November 2009 at Suntec City . He commented that the duo are an interesting play on fire and water . He added that there are aspects of the mascots we clearly can identify with as Singaporeans , but really what we hope is these mascots will be embraced by Singaporeans as well as the visitors who come . Before and throughout the Youth Olympics , the mascots appeared in various activities and programmes , including events in schools , launches and roadshows . The Olympic theme featured in Singapore 's 2010 National Day Parade , also held in the month of August , and Lyo and Merly participated in pre parade activities . Lyo and Merly were also widely featured in Games memorabilia sold at the official Youth Olympic Games Superstore in front of Ngee Ann City shopping centre on Orchard Road , Singapore 's main shopping street , and at competition venues . Male medal winners at the Games are presented with a Lyo plush toy during victory ceremonies , and female winners receive a Merly toy . Four postage stamps depicting the mascots in poses featuring the Games ' Culture and Education Programme ( CEP ) and Olympic sports were also launched by the SYOGOC and Singapore Post . In addition , a limited edition Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games Commemorative Pack , which depicted the journey taken by the country since it won the bid to host the Games , featured an exclusive unk Sheet of the mascots in all 26 sport poses . Lyo and Merly also appeared on three coins released by the Monetary Authority of Singapore to commemorate the Games . A mural of the duo made by artist Charlene unk was showcased at a party held at the official hotel partner , Fairmont Singapore , to commemorate the 150 day countdown to the Games .
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3,061 | Pennsylvania Route 179 ( PA 179 ) and Route 179 is an 8 . 7 mile ( 14 . 00 km ) state highway in Bucks County , Pennsylvania and Hunterdon County , New Jersey , United States , running along an old alignment of U.S. Route 202 ( US 202 ) from west of New Hope , Pennsylvania northeast through Lambertville , New Jersey to Ringoes , where it ends at an intersection with US 202 and Route 31 . Past this intersection , the road continues east as County Route 514 ( CR 514 ) . It is two lane , undivided highway for most of its length with the exception of a four lane stretch in Lambertville . The route crosses the Delaware River on the New Hope Lambertville Bridge , where the designation changes from PA 179 to Route 179 . PA 179 and Route 179 follow a part of the 18th century Old York Road which ran between Philadelphia and New York City . Prior to 1953 , the road was Route S29 from the Delaware River to downtown Lambertville , a part of Route 29 between Lambertville and Ringoes , and a concurrency of Route 29 and Route 30 in Ringoes . The route was also part of US 202 , which was designated over 1926 created US 122 in the mid 1930s . In 1953 , the Route S29 and 29 designations were removed in favor of US 202 and Route 30 became Route 69 ( now Route 31 ) . Route 179 was formed in 1965 when a bypass for Ringoes was built for US 202 and Route 69 . Route 179 extended to Lambertville and PA 179 was created in 1974 when the new US 202 freeway , running over the New Hope Lambertville Toll Bridge , was completed . Route description Pennsylvania PA 179 begins at an intersection with US 202 in Solebury Township , Bucks County , Pennsylvania , heading east on two lane undivided Lower York Road through commercial areas . The road crosses into New Hope and becomes Bridge Street as it passes near a shopping center and more businesses . Farther east , the route gains a center left turn lane and enters more residential surroundings as it passes New Hope Solebury High School . From this point , PA 179 loses the center left turn lane and passes more homes . Upon crossing the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad , the route heads into the downtown of New Hope and intersects PA 32 . PA 179 continues east to the New Hope Lambertville Bridge over the Delaware River . New Jersey At the middle of the New Hope Lambertville Bridge , the road enters Lambertville , Hunterdon County , New Jersey and becomes Route 179 . It heads east through Lambertville on Bridge Street through the downtown area . At the intersection with Main Street , Route 29 joins Route 179 for a block , forming a wrong way concurrency At the end of the concurrency , Route 29 turns south onto Route 165 and Route 179 turns north . From here the road continues northeast as the four lane , undivided Thomas Paine Highway , entering West Amwell Township , where the road heads into farmland and narrows to two lanes . In East Amwell Township , the route intersects CR 603 , CR 601 , and CR 605 ( Queen Road ) , which heads to an interchange with the US 202 freeway . The road eventually forms the border between West Amwell and East Amwell Township . Route 179 intersects the US 202 freeway at a partial cloverleaf interchange , where the route is entirely in East Amwell Township . Past this interchange , the route runs along the West Amwell East Amwell township line until it entirely enters East Amwell Township again and heads into the residential community of Ringoes . In Ringoes , Route 179 intersects the old Route 31 ( now CR 579 ) , forming a brief concurrency that lasts with that route until CR 579 heads north on John Ringo Road . Route 179 continues northeast through residential areas on Old York Road to its terminus at the combined US 202 Route 31 , where Old York Road continues to the northeast as CR 514 . History The current alignment of PA 179 and Route 179 was a part of Old York Road , a historical 18th century road that connected Philadelphia to New York City . With the establishment of the U.S. Highway System in 1926 , the route was designated as a part of US 122 , which became US 202 in the mid 1930s . In Pennsylvania , the route was initially cosigned with PA 52 that designation was removed by 1930 . Prior to the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , today 's Route 179 was composed of three state routes Route S29 , designated in 1949 from the New Hope Lambertville Bridge into Lambertville , a part of Route 29 from Lambertville to Ringoes that was designated in 1927 , and a concurrency of Routes 29 and 30 northeast from Ringoes that was also designated in 1927 . In the original 1927 plan , Route 29 would have continued northeast from the end of Route 179 along current CR 514 , but it was instead modified to continue north with Route 30 to Flemington and using what had been planned as Route 12 to Somerville . In the 1953 renumbering , the Route S29 and Route 29 designations were removed from the route in favor of US 202 , with Route 29 was realigned to follow former Route 29A to Frenchtown . In addition , Route 30 became Route 69 ( now Route 31 ) to avoid conflicting with US 30 in South Jersey . The bypass of Ringoes for US 202 and Route 69 was opened in the 1960s , and Route 179 was designated along the old alignment of US 202 within Ringoes . The new US 202 freeway between the New Hope Lambertville Toll Bridge and Route 179 southwest of Ringoes was completed in October 1974 . As a result , Route 179 was extended along the old US 202 alignment to the state line in Lambertville and PA 179 was designated along the former US 202 through New Hope . Solebury Township is pushing for a roundabout at the intersection of US 202 and PA 179 . Major intersections
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3,062 | Initiation is the fifth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office the show 's 33rd overall . Written by B. J. Novak , who also acts in the show as Ryan Howard , and directed by Randall Einhorn , the episode first aired in the United States on October 19 , 2006 on NBC . In the episode Ryan is taken by Dwight on what he believes is a sales call , but instead is brought to Dwight 's beet farm for an initiation . Pam is supposed to keep track of Michael 's productivity , but Michael spends his day waiting in line for a pretzel . Jim steals Karen 's chair and foils her attempts to get it back . Synopsis In the cold open , Dwight tries to test Ryan with riddles found on a website , but is angered when Ryan knows all the answers before he even finishes talking . Ryan Howard ( B. J. Novak ) plans to go to his first sales call with Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) . Dwight surprises Ryan by taking him to Dwight 's beet farm to both teach and haze . When Ryan accuses him of trying to college frat the situation , Dwight snaps at him , saying the reason Ryan has yet to make a sale is because he thinks he knows everything , and must think otherwise to sell . After Dwight tries to force Ryan to wrestle his cousin Mose ( Michael Schur ) , Ryan gets angry and walks out . Dwight apologizes to Ryan and begins to give Ryan serious sales advice as Ryan takes notes . The two then go on a sales call which ultimately doesn 't work out for Ryan . Irritated , Ryan throws eggs at the building housing the company that refused his sale . Dwight and Ryan then go to a bar and return to the office , where it appears they formed a new bond . Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) instructs receptionist Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) to keep a log of Michael Scott 's ( Steve Carell ) activity , and throughout the day , she dryly notes Michael 's antics , including a Bill Cosby impression for a potential customer and waiting in line with Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) for a free soft pretzel , while hinting to Michael that he should focus on being productive . Michael enjoys Gary Glitter 's Rock and Roll in his office at a high volume . After consuming his sugary pretzel , Michael emerges from his office and launches into a hyperactive , sugar fueled speech before falling asleep at his desk . At the end of the day , Pam realizes that Michael 's antics secured a large sale . At Dunder Mifflin 's Stamford branch , Karen Filippelli ( Rashida Jones ) discovers that Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) swapped his chair for hers , but Jim foils her efforts to switch them back . The two flirt for a while before Karen steals Andy Bernard 's ( Ed Helms ) chair . Later that night , Jim , who was trying to call Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) , ends up talking to Pam on the phone for the first time since the two kissed . The two have a lengthy conversation and begin to reconnect . Jim misinterprets Pam 's parting phrase to Ryan as being directed at him , and the two end their conversation , much to their sadness . The episode ends with a brief talking head of Stanley , counting down the days left in the year until the next Pretzel day . Production This episode was the first full episode of the series directed by Randall Einhorn . Einhorn had previously directed all ten webisodes of the spin off mini series The Accountants . Initiation was written by B. J. Novak , who also acts for the show as Ryan Howard . The episode was filmed before Grief Counseling , but it aired after it . There were rumors that Initiation was supposed to air before Grief Counseling , but it turned out the location of the beet farm was only available that week . Although the idea for writer Michael Schur to be Dwight 's cousin Mose had been a joke among the writers since the first season , B. J. Novak pitched the idea when writing Initiation . Schur had to grow out his beard for three months and wear wool clothes on a hot day as part of his character . Mose was based on an actual participant in the UPN reality show Amish in the City . In this episode , Jim was seen singing Lovefool by The Cardigans . The song playing in Dwight 's car when he and Ryan are driving to the beet farm is River Runs Red by Life of Agony . In the basket that Mose makes for Ryan is something he whittled which strongly resembles a Venus figurine . The third season DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from the episode , including Jan asking Michael to record his day on a schedule , Ryan being hugged by Michael before leaving for his first sales call , Dwight and Ryan leaving the office , Michael reading his schedule in a talking head scene , Pam encouraging Michael to focus for the day , Ryan reflecting on his life path , and Dwight showing Ryan his family cemetery and making a reference to his Nazi grandfather by calling him a good man ... who did some VERY bad things . Reception This episode was generally well received by critics . Abby West of Entertainment Weekly stated that one of the many things I love about the show is how current it is . I love the pop culture references , like Lost 's Dharma Initiative , Deal or No Deal , and that soon to be classic SNL Chronicles of Narnia sketch . IGN 's Brian Zoromski said that although the episode had a few hit and miss moments , it was a very well done episode that carried through on three main storylines and began and ended beautifully . Aaron from unk Review said that even if it wasn t as good as last week s episode , it was still another great one . In a poll done by OfficeTally.com , Initiation was ranked by viewers as the thirteenth funniest of the twenty three episodes of the third season .
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3,063 | Simpson Tide is the nineteenth episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 29 , 1998 . After being fired from the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant , Homer decides to join the United States Navy Reserve . The episode was the second and last to be written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia and was the final episode directed by Milton Gray . It guest starred Rod Steiger as Captain unk and Bob Denver as himself , with one time The Simpsons writer Michael Carrington making an appearance as the Drill Sergeant . This was the last episode Al Jean and Mike Reiss executive produced together , although Jean became show runner again in season 13 . Plot While lying on the couch at home , Homer sees a recruitment advertisement on television for the Naval Reserve and decides to enlist . Moe , Barney , and Apu decide to join him . Meanwhile , Bart purchases an earring , which an outraged Homer confiscates . Homer and the others are placed on a nuclear submarine . When the captain goes to check on a problem in the torpedo hatch , Homer is left in charge . An enemy submarine approaches , and Homer gives the order to fire a torpedo . However , the captain is in the torpedo tube and is fired at the other submarine . The other sub fires back at them and Homer gives the order to retreat . The submarine ends up in Russian waters and is seen by the United States government as an attempt to defect . This event creates a political schism between the USA and Russia , leading to the revelation that the Soviet Union in fact never truly dissolved . Nuclear war is anticipated until the US Navy drops depth charges on Homer 's sub , aiming either to destroy it or force it to surface . The consequent explosion causes a pinhole leak in the submarine 's wall . Homer uses Bart 's earring to plug the leak and saves the submarine . The vessel surfaces and Homer is taken to be court martialed . Homer 's punishment ends up being a mild dishonorable discharge . Production Simpson Tide was one of two season nine episodes that was executive produced by Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who together were the showrunners for the third and fourth seasons . Although Jean would later return to run the show the following season , it was the last episode that Reiss received an executive producer credit for . Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia , the episode writers , were working on Jean and Reiss 's show The Critic at the time , and pitched an episode where Homer joins the Naval Reserve . Although the episode is partly based on the film Crimson Tide , the original episode pitch was made before the film was released . After the release of the film , the writers decided to start incorporating things from the movie in the script . In the original draft , Bart sneaked on board the submarine with Homer . They were trying to do it for the comedy of it , but could not get the draft to work , so it was cut . It was difficult for them to figure out how to get the captain off of the sub and they eventually decided to have him shot out of the torpedo tube , which in the DVD commentary , Al Jean says that Steiger claimed that he really did get stuck in a torpedo tube once . The Navy drill instructor , along with the announcer to Exploitation Theater , was voiced by Michael Carrington , who had written the season four episode Homer 's Triple Bypass and previously voiced Sideshow Raheem . Bob Denver voices himself in the episode and was directed by Mike Reiss . Rod Steiger guest stars as the captain and was directed by Al Jean . Cultural references Many parts of the episode , including the title , refer to the 1995 film Crimson Tide . The captain of the submarine is based on Captain Frank Ramsey , a character in the film who was portrayed by Gene Hackman . The opening couch gag is a recreation of the Rocky and Bullwinkle animated bumper seen at the end of each Bullwinkle short . The music accompanying it is also adapted from the original music in the bumper . Homer mentions that he and his friends joining the Navy is similar to The Deer Hunter , and the Russian roulette scene from the film is later parodied . Right before the submarine submerges , the song In the Navy is played and the Village People can be seen dancing . Homer dreams of being on the planet of the doughnuts , which is reminiscent of the film Planet of the Apes . When aboard the submarine , Homer refers to one of the crew members as Mr. Sulu , a reference to the character in Star Trek The Original Series . Bart sings a portion of the song Do the Bartman and Ralph Wiggum comments that it is so 1991 , which was when the song was released . Grampa Simpson claims that he attacked John F. Kennedy on the PT 109 when Kennedy stated Ich bin ein Berliner , leading to Grampa mistaking him for a Nazi . Reception In its original broadcast , Simpson Tide finished 29th in ratings for the week of March 23 29 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 . 2 , equivalent to approximately 9 . 0 million viewing households . It was the second highest rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X Files . Michael Schiffer , one of the writers of the film Crimson Tide , is said to have enjoyed this episode . Mike Reiss considers the sequence where Russia returns to being the Soviet Union to be the nuttiest the show has ever been . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it a fairly straightforward episode where the biggest laugh comes from Homer being able to talk to penguins and Bart trying to impress his classmates by doing The Bartman .
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3,064 | Park Hall Stadium is a football stadium in Oswestry , Shropshire , England . It was opened by Shropshire County Council in 1993 , originally as the home of Oswestry Town F.C .. In 2003 , Oswestry Town merged with Total Network Solutions F.C. ( TNS ) to form current Welsh Premier League team The New Saints F.C .. The newly merged club moved away from Park Hall to Total Network Solutions ' Recreation Ground . Following a short period of abandonment , Park Hall was purchased from the council by Mike Harris with a view to redevelopment and The New Saints moving back to the ground . The New Saints started to use Park Hall as their regular home ground again in 2007 and the ground was further improved so that it was able to host matches in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League . It has since been used to host youth international fixtures for both England and Wales while also hosting Non League football for community teams in Oswestry . Oswestry Town and merger The stadium was originally the site of an army ground . Park Hall was built as a stadium in 1993 by Shropshire County Council who owned the land and permitted Oswestry Town to use it as their home ground in the League of Wales after they had sold off their Victoria Road stadium . However due to the club 's financial problems , the ground fell into disrepair . In 2003 , Oswestry Town and Total Network Solutions voted to merge and entered into an agreement whereby the newly merged TNS would split matches between Park Hall and Total Network Solutions ' Recreation Ground in Llansantffraid ym unk with a view to moving to Park Hall . In the meantime , the majority of matches were played at the Recreation Ground with Park Hall being used only occasionally by TNS ' women 's , youth and reserve teams . The move was initially blocked by UEFA because the two teams were in different countries . However Total Network Solutions appealed and UEFA reviewed Oswestry Town 's historic membership of the Football Association of Wales . Director unk Hann also argued the precedence of Derry City F.C. being based in County Londonderry , Northern Ireland but playing in the Republic of Ireland 's League of Ireland and being allowed to represent the Republic of Ireland in UEFA competitions . As a result , the decision was overturned and UEFA stated that they would regard The New Saints and Park Hall as Welsh for UEFA purposes if they moved to Park Hall . Park Hall was purchased from the council by Mike Harris with a view to renovating it . The New Saints Following the merger , plans were drawn up to rebuild Park Hall in a project referred to as Oswald Park . In 2005 , TNS started to rebuild Park Hall with a view to moving there in 2008 because they were unable to improve the Recreation Ground as it was a council owned recreation ground . Shortly afterwards Total Network Solutions renamed themselves The New Saints as their sponsorship deal lapsed due to the sponsoring company being bought out by British Telecom . During renovation , Park Hall 's pitch was replaced with artificial unk , as used at the home ground of Red Bull Salzburg . As a result of The New Saints moving to Park Hall and the decreasing number of the team 's players who were from Llansantffraid ym unk , some supporters broke away from The New Saints to form Llansantffraid Village F.C .. In 2007 , The New Saints moved into Park Hall permanently . In 2010 , The New Saints applied for funding for a new stand however it was refused by Welsh Grounds Improvement and the team risked losing their licence to compete in the Welsh Premier League . As a result , The New Saints applied to play their home matches at Deva Stadium in Chester and move away from Park Hall . Following the move from the Recreation Ground , between November 2012 and July 2015 , The New Saints were unbeaten at Park Hall in all competitions . Despite the renovations , the ground did not meet UEFA 's standards for hosting European football which meant that The New Saints were forced to play their home matches in UEFA competitions away from Park Hall . In 2008 , The New Saints hoped to be able to host their UEFA Cup match against FK Sduva unk in their first European match at Park Hall , however they missed the UEFA deadline to increase capacity . In 2009 following construction of a new stand , Park Hall was able to be used by The New Saints in UEFA competition as it reached the 1 , 000 seated capacity requirement . Despite Park Hall meeting UEFA standards , it has still been criticised in the media for being allowed to be used in UEFA competitions owing to its single stand and unk pitch . The pitch was referred to by the Daily Mail after The New Saints ' 2010 11 UEFA Champions League match against Bohemian F.C. as a hockey pitch . The New Saints still sometimes move their home matches away from Park Hall because of capacity and financial reasons . International football Park Hall has hosted international matches following its renovation . In 2015 it hosted Group 3 of the 2016 UEFA Women 's Under 19 Championship qualification tournament , where Wales were designated as the host nation and chose Park Hall despite it being in England . Park Hall has also been used by England schoolboys football team as their home ground for a match in April 2016 against the Republic of Ireland . Community During redevelopment at a cost of more than 3 million , The New Saints were awarded a 445 , 000 grant from the Football Foundation with the intention of Park Hall housing a leisure development with improved facilities including Ten Pin Bowling alley . Park Hall is also used as the home ground of Oswestry Boys Club and Oswestry Town Lions of the Shropshire Alliance .
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3,065 | North Road was a football stadium and cricket field in Newton Heath , Manchester , England . It was the first home of Manchester United Football Club then known as Newton Heath Lancashire Yorkshire Railway Football Club from its foundation in 1878 until 1893 , when the club moved to a new ground at Bank Street , Clayton . Initially the ground consisted only of the pitch , around which an estimated 12 , 000 spectators could congregate . The addition of stands in 1891 increased the capacity to about 15 , 000 . The football club signed its first professional players in 1886 and began to break from its sponsoring railway company , but without the company 's financial support it was unable to afford the rent on the ground and was evicted . History Early years Following the foundation of Newton Heath LYR F.C. , at the request of the employees of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ( LYR ) company 's Carriage and Wagon Works , the club needed a pitch to play on . The chosen site was owned by the Manchester Cathedral authorities , but although conveniently sited next to the wagon works it was a bumpy , stony patch in summer , and a muddy , heavy swamp in the rainy months . The railway company agreed to pay a nominal rent to the authorities and to lease the ground to the football club . As it was next to the railway line operated by the LYR , the ground was often clouded in a thick mist of steam from passing trains . Players had to get changed in The Three Crowns public house , a few hundred yards away on Oldham Road , as there were no facilities nearby . There may have been some kind of refreshment offered to supporters at the eastern end of the site . The first recorded matches at the ground took place in 1880 , two years after the club 's formation , most of them friendlies . The first competitive match held at North Road was a Lancashire Cup first round match against Blackburn Olympic 's reserve team , played on 27 October 1883 , which Newton Heath lost 7 2 . Details of the attendance have been lost , but it is assumed that the ground must have been enclosed by then , as an entry fee of 3d ( about 1 as of 2016 ) was charged for the match . Football became a professional sport in England in 1885 , and Newton Heath signed their first professional players in the summer of 1886 . The club 's income was insufficient to cover its wage bill , and so the 3d admission charge was extended to all matches played at North Road , later rising to 6d . Expansion and eviction The ground originally had a capacity of about 12 , 000 , but club officials decided that was not enough to give them any hope of joining the Football League . Some expansion took place in 1887 , but in 1891 Newton Heath used what little financial reserves they had to purchase two grandstands , each able to hold 1 , 000 spectators . However , this transaction put the club at odds with the railway company , who refused to contribute any finance to the deal . The two organisations began to drift apart from then onwards , and in 1892 the club attempted to raise 2 , 000 in share capital to pay off the debts incurred by the expansion of the ground . The split also led the railway company to stop paying the rent due on the ground to the cathedral , who at about the same time decided to increase the rent . Under increasing financial pressure , especially as the cathedral authorities felt it inappropriate for the club to charge admission to the ground , an eviction notice was served on the club in June 1893 . The club 's management had been searching for a new stadium since the first eviction attempt in May the previous year , and they were able to move to a new ground on Bank Street , three miles away in Clayton . It proved impossible though to take the two grandstands to the new ground , and they were sold for 100 . Present The stadium no longer exists , and North Road has been renamed Northampton Road . After a spell serving as playing fields for locals , Moston Brook High School was opened on the site . A red plaque was attached to one of the school 's walls , marking the location of the old stadium , but it was stolen and not replaced . Following the school 's closure in August 2000 , the site was chosen by the Northwest Regional Development Agency ( unk ) as the location of the North Manchester Business Park in 2002 . Other uses Newton Heath LYR Football Club was also founded as a cricket club , and the North Road ground was used by both branches of the club . However , the cricket and football seasons often overlapped , causing conflicts between the two sports . The ground was barely adequate for football , despite the best efforts of groundsmen Charlie and Ned Massey , but its use in the winter made it even less suitable for cricket in the summer . Records Although attendance figures were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road , the highest recorded attendance at the ground was approximately 15 , 000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893 . A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889 . A record low league attendance of approximately 1 , 000 was recorded for Football Alliance matches against Walsall Town Swifts and Birmingham City on 21 April 1890 and 13 December 1890 respectively . However , an attendance of 400 was recorded for a Manchester Cup match against Eccles on 31 January 1885 . The earliest recorded four figure attendance at the ground was 3 , 000 for a friendly with West Gorton ( St. Mark 's ) on 12 November 1881 . This was the first recorded meeting of the two sides that eventually became Manchester United and Manchester City .
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3,066 | John Adams ( born 1951 ) is a dedicated fan of the Cleveland Indians , a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . Adams has played his bass drum in the bleacher seats during nearly every Indians home game since 1973 , which has brought him notoriety and recognition from the Indians and other organizations . The Indians now pay for two season tickets for Adams and his drum , he has been involved in two ceremonial first pitches , and he is the only fan for whom the Indians have dedicated a bobblehead day . Drumming Adams first drummed at an Indians game on August 24 , 1973 , at Cleveland Stadium , at a game in which the Indians beat the Texas Rangers , 11 5 . Adams , who was 21 years old at the time , has stated that he brought his bass drum to that first game because he wanted to add to the noise of seat banging , a tradition at Cleveland Stadium in which fans would bang the swivel seat of their chairs against the chair 's base during tense moments in the game . But Adams preferred to sit in the bleachers , where there were no seats to bang . During the game , Bob unk , a reporter for the Cleveland Press , interviewed Adams and asked if he was going to drum again at the following game . Adams said no , but unk wrote in his article that he would . According to Adams , not to make a liar out of Bob , I showed up with my drum , and then I came to the next game and the next game and the next game . The Indians ' promotions director at the time , Jackie York , also approached Adams and asked him to play at every game . Adams formally declined but continued to attend games with his drum . Ever since , Adams has sat in the highest bleacher seat in left center field with his bass drum as of August 2013 he has missed only 38 home games in more than 40 seasons . Adams played at Cleveland Stadium until October 1993 , when the Indians played their last game there . Next spring he moved with the team to its new ballpark , Jacobs Field ( renamed Progressive Field in 2008 ) . Adams played the drum at his 3,000th game on April 27 , 2011 . During his tenure , he has witnessed Indians pitcher Len Barker pitch a perfect game on May 15 , 1981 , and witnessed the Indians play in the 1995 and 1997 World Series . Adams still uses the same 26 inch wide bass drum he began with in 1973 . He has stated that he bought it as part of a set for 25 at a garage sale . It has the same head on the side of the drum that Adams does not beat , but Adams has stated that he replaces the other side about twice a year and also goes through about three sets of mallets each year . During games , Adams tends to drum at particular moments when the Indians take the field at the beginning of the game , if the Indians have runners in scoring position , if the Indians are tied or trailing near the end of the game , or if they are winning at the top of the ninth inning . Because of his drumming , Adams became a celebrity and his drum was soon nicknamed Big Chief Boom Boom , by Indians radio announcer Herb Score . It has also helped him meet politicians , including U.S. senators and a Pakistani government official . Recognition Adams has been recognized by the Cleveland Indians and other organizations for his long commitment to the team . On October 4 , 2007 , he threw out the ceremonial first pitch for the Indians ' first game in the 2007 American League Division Series , against the New York Yankees . After Adams drummed at his 3,000th game on April 27 , 2011 , the Indians celebrated it the following Saturday , on April 30 , 2011 , by incorporating Adams in the ceremonial first pitch and putting on a pregame parade featuring Adams ' fellow Indians fans carrying bongos , snares and plastic toy drums . For the ceremonial first pitch , Adams swung at the ball with his drum from home plate after it was thrown by former Indians player Joe unk . Soon after the move to Jacobs Field , Cleveland began a record breaking run of sellouts , which ended at 455 games in April 2001 . Soon after , the Indians retired the number 455 in honor of their fans and Adams helped unveil the commemorative sign . Adams once paid for his tickets ( one for himself , and one for his drum ) , but the Indians now pay for two of his season tickets in honor of the contributions he has made to the ballpark atmosphere . Adams buys an additional two season tickets . In 2006 , the Indians gave out bobblehead dolls depicting Adams , making him the only fan for whom the team has dedicated a bobble head day . In 2008 , he won the Hilda Award , which is awarded annually by The Baseball Reliquary to recognize distinguished service to the game by a baseball fan and is named in memory of Hilda Chester , a dedicated fan of the Brooklyn Dodgers . In April 2012 , Great Lakes Brewing Company , a Cleveland based brewery and brewpub , released a product called Rally Drum Red Ale in honor of Adams and Opening Day . In April 2015 , The Plain Dealer columnist Tim unk wrote a column suggesting that a statue of Adams be built in Cleveland in his honor . Adams also has a plaque located by his seat just under the left field scoreboard commemorating his tenure as the Indians ' 1 Fan . Personal life Adams lives in unk , Ohio , a suburb of Cleveland . He attended both Saint Ignatius High School in Cleveland and Parma Senior High School in Parma , Ohio , where he played bass drum in band before graduating high school in 1969 . Adams works on computer systems for AT T and teaches classes , without pay , at Cleveland State University . Adams has also volunteered his time as a member of the Kiwanis service club and the community emergency response team in his hometown and has taught CPR and water safety .
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3,067 | The Battle For Midway is a turn based strategy video game developed and published by Personal Software Services . It was first released in the United Kingdom and France for the MSX in 1984 , and was re released for the Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum in 1985 . It is the second instalment of the Strategic Wargames series . The game is set during the Battle of Midway in the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II and revolves around the United States Navy attacking a large Imperial Japanese fleet stationed at Midway Atoll , in retaliation for the attack on Pearl Harbour . In the game , the player assumes control of American forces and must eliminate all Japanese forces around the atoll by air or naval combat . The Battle For Midway received largely negative reviews upon release . It was criticised for its incompatibility with black and white television sets , as the game was only accessible in a limited range of colours . The easy difficulty of the gameplay was also criticised . Gameplay The game is a turn based strategy and focuses on naval battles during the Battle of Midway , which is initiated in response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour . The player commands three American task forces two United States Navy forces and one United States Air Force unit , which are stationed on Midway Atoll . The objective of the game is to defeat three attacking Imperial Japanese naval forces . Each American task force has an aircraft carrier , whereas the Japanese have four . The player begins the game with two American search aircraft used to locate and track the attacking Japanese forces . When the main attacking Japanese force has been located , the player must send all available air units to engage them in combat . Air combat takes place over real time , and may take up to a minute of travel time once launched from an aircraft carrier . Aircraft will run out of fuel over time and will crash if not refuelled at a carrier . The game contains elements of arcade gameplay , which will automatically enable once the player comes into contact with the enemy . The arcade sequences involves the player utilising an anti air machine gun in order to shoot down Japanese aircraft . The game ends once all four Japanese aircraft carriers have been destroyed . Background and release Personal Software Services was founded in Coventry , England , by Gary Mays and Richard Cockayne in 1981 . The company was known for creating games that featured historic war battles and conflicts , such as Theatre Europe , Bismark and Falklands ' 82 . The company had a partnership with French video game developer ERE Informatique , and published localised versions of their products to the United Kingdom . In 1986 , Cockayne took a decision to alter their products for release on 16 bit machines , as he found that smaller 8 bit computers , such as the ZX Spectrum , lacked the processing power for larger strategy games . The decision was falsely interpreted as pulling out from the Spectrum market by video game journalist Phillipa Irving . Following years of successful sales throughout the mid 1980s , Personal Software Services experienced financial difficulties , in what Cockayne admitted in a retrospective interview that he took his eye off the ball . The company was acquired by Mirrorsoft in February 1987 , and was later dispossessed by the company due to strains of debt . Upon release , The Battle For Midway was packaged with an exclusive ring binder and a manual detailing the nature of the Battle of Midway . It was later re released as part of a Strategic Wargames compilation cassette known as Conflicts 2 , published by Personal Software Services . Reception The game received negative reviews upon release . Angus Ryall of Crash criticised the game 's incompatibility with black and white television sets , stating that , despite a growing British economy , Ryall expected the developers to have designed games for the lowest common denominator . Gwyn Hughes of Your Sinclair criticised the tactical elements of the game as too light , stating that the success of the player depends on dexterity , and not brainpower . Clare Edgely of Sinclair User praised the game 's historical accuracy , however she felt that its late release in comparison to other wargames made The Battle For Midway feel ordinary . A reviewer of Your Computer stated that the game was a flawed attempt to recreate the famous Battle of Midway , despite admitting that it contained some nice touches . A reviewer of Australian Commodore Review praised the game 's wide range of features such as the save and load functions . However , they criticised menu designs and insufficiently integrated arcade sequences , calling them both poor . Two reviewers of Your Spectrum criticised the combat sequences ' reliance on the speed of pressing keys instead of the use of strategy . One reviewer considered the game to be sophisticated , however the other reviewer viewed the game 's slow pace and graphics negatively . Despite the criticism , Ryall praised the real time element of the game and accessibility , saying that The Battle For Midway is up to current standards . A reviewer of Amstrad Action praised the game 's accurate reproduction of events and different levels of speed , however criticised the easy predictability of Japanese forces . A reviewer of Amtix stated that the game suffered from average graphics and poor sound , and also questioned the inclusion of the arcade sequences . A reviewer of Your 64 recommended The Battle for Midway for beginners to the genre , despite stating that it was not a simple game . A reviewer of Commodore Horizons called it an enthralling game .
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3,068 | Neville Page is a British American film and television creature and concept designer . Born in England , he was raised in Manchester , and Chicago , Illinois . He was inspired by science fiction , including Star Wars , and makeup artist Rick Baker 's work in An American Werewolf in London . Page moved to Hollywood at the age of 17 , and gained roles as an actor . He graduated with honors in 1990 from the Art Center College of Design with a degree in industrial design , and went on to teach students in Switzerland . He focused his work on design consulting along with business partner Scott Robertson . Page has worked as a concept designer on films , including Super 8 , Watchmen , Star Trek , TRON Legacy , Cloverfield , and Avatar . In 2010 his works were featured in an exhibit titled From Page to Screen Character and Creature Design of Neville Page at the Oceanside Museum of Art . He joined the panel of judges on the SyFy television series Face Off for its third season alongside Ve Neill and Glenn Hetrick . His works were again featured at the Oceanside Museum of Art in 2012 in an exhibit titled The Beauty in the Beast Crafting Creatures by Neville Page , which highlighted his designs in films , including Green Lantern , Prometheus , and TRON Legacy . Early life Neville was born in England , and grew up in Manchester , England . He was later raised in Chicago , Illinois . He grew up around artistic influences his parents worked as performers in the circus . From an early age he was motivated to pursue a career in science fiction due to his appreciation for Star Wars . Page was inspired by makeup artist Rick Baker and his film work , including An American Werewolf in London . At the age of 17 , Page moved to Hollywood to further employment in acting . He gained minor roles on soap operas , including General Hospital . He took coursework at the Art Center College of Design , and in 1989 for a class on product design he created a machine apparatus similar to that used by the character portrayed by Sigourney Weaver in the film Aliens . He received his degree in industrial design from that institution with honors in 1990 . Following his graduation , Page instructed students at the Switzerland location of the Art Center College of Design . Along with his studio partner Scott Robertson , he began work in the field of design consulting . Career Neville instructs students at the Gnomon School of Visual Effects in Hollywood , in addition to the Art Center College of Design , in Pasadena , California . He has worked as a concept designer on films , including Watchmen , Star Trek , TRON Legacy , Cloverfield , and Avatar . Cloverfield director Matt Reeves noted they hired Page to design the creature that appears in the film , commenting , We would go into his office and he would have what I affectionately referred to as his ' Wall of Terror . ' On the wall were all sorts of bits of color , and as you got closer suddenly your interest turned to revulsion because those pictures were like pictures of intestines and eyeballs and pieces of animals . What he was doing was having a biological , evolutionary basis for every aspect of the creature . From July through August 2010 , the Oceanside Museum of Art held an exhibition on Page . Titled From Page to Screen Character and Creature Design of Neville Page , featuring works by Page , including pencil drawings , three dimensional models , and digital creations . Page said he hoped the exhibit would educate the public about a different facet to filmmaking , The general public tends to associate films with actors versus people who conceive and design and make the films . What is on display is one small facet of what it takes to make a movie , one of the many gears involved in the mechanism , neither more important nor less ... simply as important . Neville has served as a judge on the SyFy television series Face Off . He joined the judging panel on Face Off in season three , which launched in August 2012 . His fellow judges included Ve Neill and Glenn Hetrick . Page returned for the fourth season in 2013 . In October 2012 , Page returned to the Oceanside Museum of Art , with an exhibition titled , The Beauty in the Beast Crafting Creatures by Neville Page . The exhibit which ran for ten weeks featured 45 works by Page from films , including Green Lantern , Prometheus , and TRON Legacy . He was the creature designer for the 2013 American science fiction action film Star Trek Into Darkness . Reception In the 2011 book Star Wars vs. Star Trek Could the Empire kick the Federation 's ass And other galaxy shaking enigmas , author Matt unk characterized Neville Page as a creature guru . Cloverfield director Matt Reeves spoke highly of his work with Page , ... he is a genius . Reeves characterized Page 's work on the creature in the film , It developed in many different ways , and it came down to what Neville was doing , which was amazing . The North County Times referred to him observing , Page is one of the most recognizable artists in the entertainment industry for his iconic designs . Director of exhibitions and collections at the Oceanside Museum of Art , Teri Sowell , reflected of the exhibition featuring Page 's work to The San Diego Union Tribune , These creatures are so embedded in our minds , we take them for granted . It 's really handcrafted art . Film director J. J. Abrams commented on Page 's work on his film Super 8 , the designer of the creature , Neville Page , did an amazing job and I think he gave us something that took a ton of iterations but he really nailed it . Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations
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3,069 | The Battle of Beirut was a naval battle off the coast of Beirut during the Italo Turkish War . Italian fears that the Ottoman naval forces at Beirut could be used to threaten the approach to the Suez canal led the Italian military to order the destruction of the Ottoman naval presence in the area . On 24 February 1912 two Italian armoured cruisers attacked and sank an Ottoman casemate corvette and six lighters , retired , then returned and sank an Ottoman torpedo boat . As a result of the battle all Ottoman naval forces in the region were annihilated , thus ensuring the approaches to the Suez Canal were open to the Italians . Besides the naval losses , the city of Beirut itself suffered significant damage from the Italian warships . Background During the Italo Turkish War , the Italian military feared that Ottoman naval forces in the Mediterranean would stage raid on the Italian supply and troopships headed for Italian East Africa . In order to prevent such a raid , Rear Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel was ordered to clear the harbor of Beirut of what Ottoman naval vessels he might find there . Revel 's force consisted of two armoured cruisers Giuseppe Garibaldi and Francesco Ferruccio . Both cruisers were of the Giuseppe Garibaldi class and armed with two 10 inch guns in turrets , ten 6 inch guns , six 4 . 7 inch guns , ten 6 pounders , ten 1 pounders , 2 Maxim machine guns , and five torpedo tubes . In contrast the Ottoman forces consisted of the casemate corvette Avnillah and the torpedo boat Angora . The Angora was a relatively new vessel completed in 1906 and armed with two 37 mm cannons as well as two 14 inch torpedo tubes with a pair of torpedoes per tube . In contrast the Avnillah was an antiquated ironclad corvette built in 1869 . After a reconstruction was completed in 1907 she was armed with four 3 inch guns and eight six pounders . In addition to her cannon she was also armed with a single 14 inch torpedo tube . Thus the Ottoman force was entirely outgunned by the Italians , giving them a severe disadvantage in the looming battle . Battle The two Italian cruisers approached the harbor and fired a blank shot at the Ottoman vessels lying there . Upon sighting the Italian ships , the Ottoman commander on the Avnillah sent out a launch under a flag of truce to communicate with the enemy . While negotiating , the Ottoman commander ordered the Angora to position itself near the harbor 's mole . At 07 30 , Admiral Revel ordered the Ottoman launch to return with an ultimatum addressed to the unk of Beirut informing him to surrender his two warships by 09 00 . The message was received by the Wali at 08 30 . The Wali was in the process of issuing an order of surrender but this was not received by the Italians by the deadline . Accordingly , at 09 00 , the Italians began their attack on the Ottoman ships in the harbor . At a distance of 6 , 000 metres ( 6 , 600 yards ) , the Italians opened fire upon the Ottoman corvette . The Ottomans returned fire ineffectively until 09 35 when the Italian gunfire set the Avnillah afire . Receiving heavy damage and outgunned , the corvette struck her colours and the crew abandoned ship . At this point the Garibaldi sailed in close and engaged the Angora at 600 metres ( 660 yards ) with gunfire but failed to damage it . The Garibaldi then attempted to finish off the Avnillah by firing a torpedo at her . However , the torpedo deviated from its trajectory and hit several lighters moored nearby , sinking six of them . Undeterred , the Italian cruiser fired a second torpedo that struck the Ottoman corvette amidships . By 11 00 the corvette was sunk in shallow water and the pair of cruisers withdrew to the north . The action was not over however at 13 45 , the Italian cruisers returned and once more engaged the Ottoman forces . The only warship left in the harbor was the torpedo boat Angora so the Ferruccio moved in close and engaged it with gunfire for three minutes before it joined the Avni unk at the bottom of Beirut 's harbor . Once the fighting had ended the two Italian cruisers sailed off in a westward direction . Aftermath The Ottoman naval presence at Beirut was completely annihilated , removing the only Turkish naval threat to Italian transports in the area and giving the Italians complete naval dominance of the southern Mediterranean Sea for the rest of the war . Casualties on the Ottoman side were heavy . Both Ottoman warships were sunk , with the Avnillah alone taking 58 killed and 108 wounded . In contrast the Italian ships not only took no casualties , but no direct hits from the Ottoman warships as well . The damage was not restricted to the Ottoman naval vessels present at Beirut , as the city took heavy damage as well . Stray shots from the cruisers decimated the city . Fires broke out as a direct result of the stray gunfire , destroying several banks and part of the city 's customs house as well as other buildings . Combined from the fires and shelling , 66 civilians were killed in the city along with hundreds of others wounded . As retribution for the Italian actions at Beirut , four days after the battle the central Ottoman government ordered the unk of Beirut , Aleppo , and Damascus to expel all Italian citizens from their jurisdictions , resulting in the deportation of over 60 , 000 Italians from the region . Despite the retaliatory expulsion of Italian citizens from the area , the battle gave the Italian forces complete naval superiority in the approaches to the Suez Canal and Italian forces in Eritrea could now be reinforced without hesitation , eliminating much of the Ottoman threat to the region . Thus the battle was both a strategic and tactical Italian victory .
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3,070 | St Mary 's Church , Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf is a small medieval church in Anglesey , north Wales . The earliest parts of the building , including the nave and the north doorway , date from the 14th century . Other parts , including the chancel and the east window , date from the 15th century . It is associated with the Welsh poet and clergyman Goronwy Owen , who was born nearby and served as curate here . He later travelled to America to teach at The College of William Mary , Virginia . The church is still in use for worship , as part of the Church in Wales , as one of three churches in the combined parish of Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf with Llanbedrgoch with Pentraeth . It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to particularly important buildings of more than special interest , because it is a good rural church retaining substantial medieval fabric . History and location St Mary 's Church is situated near the east coast of Anglesey , north Wales . It is by the side of a country road near the village of unk . The parish includes the coastal resort of unk . The parish takes its name in part from the church the Welsh word llan originally meant enclosure and then church , and unk is a modified form of Mary ( Mair in Welsh ) . Mathafarn Eithaf translates as area ( or field ) of the tavern . It is a medieval church , and the oldest part of the building is the nave , which dates from the 14th century . The chancel and the arch between nave and chancel were added in the following century . The architect of the Diocese of Bangor , Henry Kennedy , carried out work on the church in 1847 . He added a vestry on the north side and a porch to the south , as well as making some other alterations and additions , such as the re roofing of the chancel . The church is still in use for worship , as part of the Church in Wales . It is one of three churches in the combined benefice of Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf with Llanbedrgoch with Pentraeth . It is within the deanery of Tindaethwy and Menai , the archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2012 , the position of rector is held by the Venerable R P Davies , Archdeacon of Bangor . Services are held on a Sunday morning , alternating between Holy Communion and Morning Prayer . The Welsh priest and poet Goronwy Owen , who was born in the parish on 1 January 1723 , served for three weeks as curate of St Mary 's . He later travelled to America to teach at The College of William Mary , Virginia , and remained in Virginia until his death . Architecture and fittings St Mary 's is built from rubble masonry , with buttresses at the eastern ends of the nave and chancel , and it has a slate roof . The timbers of the roof can be seen from inside the church . There is a bellcote at the west end of the roof , containing one bell dated 1849 . The church has a gallery at the west end , reached by climbing a spiral staircase . The nave is longer and higher than the chancel , with one step and a simple 15th century chancel arch between them . The nave measures about 52 feet 6 inches by 16 feet 3 inches ( about 16 by 5 m ) , and the chancel measures about 18 feet 6 inches by 13 feet 6 inches ( about 5 . 6 by 4 . 1 m ) . Entrance is through the porch in the middle of the south wall of the nave , which houses a round headed doorway from the 15th or 16th century . There is a trefoil headed single window on the south wall of the nave to the left of the porch , and two windows , each with three trefoil headed lights ( sections of window , separated by mullions ) , to the right of the porch . The south wall of the chancel has a similar window , with only two lights , which was inserted in 1847 it adjoins a blocked window from the 17th century . The north wall of the church , which was rebuilt in 1847 , has a 14th century doorway with a pointed arch , and windows on each side similar to those on the south side . The east window , which dates from the 15th century , has three lights headed with cinquefoils set within a pointed arch . There is a hood mould on the outside . A 1937 survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire noted a wooden communion table , dated 1667 , and some interior memorials dated 1724 and 1731 . It also recorded that the churchyard contained an 11th century churchyard cross , which had at one point held a sundial . Most of the fittings inside the church date from the mid 19th century . The pulpit has two carved panels , one depicting Christ and the other a Madonna and Child . It was installed in 1969 , marking the unk of Goronwy Owen 's death . The reredos behind the altar is in memory of those who died during World War I. Assessment The church has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II listed building the second highest of the three grades of listing , designating particularly important buildings of more than special interest . It was given this status on 12 May 1970 . Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) states that St Mary 's has been listed because it is a good rural church retaining substantial medieval fabric . Writing in 1847 , the clergyman and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones said that St Mary 's , which he called a rather long and low building , was situated in an uneven , rocky , and exposed locality within a parish that had a peculiarly bleak and desolate appearance . He also thought that the roof of the church was remarkable for the quantity of good , but light , timber used in its construction .
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3,071 | Tropical Storm Zeta was a late developing tropical storm over the central Atlantic that formed after the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season had officially ended ( on November 30 ) and continued into January 2006 . Becoming a tropical depression at approximately midnight on December 30 ( UTC ) , it became the record breaking thirtieth tropical cyclone of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and after intensifying into Tropical Storm Zeta six hours later , it became the season 's twenty seventh named storm . Zeta was one of only two Atlantic tropical cyclones to span two calendar years ( the other being Hurricane Alice in 1954 55 ) . Zeta originated from an area of low pressure on December 29 , which previously developed within an upper level trough . After becoming a tropical storm , the National Hurricane Center continually predicted it would weaken rapidly . Like the previous tropical cyclone , Hurricane Epsilon , Zeta defied these predictions . The storm reached its peak strength on January 2 , 2006 before finally dissipating on January 6 . As Zeta never approached land there was no impact from the storm other than minor shipping problems . Several ships encountered the storm , and several crews in the 2005 Atlantic Rowing Race were affected by rough seas and high winds . Meteorological history Tropical Storm Zeta originated from an upper level trough that interacted with a weakening frontal system in late December 2005 . By December 28 , the trough had developed into a low pressure area roughly 750 mi ( 1 , 210 km ) west northwest of the Cape Verde Islands . The following day , a low level circulation developed and convective activity began to increase around the low . By December 30 , sufficient shower and thunderstorm activity had developed for the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) to classify it as a tropical cyclone . Over the following several hours , convective banding developed around the storm 's center and by 0600 UTC , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Zeta , the record 28th tropical or subtropical cyclone to form during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . Operationally , however , the NHC did not begin issuing advisories on Zeta until 1700 UTC . Traveling slowly northwestward in response to a mid level low to the southwest , the storm gradually intensified in a region of favorable anticyclonic outflow . By the afternoon of December 30 , dry air caused the system to become slightly disorganized and led forecasters to anticipate further weakening of the storm and dissipating within three days . The following day , a mid level ridge to the north caused Zeta turn westward before nearly stalling due to upper level westerlies . By this time , the storm attained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km h ) but increasing wind shear caused convection to become disorganized , resulting in a brief weakening period . Despite the shear , the shallow structure of Zeta allowed convection to regenerate and the storm gradually re intensified . Around 1800 UTC on January 1 , 2006 , Zeta attained its peak intensity with winds of 65 mph ( 100 km h ) and a barometric pressure of 994 mbar ( hPa 29 . 35 inHg ) roughly 1 , 035 mi ( 1 , 665 km ) northwest of the Cape Verde Islands . By January 2 , the storm began tracking towards the southwest in response to a mid level trough located east of the storm . Tropical Storm Zeta continued to defy forecasts of weakening . The effects of wind shear finally took their toll late on January 4 , and Zeta 's convection began to die down . This led to Tropical Storm Zeta weakening to a minimal tropical storm . The NHC continued to overestimate how quickly Zeta would dissipate and early on January 5 they operationally downgraded Zeta to a depression , which was later confirmed to have been an error . Zeta continued to move west northwestward , barely holding on to tropical storm status before becoming disorganized again . Zeta weakened into a tropical depression on January 6 and dissipated into a remnant later that day . With this transition , the very active 2005 hurricane season finally came to a close . The remnant low retained its identity for a further day before it dissipated 660 miles ( 1060 km ) southeast of Bermuda . Impact and records Several of the crews that were taking part in the 2005 Atlantic Rowing Race were affected with heavy seas and strong adverse winds from Tropical Storm Zeta . Several teams encountered winds up to 50 mph ( 85 km h ) and large swells up to 12 ft ( 3 . 7 m ) . Although battered by torrential rain and high winds , the direction of the winds assisted some of the ships in the race by speeding them closer to Antigua . One Welsh vessel was blown 25 mi ( 40 km ) off course , ending with an encounter with a 12 ft ( 3 . 7 m ) shark that battered their boat . The ship Liberty Star made several reports of strong winds from Tropical Storm Zeta , including one of 40 mph ( 65 km h ) winds early on December 31 , when the ship was about 45 miles ( 75 km ) north of the storm . When Zeta formed at 0600 UTC on December 30 , it became the second latest forming tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic . Only Hurricane Alice of December 1954 formed later than Zeta , becoming a tropical storm around 1200 UTC . Additionally , Zeta became the second known Atlantic tropical cyclone , along with Alice , to exist in two calendar years . Tropical Storm Zeta also extended the record number of storms to form in the 2005 season to twenty eight , seven more than the previous record held by the 1933 season . Although the storm affected several vessels during its existence , no land areas were threatened by Zeta . As a result , the NHC did not issue any tropical storm watches or warnings .
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3,072 | The 1886 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy in the 1886 college football season . The team marked the second time that the school played a multiple game season . The squad was captained by halfback Clarence Stone . The year began with consecutive wins over rivals St. John 's College and Johns Hopkins , but then reversed with a loss to the former and a close victory over the latter . The year concluded with shutout losses to the Princeton reserve squad and Gallaudet . The season was the program 's longest until 1890 , when that year 's team played seven games . Prelude According to Ellsworth P. unk 's biographer C. Douglas Kroll , the first evidence of a form of football at the United States Naval Academy came in 1857 , but the school 's cadets lost interest in the game shortly afterward . The Naval Academy fielded its first official football program in 1879 , headed by William John Maxwell . The team played one match , a 0 0 tie , after which the program went on hiatus for two years . It returned with the 1882 season under the guidance of player coach Vaulx Carter . That season and the following two years of football were single game seasons played against rival Johns Hopkins Navy won two of the three years . The 1885 season was the first the school participated in a multi game year , playing three games , including the first against nearby St. Johns College . The season was a disappointment , ending in a 1 2 record . Schedule Season The season began with a game against St. Johns , one of the first contests in what would become a heated rivalry . Navy won the game with relative ease , 12 0 . The following game was against Johns Hopkins , played on November 13 . The contest was an irregularity in the schools ' rivalry all previous and most following games were played on Thanksgiving Day , as a part of the Naval Academy 's Thanksgiving athletic carnival . Although the score was close , a 6 0 win for the Naval Academy , Hopkins was never a threat to the cadets . After this point , the Academy 's luck shifted . The squad was upset 4 0 in a rematch with St. Johns , and barely defeated Johns Hopkins in a 15 14 contest , played as a part of the athletic carnival . The Baltimore American covered the Johns Hopkins game in detail Early in the first half , by much rushing , forcing , snapbacks and vigorous unk Riggs , the huge Hopkins quarterback , crashed over the goal line for 4 points . Paul Dashiell converted . Riggs repeated his performance but Dashiell missed conversion . Navy then adopted the Hopkins rushing tactics and Stone went over for the first score . With Hopkins backed up against her own goal line , Dashiell broke through the entire Navy team for a touchdown . Goal was missed and the score was 14 to 6 against Navy . With the game fast coming to a close The Tars formed a closely knit ball with the halfback in center . Navy hit paydirt but the referee found something illegal and called the ball back , much to the consternation of the Cadet unk . But on the next play George Hayward kicked a field goal , making the score 14 to 11 . Just before the game ended a double pass , Bill Cloke to captain Clarence Stone , carried to ball over the Hopkins goal for the 4 points that won the game . Just two days after the second Hopkins game , on November 27 , the Naval Academy challenged the Princeton Tigers reserve squad and was easily shutout , 30 0 . The Academy never came close to scoring on the reserves . The Naval Academy hosted Gallaudet in its final game of the season sometime in December , a contest that the visitors won in a shutout , 16 0 . Players The 1886 Navy football team was made up of twelve players at five unique positions . The squad consisted of five rushers , one snapback , two fullbacks , two halfbacks , and two quarterbacks . Three of the players ( both halfbacks and a rusher ) had played the previous season . The age of the players ranged several years due to the academy 's admission policy the school allowed for men between the ages of 14 and 18 to be admitted , which future player John B. Patton remarked made it just a boys ' school . Postseason and aftermath The first postseason college football game would not be played until 1902 , with the Pasadena Tournament of Roses ' establishment of the Tournament East West football game , later known as the Rose Bowl . The Midshipmen would not participate in their first Rose Bowl until the 1923 season , when they went 5 1 2 and tied with the Washington Huskies 14 14 in the match . As a result of the lack of competition , there were no postseason games played after the 1886 season . According to statistics compiled by unk , Houlgate , the National Championship Foundation , Parke H. Davis , and the Helms Athletic Foundation , Princeton and Yale were declared the 1886 season national co champions . Paul Dashiell , the Johns Hopkins player who nearly single handedly beat the Naval Academy , later served as the team 's head coach , leading the program to a 25 5 4 record between 1904 and 1906 . The 1886 season kept Navy 's overall win loss record at an even 6 6 1 . It also brought the Academy 's record against Johns Hopkins to a 4 2 lead , from which Hopkins never recovered . The season marked the first time a team for the Naval Academy would play a multiple game season . The 1886 schedule was the longest for the Naval Academy until 1891 , when that year 's squad played seven matches . Navy finished the 1880s with four winning seasons , and an overall record of 14 12 2 . The school outscored their opponents 292 231 , and would go on to finish the 19th century with an overall record of 54 19 3 .
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3,073 | Lifesong is a song recorded by Christian rock band Casting Crowns . Written by Mark Hall and produced by Mark A. Miller , it was released as the lead single from the band 's 2005 album Lifesong . According to Mark Hall , the lead vocalist of Casting Crowns , Lifesong came out of what he found himself saying to students in his church 's youth ministry . Compared to the work of rock band U2 , the song lyrically points believers towards honoring God in all they do . Lifesong received mostly positive reviews upon its release , with some critics praising the song 's musical arrangement . The song was nominated for two awards at the 37th GMA Dove Awards and has been performed by Casting Crowns in concert . It was a hit on Christian radio , topping the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts as well as the Radio Records Christian AC and Soft AC Inspirational charts . It also peaked inside the top ten on the Radio Records Christian CHR chart . It ranked at number twenty one on the 2000s decade end Hot Christian Songs chart and number twenty seven on the decade end Hot Christian AC chart . Recording and composition Lifesong was written by Mark Hall and produced by Mark A. Miller . The strings on the song were arranged by Bobby Huff . Lifesong was recorded and mixed by Sam Hewitt at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee . Additional recording was done at Lifesong Studio in McDonough , Georgia . Strings were recorded at Little Big Studio by Boeho Shin and Daewoo Kim . It was mastered by Richard Dodd and engineered by Dale Oliver and John Lewis Lee III . Lifesong is a song with a length of four minutes and thirty seven seconds the version of the song on Lifesong has a length of five minutes and sixteen seconds . It is set in common time in the key of A major and has a tempo of 112 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of A3 to the high note of E5 . Lifesong has been described as a power ballad and robust pop , and it has been musically compared to the work of rock band U2 , Lyrically , it points believers towards honoring God in all they do . According to lead vocalist Mark Hall , the song came out of what he found himself saying and praying to the student 's in his church 's youth ministry . Critical reception Lifesong received mostly positive reception from music critics . John DiBiase of Jesus Freak Hideout described it as a musical nod to U2 and felt that the opening of Lifesong with the song was responsible for the album having a greater appeal than Casting Crowns ' debut record . David McCreary of CCM Magazine called the song a powerhouse praise number . Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today , however , felt the song was one of the weakest on the album , calling it predictable and criticizing what he perceived as imitation of U2 's Where The Streets Have No Name and Chris Tomlin 's Forever . At the 37th GMA Dove Awards , Lifesong was nominated for Song of the Year and Pop Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year . It did not win in either category . Release and chart performance Lifesong was released as a digital single on July 19 , 2005 , with Josh Bates ' Perfect Day as its B side . It was released to Christian AC , Christian CHR , and Soft AC Inspirational radio on July 30 , 2005 . Lifesong debuted at number twenty one on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart for the chart week of August 6 , 2005 . It advanced to number ten in its third week and to number two in its fourth week . In its seventh chart week , Lifesong advanced to the number one position on the chart . It spent a total of ten non consecutive weeks atop the chart and thirty four weeks on the chart in total . Lifesong also peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart , the Radio Records Christian AC chart , and the Radio Records Soft AC Inspirational chart . It peaked at number seven on the Radio Records Christian CHR chart . Lifesong ranked at number twelve on the 2005 year end Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts and at number nineteen on the 2005 year end Radio Records Christian AC chart . It ranked at number sixteen on the 2006 year end Hot Christian Songs chart and at number seventeen on the 2006 year end Hot Christian AC chart . It also ranked at number twenty one on the decade end Hot Christian Songs chart and at number twenty seven on the decade end Hot Christian AC chart . Lifesong was included on the compilation albums WOW Hits 2007 and Wow Best of 2007 . A live version of the song was included on Casting Crowns ' live album Lifesong Live . Live performances Casting Crowns have performed Lifesong live in concert . At a concert at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford , New Jersey , Casting Crowns opened their setlist with the song , accompanied by over 100 robed choir members . At a concert on November 12 , 2005 at Stabler Arena in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania , Casting Crowns opened their setlist with the song . They performed Lifesong as the eighteenth song on their setlist at a concert on February 5 , 2010 at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri . At a concert on February 28 , 2010 in Hershey , Pennsylvania , Casting Crowns closed out their concert with a performance of Lifesong . Casting Crowns performed the song as the second of their setlist at a concert on October 29 , 2011 at the Peoria Civic Center in Peoria , Illinois . Track listing Digital single Lifesong 4 37 Perfect Day ( Josh Bates ) 4 10 Album version Lifesong 5 16 Credits and personnel Credits lifted from the album liner notes of Lifesong . Charts Release and radio history
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3,074 | Goodbye Mr. Fish or sometimes Good bye Mr. Fish , Goodbye , Mr. Fish or just Mr. Fish is the second episode of the first season of the American sitcom The Cosby Show . The episode was directed by Jay Sandrich and written by Earl Pomerantz . Goodbye Mr. Fish originally aired in the United States on NBC on Thursday September 27 , 1984 , at 8 00 PM Eastern time . The episode focuses on the death of Rudy 's pet goldfish , which was difficult to explain to her and difficult for her to deal with . The episode was a critical and commercial success , achieving both high ratings and positive critical feedback . Its viewer ratings placed it third for the opening week of the 1984 85 United States network television season and it earned Primetime Emmy Award and Writers Guild Award nominations for its writing . Several critics either describe this as the most memorable episode of the series or mention it first when describing the series ' memorable episodes . Other critics as well as Bill Cosby include it on short lists of series highlights . Clips of this episode are included in the season 4 two part Looking Back episode . Plot Cliff ( Bill Cosby ) comes home from a long day at work and tries to take a nap . Vanessa ( Tempestt Bledsoe ) disturbs him to say that Rudy 's ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) goldfish , Lamont , has died , but she does not realize it yet . They have a hard time explaining to Rudy what has happened . Once they do , Rudy becomes depressed . Later that day , the older kids start making fun of Lamont 's death , Theo saying they should hold a memorial service for the fish around the family toilet . When Cliff feels that the rest of the family is insensitive to Rudy 's loss , he requires the entire family to participate in a memorial service for Lamont in the bathroom in proper funeral attire . Rudy loses interest in the funeral and leaves to watch television , ending the ceremony abruptly . She later returns to the bathroom and asks for privacy , not because she wants to say goodbye to Lamont as Cliff thinks , but because she needs to use the toilet . Cast Bill Cosby as Cliff Huxtable Phylicia Ayers Allen as Clair Huxtable Malcolm Jamal Warner as Theo Huxtable Keshia Knight Pulliam as Rudy Huxtable Tempestt Bledsoe as Vanessa Huxtable Lisa Bonet as Denise Huxtable Production This was first episode taped and produced for the show , on August 1 , 1984 , following the Pilot taped much earlier in May 1984 . The show originated at the NBC studio in Brooklyn before a live studio audience with six different sets a living room , a master bedroom , a kitchen , a child 's bedroom , a hallway , and a bathroom . The taping endured so many retakes that it took three times as long as was scheduled . The set used was notably different from the one used during the pilot . In the first episode , the first floor has extra rooms that it does not have in the rest of the series , beginning with this episode . As of 1987 , this was one of the few sitcom episodes that showed the bathroom , according to Patricia Leigh Brown of The New York Times . Reception In 2009 , TV Guide created TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time , with this episode ranked number 15 . Earl Pomerantz was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay Episodic Comedy and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for this episode . The episode was also nominated for an Emmy in the category of Outstanding Live and Tape Sound Mixing and Sound Effects for a Series . The episode finished third in the Nielsen Media Research ratings for the week with a 19 . 1 million person viewership and a 22 . 5 share for the week ending September 30 behind Dallas ( 22 . 4 million ) and Falcon Crest ( 19 . 8 million ) . This followed a first place ranking for the Pilot the week before . This was the first episode of the series to air after the September 24 date that marked the official beginning of the 1984 85 United States network television season . David Hinckley of the Daily News describes Rudy as impossibly cute in this episode . Producer Marcy Carsey considered the episode to be an example of how the series dealt with the reactions to small scale events . According to Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly , this is considered by many to be the most memorable episode of the series . Other critics consider it to be among the highlights of the series including Allison Samuels of Newsweek who remembered Cosby for two performances in the series in which he hid his potato chip habit from his wife and delivered a deadpan eulogy as he flushed his daughter 's goldfish down the toilet . William Raspberry of The Washington Post and Graham Jefferson of USA Today considered the episode to be a highlight of the series . Cosby was quoted in Ebony as counting the episode on the short list of highlights from the series . This was the first episode mentioned by several writers discussing the series , including Renee Graham of the Boston Globe , Matt Roush of USA Today ( in 1987 after the first 81 episodes ) , and Candace Murphy of the Oakland Tribune . In the fourth season two part November 12 , 1987 Looking Back episode , the family tries to help the newlywed Sondra Huxtable and Elvin reconcile after their first fight . The episode recounts highlights of the first 81 episodes to help Elvin understand Sondra and her family and this episode is highlighted . According to TBS , the following lines in the funeral part of the script were among the most memorable in the entire series Cliff We 're here to say goodbye to a cherished friend Lamont , the goldfish . Vanessa I always felt safe with him around .
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3,075 | The Siah Bisheh Pumped Storage Power Plant ( Persian unk unk unk unk unk unk ) , also spelled unk and Siah unk , is located in the Alborz Mountain range near the village of Siah Bisheh and 48 km ( 30 mi ) south of unk in Mazandaran Province , Iran . The power plant uses the pumped storage hydroelectric method to generate electricity during periods of high energy demand , making it a peaking power plant , intended to fulfill peak electricity demand in Tehran 60 km ( 37 mi ) to the south . When complete it will have an installed generating capacity of 1 , 040 megawatts ( 1 , 390 , 000 hp ) and a pumping capacity of 940 megawatts ( 1 , 260 , 000 hp ) . Planning for the project began in the 1970s and construction began in 1985 . It was delayed from 1992 until 2001 and the first generator went online in May 2013 . The remaining generators were commissioned by 1 September 2015 . The power plant is the first pumped storage type in Iran and will also use the country 's first concrete face rock fill dam two of them . Background A site was first identified for the power plant in the 1970s when a study was carried out on the water resources of the unk Mountains by the Belgian firm unk . Several sites for dams were identified including Siah Bisheh as a potential place for a pumped storage power plant . In 1975 , a feasibility report on the Siah Bisheh project was submitted to the Ministry of Energy . The unk Mountains study concluded in 1977 and geologic studies began in 1978 but were halted in 1979 due to the Iranian Revolution . In 1983 , Lahmeyer International was contracted to create designs for Phase II ( underground excavation ) which were completed in 1985 , the same year construction on the dam 's diversion tunnels began . Further designs for Phase I ( superstructures ) were developed and construction continued until 1992 when a lack of funding halted the project once again . Construction would not commence again until 2001 . In 2002 and 2003 , contracts for the dams and power plant were awarded and construction continued . The project was 90 percent complete as of April 2012 . Both the upper and lower reservoir were complete and had finished impounding in January 2013 . The first of four generators was commissioned in May 2013 and the remaining were operational by 1 September 2015 . Design and operation The power plant operates using a lower and upper reservoir along with a power plant connected to both . Water is either pumped from the lower to the upper reservoir to serve as stored energy or released from the upper to the lower reservoir to generate electricity . Pumping occurs during low demand , cheap electricity , periods such as night and generating will occur during peak demand , expensive electricity , hours such as during the day . The pumping generating process repeats as needed . Both the upper and lower reservoirs are created by concrete face rock fill dams on the unk River which has an average inflow of 67 . 1 cubic metres per second ( 2 , 370 cu ft s ) . The upper dam is 82 . 5 metres ( 271 ft ) tall and 436 m ( 1 , 430 ft ) long . It contains 1 , 550 , 000 cubic metres ( 2 , 030 , 000 cu yd ) of fill ( structural volume ) and is 12 metres ( 39 ft ) wide at its crest and 280 m ( 919 ft ) wide at its base . Its reservoir has a storage capacity of 4 , 344 , 220 cubic metres ( 3 , 521 . 92 acre ft ) ( of which 3 , 500 , 000 m3 ( 2 , 837 acre ft ) is active or usable ) and a surface area of 141 square kilometres ( 54 sq mi ) . The lower reservoir dam is the bigger of the two and is 102 m ( 335 ft ) tall and 332 metres ( 1 , 089 ft ) long . It contains 2 , 300 , 000 cubic metres ( 3 , 000 , 000 cu yd ) of fill and is 12 m ( 39 ft ) wide at its crest and 360 metres ( 1 , 180 ft ) wide at its base . Its reservoir has a storage capacity of 6 , 874 , 709 m3 ( 5 , 573 acre ft ) ( of which 3 , 600 , 000 cubic metres ( 2 , 900 acre ft ) is active or usable ) and a surface area of 141 km2 ( 54 sq mi ) . Each of the dams are equipped with a chute staircase spillway . The upper dam 's has a maximum discharge capacity of 203 m3 s ( 7 , 169 cu ft s ) and the lower 198 . 25 cubic metres per second ( 7 , 001 cu ft s ) . The normal elevation for the upper reservoir is 2 , 406 . 5 m ( 7 , 895 ft ) and the lower 1 , 905 . 4 metres ( 6 , 251 ft ) which affords a gross maximum hydraulic head of 520 m ( 1 , 706 ft ) and normal of 504 metres ( 1 , 654 ft ) . Connecting the upper reservoir to the power station is an intake which feeds water into two 5 . 7 metres ( 19 ft ) diameter head race tunnels . Their length from the intake to two surge tanks ( used to prevent water hammer ) is 2 , 225 metres ( 7 , 300 ft ) ( left tunnel ) and 2 , 185 metres ( 7 , 169 ft ) ( right tunnel ) . From the surge tanks the tunnels each turn into a 680 metres ( 2 , 230 ft ) long penstocks which delivers water to the power station which is located underground near the lower reservoir . At the power station , each penstock unk into two penstocks to supply the four Francis turbine pump generators with water . The pump generators have a generating capacity of 260 MW and pumping capacity of 235 MW . The generators can each discharge up to 65 cubic metres per second ( 2 , 300 cu ft s ) of water and the power is converted by transformers to 400 kV . After water is discharged by the generators , it proceeds down one of two tail race tunnels ( 197 metres ( 646 ft ) and 159 metres ( 522 ft ) in length ) before being discharged into the lower reservoir . When pumping is required , the pump generators reverse into pumps and send water back to the upper reservoir through the same water conduits . Each generator can pump up to 50 m3 s ( 1 , 766 cu ft s ) of water .
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3,076 | Clavaria zollingeri , commonly known as the violet coral or the magenta coral , is a widely distributed species of fungus . It produces striking tubular , purple to pinkish violet fruit bodies that grow up to 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) tall and 7 cm ( 2 . 8 in ) wide . The extreme tips of the fragile , slender branches are usually rounded and brownish . A typical member of the clavarioid or club fungi , Clavaria zollingeri is saprobic , and so derives nutrients by breaking down organic matter . The fruit bodies are typically found growing on the ground in woodland litter , or in grasslands . Variations in branching and color can often be used to distinguish C. zollingeri from similarly colored coral fungi such as unk purpurea and Clavulina amethystina , although microscopy is required to reliably identify the latter species . Taxonomy and phylogeny The species was first described scientifically by French mycologist Joseph Henri Lveill in 1846 . It was named after German botanist Heinrich Zollinger , who researched the genus Clavaria , and collected the type specimen in Java , Indonesia . Lveill considered the dichotomous branching to be the prominent characteristic that separated this species from the otherwise similar Clavaria amethystina . American Charles Horton Peck published a species collected from Stow , Massachusetts as Clavaria unk in 1910 , but this is a synonym . The mushroom is commonly known as the violet coral , or the magenta coral . In a 1978 classification of the genus Clavaria , Ronald Petersen placed C. zollingeri in the subgenus Clavaria , a grouping of species with clamp connections absent from all septa in the fruit body others in the subgenus included C. purpurea , C. fumosa , and the type , C. vermicularis . A large scale molecular analysis of the phylogenetic distributions and limits of clavarioid fungi in the family Clavariaceae was published by Bryn unk and David McLaughlin in 2006 . Based on their analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences , C. zollingeri shared the greatest genetic similarity with Clavulinopsis unk . Petersen 's concept of the infrageneric classification of Clavaria was largely rejected in this analysis , as two of the three subgenera he proposed were found to be polyphyletic . Description The coloring of the fruit bodies is quite variable , ranging from violet to amethyst , or violet shaded with brown or red . The colors may be variable over the fruit body in one instance the outside branches were brown while the inner branches in the center of the bundle were light violet . Dried specimens may lose their coloring almost entirely , as the pigments may be sensitive to light or dryness . The fruit body is typically 5 to 10 cm ( 2 . 0 to 3 . 9 in ) tall and 4 to 7 cm ( 1 . 6 to 2 . 8 in ) wide . The stem , or base , is short , and the branching starts a short distance above the ground . The surfaces of the fragile branches are smooth and dry the branches are 2 6 thick , typically with rounded tips . It has no distinguishable odor , and a taste somewhat like radishes or cucumber . Although edible in small quantities , the fragile fruit bodies are of limited culinary value , and may have a laxative effect . In mass , the spores ( produced on the surface of the branches ) are white . Light microscopy reveals additional details the spores are roughly spherical to broadly elliptical , with dimensions of 4 7 by 3 5 m . They have a clear apiculus about 1 m long , and a single large oil droplet . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are four spored , do not have clamps , and measure 50 60 by 7 9 m , gradually widening at the apex . Similar species Other lavender to violet colored corals include Clavulina unk , which is so multiply branched so as to appear toothed , and Clavulina amethystina , which can only be reliably distinguished by its two spored basidia in comparison to the four spored basidia of Clavaria species . In unk purpurea , the branching is reduced and the color usually a duller purple . The Australian coral Clavaria unk is also similar in appearance to Clavaria unk , but has branch tips that end in two short and blunt processes that are the same color as the rest of the fruit body . Ramariopsis pulchella a small , violet colored coral fungus rarely taller than 3 cm ( 1 . 2 in ) could be mistaken for a small C. zollingeri . It has roughly spherical spores measuring 3 . 0 4 . 5 by 2 . 5 3 . 5 m . Habitat and distribution The fruit bodies of Clavaria zollingeri grow either solitarily , in groups , or in clusters on the ground in grassy spots , usually near hardwood trees , or with mosses . It is a saprobic species , deriving nutrients by breaking down organic matter . It has a widespread distribution , and has been found in Australia , New Zealand , North America , South America , and Asia ( including Brunei , India , and Korea ) . In North America , the distribution is restricted to the northeastern regions of the continent . Rare in Europe , it is listed in the Red Lists of threatened species in Denmark and Great Britain . In Ireland , it is used as an indicator species to help assess the fungal diversity of nutrient poor grasslands , a habitat under threat . It was recorded from the Netherlands for the first time in 2006 . Bioactive compounds Clavaria zollingeri contains lectins , a class of proteins that bind specific carbohydrates on the surface of cells , causing them to clump together . A Korean study demonstrated that extracts of the fungus caused unk , a specific form of agglutination that involves white blood cells . In general , lectins are used in blood typing and serology , and they are widely used in affinity chromatography for purifying proteins .
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3,077 | The Fairy Queen is a steam locomotive , plying between the Indian capital of New Delhi and Alwar , in Rajasthan . It was certified by the Guinness Book of Records in 1998 as being the world 's oldest one in regular operation after being restored to haul a luxury train in order to boost tourism in Rajasthan . The Fairy Queen runs on the same basis as the Palace on Wheels , the tourist train launched in 1982 , and in 1999 was awarded a National Tourism Award . The 5 ft 6 in ( 1 , 676 mm ) Indian gauge locomotive was built in England in 1855 , and has a two cylinder engine with a power output of 130 horsepower ( 97 kW ) , producing a top speed of 40 kilometres per hour ( 25 mph ) . It was placed in service by the East Indian Railway Company in West Bengal , where it hauled troop trains during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , and was withdrawn from service in 1909 and displayed on a pedestal in Howrah until 1943 . Heritage status was accorded in 1972 and the locomotive was restored as an exhibit at the National Rail Museum in Delhi . Restored to full working order , in 1997 the Fairy Queen returned to commercial service for the first time in 88 years . In 2011 , it was discovered that rare locomotive parts that were as good as irreplaceable had been looted . After a substantial rebuild , the engine was returned to working order in December 2012 . History The locomotive was constructed by Kitson , Thompson and Hewitson at Leeds , in England , in 1855 , and reached Kolkata , then known as Calcutta , in the same year . On arrival , it was given fleet number 22 by its owner , the East Indian Railway Company , not receiving a name until 1895 . Initially , the 5 ft 6 in ( 1 , 676 mm ) gauge locomotive was used to haul light mail trains in West Bengal , operating between Howrah and Raniganj , and during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 hauled troop trains . It was later consigned to line construction duty in Bihar , where it served until 1909 . The Fairy Queen spent the next 34 years on a pedestal outside Howrah station . In 1943 , the locomotive was moved to the Railway Zonal Training School at unk , in Uttar Pradesh , where it served as a curiosity object for many of the students based there . Express A number of similar locomotives were built around the same time as the Fairy Queen . These were supplied by Kitson , Thompson and Hewitson and also by Stothert , Slaughter and Company of Bristol . One of these , Stothert built Express , had been preserved at Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop , in Bihar , since 1901 . As the inscription on Express ' pedestal claimed that it was the first locomotive to operate between Howrah and Raniganj , and it was numbered 21 by the East Indian Railway Company , it has been claimed that Express is the older of the two . Express was restored for running in 2011 , making it a contender as the world 's oldest operating steam locomotive . Specifications The Fairy Queen was built by Kitson , Thompson and Hewitson at Leeds in England in 1855 . The coal fired engine is powered by two outside cylinders measuring 12 by 22 inches ( 300 mm 560 mm ) , and has a power output of 130 horsepower ( 97 kW ) , producing a maximum speed of 40 kilometres per hour ( 25 mph ) . It carries 3 , 000 litres ( 660 imp gal 790 US gal ) of water in an underslung water tank . The locomotive weighs 26 tonnes ( 26 LT ) , and the coal tender 2 tonnes ( 2 . 0 long tons 2 . 2 short tons ) . Built for the 5 ft 6 in ( 1 , 676 mm ) Indian gauge , it has a 2 2 2 wheel arrangement , developed by Robert Stephenson and Company in 1833 , with a driving wheel measuring 1 , 829 millimetres ( 72 . 0 in ) in diameter . Restoration The Indian government bestowed heritage status on the Fairy Queen in 1972 , rendering it a national treasure . It was restored and given a special spot in the newly built National Rail Museum at unk , in New Delhi . Following the success of the Palace on Wheels , the locomotive was restored to full working order in 1997 , in preparation for its first mainline journey in 88 years and its return to commercial service on 18 July . The two day excursion saw the train plying the 143 kilometres ( 89 mi ) from New Delhi to Alwar in Rajasthan , with passengers spending an overnight stay at the Sariska Tiger Reserve . The locomotive hauled a carriage capable of carrying 60 passengers at a maximum speed of 40 kilometres per hour ( 25 mph ) , with a service car holding a generator , compressor and pantry . The operation was repeated between December and February in the following years . It was certified by the Guinness Book of Records in 1998 as the world 's oldest steam locomotive in regular operation . The following year , the train received a National Tourism Award for the most innovative and unique tourism project from Atal Bihari Vajpayee , the then Prime Minister of India . In 2011 , it was discovered that rare locomotive parts that were as good as irreplaceable had been stolen , and the locomotive was moved to unk Locomotive Workshops at Chennai , in Tamil Nadu , for repair . On arrival , it was found that an estimated 50 to 60 parts had been looted , including the boiler , unk , unk and flow tubes . The Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer at the workshops stated What we received is a dead body , a piece of metal whose every removable part has been removed , leaving only the metal shell . The list of parts to be procured is huge . Officials estimated that it could take at least a year to restore the engine , even if suppliers of replacement parts could be found . Following a substantial rebuild , in which the workshops had to construct the missing parts themselves , the locomotive returned to service on 22 December 2012 .
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3,078 | ARA Almirante Brown was a central battery ironclad of the Argentine Navy built in the 1880s by Samuda Brothers in London . Almirante Brown displaced 4 , 200 long tons ( 4 , 300 t ) and had a top speed of 14 knots ( 26 km h 16 mph ) . The ship was protected by a belt of nine inch ( 230 mm ) steel faced armor and she carried a main battery of eight breech loading guns . She was among the first major warships in the world to use steel armor , and remained the largest vessel in the Argentine fleet for nearly two decades . Almirante Brown had a peaceful career in the fleet during the 1880s and 1890s . By the 1920s , she was reduced to a coastal defense ship , and remained in service until the early 1930s . She was stricken from the naval register in November 1932 and sold for scrapping . Design General characteristics and machinery Almirante Brown was 240 feet ( 73 m ) long between perpendiculars , and had a beam of 50 ft ( 15 m ) and a draft of 20 ft 6 in ( 6 . 25 m ) . She displaced up to 4 , 200 long tons ( 4 , 300 t ) with a combat load . Her hull was steel built , with a wood and zinc sheathing . The hull included a double bottom and a ram bow . She was fitted with two pole masts . The ship had a crew of 520 officers and men . Her propulsion system consisted of two compound steam engines that drove a pair of propellers . Steam for the engines was provided by eight coal fired , cylindrical water tube boilers . The boilers were split into four separate , watertight boiler rooms , and both of the steam engines were in individual engine rooms . The engines were rated at 5 , 400 indicated horsepower ( 4 , 000 kW ) and produced a top speed of 14 knots ( 26 km h 16 mph ) . Almirante Brown had the capacity to store up to 650 metric tons ( 640 long tons 720 short tons ) of coal for the boilers . In addition to her steam engines , Almirante Brown was fitted with a sailing rig for auxiliary cruising . The sail plan had an area of 10 , 000 square feet ( 930 m2 ) . Armament and armor Almirante Brown was equipped with a main battery of eight 8 inch ( 200 mm ) BLR Armstrong guns , all mounted individually in casemates . Six were in a central battery , and the other two were in the bow and stern . These breech loading guns were a new development , which rendered Almirante Brown a significantly more powerful vessel than even those that had been completed a few years earlier . She also carried six 4 . 7 in ( 120 mm ) guns , also in single mounts , all on the upper deck . Four were mounted forward , and two were located aft , on either side of the 8 inch stern chaser . Close range defense against small craft was provided by a pair of 9 pounder guns and a pair of 7 pounder guns . The ship was protected with compound armor with a steel face manufactured by the German firm Siemens the use of steel armor was a new development in naval technology , and permitted significant weight savings . The main armored belt was 9 in ( 230 mm ) thick amidships , and reduced to 7 . 5 in ( 190 mm ) at the bow and stern . Below the main belt was a strake of armor that was 6 in ( 150 mm ) thick amidships and 1 . 5 in ( 38 mm ) on either end of the ship . The central battery was protected by 8 in of armor plate in the lower strake , and 6 in of armor in the upper strake . Atop the central battery , the armored deck was .625 in ( 15 . 9 mm ) thick , while the deck fore and aft of the battery was 1 . 5 in ( 38 mm ) thick . The conning tower also had 8 in thick sides . Service history In 1878 , Argentina made inquiries in Britain to buy a new , ocean going capital ship for its navy , which to that point , had consisted of only coastal and riverine forces , centered on the two small La Plata class coastal defense ships . Almirante Brown , the first large ironclad of the Argentine Navy , was ordered from the Samuda Brothers shipyard of London . She was launched on 6 October 1880 , and cost the Argentine government 270 , 000 . On 14 June 1881 , she conducted speed trials on the Maplin Mile , and achieved her designed speed of 14 knots at full power . Upon her delivery to Argentina , she was the largest vessel in the Argentine fleet , and remained so until the four Garibaldi class armored cruisers were acquired in the late 1890s . Almirante Brown was present during the ceremonies for the opening of the south basin in the harbor of Buenos Aires on 28 January 1889 . On 13 July 1892 , the ship was thought to be lost in a storm that claimed the torpedo boat Rosales . The protected cruiser Veinticinco de Mayo was also believed to have sunk in the storm , though both survived . In the following year , Almirante Brown , along with most of the heavy units in the Argentine Navy , took part in putting down the naval defections in the revolution of 1893 . In 1897 , Almirante Brown went into dry dock at the La Seyne shipyard in Toulon for modernization . Her main battery guns were replaced with ten 5 . 9 in ( 150 mm ) 50 caliber quick firing Canet guns six replaced the guns in the central battery , and the other four were mounted in pairs in place of the bow and stern guns . In addition , the old 4 . 7 inch guns were replaced with new quick firing models . Her crew was reduced to 380 officers and men . By the 1920s , Almirante Brown had been reduced to a coastal defense and training ship , having long since been rendered obsolete by the dreadnought battleships Moreno and Rivadavia . On 17 December 1921 , crewmen from Almirante Brown rowed ashore to defeat a group of about 250 brigands based in Mata unk . The ship remained in service until the early 1930s . On 17 November 1932 , Almirante Brown was stricken from the naval register and subsequently discarded .
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3,079 | Hollywood Undercover Revealing the Sordid Secrets of Tinseltown is a non fiction book about the culture of Hollywood society , written by investigative journalist and author Ian Halperin . Halperin poses as a gay man trying to become a successful actor in Hollywood , and informs individuals he is from the non existent Israeli royal family . He investigates rumors that the Church of Scientology reportedly claims to have a cure for homosexuality through auditing , and speaks with a former Scientologist about his experiences . He also explores the casting couch phenomenon , the pornography industry , and the Oscars . Halperin meets with famous actors and celebrities , successfully obtains a talent agent , and a role in the film The Aviator . The book was published in 2007 in the United Kingdom by Mainstream Publishing , and on January 15 , 2008 in the United States . Hollywood Undercover received generally positive reviews in The Herald , New York Daily News , The Saturday Star , and Contactmusic.com and a critical review in The Independent . Halperin later released a documentary film on the same topic , His Highness Hollywood , which premiered in New York City in April 2008 . His Highness Hollywood is a companion documentary to the book . Contents Halperin pretends to be an individual trying to become a successful actor in Los Angeles , and gains access to exclusive celebrity parties . He informs individuals in the entertainment industry that he is a member of the Israeli royal family ( which does not exist ) . The book takes a critical look at the Church of Scientology and its influence in Hollywood . Halperin posed as a gay man looking for a cure for homosexuality from Scientology in order to expose what he felt were inherent prejudices in the organization . He investigates rumors that Scientology claims to have a cure for homosexuality through a special auditing process . Halperin interviews former Scientologist Michael Pattinson , who sued the Church of Scientology claiming fraudulent activities after spending US 500 , 000 over 18 years in attempts to cure his homosexuality . Halperin states that he told a Scientology official he wanted to have a successful career in Hollywood but was afraid that if his homosexuality was revealed it would stymie his career . He states that the Scientology official said the organization would cure him of his sexuality through auditing . According to Halperin the Scientology organization has arranged cover marriages as part of a cure for homosexuality , and notes that actor and Scientologist John Travolta married Kelly Preston two days after a male porn star told the National Enquirer of an alleged relationship he had with Travolta . According to Halperin , Anna Nicole Smith had wanted to become a Scientologist , but decided against it after she was informed by a friend of the organization 's stance on homosexuality . Halperin concludes that the Scientology organization is more focused on money than on other issues I pretty much found that everything about the church is about making as much money as possible , which doesn 't really make them much different from most other religions . I have to be honest and admit I also met some nice people in the church . It 's just that I have a huge problem with their discriminatory attitude toward gays . Halperin disputes Andrew Morton 's claim in his book Tom Cruise An Unauthorized Biography that actor Tom Cruise is second in command of the organization , instead asserting Cruise is actually in the top position of leadership . Halperin also explores the pornography industry , the Oscars , and the travails of the casting couch phenomenon . Links to YouTube videos by Halperin are given throughout the book , to illustrate encounters he had with various entertainment personalities . Halperin meets with famous actors and celebrities including Barbra Streisand , George Clooney and Leonardo DiCaprio , and asks them to share their advice with him about the workings of the entertainment industry . Halperin eventually lands a talent agent , and a role in the film The Aviator . Reception Cheryl unk , Rosemary Goring and Anne Johnstone reviewed the book for The Herald , and describe Halperin 's experiences in the book as certainly entertaining , and at times scandalous . Ben unk of New York Daily News notes Halperin received the most offensive response imaginable when he asked a Scientology official who Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard would have voted for in the 2008 United States presidential election according to Halperin , he asserted he spoke with a recruiter for Scientology , He said , ' I can tell you who shouldn 't be President Barack Obama , Condoleezza Rice and the Rev. Al Sharpton . They should not be allowed to run for office , they should be sweeping the office . ' A review of the book in The Independent comments that the YouTube links provided throughout the book have the effect of making virtually everyone who tries to help him seem nice while presenting Halperin as an unscrupulous creep . In a review in The Saturday Star , Angelique Serrao writes that Halperin interviews insiders who spill scandalous information that will leave you gasping at the audacity of the movie world . Adam Adshead of Contactmusic.com writes Hollywood undercover is a candid and intelligent look at the fame game from an insider 's point of view . Marc unk reviewed the book for Eye Weekly , and comments Cynical reporting about the Hollywood system isn t hard to come by , but Halperin has the audacity to get involved with his subjects , attracting empathy even while claiming that he s a royal scion craving fame that his homeland cannot facilitate .
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3,080 | Drunk on Love is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna , from her sixth studio album Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . The song was written by Ester Dean , Traci Hale , Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen of StarGate and Baria Qureshi , Romy Croft , Oliver Sim and Jamie Smith of The xx , with production helmed by StarGate . A power ballad , Drunk on Love samples the melody of The xx 's song Intro , which was included on their debut album xx . Instrumentation consists of a storm of drums and clattering synths . The song garnered mixed reviews from music critics , as they were divided on the song 's composition as well as Rihanna 's vocal performance . Upon the release of Talk That Talk , the song charted at number 55 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart and number 153 on the UK Singles Chart . Recording and production Drunk on Love was written by Ester Dean , Traci Hale , Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen of StarGate and Baria Qureshi , Romy Croft , Oliver Sim and Jamie Smith of The xx . Production of the song was helmed by StarGate . Rihanna recorded the song at several recording studios around the world during her Loud Tour ( 2011 ) , including Roc the Mic Studios , New York City , New York Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California and The Hide Out Studios , London , United Kingdom . It was recorded by Eriksen , Miles Walker and Mike Anderson . Vocal producer Kuk Harrell carried out the vocal production and vocal recording Marcos Tovar was also involved with the vocal recording . Alejandro Barajas served as the assistant vocal producer . Drunk on Love was mixed by Phil Tan and assisted by Daniella Rivera , while Eriksen and Hermansen provided instrumentation . Composition and lyrics Drunk on Love has been described as trancey and Europop influenced power ballad . The song last for a duration of three minutes and 32 seconds . Instrumentation consists of a storm of drums and clattering synths . Katherine St. Asaph for Popdust described the song 's percussion as huge . The song samples the melody of The xx 's song Intro , which was included on their debut album xx . Robert Copsey for Digital Spy noted that Rihanna describes herself as someone who wants to be loved in the lyric I just wanna be in love as she sings about being a hopeless romantic . He also described the lyric I wear my heart on my sleeve Always let love take the lead as Talk That Talk 's most thoughtful line . St. Asaph described the lyric I love the way you taste on my lips when we kiss as PG 13 at best , and wrote that it is not possible to be lovelorn as well as filthy at the same time . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , Drunk on Love is written in the key of A minor ( recorded in G minor ) with a moderate pop tempo of 100 beats per minute . The song follows a progression Am F Am F , and Rihanna 's vocals span from A3 to E5 . Critical reception Drunk on Love garnered mixed reviews from music critics . Sam Lansky for MTV Buzzworthy was complimentary of song , writing that only Rihanna is able to include an xx sample and sing love metaphors and make it sound fresh . He praised Rihanna 's vocal performance , calling it one of her best to date . Lansky also noted that Rihanna is emotionally charged when she sings the chorus . A reviewer for Sputnikmusic compared the song to one of Rihanna 's previous songs from her fifth studio album , Loud , What 's My Name , writing ' Drunk On Love ' is reminiscent of Loud 's best song , ' What 's My Name , ' with Rihanna singing ' I love it , I crave it ' with serious conviction and confident , powerful vocals . Jason Lipshutz for Billboard described the song 's production as dynamic and that Rihanna displays her full range . He continued to write that it would be a good decision to release Drunk on Love as a single . Meena Rupani of DesiHits was complimentary of the song 's club appeal , but did not feel that the song was a standout or memorable track . Katherine St. Asaph for Popdust had mixed opinions of the song . As part of her introduction , she praised its composition and inclusion of The xx 's sample of Intro and described the song as being heavy and slightly emo . St. Asaph was complimentary of its melodramatic style , and added that The xx sample does most of the heavy drifting here , but it 's well used notice how the vocals of the original become backing vocals for Rihanna with almost no adulteration . However , she was critical of how the song 's composition builds , writing that instead of starting quietly and building to its bombast , it starts somewhere between quiet and loud and ends past sic its bombast . As a unk , St. Asaph noted that Rihanna does not in fact sound drunk on the song , but wrote that it does not affect the outcome . Lindsay Zoladz of Pitchfork Media was critical of the song , labeling the chorus as weak and Rihanna 's vocal performance as too bombast for the xx 's laid back sample . Credits and personnel Recording Recorded at Roc the Mic Studios , New York City New York Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California The Hide Out Studios , London , United Kingdom . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Talk That Talk , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records . Charts Upon the release of Talk That Talk , Drunk on Love debuted and peaked on the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number 55 on November 26 , 2011 , with sales of 7 , 727 digital downloads . It also debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 153 in the chart issue December 3 , 2011 . On August 12 , 2012 , Drunk on Love debuted on the UK R B Chart at number 23 .
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3,081 | Severe Tropical Storm Fern was a damaging storm that struck Yap in the 1996 Pacific typhoon season . A tropical depression formed on December 21 , when a low level circulation center began to produce deep convection . The depression strengthened into a tropical storm the next day , and was given the name Fern by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) . The storm slowly intensified into a Category 1 typhoon on the Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale , according to JTWC . Fern peaked north of Yap on December 26 , with JTWC assessing winds of 150 km h ( 90 mph ) , while the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center , Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) assessed peak winds of 110 km h ( 70 mph ) , just below typhoon strength . The storm soon became sheared and weakened slowly . Fern continued to weaken to a tropical depression on December 30 . Both agencies stopped advisories later on the same day . Fern made a direct hit at Yap on Christmas Day . A cargo ship was abandoned after it was damaged by high winds offshore . On the island , Fern caused 3 million ( 1996 USD ) of damage . Roads and bridges were significantly damaged , and other public facilities were destroyed . Crops and private properties also received damage . A state of emergency was declared in Yap State two weeks later , and became a disaster area two months later . Meteorological history In the middle of December , twin monsoon troughs were established in the extreme western Pacific Ocean , which will later spawn storms Greg , and Fern itself in the northern hemisphere . The trough in the southern hemisphere spawned cyclones Ophelia , Phil , and Fergus . Around that time , convection began to increase near the equator , and was associated with a westerly wind burst . A low level circulation center was noted by JTWC on December 19 at 0600 UTC . Two days later , convection consolidated near the circulation center , and JMA began tracking it at 0000 UTC as a tropical depression . JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 1500 UTC , as sea level pressure began to deepen , and signs of upper level divergence were found in the system . The first advisory for Tropical Depression unk followed three hours later , on December 17 at 1200 UTC . JTWC upgraded the depression to a tropical storm on December 22 at 0000 UTC as it traveled westerly , and was given the name Fern . According to JTWC , the wind speeds meandered at minimal tropical storm strength . JMA proceeded to upgrade the depression into a tropical storm at 1800 UTC , with winds of 65 km h ( 40 mph ) , and a pressure reading of 996 hectopascals ( 996 mbar ) . On Christmas Eve , Fern slowly traveled toward Yap . The storm passed over Yap the next day , strengthening to 105 km h ( 65 mph ) at 0000 UTC , according to JTWC . JMA assessed Fern had winds of 100 km h ( 60 mph ) at the same time . Fern also began its recurvature that day , beginning its turn north . Eighteen hours later on Christmas Day , JTWC upgraded Fern to a typhoon , with winds of 120 km h ( 75 mph ) . JMA continued to keep it as a severe tropical storm at that time . On December 26 at 1200 UTC , Fern reached its peak at 150 km h ( 90 mph ) north of Yap after its recurvature , according to JTWC . JMA assessed that Fern reached its peak of 110 km h ( 70 mph ) , with a pressure reading of 975 hPa ( 975 mb ) twelve hours later . On December 28 , Fern began to weaken when it encountered a shear line . On the next day , JTWC downgraded Fern back to tropical storm strength , with winds of 110 km h ( 70 mph ) . At the same time according to JMA , the storm had weakened to 80 km h ( 50 mph ) , with a pressure reading of 985 hPa ( 985 mbar ) . Both warning centers downgraded Fern into a tropical depression by December 30 , as it continued to travel along a shear line . JTWC issued the final warning at 0600 UTC , while JMA stopped tracking the depression at 1200 UTC . JTWC continued to track the low until December 31 , where it stalled north of Guam . Impact and aftermath At sea , a cargo ship en route from Guam to Yap was abandoned after it was damaged by high winds . The passengers entered a life raft , and were later found by a Navy search and rescue airplane . They were soon rescued by a Maltese tanker . No one was injured when the accident occurred . Yap was directly hit by Fern on Christmas Day , causing about 3 million ( 1996 USD ) of damage . The Weather Service Office received a peak wind gust of 116 km h ( 72 mph ) , and a pressure reading of 983 hPa ( 983 mbar ) . The island received gusts around 93 km h ( 58 mph ) for several hours . One person was injured on the island , and no deaths were attributed to the storm . Roads and bridges were severely damaged , accounting for half of the damage . Homes and other private properties were also significantly damaged . Most crops on the island , such as coconuts , bananas , papayas , and breadfruit , were destroyed by the storm . Public facilities , like schools and hospitals , suffered widespread destruction . On January 3 , 1997 , a state of emergency was declared for Yap by Acting President Jacob Nena , stating that Fern caused an imminent threat to health , safety and welfare of the people of the affected areas . Two months later , on March 20 , United States President Bill Clinton declared Yap State a disaster area , allowing the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) to start the damage assessment of the area . The FEMA funding was only for public facilities , and did not include private properties . The request for individual assistance was not approved by FEMA , as damage to private properties were not much , and assistance from the national government and Yap State were sufficient .
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3,082 | Leggo My Meg O is the twentieth episode of the tenth season of the animated television series Family Guy . The episode originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 6 , 2012 . In this episode , Meg travels to Paris with her friend Ruth after being treated badly in school , but her exciting adventure comes to a halt when she gets kidnapped . Brian and Stewie embark on an action packed mission to find her before it is too late . This plot is a parody of the film Taken . This episode was written by Brian Scully and directed by John Holmquist . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and cultural references . It was viewed by 5 . 64 million U.S. viewers in its original airing , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode 's guest stars were Omid Abtahi , Bill English , Ralph Garman , Mark Hentemann , Jerry Lambert , Rachael MacFarlane , Natasha Melnick , Kim Parks , Julius Sharpe , Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin , Fred Tatasciore , John Viener and Lisa Wilhoit . Plot After being assaulted with unk by Connie D 'Amico and other girls during gym class , Meg talks to her friend Ruth about how much she hates being at school and wonders if she can tolerate the rest of the semester . She then learns that Ruth is going to spend a semester in Paris and is invited to join her in the program . Using the money she has saved from part time jobs , Meg is able to enroll in the program . The family sees her leave as she enters the airport . Once she and Ruth land in Paris , they meet a man who offers to share a cab with them as they go to their apartment . When the two of them arrive at the apartment , a group of men arrive and kidnap Ruth while Meg is talking to Peter on the phone . When she tells Peter what she witnessed , he tells her to hide under the bed . She complies , but the men find and take her anyway . After Peter talks to the kidnappers , one of them tells him Drakkar Noir before hanging up . After that , Peter calls Lois , Meg 's dead The Griffins call the FBI to hopefully get Meg back , but the FBI say that a person must be missing for 96 hours before they could take action ( unk , the FBI agents admit it 's not likely they 'll find her alive after she 's been missing that long ) . Concerned by it , Brian and Stewie get to Paris themselves to take matters into their own hands and save Meg . They find out where the men took Meg , who is about to be sold as a sex slave . At the auction , Stewie dresses up as a slave and Brian dresses as an Arab to get in , and Stewie is sold to Brian ( for 500 , 000 ) . However , Brian cannot afford to pay for Stewie , and the guard uncovers their disguises . They are chained to a pipe downstairs , but Brian breaks free and overpowers the guard . They then follow Meg and her captors to a yacht traveling down the River Seine . On board , Meg is delivered to an Arab emir waiting in the master stateroom . After Meg refuses to be his sex slave , The emir reveals he bought her not to be a sex slave but to be his son 's wife . The king introduces his teenage son , the young prince of the kingdom , who calls Meg a goddess and asks her to marry him or if she declines he will have her flown back to America on their private jet . Meg agrees to marry him , But Stewie then kills the prince , uses a unk on Meg , and takes her to a French hospital for treatment before taking her home safely . Back at home , the family is happy to see Meg , who admits remembering nothing between the proposal and being in a French hospital . Lois tells Meg that they found Ruth with her tongue cut out . Peter states that he has saved Meg 's mail then reveals that to be a joke as Meg had not received any mail . Production and cultural references The episode was written by Brian Scully and directed by John Holmquist . Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild served as executive producers , and James Purdum and Domonic Bianchi as supervising directors . Guest stars and recurring actors Omid Abtahi , Bill English , Ralph Garman , Mark Hentemann , Jerry Lambert , Rachael MacFarlane , Natasha Melnick , Kim Parks , Julius Sharpe , Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin , Fred Tatasciore , John Viener and Lisa Wilhoit made appearances throughout the episode . Some cultural references were included in this episode . The plot of this episode is based on the film Taken . Peter 's phone call to the kidnappers is a reference to the film . Reception In its original broadcast on May 6 , 2012 on Fox , Leggo My Meg O was watched by 5 . 64 million viewers according to Nielsen ratings , and aired on the same night as MacFarlane 's other show American Dad . It gained a 2 . 7 7 rating share in the 18 49 demographic group , having the same rating as Desperate Housewives , and beating American Dad . The ratings decreased from the previous episode , Mr. and Mrs. Stewie . The episode received average reviews from critics . Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club gave the episode B rating . He said the episode was filled with more laughs than he predicted . While stating that Meg 's humor comes from the same place each time , he enjoyed the action scenes in the episode . Carter unk of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 2 . 5 5 rating . He noted that the episode leaned on Taken too much , however he enjoyed some funny moments in it . He stated that the story seriously follows the same arc as the movie , just in 20 minutes . They find the Eastern Europeans who sold her to slavers , go on a car chase to rescue her and enter into a shootout on a boat to rescue her . He continued , Of course , there are jokes thrown in , and some humorous deconstructions of action movies and of the movie it parodies . For example , the ' car chase GPS ' scene .
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3,083 | Cyclone Clotilda was a destructive tropical cyclone that inundated Runion in February 1987 . A tropical disturbance first formed between Madagascar and Runion on February 9 and slowly intensified thereafter . While meandering , the storm fluctuated in intensity before it reached its peak intensity on February 13 , with winds of 110 km h ( 70 mph ) . After passing near Runion , it began to weaken . On February 16 , however , Clotilda began to regain strength , and reached its secondary peak on February 17 . Two days later , Clotilda became an extratropical cyclone . By February 22 , Clotilda was no long being tracked by meteorologists . While active , it brought torrential rains to the island of Runion during a span of 72 hours . A total of 1 , 855 mm ( 73 . 0 in ) of rain was recorded in La Plaine des Palmistes rainfall totals occasionally exceeded the totals measured during Cyclone Hyacinthe , the last major storm to affect Runion . However , the peak total measured in Hyacinthe was lower than the total measured during Clotilda . Furthermore , about 250 homes were damaged and roughly 120 homes were destroyed . Eighty nine trees were also brought down during the storm . Throughout the island , damage totaled 2 million ( 1987 USD ) and 10 people were killed . In addition to the destruction on Runion , 5 of crops on Mauritius were impacted by the storm . During the aftermath of the cyclone , 1 , 000 people on Runion were evacuated to shelters . Meteorological history The tropical disturbance that would later become Clotilda was first warned on by Mto France 's ( MFR ) meteorological office at Runion at 0600 UTC on February 9 . At this time , it was located about 500 km ( 310 mi ) from Runion . Initially moving south , the storm maintained its intensity for 24 hours before it was upgraded into a moderate tropical storm , with winds of 65 km h ( 40 mph ) . However , the strengthening trend was short lived , and several hours later , MFR downgraded Clotilda into a tropical depression as it began to meander . At 0600 UTC on February 11 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued its first warning on the system . That day , Clotilda began to re intensify and MFR upgraded Clotilda into a moderate tropical storm for the second time . At 1200 UTC that day , the JTWC reported that Clotilda developed gale force winds . Data from both agencies suggest that the storm held on to its intensity for about a day before gradually intensifying while turning east , passing within 80 km ( 50 mi ) Runion . At 1800 UTC on February 12 , the JTWC reported that Clotilda had reached its peak intensity of 85 km h ( 55 mph ) while MFR upgraded Clotilda into a severe tropical storm . The following day , MFR noted that Severe Tropical Storm Clotilda had reached its peak 10 minute sustained wind speed of 110 km h ( 70 mph ) while undergoing a small clockwise loop , passing about 155 km ( 95 mi ) east of Mauritius . After peaking in intensity , Severe Tropical Storm Clotilda began to weaken by February 13 , the JTWC had reassessed the intensity of the system to 70 km h ( 45 mph ) . Moreover , MFR reduced to intensity of Clotilda to 155 km h ( 95 mph ) the next day . Now moving west and away from the island of Reunion , the storm continued to deteriorate , and early on February 15 , the JTWC downgraded the system into a tropical depression while centered 560 km ( 350 mi ) west southwest of Mauritius . Very early on February 16 , the JTWC dropped advisories on the system even though MFR was still reporting winds of 65 km h ( 40 mph ) . Thereafter , Clotilda turned west and began to reintensify . Late on February 17 , the cyclone reached its secondary peak of 95 km h ( 60 mph ) while located 1 , 210 km ( 750 mi ) south southeast of Runion . Accelerating , the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on February 19 while turning south and later southeast . At 0000 UTC on February 22 , MFR at last stopped monitoring the system . Impact and aftermath Clotilda affected Mauritius on February 13 and 14 , with winds of up to 145 km h ( 90 mph ) , heavy rain and high seas . This resulted in several homes being flooded and about 5 of the island 's sugar crop being damaged . Due to the storm 's slow motion , Cyclone Clotilda brought torrential rains to the island of Runion during a span of three days . 1 , 855 mm ( 75 in ) of rain was recorded in La Plaine des Palmistes , compared to the 1 , 716 mm ( 67 . 6 in ) of rain measured at that same location during Cyclone Hyacinthe , the last major storm to affect the region . However , this total was significantly less than the peak total of 6 , 083 mm ( 239 . 5 in ) recorded at Commerson during Hyacinthe . Throughout the island , rainfall totals usually exceeded the totals measured during Hyacinthe . Major flooding was reported , damaging many roads , and 89 trees fell during the storm . A total 250 dwellings were damaged and nearly 120 others were completely destroyed , with several completely destroyed . This left around 4 , 000 people homeless . The north side of the island as well as the capital city of Saint Denis took the brunt of the cyclone wind gusts of 170 km h ( 105 mph ) were measured there . In all , damage from the storm totaled 2 million ( 1987 USD ) . A total of 40 , 000 people were affected by the storm . Clotilda killed 10 people on the island . Following the storm on Runion , tens of millions of francs were needed to repair damaged roads . Furthermore , 1 , 000 people moved to emergency shelters . On February 18 , 250 , 000 Euros were granted to nation to cope with the aftermath of Clotilda . According to one account , it took five days for most food items to be restored to the island .
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3,084 | The Sejm of the Estates ( Polish sejm unk ) or Estates of Galicia ( Polish unk unk ) were the parliament in the first half of the 19th century Galicia region in Austrian Empire . The body existed from 1775 to 1845 . In the history of the Polish parliament , it succeeded the general sejm and local sejmik on the territories of the Austrian partition . The Estates were disbanded following the Krakw Uprising of 1846 . In 1861 they were succeeded by the Sejm of the Land ( Polish sejm krajowy ) . The estates in question were primarily clergy and nobility , with a token townsfolk representation . Peasantry was not represented . History Postulate Sejm Parts of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth Lesser Poland territories were included in the Austrian partition as early as the First Partition of Poland in 1772 . In order to reduce dissent , the Austrian Empire in 1775 allowed the Polish nobility ( szlachta ) of the newly acquired territories to continue their tradition of holding local parliament like meetings , and gave the permission for an advisory body , the Postulate Sejm ( Polish sejm unk ) , to be held every year . The implementation of the Postulate Sejm was delayed , and eventually it held only four sessions , all in Lviv ( Lww ) in 1782 , 1784 , 1786 and 1788 . The body had no real power it could only write petitions to the monarch , who had no obligation to act on them . Polish legal scholar Stanisaw unk noted that while the Sejm , on the surface , continued the Polish parliamentary tradition , the real goal of the powerless body , as intended by the Austrian court , was to drive a wedge between the various groups of Polish nobility , reducing their unity and influence . The Postulate Sejm was composed of wealthy nobility and two deputies from the city of Lviv . The sessions lasted a few days each . The 1788 session was the last one parts of the Austrian held Commonwealth territories were briefly included in the Duchy of Warsaw following the Polish Austrian War in 1806 , and the populace represented at the Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw , but this was short lived , as the territories in question were restored to Austria following the Duchy 's occupation and the terms of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 . Estates of Galicia Soon afterward , in 1817 , Francis I of Austria called for a new sejm , now named the Estates of Galicia ( Polish unk unk ) , which met again in Lviv . Most scholars , like Jacek Jdruch , see this body as a continuation of the Postulate Sejm , and discuss both of them together . The Austrian Emperor decreed that the members have to wear a special uniform this made it the only Polish parliament like body in the history of Polish politics with a dress code requirement . Excepting the establishment of the unk as a center for Polish cultural study , the Sejm reflected the conservative attitudes of the body 's unelected members from the nobility and the landed gentry . From the late 1830s an influx of new members , such as Leon Sapieha , Wadysaw Badeni and Agenor unk made the body more progressive and representative . In the 1840s the Sejm saw much debate on the subject of the abolition of serfdom . The Estates last met in 1845 , when they voted , 116 to 10 , on the proposal to abolish serfdom however they lacked the power to implement it and had to wait for the Emperor 's decision . The Estates were disbanded following the Krakw Uprising of 1846 , a mostly peasant rebellion aimed , ironically , at many of the nobles who were supportive of the abolition of serfdom . In 1848 , during the Spring of Nations unrest , when the Emperor tried to convene the Estates , the members refused , demanding a more representative composition , and increased powers the Emperor turned down their demand . In 1861 thee Estates were succeeded by the Country Sejm ( Polish sejm krajowy ) . Composition and organization The number of the members was not fixed it varied from over 200 ( with 289 in 1782 and 213 in 1817 ) to as low as 41 ( in 1834 ) in most years the Sejm had averaged 60 to 80 deputies . They were composed of clergy , nobility ( either titled or above a certain , relatively high , income level ) , two deputies from the city of Lviv representing the burghers and later , chancellor of the University of Lww . The members were not elective , holding the mandates due to their offices , titles or wealth . This made the Sejm not representative , and rather conservative . The Estates met for a few days each year , with some exceptions they were not convened in the years 1831 and 1832 ( time of the November Uprising in the neighboring Polish unk , the Congress Kingdom ) . The Estates had no dedicated location to meet . To evade Emperor 's limitation on the proceedings duration and topics to be discussed , the members met before each session at various locations . While in session , they met at the former monastery buildings , owned by the University of Lww . Competences Just like the preceding Postulate Sejm , the Estates had very limited competences they met to hear the Emperor decrees , distribute tax assessments , grant Galician titles of nobility to individuals who already held similar titles elsewhere in the Austrian Empire , prepare petitions and appeals to be heard by the Emperor . Polish 19th century historian , Henryk Schmitt , wrote that the role of the Estates was to listen to the government decisions , and file petitions , which often waited for the royal reply for several years he thus notes that the Estates were powerless , a comedy , their only purpose being to fulfill the Congress of Vienna requirement of having some form of national representation on the lands of the Austrian partition .
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3,085 | Lost and Running is a song by Australian rock group Powderfinger . It was released as the first single from the group 's sixth studio album Dream Days at the Hotel Existence . It is the band 's twenty second single and peaked at No. 5 on the Australian chart , the group 's second highest charting single after My Happiness . It made its radio debut on 13 April on Triple J and was released to wide radio play and the band 's MySpace on 16 April 2007 . The single was officially released on 12 May 2007 . Recording and production Lost and Running was the first song recorded at Sunset Sound , Los Angeles , as part of Powderfinger 's Dream Days at the Hotel Existence recording sessions . The song was also one of the first to be written during the group 's two year hiatus . The band worked with Rob Schnapf for the sessions . Lead singer Bernard Fanning said in April 2007 that the song was more positive than many other Powderfinger works , stating the music is quite up and hopeful sounding and has a breezy feel to it . Musical structure and style The song 's time goes through a pattern throughout its entirety of one 4 4 bar , one 2 4 bar and then two 4 4 bars . In writing Lost and Running , the band was influenced by bands that they have cited as being influences on their music from early on , including David Bowie , The Rolling Stones and Neil Young . In an interview with The Courier Mail , Fanning noted that the song was a very simple one , stating the actual style of song is quite different as it has very little movement . There are literally only three chords in the song . He notes that the song 's premise is reflective on how the group approached the recording of Dream Days at the Hotel Existence , in that they were unsure of what they wanted to do with the album . Music video The music video for Lost and Running was directed by Damon Escott and Stephen Lance of Head Pictures . The video clip premiered in Australia on 21 April 2007 . The video features Bernard Fanning , the band 's lead vocalist , walking around dressed as a hotel porter , pushing a hotel luggage trolley as he walks through a hotel ( actually Brisbane City Hall ) singing . As he walks through , he passes the other members of Powderfinger . He eventually walks out of the hotel and finds himself on a country road which was filmed halfway between Toowoomba and Dalby . In this scene a large chandelier can be seen , continuing the theme from the cover art of the single . There are also a few shots of the band playing the song as a group intercut with the dramatic scenes . Release Having reunited after a two and a half year hiatus , new releases from Powderfinger was highly anticipated . The group announced their intention to release the single in April 2007 in a blog on their MySpace . Following this , the single was released to radio on 13 April and on the band 's MySpace music player on 16 April . The CD single was then released on 12 May . In its week of release , the single reached its peak position of No. 5 on Australia 's ARIA Singles Chart . It also became one of the most popular songs on Australian radio . In support of its release as a single , the music video for Lost and Running was included on a special edition DVD of its album Dream Days at the Hotel Existence and was the twelfth track on the DVD , dubbed the Twelfth Man , a cricketing term . All other tracks on the DVD were music videos from throughout the band 's career . The song was performed on television on Australian variety show Rove on 17 June 2007 . Powderfinger also performed the song with the Sydney Gospel Choir on 28 October 2007 at the ARIA Music Awards of 2007 , as it was nominated for Single of the Year . Reception Lost and Running was earned a mixed response from reviewers . Kathy McCabe of The Daily Telegraph noted that it 's an instant singalong anthem which should prove a crowd favourite . McCabe also comments on the band 's application of their influences stating that they have taken a vial of sonic essence from their favourite artists and skilfully distilled the parts into a Powderfinger whole . The song was rated 3 . 5 stars out of 5 . Meanwhile , Matthias Scherer of unk described the song as boring and inoffensive , questioning Who knew the music scene down under was in this serious a state . Sputnikmusic contributor James Bishop stated that the song was an example of Powderfinger trading the youthful songs of their past albums for more mature , earthly cuts . He also noted the Rolling Stones influence , and said the song contained a laidback approach and simple acoustic charm . Bishop noted that the song divided many long time fans , who in his opinion mostly didn t get it , and summarised by calling the song catchy . Charts Lost and Running is Powderfinger 's second highest charting single , second only to their 2000 release My Happiness , which gained international attention . Lost and Running reached its peak position of No. 5 on the ARIA Singles Chart on 27 May 2007 , its week of release , however failed to chart internationally . It remained in the charts for thirteen consecutive weeks , but re entered the charts at No. 46 on 11 November following the group performing the song at the 2007 ARIA Music Awards . The song failed to chart in New Zealand . Awards Lost and Running was nominated for two ARIA Music Awards in 2007 Single of the Year and Best Video , however both awards were won by Silverchair for their song Straight Lines . Lost and Running was the 27th most played song on Australian radio in 2007 , and reached No. 15 on the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2007 . Track listing Personnel
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3,086 | The Clinton Street Theater is a theater located in southeast Portland , Oregon . It is believed to be the second oldest operating movie house in the city and one of the oldest continually operating cinemas in the United States . The theater was designed by Charles A. Duke in 1913 , built in 1914 , and opened as The Clinton in 1915 . It became known as the 26th Avenue Theatre in 1945 and the Encore in 1969 , before reverting to a resemblance of its original name in 1976 . The Clinton often screens grindhouse , cult and experimental films , and has become known for hosting regular screenings of The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( since 1978 , marking one of the film 's longest running showings ) and Repo The Genetic Opera . The venue also hosts the annual Filmed by Bike festival , the Faux Film Festival and the Portland Queer Documentary Film Festival . History A photograph of the building that was to house the theater appeared in The Morning Oregonian newspaper in 1913 . Known as the Kleist Building after its owner , Edward Kleist , it had a pressed brick front and walls with hollow tiles . The second floor was intended for residential rooms and apartments , and the ground floor was designed for business storerooms and a movie theater . According to a February 1915 newspaper advertisement , The Exploits of Elaine , the first in a continuing series of Craig Kennedy detective stories , was to show at The Clinton on March 1 . The 300 seat theater was designed by Charles A. Duke in 1913 and opened in 1915 as The Clinton . Its main entrance faced 26th Avenue until 1922 . The venue became known as the 26th Avenue Theatre in 1945 and the Encore in 1969 , before reverting to a variation of its original name on May 30 , 1975 . At that time , a five person collective bought the theater . The movie house had been showing X rated films , which the collective replaced with a wide variety of movies including foreign films , The Rocky Horror Picture Show , and older films like The African Queen . In September 1999 , Anne Rozier and Dennis Nyback took over operation of the theater . Nyback had previously shown films at the Clinton beginning in 1997 . He was told about the availability of the theater when he was showing films in June 1999 . During his time operating the theater with Rozier , Clinton showed a mix of new films , revival films , and creations by Nyback using his archive . His shows included Defining the 1970 's Through Classic Commercials , Bad Bugs Bunny , Strange and Surreal Industrial Films , F k Mickey Mouse , unk A Go Go , Jazz on Film , The Dark Side of Dr. Seuss , Forty Years of Classic Commercials , and The Genius of Bob Clampett . Seth and Nicola unk purchased the business from Anne Rozier in September 2003 . The couple fell in love with both the city and the theater after visiting in July 2002 as coordinators of San Francisco 's Sick Puppy short film festival . The unk added heating and air conditioning , both firsts for the theater , and refurbished the bathrooms , lobby and walls , among other upgrades . Screening independent films and supporting local filmmakers remain the couple 's primary goals . In March 2012 the business , including fixtures and projection and concession equipment , but not the building itself , were listed for sale . In April 2012 ownership of the business transferred from the unk to Roger and Lani Jo Leigh . After the sale , Seth unk said in a press release For the last eight and a half years I have had the opportunity to run the coolest movie theater , in the coolest neighborhood , in the coolest city in America . My eternal gratitude goes out to the citizens of Portland . I can never say thank you enough times for all of the support you have given to the Clinton . Events to mark the change included an open house meet and greet , which included screenings of two documentary films by Lani Jo , and an evening of rare trailers and video clips from the Prelinger Archives . Lani Jo confirmed the theater will continue to offer screenings of The Rocky Horror Picture Show and focus on documentary and independent films . Events Clinton Street Theater offers a mixture of grindhouse , music films , political documentaries and experimental films . The theater has become known for its weekly screenings of Rocky Horror and Repo The Genetic Opera , and for its annual Filmed by Bike festival , which began in 2003 and features bike themed independent short movies from around the world . Rocky Horror screenings began in 1978 , marking one of the longest running showings of the film . The theater also hosts the Faux Film Festival , offering cult and independent film showings , and the Portland Queer Documentary Film Festival . To celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Portland Trail Blazers , in 2009 the theater screened the 1978 rare and out of circulation documentary Fast Break about the team 's 1976 77 championship season . In 2010 the Clinton hosted the Three Minute Picture Show , which featured screenings of three minute films by first time filmmakers . The venue has also hosted benefit events , such as Can 't Stop the Serenity ( presented by PDX Browncoats ) , which included showings of the film Serenity among other features to benefit Equality Now and the Oregon Food Bank . Other hosted events have included the Portland Underground Film Festival , comedy shows , commemorations for holidays such as Martin Luther King , Jr . Day , and lectures on film making . Many celebrities have appeared at the theater to promote films , including Crispin Glover in 2008 , and Bill Plympton and Tom Shadyac in 2011 . Chuck Palahniuk , Tom Potter and Gus Van Sant have also appeared at the theater .
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3,087 | Alien 8 is an action adventure video game developed and published by Ultimate Play The Game . It was released for the ZX Spectrum , BBC Micro , Amstrad CPC and MSX in 1985 . The game is a spiritual successor to the best selling Knight Lore , which was lauded by critics for its isometric graphics . In the game , the player takes control of a robot , Alien 8 , whose job is to ensure that all of the cryogenically frozen passengers on board a starship remain viable during the ship 's voyage . The game was written by Chris Stamper , and graphics were designed by Tim Stamper . Alien 8 uses the same image masking technique as Knight Lore , which allows the developers to create composite structures out of stacked images without visual overlay . The technique was copyrighted by Ultimate as the Filmation game engine . As with its spiritual predecessor , the game is rendered isometric projection . The game was critically acclaimed upon release . Reviewers praised the game 's graphics and innovation , however minor criticism was directed at its similarities to Knight Lore . Gameplay The game is presented in an isometric format and set on board a starship . Taking on the role of the robot , Alien 8 , the player must explore the large starship in order to ensure that the cryogenic life support systems preserving the biological crew are re activated . The core of this system is a series of geometrically shaped circuits . However , the circuits have been removed by the invading aliens and distributed around the starship . The main objective of the game is to collect the correct circuits and return them to their respective locations before the starship reaches its destination . The circuits are variously shaped as cubes , pyramids , domes or cylinders . As with its spiritual predecessor , the environment of the game takes the form of a series of isometric flip screen rooms ( which trace the outline of a large starship ) . There are a total of 129 rooms and most are filled with various objects , such as moveable platforms , static hazards such as spikes and hostile aliens . As well as executing well timed manoeuvres and jumps , the player is able to use starship props to block or defend themselves . Another feature is the use of remote controlled drones , which can be directed by Alien 8 into inaccessible or dangerous areas . Synopsis On a dying planet in a distant galaxy , the last of the creatures known as the guardians stored all of their libraries , records , and knowledge on a single starship together with cryogenically preserved members of their race . A single robot , Alien 8 , is tasked with keeping the occupants of the vessel alive for the duration of its journey . The ship is launched towards a new solar system and Alien 8 performs his task for thousands of years during the journey . However , as the ship nears its destination , it is attacked and boarded by hostile aliens . The cryogenic life support systems were damaged during the attack and Alien 8 must restore them to an operational status before the ship 's automatic thrusting systems manoeuvre it into planetary orbit . Development and release Ashby Computers and Graphics was founded by brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , along with Tim 's wife , Carol , from their headquarters in Ashby de la Zouch in 1982 . Under the trading name of Ultimate Play The Game , they began producing multiple video games mainly for the ZX Spectrum throughout the early 1980s . The company was known for their reluctance to reveal details about their operations and upcoming projects . Little was known about their development process except that they used to work in separate teams one team would work on graphics while the other would concentrate on other aspects such as sound or programming . Development of Alien 8 began immediately after the release of Knight Lore , in which the Stamper brothers predicted that publishers would attempt to copy Knight Lore 's Filmation technology in other games . As with its predecessor , the Stamper brothers developed the game in monochrome to avoid visual overlay and attribute clash , as it was a common processing limitation in early 8 bit consoles . However , the Amstrad release exclusively displayed dual colours . Reception The game was critically acclaimed upon release . A reviewer of Crash praised its graphics and presentation , stating them to be excellent and more imaginative and pleasing compared to its predecessor , despite regarding it as only having a slight difference . Amstrad Action similarly praised the graphics , citing them as amazing , brilliant and having great colour combinations . A reviewer of Amtix stated that the visuals were breathtakingly stunning and improves on its predecessor . David Kelly of Popular Computing Weekly stated the game was a little disappointment due to its similarities to Knight Lore , however he asserted that the graphics were of superior quality to its predecessor . Chris Bourne of Sinclair User stated that the general quality of graphics were higher than its predecessor , although it used an identical system . Crash praised the new additions to the game , in particular the time limit and various collectable items . The reviewer stated that the new features were compelling and exciting , as it differs from its predecessor . A reviewer of Amstrad Action similarly praised its innovation , stating that it has wonderfully original ideas , despite criticising it similarities to Knight Lore . Kelly praised the game 's extra puzzles and the animation of enemies , heralding them as brilliant . Bourne similarly praised the 3D animation , stating that every extension of the game improved over Knight Lore .
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3,088 | Unicorn ( one horn , in Latin ) is a genus of goblin spiders ( family Oonopidae ) from South America , containing seven species that occur predominantly in high elevation , semi desert regions of Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina . Individuals are relatively large for goblin spiders , measuring up to 3 . 0 mm ( 0 . 12 in ) in body length . The genus name refers to a characteristic pointed projection between the eyes and jaws of males . In at least one species , broken off tips of the male pedipalps have been found within the genitalia of females , postulated as a means of sperm competition . Unicorn possesses several traits that suggest it is a relatively primitive member of the Oonopidae , and is classified with other similar , soft bodied goblin spiders in the subfamily unk . Description Species of Unicorn range from 2 . 2 to 3 . 0 mm in body length ( from tip of the cephalothorax to end of abdomen , excluding legs ) . The cephalothorax , yellow in color , ranges from 1 to 1 . 2 mm long ( around 40 49 of body length depending on species ) and often possesses a central grey patch with four lines radiating towards the eyes . The abdomen is white with dark chevron patterns on the dorsal surface , and in some species a pair of dark lines on the underside . The body is covered with a dense covering of long stiff hairs ( setae ) . The legs are long , slender , and yellow . There are six eyes , roughly equal in size , arranged in roughly triangular groups of three , with two eyes meeting in the middle , forming a wide H or bow tie pattern . Species of Unicorn are considered soft bodied , as the abdomen lacks the hardened plates that occur in many other goblin spiders . The abdomen possesses six spinnerets . Males and females show some differences in morphology male jaws ( chelicerae ) are longer and more slender than those of females the male palpal tibiae the penultimate segment of the pedipalps are enlarged compared to females and males alone possess a clypeal horn , a forward pointing projection of the clypeus surrounded by long stiff hairs , from which the genus name Unicorn ( one horn in Latin ) derives . The copulatory bulb of males ( the sperm transferring organ at the tip of the pedipalps ) , terminates in a narrow , curving tip called an embolus , which in Unicorn bears a hook at its base and is accompanied by a similar curved extension called a translucent sclerite . Reproduction Like most spiders , the pedipalps of mature males end in a bulb terminating in a thin , curved projection called an embolus , through which sperm is released during mating . Female U. catleyi have been observed with broken off embolus tips lodged in their genitalia . This has been hypothesized as a type of sperm plug or copulatory plug , where , by breaking off a piece of his anatomy ( a process known as genital mutilation or genital breakage ) , a male physically precludes other males from successfully mating with the female , one of many types of sperm competition in animals . An alternative to the sperm competition function is that genital mutilation might allow males to more rapidly escape and avoid being cannibalized after mating , although this function is thought to be unlikely in Unicorn since there are no significant size differences between sexes , and cannibalism is more common when females are much larger than males . Sperm plugs of various types , including gelatinous or waxy substances , have been observed in at least 41 spider families , and are generally thought to ensure paternity . U. unk is one of only few goblin spiders known or suspected to utilize sperm plugs . Habitat Species of Unicorn have mostly been found at elevations between 1 , 000 to 4 , 000 m ( 3 , 300 to 13 , 100 ft ) above sea level , many from semi desert regions . U. unk has been collected at 360 m ( 1 , 180 ft ) in central Chile . The spiders are hard to detect in the field , and most species have been collected by pitfall trapping . They are uncommon in museum collections , and almost nothing is known about their natural history . Species and distribution The genus Unicorn was established in 1995 by Norman Platnick and Antnio Brescovit , to encompass five newly described species and one species , U. argentina , that had previously been described as a species of unk . A seventh species was described in 2010 . The type species of Unicorn is U. catleyi . Unicorn species occur in central and northern Chile , western Argentina , and Bolivia . Unicorn argentina ( Mello Leito , 1940 ) Western Argentina Unicorn catleyi Platnick Brescovit , 1995 Northern Chile and northwestern Argentina Unicorn unk Platnick Brescovit , 1995 Chacabuco Province , central Chile Unicorn unk Platnick Brescovit , 1995 La Paz Department , Bolivia Unicorn unk Gonzlez , unk Cava , 2010 Salta Province , northwestern Argentina Unicorn unk Platnick Brescovit , 1995 unk Province , central Chile Unicorn unk Platnick Brescovit , 1995 Antofagasta Province , northern Chile Classification Unicorn is a member of the family Oonopidae ( oonopids , or goblin spiders ) , which contains over 1 , 500 species worldwide . Within oonopids , Unicorn is classified in the subfamily unk , which contains other soft bodied genera such as unk and unk . Due to certain features of the eyes and jaws that resemble those found in other families , and which are differently modified in many other oonopids , Platnick and Brescovit suggested Unicorn was among the most primitive or basal members of the Oonopidae , which was corroborated by a 2014 study that examined DNA similarities among the Oonopidae , finding that Unicorn and other unk diverged before almost all other oonopids .
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3,089 | Duncan Miller Glass Company was a well known glass manufacturing company in Washington , Pennsylvania . Items that were produced by the company are known as Duncan glass or Duncan Miller glass . The company was founded in 1865 by George Duncan with his two sons and son in law in the South Side neighborhood of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . By 1890 , the company joined other glass companies to form the United States Glass Company , a powerful glass trust . In 1892 , the factory was destroyed in a fire , and the company was relieved of its trust relationship with the US Glass Company . After the fire , the second generation of the Duncan family moved operations to Washington , Pennsylvania . In 1900 , John Ernest Miller , the company 's long time designer , became a full shareholder along with members of the Duncan family . By 1955 , economic pressures from machine produced glass forced the company to sell off its assets to the US Glass Company , who continued to produce Duncan style glass until 1980 . History In 1865 , George Duncan purchased the Ripley Company glass factory at 10th and Carson Streets in the South Side neighborhood of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania from D.C. Ripley , a former business partner of Duncan . The factory was located adjacent to the Monongahela River , which provided easy access to transportation . A new company , George Duncan Sons , was formed by Duncan , his sons Harry B. Duncan and James E. Duncan , and Augustus H. Heisey , who was married to George 's daughter Susan . In 1874 , John Ernest Miller , a 20 year veteran of the glass manufacturing industry , joined the company as a designer . He was previously the foreman of the mould shop at King , Son and Company . The addition of Miller proved to be fortuitous , because Miller 's designs over the next 52 years became internationally famous . In 1877 , George Duncan died and James E. Duncan took control of the company . In 1890 , the United States Glass Company formed a glass trust that included the Duncan Miller operation . In 1892 , their factory was destroyed by fire , relieving the company of their trust relationship . After the fire , son in law Augustus Heisey left the company to begin his own glass manufacturing operation in Newark , Ohio . James E. Duncan rebuilt the factory on Jefferson Avenue in Washington , Pennsylvania , where access to railroads was convenient , and the natural gas which was needed to power the furnaces was inexpensive . Construction of the plant , which featured a 16 Pot Deep Eye furnace , was finished on January 3 , 1893 . The first pattern produced in the new facility was the well known Mitchell pattern . On November 15 , 1900 , the firm was officially incorporated as Duncan and Miller Glass Company , with John Ernest Miller joining the Duncan family as stockholders . The company abruptly ceased operations on June 13 , 1955 . By then , modern assembly lines and glassmaking machinery caused hand made glass to be uneconomical . The remaining inventory was sold at greatly reduced prices , causing glass collectors to travel hundreds of miles to purchase the final pieces . The molds and equipment were sold to the US Glass Company , where their Duncan Division in Tiffin , Ohio continued to produce Duncan ware pieces . A number of Duncan employees also joined US Glass Company in Tiffin . The Duncan factory was sold to Andy Bros. , but before they could move in , a fire destroyed the building on June 29 , 1956 . Production of the Duncan ware glass ceased in 1980 . Duncan craftsmanship At its peak , Duncan Miller 's glass was one of Washington 's most successful manufacturing concerns , and was more widely known throughout the county than any other line of goods made in Washington . The glass making processes and technologies at Duncan Miller did not significantly differ from contemporary glassmakers in Western Pennsylvania and neighboring Ohio and West Virginia . Duncan differentiated itself through exceptional artistry and design . This was accomplished by employing highly skilled workers , and using unique batch formulas to produce colorful glass . The production process for each piece usually required 10 craftsmen . Some of the most popular styles were produced during the 1920s through the 1940s , including the Canterbury , Caribbean , unk , Nautical , Sandwich , Spiral Flutes and Teardrop . The most famous design was a swan which required 14 craftsmen . The most popular etching designs were the First Love , Language of Flowers , and Passion Flower . Legacy and collections The National Duncan Glass Society was founded in 1975 at a meeting of glass collectors at the Citizens Library in Washington , Pennsylvania . For the next 17 years , the society operated a Duncan Glass museum at the Washington County Historical Society office and the F. Julius LeMoyne House . On July 8 , 1993 , the society opened a stand alone museum in an old building on Jefferson Avenue , near the original location of the Duncan glass plant . One of the Duncan family residences was a 17 room Victorian mansion on Wade Avenue in Washington , Pennsylvania that was built in 1892 . This mansion is now used as the Washington Jefferson College President s House . Its design is archetypical Queen Anne Victorian style , with ornate gingerbread details , stained and beveled glass , recessed doors and windows , and louvered wooden shutters . In 1944 , Walter Hudson Baker , who was a graduate of Washington Jefferson College , donated the house to the college in memory of his wife , Amy Duncan Baker it has been used as the President 's House since . It was profiled in a book of regional architecture by the Washington County History and Landmarks Foundation .
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3,090 | Suillellus amygdalinus ( formerly Boletus amygdalinus ) is a fungus of the bolete family found in western North America . The fruit bodies , or mushrooms , are characterized by their thick , red to brown caps , red pores , and the strong bluing reaction observed when the mushroom tissue is injured or cut . The cap can reach diameters of up to 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) and the stipe 9 cm ( 3 . 5 in ) long by 3 cm ( 1 . 2 in ) thick at maturity . This mushroom has been found in manzanita and madrone woodlands of central California north to southern Oregon . Although the edibility of the mushroom is not known with certainty , it may be poisonous , and is not recommended for consumption . Other similar red pored , bluing boletes from North America , including Rubroboletus unk , Boletus luridiformis , and B. subvelutipes , can be distinguished from S. amygdalinus either by the color of the cap , the degree of reticulation ( a network of raised ridges ) on the stipe , or by location . Taxonomy The species was first named Boletus unk by Harry D. Thiers in 1965 , based on specimens he found in Napa County , California , on 23 November 1963 . In 1975 , Thiers changed the name to Boletus amygdalinus ( a nomen nudum ) as he discovered that the epithet had already been used for a different bolete found in Yunnan , China , published in 1948 . The fungus was transferred to Suillellus in 2014 after molecular phylogenetics demonstrated that S. amygdalinus was in a lineage distinct from Boletus . In Latin , unk means relating to or resembling an almond . Description Suillellus amygdalinus is a large solid mushroom with a convex to somewhat flattened , irregular cap that can reach diameters of 6 to 10 cm ( 2 . 4 to 3 . 9 in ) at maturity . The surface of the cap is dry , and matted with fibers the cap color of young specimens is red , but the mushrooms typically change to more brownish tones as they mature . The margin of the cap starts out curved inwards ( incurved ) and gradually becomes curved downwards ( decurved ) with age . The pores on the underside of the cap are 0 . 5 to 1 mm ( 0 . 02 to 0 . 04 in ) wide , angular , and red or red orange , while the tubes are 1 to 1 . 5 cm ( 0 . 4 to 0 . 6 in ) deep . The stipe lacks a netted pattern ( reticulation ) and is yellow in color but is often covered by red hairs , especially near the base . The stipe is either equal in width throughout , or thicker in the middle it reaches dimensions of 5 9 cm ( 2 . 0 3 . 5 in ) long by 1 3 cm ( 0 . 4 1 . 2 in ) thick . The base of the stipe is typically bent . The flesh is 1 to 2 cm ( 0 . 4 to 0 . 8 in ) thick , and yellow in color , but like all parts of the mushroom , will stain blue immediately upon bruising or cutting . Both the odor and taste of the fruit bodies are mild . Although the edibility of S. amygdalinus is not known with certainty , authorities often recommend to avoid consuming blue staining , red pored boletes , as several are poisonous . The species was implicated in one group of poisonings in California in 1996 97 , but because of the nature of the symptoms experienced , there was probably more than one type of mushroom consumed . Microscopic characteristics Suillellus amygdalinus produces a dark olive brown spore print . The spores are thick walled , smooth , and ellipsoid to somewhat spindle shaped , with dimensions of 11 . 2 16 by 5 . 2 8 m . They become dark ochraceous when stained with Melzer 's reagent , and , because of the occasional presence of two large vacuoles , may appear as if they are two celled . The basidia ( the spore bearing cells ) are club shaped , contain numerous vacuoles , and measure 30 35 by 9 11 m . Cystidia are present on sides of the tubes , and they measure 45 54 by 10 12 m . Clamp connections are not present in the hyphae of S. amygdalinus . Various chemical color tests can be used to help identify fruit bodies suspected to be S. amygdalinus . A drop of dilute potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) will turn the cap flesh dingy orange , while it turns the cap cuticle red , or darker . Ammonia ( as ammonium hydroxide , NH4OH ) produces a dingy yellow on the flesh , and brown on the cap . Iron sulphate ( FeSO4 ) produces either no change to a pale grey color with both the flesh and the cuticle . Hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) causes the flesh to turn orange or pink , but has no color reaction with the cuticle . Similar species There are several other red pored , bluing boletes that could be confused with S. amygdalinus . The poisonous European species Rubroboletus satanas and its North American counterpart R. unk have lighter colored caps and a reticulate pattern on the stipe . B. subvelutipes is a highly variable species from eastern North America that includes red in its range of cap colors , and has a fuzzy coating of hairs near the base of its stipe it may represent a group of species . Another similar species is B. luridiformis , found in North America and Northern Europe under both broadleaf trees and conifers . Unlike S. amygdalinus , however , B. luridiformis has a dark brown to nearly blackish brown cap , and a yellow stipe with a dense covering of red unk ( dots ) . Distribution and habitat Suillellus amygdalinus mushrooms grow on the ground in groups , or scattered about . The fungus has been reported from low elevation hardwood forests composed of live oak , manzanita and madrone in California , and Oregon . Fruiting occurs after the onset of autumn rains , usually between the October and January . The mushroom can be difficult to spot , as its cap is similar in coloring to the leaves of the madrone tree with which it is associated , and because the mushroom is frequently buried under leaves .
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3,091 | Podoserpula is a genus of fungi in the family unk . The genus contains two species the type , P. pusio , commonly known as the pagoda fungus , and the Barbie pagoda , P. miranda , officially published in 2013 . Podoserpula species produce fruit bodies consisting of up to a dozen caps arranged in overlapping shelves , attached to a central axis . Its unique shape is not known to exist in any other fungi . Four varieties of P. pusio are known , which differ in their sizes , spore morphology , and distribution . The genus is known to occur in Australia and New Zealand , Venezuela , Madagascar , and New Caledonia . Taxonomy and phylogeny Craterellus pusio was first described by Miles Joseph Berkeley in an 1859 publication by James Hooker . Otto Kuntze transferred it to the genus Merulius in 1891 . Until the 1960s , however , it was known as Craterellus multiplex , a species described by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke and George Edward Massee in 1889 , and moved to Cantharellus by Curtis Gates Lloyd in 1920 . In 1958 , British mycologist R.W.G. Dennis collected the species in Venezuela during an expedition financed by the Percy Sladen Memorial Trust . Derek Reid , attempting to identify the species , rediscovered Berkeley 's name , which had priority , and described the new genus Podoserpula for it in 1963 while simultaneously describing four varieties of it . Reid considered the genus allied to Leucogyrophana , then thought to belong to the family Coniophoraceae . Marinus Anton Donk , in a monograph published the next year , agreed and placed it close to unk and unk these genera are now known to represent early diverging lineages in the Boletales order . However , the white spore print and small , smooth , and hyaline spores are not characteristic of species in the Coniophoraceae . In a large scale phylogenetic analysis published in 2006 , Podoserpula nested far from them in the Plicaturopsis clade , an evolutionarily related group of early diverging members of the Agaricales order . Other taxa in this clade include Plicaturopsis and unk unk . The entire clade was later separated into three smaller orders , Podoserpula becoming a member of the unk along with mostly corticioid genera such as unk and unk . A new species , Podoserpula miranda , was proposed in 2009 by a group of New Caledonian mycologists for a species of that South Pacific archipelago . The name was provisional ( not validly published ) , however , as the description was in French ( the code of nomenclature mandates Latin ) and lacked a required designation of a type specimen . It was validly published in 2013 . Description The fruit bodies of Podoserpula species have an unusual form unknown in other fungi . The fruit bodies , which grow to a height of 1 18 cm ( 0 . 4 7 . 1 in ) , consist of up to a dozen cup shaped ( spathulate ) to kidney shaped ( reniform ) caps arranged in multiple tiers and attached to a central stem . Caps are joined to the main axis by short , flattened , stem like attachments . The variety tristis , in contrast , has caps that are more circular and appear to be pierced either centrally or off to the side . The surface of the caps is smooth and often brightly colored . The hymenium ( spore bearing surface ) on the underside of the caps is pink and has a folded and corrugated surface . Close to the area of attachment between the cap and the stem like connection to the main axis are swellings resembling warts or blisters . Individual caps resemble somewhat those of the European species Plicaturopsis unk . Podoserpula has a monomitic hyphal structure , meaning that it only contains generative hyphae , which are relatively undifferentiated and can develop reproductive structures . These hyphae are thin walled , hyaline ( translucent ) , branched , and up to 10 m thick . They have distinct , often swollen , clamp connections at the septa . The spores are small , typically 2 . 75 6 by 2 3 . 5 m , smooth , hyaline , and vary in shape from roughly elliptical to somewhat spherical . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) can be either two or four spored , and are club shaped , with a clamp connection at the base . Podoserpula has neither cystidia nor gloeocystidia . Podoserpula pusio var. pusio is the nominate variety . Its fruit bodies are rarely greater than 7 . 5 cm ( 3 . 0 in ) tall . Variety unk americana is the largest of the varieties , reaching heights up to 18 cm ( 7 . 1 in ) . Other than its size and geographical distribution , it is roughly similar to var. pusio . Variety unk has elongated elliptical spores typically measuring 4 5 by 2 . 75 3 . 5 m . Variety tristis has caps whose upper surfaces are colored pale fawn , and the main axis of the fruit bodies pierces through the cap . Podoserpula miranda grows to a height of 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) . It differs from P. pusio var. pusio in having thinner flesh , up to six funnel shaped caps whose size diminishes approaching the top , and a bright pink coloration in the folds of the hymenium . Habitat and distribution The fruit bodies of Podoserpula pusio grow on the ground , on well rotted stumps , or among decaying tussock grass . They are presumed to be saprobic , and obtain nutrients by breaking down larger organic molecules found in the soil or in decaying wood . P. miranda in contrast , is thought to be ectomycorrhizal , as it appears to associate with unk unk , the predominant canopy tree in the forests where it is found . The nominate variety is found in Australasia , but in 1997 it was reported in a protected area near Antananarivo in Madagascar , and in 2009 on the Falkland Islands . Variety unk occurs in Australia , var. tristis in New Zealand , and var. unk americana is known from Venezuela .
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3,092 | Overdrive is the 19th studio album by pop punk trio Shonen Knife . It was released on April 14 , 2014 in Europe , and on April 16 , 2014 in Japan . According to band leader Naoko Yamano , because their album Free Time ( 2010 ) was heavily influenced by punk rock , and Pop Tune ( 2012 ) had explored a more pop oriented sound , Overdrive was a chance for the band to explore a more hard rock sound . The album 's lyrics cover a wide array of topics , from green tea , fortune cookies , and cats . The CD album artwork was created by Masahiko Ohno three different color variations were released , with each corresponding to either Japan , North America , or Europe . The album received moderately positive reviews from critics , with many applauding the band 's dabbling in more harder rock , whereas others were critical of its musical and lyrical simplicity . Production While Shonen Knife 's usual sound is Ramones inspired pop punk , the band branched out musically and listened to harder rock bands for Overdrive , such as such as Black Sabbath , Thin Lizzy , Bad Company , Deep Purple , Judas Priest , Boston , ZZ Top , and The Doobie Brothers for inspiration . unk described the album 's sound as a combination of edgy guitar riffs with psychedelic 70s esque enchanting nostalgia . Naoko Yamano reasoned that because Free Time ( 2010 ) was heavily influenced by punk rock , and Pop Tune ( 2012 ) explored a more pop oriented sound , Overdrive represented an opportunity for the band to explore harder rock . Because of the band 's exploration , the album 's name references the overdrive pedal , which , in Yamano 's mind , conjured up images of 1970s rock music . In an interview with unk , Yamano explained that her process for writing and recording has not changed substantially from the band 's early days I m lazy and I don t start writing songs until we book recording studio sic , but once we booked the studio , I can write songs quickly with concentration . Then I send my demo to our members and we rehearse . At the recording studio , we start to record from basic tracks then overdub . On this album , every member of the band also sings a unique song about a food item Yamano sings Fortune Cookie , the band 's bassist Ritsuko unk lends her vocals to Ramen Rock , and drummer Emi Morimoto can be heard on Green Tea . The first song was inspired by Yamano fondness for eating a fortune cookie after a meal of Chinese food in America after learning that the cookies were actually invented in Japan , Yamano decided to pen the song . Ramen Rock was inspired by unk 's habit of eating ramen after every show . Finally , Yamano asked Morimoto to sing Green Tea because she is from Kyoto , which is known for its green tea . Other lyrical themes include on the album include tennis in Jet Shot , and cats in Like a Cat . Regarding the former , Yamano expressed in an interview that she had always wanted to write a song about tennis , but felt that , being a sport , it did not fit well with the style of the band 's music however , while watching a tennis match featuring Kei Nishikori on television , the announced called a move he had made a great jet shot . Yamano was struck by the term , and used it as inspiration for a song about wanting to be a more aggressive tennis player . Like a Cat joins the long canon of Shonen Knife songs about cats . Yamano explained , I just like cats . Dogs are sometimes too earnest , but cats are so free . The band released a music video for the song , featuring cat videos submitted by their fans the world over . For the non Japan releases of the album , all songs were recorded with English lyrics . However , for the domestic release of the album , Dance to the Rock , Shopping , and Like a Cat were recorded with Japanese lyrics . Critical reception Overdrive received moderately positive reviews from critics Metacritic , a review aggregator website , gave the album an average score of 67 out of 100 from 17 reviews , which indicates generally favourable reviews . NME awarded the album 7 out of 10 stars , with reviewer Stuart Huggett arguing that the album contained personal and political lyrics far smarter than Shonen Knife s cartoon image suggests . Zachary Houle of Pop Matters awarded the album six out of ten stars , and mused that Shonen Knife 's fusing of punk and classic rock on the album somehow work s . Houle , however , was critical of the band 's penchant for bordering closely on copying other artists ' music he argued that Bad Luck Song and Black Crow are strikingly similar to Thin Lizzy 's The Boys Are Back in Town and Kiss 's Black Diamond , respectively , but felt that the album gets better as it goes along . Mark Deming of AllMusic awarded the album three out of five stars , commenting on the band 's musical shift he wrote , By Shonen Knife 's standards , Overdrive does sound like some sort of hard rock album , and the attempts to make like Kiss , Thin Lizzy , or Deep Purple come off better than one might expect , though Yamano 's guitar skills are less impressive than those of the average metal axe slinger . Deming complimented the charm of the album , but criticized Yamano 's lyrics as run of the mill , ill fitting the change in musical direction . The site selected Black Crow , Ramen Rock , and Green Tea as album highlights . Joe Goggins of Drowned in Sound awarded the album 6 out of 10 stars , and complimented the band for successfully managing to release nineteen studio albums . However , he was slightly critical of the derivative nature of the band 's sound , as well as their one dimensional guitar playing and unrelentingly trivial lyrics . Track listing
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3,093 | The College of All Saints was an ecclesiastical college in Maidstone , Kent , England , founded in 1395 by Archbishop Courtenay . It was part of the establishment of the nearby Archbishop 's Palace , but was closed in 1546 . The College church was the neighbouring Church of All Saints . Following its closure , the College estate was sold . The buildings and land passed through the ownership of three aristocratic families , being farmed until the late 19th century . A number of the College 's buildings survive and all are listed buildings . Additionally , the whole site of the College is protected as a scheduled monument . History The College was founded by Archbishop of Canterbury William Courtenay in 1395 . Courtenay died in 1396 and the College and church were completed by his successor , Thomas Arundel . Richard II endowed the College with land and income from the Hospital of St Peter and St Paul in Maidstone and from the parishes of Linton , Farleigh , Sutton and unk . The College was also granted the advowsons for the parishes . To cover the cost of building the College , Courtenay obtained a bull to levy a charge of fourpence in the pound on all ecclesiastical revenue raised in his archbishopric . For most of its existence , the college had an establishment of a master and six chaplains . Masters of the College between its founding and its dissolution were When the College was closed in 1546 following the passing of the Chantries Act , its annual income was valued at 208 6s 2d ( equivalent to 111 , 590 in 2015 ) . The church and the College were separated the church became the parish church for the whole of Maidstone and the College and its lands were sold . Sixteen members of the College 's establishment were granted pensions totalling 100 17s . In 1549 , the College estate was granted to George Brooke , Baron Cobham for the sum of 1081 18s 1d ( equivalent to 468 , 540 in 2015 ) . Plate and other valuables belonging to the College were sold for 200 ( equivalent to 86 , 610 in 2015 ) . Much of the Cobham family 's estate was forfeited to the Crown in 1603 when his grandson , Henry Brooke , the 11th Baron Cobham , was charged with high treason for his part in the Main Plot against James I. The College was granted for life to the 11th Baron 's wife after which it reverted to Robert Cecil , 1st Earl of Salisbury , husband of Baron Cobham 's sister . The College remained in the ownership of the Cecil family until 1697 when it was sold to Sir Robert Marsham of Mote House . The College estate was subsequently owned by Marsham 's heirs , the Earls of Romney . The College buildings were used as a farm into the 19th century , until the expansion of Maidstone led to their demolition as the neighbouring area was developed . Part of the site was developed in the late 19th century for the unk Almshouses , a collection of grade II listed buildings . The buildings are currently owned by Maidstone Borough Council having been donated to the borough by Sir Garrard Tyrwhitt Drake , mayor of the borough in 1949 50 . A plaque commemorating the presentation is fixed inside the archway of the Gatehouse . Buildings The College , like the Church of All Saints , is constructed of Kentish rag stone in the Perpendicular style . The main building , a two storey structure with attic , was mostly built in the 14th century and served originally as the Master 's house . Some later 18th century alterations have been made and later windows added . The building contains a collar beam roof and a 16th century staircase , moulded ceiling and aumbry cupboard . Poste records in his 1847 history of the College that some of the rooms retained traces of decorative wall painting . The College Gateway to the north of the site is a three storey rectangular tower with a two storey stone ribbed vaulted archway through it with an exterior opening 8 feet 11 inches ( 2 . 72 m ) wide with a pedestrian opening 4 feet ( 1 . 2 m ) wide alongside . The ground floor room to the east of the archway was the College bakehouse where evidence existed prior to the 1845 alterations of a large bakery oven . The room on the west side of the archway housed the porter . The roof of the gateway tower is hipped , projecting above a crenellated parapet . A small turret is located in the south west corner . Adjacent to the tower on the west side is a two storey building that contained the College refectory , kitchen and scullery on the ground floor with a dormitory and infirmary on the first floor . Poste records that restoration and alterations carried out in 1845 included the removal of part of a range of rooms and cloisters attached to the main building as well as separate farm buildings including oast houses . On the north west corner of this building is a small three storey tower known as the River Tower or Muniment Tower . Poste records that around 1847 a peaked roof on the river tower was removed and replaced with a lower roof not visible above the parapet . The two storey Master 's Tower was the original access to the College from the river . A single storey structure is attached to the south side . The ruined gateway stands to the south separated from the other structures by the almshouses . Poste records that in 1847 it stood between two barns , neither of which now remain . It consists of a pointed arch for carriages in a roughly coursed rag stone wall flanked by buttress walls on each side . The Gateway and refectory are listed Grade I , the Master 's house is listed Grade II and the Master 's Tower and the ruined gateway are listed Grade II . The College site is also a scheduled monument with the protection covering the ruined gateway and buried remains of demolished buildings .
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3,094 | Love Like This is a song performed by British pop singer Natasha Bedingfield . It was included on Bedingfield 's second North American album , Pocketful of Sunshine , and features vocals from reggae pop singer Sean Kingston . The song was written by Bedingfield , Kingston , Louis Biancaniello , Rico Love , Ryan Tedder , Sam Watters , and Wayne Wilkins , while production was handled by Biancaniello , Love , Tedder , and Watters under their production group , The Runawayz . Its lyrics discuss finding love with a person who has been there all your life and has always loved you , but you 've never noticed it until now . The official remix features vocals from rapper Lil Wayne and a slightly different beat , produced by Jim Jonsin . The song was released in North America on 2 October 2007 to mixed reviews from critics . It was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 7 April 2008 . The song was a commercial success , reaching the top 20 on the majority of the charts it entered , and topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in the United States . On 12 March 2008 , Love Like This was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . Background In 2007 , Bedingfield began writing and recording new material for her second North American album Pocketful of Sunshine . Producer J. R. Rotem had been working with Bedingfield on the album . Rotem introduced Bedingfield to reggae pop singer rapper Sean Kingston , who was also recording with Rotem . Bedingfield decided to work with Kingston because she just Liked his thing . In an interview with Digital Spy , she said that she respected rappers and seemed to have a little thing with rappers since she had previously worked with Estelle , Eve and Bizarre from D12 . Composition The song was written by Bedingfield , Kingston , Wayne Wilkins , Louis Biancaniello , Rico Love , Ryan Tedder from the band OneRepublic , and Sam Watters from the group Color Me Badd . It was also produced by Biancaniello , Love , Tedder , and Watters together in their production team , The Runawayz . The song is composed in the key of F major and set in common time . Bedingfield 's vocals span from C4 to F5 . The Auto Tune effect is heard in a few parts of the song . In the song , Bedingfield discusses finding love with a person who has always been there all your life , but that you 've never noticed it until now . According to her , it is all about realizing how that person is actually the love of your life . Critical reception Love Like This received mixed reviews from critics . Chuck Taylor in a review for Billboard described the song as a jaunty , youthful track that clears home base and should propel Nat forward , while Chris Boeckmann of Stylus Magazine called it useless and a dud . Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly found the song left him feeling absolutely nothing . Slezak was unimpressed with the pairing of Bedingfield and Kingston , writing it 's as if two people who I 'm not entirely convinced can sing got together and recorded a heavily focus grouped song , then ran their vocals through a giant computer . In a review for About.com , Bill Lamb called the song irrepressibly sunny , but forgettable . In another review of the song , Lamb wrote that Kingston 's vocals serve no purpose other than providing an extra element for the single 's marketing campaign . Chart performance Love Like This was officially solicited to radio in the United States on 20 September 2007 . The song was released as a download on 2 October 2007 , and debuted at number 19 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . The following week the song rose to number four , before debuting on the Hot 100 chart at number 94 . Fifteen weeks later Love Like This reached number 11 . The song did well on pop oriented charts , reaching number 10 on the Pop 100 chart and number 10 on the Top 40 Mainstream chart . The single had crossover success in the dance charts , where it reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart and number 17 on the Hot Dance Airplay chart . The song has sold over one million digital downloads and has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . Elsewhere , Love Like This was largely successful , reaching number nine in Canada and number five in New Zealand . In the United Kingdom , the song debuted at number 27 on 25 March 2008 . Four weeks later , it reached number 20 and remained on the singles chart for seven weeks . Music video The music video was directed by Gil Green and produced by Merge Crossroads . Filmed in Los Angeles , California , the video features Bedingfield reuniting with a love from her past . The video begins with Bedingfield singing in a park . She then meets up with a boyfriend ( played by model Josh Slack ) from her past . The two then remember the good times they had together while sitting on a picnic bench . The video concludes with Bedingfield singing and dancing at a house party . Scenes of Kingston in front of an ice cream truck and at the house party are intercut throughout the video . The video premiered on Bedingfield 's official US website on 27 October 2007 . In 2008 , the video reached number 2 on VH1 's unk Top 20 Countdown in the United States . Formats and track listings These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of Love Like This . Personnel Natasha Bedingfield lead vocals Sean Kingston vocals unk Brown backing vocals Keith Gretlein , Nate unk , Matt Serrecchio assistant engineer Greg Ogan vocal engineering The Runawayz mixing David Kutch mastering Ryan Tedder unk , producer , composer Charts Certifications
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3,095 | Avenged is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is a melodrama focusing on John Warren , a young clerk , who is struck by a taxi cab while crossing the street . The chauffeur who struck him , Allen , decides to flee as a crowd gathers around John . Allen ditches his taxi on a country road and takes a train , successfully escaping . Six years later , the poor , ill and crippled John has become a timekeeper in a mining town . John 's wife , who has taken care of him , sickens and dies . Allen , unaware of John 's identity , attempts to comfort him and listens to John 's story . After learning Allen wrecked his life , John attempts to shoot him , but the specter of his wife stays his hand . John goes to her grave , forgives Allen , and dies . No cast or production credits are known for this film . Released on October 7 , 1910 , the film was a distinct departure from other Thanhouser releases and was sharply criticized by reviewers . The film is presumed lost . Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from October 8 , 1910 . It states John Warren , a prosperous young clerk , is run down by a taxi cab while crossing a city street . The chauffeur , Allen , afraid of the consequences of his carelessness , makes his escape when he sees a crowd gathering around his victim . He abandons his machine on a lonely country road , and catching a westbound train , succeeds in making good his escape . Six years later finds John , now a cripple , living in a mining town with his devoted wife . Here John , incapacitated from other work , lives out a miserable existence as the timekeeper at the mine . Here , also , Allen comes , applying for work as a miner . They do not recognize each other . John , poor and ill , is visited by another misfortune . His beloved wife , who has clung to him through all the years of his adversity , sickens and dies . His one joy in life is taken from him . John refuses to be comforted by Allen , who feels deep sympathy for the poor cripple . While reciting his sad history to Allen , John learns for the first time that Allen is the man who , by crippling him , wrecked his life . At last the vengeance he has sought all these years is within his reach . He raises his gun to end Allen 's existence , when a vision of his wife appears , breathing the message , ' Vengeance is Mine , sayeth the Lord . ' John rushes from the house to the grave of his loved one , and there , after forgiving Allen , dies at peace with mankind . Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . In one scene , the appearance of the wife was described as being facilitated by trick printing , and was possibly created by a double exposure . Bowers notes that the sister was listed as the wife in the official synopsis , but it is unlikely that such a distinction in cast roles was ever made in the inter titles due to the confusion . Bowers stated that names were used in to keep track of who was who , but patrons were unaware of the characters ' names . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on October 7 , 1910 . The film likely had a wide national release , with advertising theaters known in Kansas , Maryland , Illinois , Oklahoma , and Minnesota . The film received negative reviews in trade publications and it was deemed a distinct departure from the nature of other Thanhouser releases . The film 's plot was criticized by reviewers for being concerned main character 's misery . In response to the illogical plot , the The New York Dramatic Mirror reviewer stated , Why the cripple should go West as soon as he is able to hobble isn 't clear perhaps the West is such a delightfully vague term that it induces haziness of reasoning . The reviewer also noted the inexplicable reason why Allen , who originally fled , would suddenly consent to be willingly murdered by John . The reviewer opined that the story was almost maudlin in places and the acting was not sincere because the actors knew the plot was absurd . The Moving Picture World also reviewed the film quite negatively , Possibly the dramatic qualities of this picture are sufficient reason for its existence but it has no other reason . It is not entertaining . It is not instructive . It cannot amuse . The shadow of death pervades it and the horror tragedy is the principal factor . It is such a departure from the usual Thanhouser that it seems as though the regular producer was absent when it flipped past the company 's censor . Advertisers for the film listed it in a variety of ways from a strong drama to having real mining activities . The film is presumed lost .
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3,096 | Das Bus is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 15 , 1998 . In an extended parody of Lord of the Flies , Bart , Lisa and other children from Springfield Elementary School are stranded on an island and are forced to work together . Meanwhile , Homer founds his own Internet company . It was written by David S. Cohen and directed by Pete Michels . Guest star James Earl Jones narrates the final scene of the episode . Plot The Springfield Elementary School Model United Nations club is going on a field trip . On the bus , Bart , Nelson , Ralph , and Milhouse are playing a game by racing fruit down the aisle . Milhouse rolls a grapefruit that gets stuck under the brakes . When bus driver Otto attempts to press down on the pedal , it squirts juice into his eyes , causing him to lose control and drive the bus off a bridge . Otto attempts to swim for help but ends up being swept away by the current and picked up by Chinese fishermen . The students swim to a nearby tropical island , where Bart tries to tell the children that being stranded on an island is fun . Reality soon sets in when the island is found to be largely barren and the children lack survival skills . With no food found on the island and no adult supervision , the children rely on snack food retrieved from the sunken bus by Bart. They awaken the next morning to find the snacks all gone . Suspecting Milhouse because of his pot belly and unk cheese breath , the students put him on trial and he blames the loss on a mysterious island monster . Back at home , Homer discovers that Ned Flanders has his own home based Internet business , and decides he wants to start his own company . His business is later dismantled by Bill Gates and his goons . As there is insufficient evidence to prove Milhouse ate all the food , he is acquitted . The other students are not happy with this verdict and attempt to kill Milhouse , along with Bart and Lisa , who tried to intervene . The other students end up chasing them into a cave , where it is revealed that Milhouse 's monster is actually a wild boar . On one of the boar 's tusks is an empty bag of chips , revealing that it was the actual culprit for eating the snacks . The kids kill the boar and eat it ( except for Lisa , who adheres to her vegetarianism ) . The episode concludes with a comically obvious deus ex machina ending , narrated by James Earl Jones Production The couch gag was suggested by Dan Castellaneta 's niece . The film True Lies was the inspiration for the bus crashing against the bridge . To get the fisherman 's Chinese correct , Cohen called his friend . When the Chinese actors came , the actors felt Cantonese would be more appropriate for the fisherman than Mandarin , so it was changed . Moe was picked to rescue the children , because the writers thought it was funny . Cultural references Most of the episode 's plot , namely a group of children trapped on an island and the breakdown of law , order and civility , is a reference to William Golding 's 1954 novel Lord of the Flies , but unlike the book , the children on the island are a unk . The title comes from the 1981 film Das Boot , although it would be Der Bus in German . When the children are squabbling in the classroom , Principal Skinner restores order by banging his shoe on the desk . Skinner 's actions are a reference to the shoe banging incident by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev at the UN in 1960 . When escaping from the other children , Bart , Lisa and Milhouse have to swing across a gap on a vine Milhouse goes across first , but refuses to throw the vine back in a reference to the opening scene of the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark , where the same thing happens to Indiana Jones . Reception In its original broadcast , Das Bus finished 17th in ratings for the week of February 9 15 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 . 9 , equivalent to approximately 9 . 6 million viewing households . It was the third highest rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X Files and King of the Hill . In a 2006 article in USA Today , Das Bus was highlighted among the six best episodes of The Simpsons season 9 , along with Trash of the Titans , The Last Temptation of Krust , The Cartridge Family , Dumbbell Indemnity , and The Joy of Sect . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it a fantastic episode , adding Ignore the Internet business side , and wallow in the cleverness of the children trapped on the island . Bart has never been cleverer , Nelson more menacing , and Milhouse more unk . Great stuff with a delightful ending that is so witty and obvious , that it 's annoying you never imagined they 'd get away with it . The episode has become study material for sociology courses at University of California , Berkeley , where it is used to examine issues of the production and reception of cultural objects , in this case , a satirical cartoon show , and to figure out what it is trying to tell audiences about aspects primarily of American society , and , to a lesser extent , about other societies . Some questions asked in the courses include What aspects of American society are being addressed in the episode What aspects of them are used to make the points How is the satire conveyed through language Drawing Music Is the behavior of each character consistent with his her character as developed over the years Can we identify elements of the historical political context that the writers are satirizing What is the difference between satire and parody
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3,097 | Nighthawk is a steel flying roller coaster from Vekoma located at Carowinds amusement park . Originally opening as Stealth at California 's Great America on April 1 , 2000 , the roller coaster was the first flying roller coaster model in the world . In 2003 , Paramount decided to relocate the roller coaster to Carowinds . It reopened as Borg Assimilator the first coaster in the world to be themed to Star Trek on March 20 , 2004 . After Cedar Fair purchased Carowinds in 2006 , Paramount themes were soon removed from the park , and the ride was renamed Nighthawk . It is one of only three Flying Dutchman models still in existence from Vekoma . History Paramount 's Great America ( 2000 2003 ) On June 22 , 1999 , Paramount 's Great America announced Stealth as the world 's first true flying coaster . For Stealth to be installed , the lower flume of Logger 's Run had to be altered and the Yankee Clipper had to be removed . The ride officially opened to the public on April 1 , 2000 . On August 21 , 2003 , it was announced Stealth would close on September 1 to make room for a new water park , Boomerang Bay . The station and several footers are still located in the water park today . Carowinds ( 2004 present ) On August 21 , 2003 , Carowinds announced a new flying roller coaster that would be relocated from California 's Great America . The ride 's name was not announced at the time . On January 15 , 2004 , it was announced the new roller coaster would be named Borg Assimilator and would be the first Star Trek themed roller coaster . Regarding the design of the attraction , Dale unk , Vice President of marketing and Assistant General Manager , said Nighthawk subsequently replaced the Carolina unk Riverboat , a paddle boat ride that took riders around the seven themed areas of the park . It officially opened to the public on March 20 , 2004 . Cedar Fair Entertainment Company purchased Carowinds in 2006 and did not own the rights to several licenses used by the park . In 2008 , the park renamed several attractions including Borg Assimilator . It was renamed to Nighthawk and the Star Trek theming was removed , including the black sphere that was in the pond underneath the ride . In 2009 , Nighthawk was painted with dark blue supports and yellow track . Ride experience Track The steel track is approximately 2 , 766 feet ( 843 m ) in length and the height of the lift is approximately 115 feet ( 35 m ) . While at California 's Great America , the track was painted red and white with steel gray supports . When the ride was relocated to Carowinds , the track was repainted black and green and the supports remained gray . After the name was changed in 2008 , the ride was once again repainted with yellow track and blue supports . Nighthawk has a total of five inversions . It features one vertical loop , a double corkscrew , two Lie to Fly and two Fly to Lie elements . Each Lie to Fly and Fly to Lie element is counted as a half inversion . A Lie to Fly element is when riders are on their backs , facing the sky and they are flipped and face the ground . A Fly to Lie element is the opposite . Layout Once riders are seated and restrained , the train tilts backwards into a ' lay down ' position and dispatched . The train travels backwards out of the station , turns left and travels up the 115 foot ( 35 m ) lift hill . Once the train reaches the top of the lift hill , it dips down into a twist ( called a Lie to Fly ) that turns the trains upside down into a flying position where riders face the ground . After the twist , the train travels down the first drop , reaching speeds of 51 mph ( 82 km h ) . Riders then go through an over banked Horseshoe Curve element . Following the Horseshoe , the train enters a Fly to Lie element that turns riders back to a lay down position . After the banked turn , the ride enters the 66 foot ( 20 m ) tall vertical loop , where riders experience 4 . 3 G 's . The train then goes into another Lie to Fly element . Following the loop , riders go through another turn into the final Fly to Lie element before entering two consecutive corkscrews before making a right turn onto the brake run . Theme While the ride was located at California 's Great America , there was no theme for the ride . When it was relocated to Carowinds in 2004 , it was built as the first Star Trek themed roller coaster in the world . It was renamed Borg Assimilator and the story was that Borg crash landed in the middle of Carowinds and their ship a giant gray and black sphere has come to rest near the park 's new flying roller coaster . There was a gray and black sphere located in the pond underneath the ride that the Borg crashed in . In addition to other theming , a voice was played surrounding the ride saying Borg quotes . After Cedar Fair bought the park , all the Star Trek theming was removed and the name was changed for the 2008 season . Trains Nighthawk currently operates with two trains . Each train has six cars that have four seats in a single row for a total of 24 riders . Riders are restrained by an over the shoulder restraint and a lap bar . Riders can put on the over the shoulder restraint but a ride operator will push down the lap bar . While in the station , the trains will recline back to the laying down position . Incidents On March 17 , 2007 , seven employees received minor injuries when their seats changed position during a test run of the roller coaster . An inspection discovered that the ride operator accidentally pushed a button controlling the seat positions while the ride was in motion . That button was later modified to only work when the ride is stopped .
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3,098 | The 1st Croatian Guards Corps ( Croatian 1 . hrvatski gardijski unk ) was a special formation of the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska HV ) directly subordinated to the Ministry of Defence rather than the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia and reporting directly to the President of Croatia . The corps was established in 1994 by the amalgamation of various HV special forces . The 2 , 500 strong unit was organised into the 1st Croatian Guards Brigade ( 1 . hrvatski gardijski zdrug HGZ ) , a multi purpose special forces combat unit , and four battalions tasked with ensuring the security of the President of Croatia and carrying out ceremonial duties . The HGZ took part in a number of military operations during the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War . It was disbanded in 2000 , when its components were amalgamated with other HV units to form the Special Operations Battalion , the 305th Military Intelligence Battalion , and the Honour Guard Battalion . Establishment On 25 February 1994 , the special forces of the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska HV ) were reorganised when all HV 's special forces units were combined to form the 1st Croatian Guards Corps ( 1 . hrvatski gardijski unk ) . In April , personnel of the 8th Military Police Light Assault Brigade ( itself only established in September 1993 ) were also transferred to the corps , ultimately making the corps 2 , 500 strong . In addition to special forces operations , the corps was also tasked with providing security for the President of Croatia . The corps was organised into four specialised battalions and the 1st Croatian Guards Brigade ( 1 . hrvatski gardijski zdrug HGZ ) , a multi purpose special forces combat unit . The HGZ was considered the elite unit of the HV . The entire corps was directly subordinated to the Ministry of Defence rather than the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia , and reported directly to the president . It was commanded by Major General Mile unk . unk and his deputy were based in the Presidential Palace , while the bulk of the corps was based in nearby Tukanac barracks . The HGZ was capable of fielding up to 300 troops in combat . It was commanded by Colonel ( later Major General ) Miljenko Filipovi , who had previously commanded the Zrinski Battalion one of the special forces units amalgamated into the corps . Combat service The HGZ took part in several battles of the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War . In late November and December 1994 , it participated in Operation Winter ' 94 , the joint offensive of the HV and the Croatian Defence Council ( Hrvatsko vijee obrane HVO ) which pushed the Army of Republika Srpska ( Vojska Republike Srpske VRS ) from the western parts of the Livanjsko field in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Elements of the HGZ also saw action along the Novska Okuani axis of advance in the HV 's Operation Flash offensive that took place in western Slavonia in early May 1995 . By this time , the HGZ also commanded its own artillery and Mil Mi 24 helicopter gunships , in addition to Mil Mi 8 transport helicopters . The HGZ redeployed west of Livno once again in early June to take part in Operation Leap 2 , extending the salient that had been created in late 1994 west towards Bosansko Grahovo and Glamo . The unit participated in the capture of those towns in late July 1995 during Operation Summer ' 95 . In preparation for Operation Storm , the HV 4th Guards and 7th Guards Brigades were pulled back from positions facing the VRS that had been established during Operation Summer ' 95 , and were reoriented south towards the Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina ( ARSK ) . The ARSK was protecting the northern approaches to Knin the capital of the unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina which Croatia claimed as part of its own territory . As the two brigades turned over the positions north and west of Bosansko Grahovo to the HV 81st Guards Battalion , the HGZ was deployed to the rear of the battalion , tasked with intervening in case of any VRS attack towards Bosansko Grahovo . On the second day of the operation , 6 August , after Knin was captured by the HV , the HGZ was airlifted from the Livanjsko field to the village of unk north of Zadar . They then linked up with the 2nd Battalion of the 9th Guards Brigade and advanced east to capture the villages of unk and Katel unk . On 8 August , the HGZ participated in an operation against the last significant ARSK pocket in the area of Donji Lapac and Srb , alongside the three guards brigades and special police forces . In September 1995 , the HGZ took part in Operation Mistral 2 , which extended HV and HVO control in western Bosnia and Herzegovina and captured the towns of Jajce , ipovo and Drvar , moving the confrontation line north towards the Bosnian Serb capital of Banja Luka . In October , the HGZ also participated in Operation Southern Move , which captured the town of Mrkonji Grad , and reached the southern slopes of Mount Manjaa , 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) south of Banja Luka . Reorganisation The corps was disbanded in 2000 and its constituents reorganised . A part of the HGZ was amalgamated with the Special Combat Skills Centre epurine to form the Special Operations Battalion . The remainder of the brigade was amalgamated with the Reconnaissance Sabotage Company based in Pula , the 350th Sabotage Detachment , the 280th Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Platoon , and the 275th Electronic Warfare Company to form the 305th Military Intelligence Battalion . The elements of the corps which were tasked with security of the President of Croatia and ceremonial duties were reformed and the Honour Guard Battalion was established in their place .
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3,099 | Romeo Cormier is a retired Canadian professional wrestler best known by the ring name Bobby Kay . He is a member of the Cormier wrestling family , a group of four brothers who were all successful professional wrestlers . Romeo Cormier competed in Canada and the United States from 1967 to the mid 1980s . He also worked as a wrestling promoter . After retiring from wrestling , Cormier began performing country music professionally before taking a job with Loblaws . Career Cormier grew up with eight brothers and four sisters on the family 's farm in what is now Memramcook , New Brunswick . He became interested in professional wrestling because of his older brothers Jean Louis , Yvon , and Leonce , who competed under the ring names Rudy Kay , The Beast , and Leo Burke , respectively . At age 17 , Yvon took Romeo to Calgary , Alberta to train under Stu Hart . Cormier made his professional debut in 1967 and wrestled in several countries . While touring the world as a competitor , he used several ring names . In Calgary 's Stampede Wrestling , he used the name Norton Jackson . He then took on the moniker Terry Martin while wrestling in Central States Wrestling . He competed primarily as a tag team wrestler , and he won his first title belt in Kansas City on October 31 , 1968 . Teaming with his brother Leonce , who was using the name Tommy Martin , he won the Central States version of the NWA North American Tag Team Championship . The reign lasted for one week before they dropped the title to The Texas Outlaws ( Dick Murdoch and Dusty Rhodes ) . Cormier also competed for the Eastern Sports Association ( ESA ) , which was affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . His brother Jean Louis , competing as Rudy Kay , was both a booker and wrestler for ESA , and Cormier used his brother 's ring name as the inspiration to become Bobby Kay . In the ESA , the four Cormier brothers often took turns facing the same wrestlers . A heel ( villain ) wrestler would face one brother , then move on to face the rest in succession . Bobby Kay held the ESA International Tag Team Championship several times in the ESA his first came when he teamed with brother Leonce ( who was then competing as Leo Burke ) to win the title in mid 1973 by defeating Fred Sweetan and Mike Dubois . They held the title for about one month before dropping it to Sweetan and Kurt Von Steiger . Kay then teamed with brother Yvon ( who was known as The Beast ) to regain the title . The teams traded the championship back and forth once again over the course of the summer . They lost the title to Sweetan and Jim Dillon in autumn 1973 . After Dillon left the promotion , the championship was vacated Kay and The Beast regained it the following year . The reign lasted less than one week before Sweetan and Dubois won the title . Teaming with Burke in June 1974 , Kay had one final reign with the title he sustained an injury , however , and Ron Thompson defended the championship in Kay 's place . Later that year , Cormier returned to Kansas , where he won the NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship in December . Cormier later returned to Stampede Wrestling , this time adopting the ring name Bobby Burke to form a tag team with his brother Leo Burke . They defeated The Royal Kangaroos in 1977 to win the Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship . After dropping the title to Mr. Hito and Michel Martel later that year , they did not regain the belts until 1980 , when they defeated Duke Myers and Bobby Bass . Cormier competed in Toronto from 1982 to 1984 under the ring name Terry Kay , a name that he had also used while wrestling in Charlotte , North Carolina . He won the NWA Canadian Television Championship on December 26 , 1982 . He and his brother Leonce bought out Jean Louis 's stake in the Eastern Sports Association but ran into problems with their partner Al Zinck and television deals , which enabled Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling ( AGPW ) to gain a stronger foothold in the Maritimes . His final title victory came in AGPW , where he won the company 's North American Tag Team Championship in 1990 while teaming with his brother Leo . Retirement Cormier retired from professional wrestling to spend more time with his wife and two children . He also performed country music as part of the Bobby Kay Band . He taught his longtime friend , former professional wrestling referee Hubert Gallant , to play the guitar . He also made another attempt at promoting wrestling events in such locations as Moncton , New Brunswick and Halifax , Nova Scotia in the mid 1980s . After arranging exclusive deals to promote shows in specific territories , Cormier had trouble attracting fans after the World Wrestling Federation moved into the same areas . Because the WWF had a larger budget and was able to gain access to arenas with larger seating capacities , Cormier 's promotion was unable to compete . In 2006 , a celebration was held in Memramcook to honor the four wrestling Cormier brothers . Cormier now balances competing in occasional wrestling matches with his job in shipping and receiving for Loblaws . Championships and accomplishments Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling AGPW North American Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) with Leo Burke Central States Wrestling NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) NWA North American Tag Team Championship ( Central States version ) ( 1 time ) with Tommy Martin Eastern Sports Association ESA International Tag Team Championship ( 5 times ) with Leo Burke ( 2 ) and The Beast ( 3 ) Maple Leaf Wrestling NWA Canadian Television Championship ( 1 time ) Stampede Wrestling Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) with Leo Burke
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