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Now for Japan. Japan was an island country, just like Britain.
แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž‡แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แžœแžทแž‰โ€‹แž˜แŸ’แžŠแž„โ€‹แŸ” แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž‡แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“โ€‹แž‚แžบโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž“โ€‹แž€แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹ แžŠแžผแž…โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž…แž€แŸ’แžšแž—แž–โ€‹แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แŸแžŸโ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แžšโ€‹แŸ”
Submarines are ships designed to travel underwater, and remain there for an extended amount of time.
แž€แž”แŸ‰แžถแž›แŸ‹โ€‹แž˜แžปแž‡โ€‹แž‘แžนแž€โ€‹ แž‡แžถโ€‹แž€แž”แŸ‰แžถแž›แŸ‹โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž•แž›แžทแžโ€‹แžกแžพแž„โ€‹แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธโ€‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพโ€‹แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜โ€‹แž‘แžนแž€โ€‹ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แžขแžถแž…โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžโ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜โ€‹แž‘แžนแž€โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž–แŸแž›โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž™แžผแžšโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แŸ”โ€‹
Submarines were used in World War I and World War II. Back then they were very slow and had a very limited shooting range.
แž“แžถแžœแžถโ€‹แž˜แžปแž‡แž‘แžนแž€แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžพโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แž›แŸ„แž€โ€‹แž›แžพแž€โ€‹แž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹โ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แž›แŸ„แž€โ€‹แž›แžพแž€โ€‹แž‘แžธโ€‹แž–แžธแžšโ€‹แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„โ€‹แž–แŸแž›โ€‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ แž“แžถแžœแžถโ€‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“แž™แžบแžโ€‹แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹ แž แžพแž™แžขแžถแž…แž”แžถแž‰แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž…แž˜แŸ’แž„แžถแž™แž‡แžทแžแžแŸ‚แž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡แŸ”
In the beginning of the war they mostly travelled on top of the sea, but as radar began developing and becoming more accurate the submarines were forced to go under water to avoid being seen.
แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž–แŸแž›โ€‹โ€‹แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžŠแžพแž˜แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„โ€‹ แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹ แž“แžถแžœแžถโ€‹แž˜แžปแž‡โ€‹แž‘แžนแž€โ€‹แž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž›แžพแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒโ€‹แž‘แžนแž€แžŸแž˜แžปแž‘แŸ’แžš แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแŸ‰แžถแžŠแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž•แž›แžทแžโ€‹แžกแžพแž„โ€‹ โ€‹โ€‹แž“แžทแž„แžขแžถแž…โ€‹แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แžธโ€‹แžแžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžŸแžปแž€แŸ’แžšแžนแžแž›แŸ’แžขโ€‹ โ€‹แž“แžถแžœแžถแž˜แžปแž‡แž‘แžนแž€โ€‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แžแŸ†โ€‹แžฑแŸ’แž™โ€‹แž˜แžปแž‡แž…แžปแŸ‡โ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แž‘แžนแž€ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž‡แŸ€แžŸแžœแžถแž„แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžพแž›แžƒแžพแž‰แŸ”
German submarines were called U-Boats. The Germans were very good at navigating and operating their submarines.
แž“แžถแžœแžถโ€‹แž˜แžปแž‡โ€‹แž‘แžนแž€โ€‹แžขแžถแž›แŸ’แž›แžบแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แž แŸ…โ€‹แžแžถโ€‹ U-BoatsแŸ” แž–แžฝแž€แžขแžถแž›แŸ’แž›แžบแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹โ€‹ แž–แžทแžโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž–แžผแž€แŸ‚โ€‹แžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพโ€‹แž“แžถแžœแžถแž…แžšโ€‹ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž”แžพแž€โ€‹แž“แžถแžœแžถโ€‹แž˜แžปแž‡โ€‹แž‘แžนแž€โ€‹แŸ”โ€‹
Because of their success with submarines, after the war Germans aren't trusted to have many of them.
แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšโ€‹แž‡แŸ„แž‚โ€‹แž‡แŸแž™โ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸโ€‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž“แžถแžœแžถแž˜แžปแž‡โ€‹แž‘แžนแž€โ€‹ แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹โ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹ แžขแžถแž›แŸ’แž›แžบแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹โ€‹แž˜แžทแž“โ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แž‡แžฟโ€‹แžแžถโ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž“แžถแžœแžถแž˜แžปแž‡โ€‹แž‘แžนแž€โ€‹แžแžทแž…โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฟโ€‹แž„โ€‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž‘แŸโ€‹แŸ”
Yes! King Tutankhamun, sometimes referred to as "King Tut" or "The Boy King", is one of the most well known ancient Egyptian kings in modern times.
แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž แžพแž™! แžŸแŸ’แžแŸแž… Tutankhamunโ€‹(แž‘แžผแžแžถแž“โ€‹แž€แžถแž˜แžปแž“) แž–แŸแž›โ€‹แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡โ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แž แŸ…แžแžถ โ€œแžŸแŸ’แžแŸแž… Tutโ€ แžฌ "The Boy King" แž‚แžบโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžแŸแž… แžขแŸแž แŸ’แžŸแŸŠแžธแž”โ€‹แž”แžปแžšแžถแžŽโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ„แž˜โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžแŸแž…โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž›แŸ’แž”แžธแž›แŸ’แž”แžถแž‰โ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžŸแž˜แŸแž™โ€‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แžพแž”แŸ”
Interestingly, he was not considered to be very important in ancient times and was not recorded on most ancient king lists.
แžขแŸ’แžœแžธแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แžฝแžšโ€‹แžฑแŸ’แž™โ€‹แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŽแŸแž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‚แžบแžแžถ แž‚แŸโ€‹แž˜แžทแž“โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž…แžถแžแŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แžปแž€โ€‹แž‘แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžแžถโ€‹แž‡แžถแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹โ€‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแž˜แŸแž™โ€‹แž”แžปแžšแžถแžŽโ€‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แŸ แž แžพแž™แž€แŸแž˜แžทแž“โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹โ€‹แž€แžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžถโ€‹แž…แžผแž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžธแž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžแŸแž…แžŸแž˜แŸแž™โ€‹โ€‹แž”แžปแžšแžถแžŽโ€‹โ€‹โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ”
However, the discovery of his tomb in 1922 made him a celebrity. While many tombs of the past were robbed, this tomb was left virtually undisturbed.
แž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž‡แžถโ€‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŽแžถโ€‹แž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™ แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แžšแž€โ€‹แžƒแžพแž‰โ€‹แž•แŸ’แž“แžผแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† 1922 แž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฑแŸ’แž™แž‘แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸแž…โ€‹แžŠแŸแž›แŸ’แž”แžธโ€‹แž›แŸ’แž”แžถแž‰โ€‹แŸ” แžแžŽแŸˆโ€‹แž–แŸแž›โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž•แŸ’แž“แžผแžšแž”แžปแžšแžถแžŽแž–แžธแž˜แžปแž“แŸ—โ€‹แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แž›แžฝแž…แž‚แžถแžŸแŸ‹ โ€‹แž•แŸ’แž“แžผแžšโ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž‚แŸแž‘แžปแž€โ€‹แž…แŸ„แž›โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แŸ‡แž–แžถแž›แŸ‹แŸ”
Most of the items buried with Tutankhamun have been well preserved, including thousands of artefacts made from precious metals and rare stones.
แžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ Tutankhamun แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž‘แžปแž€แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž›แŸ’แžขโ€‹แžšแžฝแž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแžŸแžทแž›แŸ’แž”แŸˆแž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž•แž›แžทแžแž–แžธแž›แŸ„แž แž’แžถแžแžปแž˜แžถแž“แžแž˜แŸ’แž›แŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ’แž˜แž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ”
The invention of spoke wheels made Assyrian chariots lighter, faster, and better prepared to outrun soldiers and other chariots.
แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แŸƒแž€แž„แŸ‹(แž“แŸƒแžšแž‘แŸแŸ‡) แž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฒแŸ’แž™แžšแž‘แŸแŸ‡แž…แŸ†แž”แžถแŸ†แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžพแžšแžธ (Assyrian) แž˜แžถแž“แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž›แž‡แžถแž„แž“แžทแž„แž›แžฟแž“แž‡แžถแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž„แžถแž™แžแŸ’แžšแŸ€แž˜แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž”แžถแž“แž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแž‡แžถแž„แž–แž›แž‘แžถแž แžถแž“ แž“แžทแž„แž€แž„แž‘แŸแž–แžŸแŸแŸ‡แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž‘แŸ€แžแŸ”
Arrows from their deadly crossbows could penetrate the armor of rival soldiers. About 1000 B.C., the Assyrians introduced the first cavalry.
แž–แŸ’แžšแžฝแž‰แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแž•แŸ’แžแžถแž…แŸ‹แž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸแžขแžถแž…แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž”แžปแž€แž‘แž˜แŸ’แž›แžปแŸ‡แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฟแž„แžŸแžนแž€แž‘แžถแž แžถแž“แžŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แŸ” แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถ1000 แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แž˜แžปแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแžทแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž€แžšแžถแž‡ แž‡แž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแžขแžถแžŸแžŸแŸŠแžพแžšแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แŸแž–แžŸแŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž›แžพแž€แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แŸ”
A cavalry is an army that fights on horseback. The saddle had not yet been invented, so the Assyrian cavalry fought on the bare backs of their horses.
แž‘แŸแž–แžŸแŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž€แž„แž‘แŸแž–โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แžปแž‘แŸ’แž’โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž›แžพโ€‹แžแŸ’แž“แž„โ€‹แžŸแŸแŸ‡แŸ” แž€แŸ‚แž”แžŸแŸแŸ‡โ€‹แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžโ€‹แžกแžพแž„โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แžกแžพแž™โ€‹แž‘แŸ แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แž‘แŸแž–โ€‹แžŸแŸแŸ‡โ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸŠแžธแžšแžธโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แžปแž‘แŸ’แž’โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž›แžพแžแŸ’แž“แž„แžŸแŸแŸ‡โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž–แžปแŸ†โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แŸ‚แž”แŸ”
We know many Greek politicians, scientists, and artists. Possibly the most known person of this culture is Homer, the legendary blind poet, who composed two masterpieces of Greek literature: the poems Iliad and Odyssey.
แž™แžพแž„โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แž“แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžš แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แžŸแžทแž›แŸ’แž”แž€แžšโ€‹โ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžทแž€โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แŸ” แž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž‚แŸแžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžœแž”แŸ’แž”แž’แž˜แŸŒแž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบ Homer (แž แžผแž˜แžบแžš) แž‡แžถโ€‹แž€แžœแžธแž€แŸ†แžŽแžถแž–แŸ’แž™โ€‹แž–แžทแž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€โ€‹แžŠแŸโ€‹แžขแžŸแŸ’แž…แžถแžšแŸ’แž™โ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™แžšแžผแž” แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž“แžทแž–แž“แŸ’แž’โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแžŠแŸƒโ€‹แžขแž€แŸ’แžŸแžšโ€‹แžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšโ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžทแž€โ€‹แžŠแŸแž›แŸ’แžขแžฏแž€แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“โ€‹แž–แžธแž‚แžบ Iliad แž“แžทแž„ OdysseyแŸ”
Sophocles and Aristophanes are still popular playwrights and their plays are considered to be among the greatest works of world literature.
แž›แŸ„แž€ Sophocles แž“แžทแž„ แž›แŸ„แž€ Aristophanes แž‡แžถแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž“แžทแž–แž“แŸ’แž’แžšแžฟแž„แžŠแŸแž›แŸ’แž”แžธแž›แŸ’แž”แžถแž‰ แž แžพแž™แžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแžŠแŸƒแž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž…แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แžปแž€แžแžถแž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แž“แžถแžŠแŸƒแžŠแŸแžขแžŸแŸ’แž…แžถแžšแŸ’แž™แž“แŸƒแžขแž€แŸ’แžŸแžšแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€แŸ”
Another famous Greek is a mathematician Pythagoras, mostly known for his famous theorem about relations of the sides of right triangles.
แž‡แž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแž€แŸ’แžšแžทแž€แžŠแŸแž›แŸ’แž”แžธแž›แŸ’แž”แžถแž‰แž˜แžฝแž™แžšแžฝแž”แž‘แŸ€แžแž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‚แžบแž‚แžŽแžทแžแžœแžทแž‘ แž—แžธแžแžถแž แŸ’แž‚แžผแž“แžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ(Pythagoras),แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แŸ’แžšแžนแžŸแŸ’แžแžธแžŠแŸแž›แŸ’แž”แžธแž›แŸ’แž”แžถแž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แžขแŸ†แž–แžธแž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž“แŸƒแž‡แŸ’แžšแžปแž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžธแž€แŸ„แžŽแž€แŸ‚แž„แŸ”
There are varying estimates for how many people speak Hindi. It is estimated to be between the second and fourth most commonly spoken language in the world.
แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž”แŸ‰แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แžแžปแžŸแŸ—แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถโ€‹แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“โ€‹แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸโ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž“แžทแž™แžถแž™โ€‹แž—แžถแžŸแžถโ€‹แž แžทแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžธแŸ” แžœแžถแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ‰แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แžแžถแž—แžถแžŸแžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…โ€‹แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž›แŸ†แžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž–แžธแžš แž“แžทแž„แž‘แžธแž”แžฝแž“แž“แŸƒแž—แžถแžŸแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž“แžทแž™แžถแž™แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แŸ„แž€แŸ”
The number of native speakers varies depending on whether or not very closely related dialects are counted.
แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แž“แžทแž™แžถแž™โ€‹แž—แžถแžŸแžถโ€‹แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžแž˜แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžแžปแžŸโ€‹แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ โ€‹แžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž™โ€‹แž›แžพแž€แžแŸ’แžแžถโ€‹โ€‹แžแžถโ€‹แžแžพโ€‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แž—แžถแžŸแžถโ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„โ€‹แž‡แžทแžโ€‹แžŸแŸ’แž“แžทแžแž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถโ€‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ โ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แžŠแŸ‚แžšแžฌแžขแžแŸ‹โ€‹แŸ”โ€‹
Estimates range from 340 million to 500 million speakers, and as many as 800 million people can understand the language.
แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‰แžถแž“แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž˜แžถแžŽแž˜แžถแž“แž…แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž“แžทแž™แžถแž™แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธ 340 แž›แžถแž“แž‘แŸ… 500 แž›แžถแž“แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž แžพแž™แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹แžขแžถแž…โ€‹แž™แž›แŸ‹แž—แžถแžŸแžถโ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžšแž แžผแž 800 แž›แžถแž“แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แŸ”
Hindi and Urdu are similar in vocabulary but different in script; in everyday conversations, speakers of both languages can usually understand each other.
แž—แžถแžŸแžถโ€‹แž แžทแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžผ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แžขแŸŠแžผแžŒแžผ แž‚แžบโ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžšแžŠแŸ€แž„โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžœแžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžŸแŸแž–แŸ’แž‘ แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚โ€‹แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถโ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹โ€‹แžขแž€แŸ’แžŸแžšแŸ” แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž“แŸ’แž‘แž“แžถโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž…แžถแŸ†แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒโ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แž“แžทแž™แžถแž™โ€‹แž—แžถแžŸแžถโ€‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แž–แžธแžšโ€‹แžขแžถแž…โ€‹แž™แž›แŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถโ€‹แž‘แŸ…แžœแžทแž‰แž‘แŸ…แž˜แž€แž”แžถแž“แŸ”
Around the 15th century, northern Estonia was under great cultural influence of Germany.
แž“แŸ…โ€‹แžŸแžแžœแžแŸ’แžŸแžšแŸโ€‹แž‘แžธ15 แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž—แžถแž‚โ€‹แžแžถแž„แž‡แžพแž„โ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžขแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžผแž“แžธ แž‚แžบโ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜โ€‹แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›โ€‹แžœแž”แŸ’แž”แž’แž˜แŸŒโ€‹แžŠแŸโ€‹แžขแžŸแŸ’แž…แžถแžšแŸ’แž™โ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžขแžถแž›แŸ’แž›แžบแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹แŸ”
Some German monks wanted to bring God closer to the native people, so they invented the Estonian literal language.
แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡แžŸแž„แŸ’แžƒแžขแžถแž›แŸ’แž›แžบแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡ แž…แž„แŸ‹แžฑแŸ’แž™แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡แž“แŸ…แž‡แžทแžแž“แžนแž„แž‡แž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแžŠแžพแž˜ แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž“แŸแŸ‡แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸแž€แŸแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž—แžถแžŸแžถแžขแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžผแž“แžธแž‡แžถแž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แŸ”
It was based on the German alphabet and one character "ร•/รต" was added.
แžœแžถแž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€โ€‹แž›แžพโ€‹แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“โ€‹แžขแž€แŸ’แžแžšแž€แŸ’แžšแž˜โ€‹แžขแžถแž›แŸ’แž›แžบแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹ แž แžพแž™แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แžแžฝแžขแž€แŸ’แžŸแžšโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แžบ "ร•/รต"แŸ”
As time passed, many words that were borrowed from German coalesced. This was the beginning of enlightenment.
แžแžŽแŸˆแž–แŸแž›แžœแŸแž›แžถแž…แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ‚แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แž„แž•แžปแžแž‘แŸ… แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แžแŸ’แž…แžธแž–แžธโ€‹แž—แžถแžŸแžถแžขแžถแžกแžบแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แžšแžฝแž˜แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แŸ” แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜โ€‹แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž™แž›แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แŸ”
Traditionally, the heir to the throne would go straight into the military after finishing school.
แžแžถแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸƒแžŽแžธ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŸแŸ’แž“แž„แžšแžถแž‡แž“แžนแž„แž…แžผแž›แž‘แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แž„แž™แŸ„แž’แžถโ€‹แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธโ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแžŸแžถแž›แžถแŸ”
However, Charles went to university at Trinity College, Cambridge where he studied Anthropology and Archaeology, and later History, earning a 2:2 (a lower second class degree).
แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž›แŸ„แž€ แž†แžถแž› (Charles) แž”แžถแž“แž‘แŸ…แžŸแžถแž€แž›แžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแž›แŸแž™แž“แŸ…แžฏแž˜แž แžถแžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแž›แŸแž™แž‘แŸ’แžšแžธแž“แžธแž’แžธ (Trinity College) แž˜แž แžถแžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแž›แŸแž™ แžแŸแž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแŸŠแžธแž‡ (Cambridge) แž‡แžถแž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžš แž“แžทแž„แž”แžปแžšแžถแžŽแžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถ แž แžพแž™แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž˜แž€แž‘แŸ€แžแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžš แžŠแŸ„แž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แž•แž› 2:2 (แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž”แžแŸ’แžšแžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ แž‘แžธแž–แžธแžšแž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแžแž‘แžถแž”)แŸ”
Charles was the first member of the British Royal Family to be awarded a degree.
แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡โ€‹แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚โ€‹แž˜แŸ’แž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹ โ€‹Charles (แž†แžถแž›) แž‚แžบโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แžŸแž˜แžถแž‡แžทแž€โ€‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„โ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฝแžŸแžถแžšโ€‹แžšแžถแž‡แžœแž„แŸ’แžŸโ€‹แžขแž„แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แŸแžŸโ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž‚แž›แŸ‹ แžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแž”แŸแžแŸ’แžšแŸ”
European Turkey (eastern Thrace or Rumelia in the Balkan peninsula) includes 3% of the country.
แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž‘แžฝแžšแž‚แžธโ€‹แž”แŸ‰แŸ‚แž€โ€‹แžขแžบแžšแŸ‰แžปแž” (แž—แžถแž‚โ€‹แžแžถแž„โ€‹แž€แžพแžโ€‹แžงแž”แž‘แŸ’แžœแžธแž” Thrace แžฌ Rumelia แž“แŸ… Balkan (แž”แžถแž›แŸ‹โ€‹แž€แž„แŸ‹)) แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แžšแžฝแž˜โ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›โ€‹แž“แžผแžœ 3% แž“แŸƒโ€‹แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž•แž„โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ”
The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.
แž‘แžนแž€แžŠแžธโ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžแžฝแž‚แžธโ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž”แžŽแŸ’แžแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž’แŸ†แž‡แžถแž„1,600 แž‚แžธแžกแžผแž˜แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแŸ’แžš (1000โ€‹ แž˜แŸ‰แŸ‚แž›) แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž‘แž‘แžนแž„ 800 แž‚แžธแžกแžผแž˜แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแŸ’แžš (500แž˜แŸ‰แŸƒ) แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แžšแžถแž„โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž…แžแžปแž€แŸ„แžŽแž€แŸ‚แž„แŸ”
Turkey's area, including lakes, occupies 783,562 square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in south west Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe.
แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแžแžฝแž€แž‚แžธแžšแžฝแž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แžนแž„โ€‹ แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹แž›แžพแž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžŠแžธ 783,562 แž‚แžธแžกแžผแž˜แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแŸ’แžšแž€แŸ’แžšแžกแžถ (300,948 sq mi) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ 755,688 แž‚แžธแžกแžผแž˜แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแŸ’แžšแž€แŸ’แžšแžกแžถ (291,773 sq mi) แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแž—แžถแž‚แž“แžทแžšแžแžธ แž“แžทแž„ 23,764 แž‚แžธแžกแžผแž˜แŸ‰แŸ‚แžแŸ’แžšแž€แŸ’แžšแžกแžถ (9,174 sq mi) แž“แŸ…แžขแžบแžšแŸ‰แžปแž”แŸ”
Turkey's area makes it the world's 37th-largest country, and is about the size of Metropolitan France and the United Kingdom combined.
แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžŠแžธโ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แžผแžšแž‚แžธโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸƒแžŠแžธโ€‹แž’แŸ†โ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แž›แŸ†แžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แžธโ€‹37 แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž›แžพโ€‹แž–แžทแž—แž–โ€‹แž›แŸ„แž€ แž แžพแž™ แžœแžถโ€‹แž‚แžบโ€‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžพแž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžšแžถแž‡แž’แžถแž“แžธโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž”แžถแžšแžถแŸ†แž„ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แžขแž„แŸ‹โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แŸแžŸโ€‹แžšแžฝแž˜โ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถโ€‹แžแŸ‚แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ”
Turkey is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแž‘แžฝแžšแž‚แžธแž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž’โ€‹แž‡แžปแŸ†โ€‹แžœแžทแž‰โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แžŸแž˜แžปแž‘แŸ’แžšโ€‹แž“แŸ…แž‘แžทแžŸแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แžธ แž‚แžบแžŸแž˜แžปแž‘แŸ’แžš แžขแŸŠแŸ‚แžšแž แŸ’แž‚แžธแž“ (Aegean) แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž›แžทแž…โ€‹แžŸแž˜แžปแž‘แŸ’แžšแžแŸ’แž˜แŸ…แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แž‡แžพแž„ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แžŸแž˜แžปแž‘แŸ’แžšโ€‹แž˜แŸแžŒแžธแž‘แŸ‚แžšแŸ‰แžถแžŽแŸโ€‹แž“แŸ…แžแžถแž„แžแŸ’แž”แžผแž„แŸ”
Luxembourg has a long history but its independence dates from 1839.
แž‘แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž„โ€‹ แž›แžปแž…แžŸแŸ†แž”แžฝแžšโ€‹ แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžโ€‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„โ€‹แž™แžผแžšโ€‹แžขแž„แŸ’แžœแŸ‚แž„โ€‹ แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แž‘แžพแž”โ€‹แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžฏแž€โ€‹แžšแžถแž‡แŸ’แž™โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹1839 แž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แŸ”โ€‹
Present-day parts of Belgium were part of Luxembourg in the past but became Belgian after the 1830s Belgian Revolution.
แž”แž…แŸ’แž…แžปแž”แŸ’แž”แž“แŸ’แž“โ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹ แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€โ€‹แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡โ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž”แŸŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸŠแžทแž€โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€โ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž›แžปแž…แž…แžŸแŸ†แž”แžฝแžšโ€‹ แž€แžถแž›โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แžขแžแžธแžแž€แžถแž› แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŸแžทแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทโ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž”แŸŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแžทแž€โ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™โ€‹โ€‹แž”แžŠแžทแžœแžŠแŸ’แžŠโ€‹แž”แŸŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸŠแžทแž€โ€‹แž‘แžŸแžœแžแŸ’แžŸแžšแŸโ€‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹1830แŸ”
Luxembourg has always tried to remain a neutral country but it was occupied in both World War I and World War II by Germany.
แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž›แžปแž…แž แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แž”แžฝแžšโ€‹แžแŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚โ€‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž™แžถแž˜โ€‹แžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แžขแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž€แŸ’แžšแžนแž แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แž›แŸ„แž€แž›แžพแž€แž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แž›แŸ„แž€แž›แžพแž€แž‘แžธแž–แžธแžš แž‚แžบโ€‹แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹โ€‹แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžขแžถแž›แŸ’แž›แžบแž˜แŸ‰แž„แŸ‹แŸ”
In 1957 Luxembourg became a founding member of the organization which is today known as the European Union.
แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† 1957 แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸ แž›แžปแž…แžŸแŸ†แž”แžฝ (Luxembourg) แž”แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แžŸแž˜แžถแž‡แžทแž€โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž”แž“แžทแž€โ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒโ€‹แž‚แŸแžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแžถ แž‡แžถโ€‹แžŸแž แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แžขแžบแžšแŸ‰แžปแž”แŸ”
The Drukgyal Dzong is a ruined fortress and Buddhist monastery in the upper part of the Paro District (in Phondey Village).
แžŒแŸ’แžšแžปแž‚แž‚แžธแž™แŸ‰แžถแž›แžŠแžปแž„ (Drukgyal Dzong) แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแž‰ แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžถแž‘แžธแžœแžแŸ’แžแžขแžถแžšแžถแž˜แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡แž–แžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแž“แŸ…แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž›แžพแž“แŸƒแžŸแŸ’แžšแžปแž€แž”แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžผ (Paro ) (แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž—แžผแž˜แžทแž•แž“แžŒแŸ (Phondey)) แŸ”
It is said that in 1649, Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel created the fortress to commemorate his victory against the Tibetan-Mongol forces.
แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แž“แžทแž™แžถแž™แžแžถ แž“แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† 1649 แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžแŸแž…โ€‹แžกแžถแž˜แŸ‰แžถ Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž™แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžšแŸ†แž›แžนแž€แžแžฝแž”โ€‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž‡แŸแž™แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž“แŸ‡โ€‹โ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แž„แž‘แŸแž–แž‘แžธแž”แŸ-แž˜แŸ‰แžปแž„แž แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž›แŸ”
In 1951, a fire caused for only some of the relics of the Drukgyal Dzong to remain, such as the image of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.
แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† 1951 แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แžทแž—แŸแž™แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžฑแŸ’แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘โ€‹ Drukgyal Dzong แž“แŸ…แžŸแŸแžŸแžŸแž›แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แžœแžแŸ’แžแžปแž”แžปแžšแžถแžŽแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡โ€‹แž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹ แž˜แžถแž“แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถโ€‹ แžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Zhabdrung Ngawang NamgyalแŸ”
After the fire, the fortress was preserved and protected, remaining to be one of Bhutan's most sensational attractions.
แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž–แŸแž›โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แžทแž—แŸแž™โ€‹ แž€แŸ†แž•แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžขแž—แžทแžšแž€แŸ’แžŸโ€‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž–แžถแžš แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžœแžถโ€‹แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แžถแž‰โ€‹แž…แŸ†แžŽแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŽแŸโ€‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž”แŸŠแžผแžแžถแž“แŸ‹โ€‹แŸ”
During the 18th century Cambodia found itself squeezed between two powerful neighbors, Thailand and Vietnam.
แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„แžŸแžแžœแžแŸ’แžŸแžšแŸแž‘แžธ 18 แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž–แžปแž‡แžถแž”แžถแž“แžšแž€แžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถโ€‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž”แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸ†แž“แžถแž”แžšแžœแžถแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแž‡แžทแžแžแžถแž„โ€‹โ€‹แž–แžธแžšแžŠแŸแž˜แžถแž“แžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž› แž‚แžบแž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแžแŸƒ แž“แžทแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸ แžœแŸ€แžแžŽแžถแž˜แŸ”
The Thais invaded Cambodia several times in the 18th century and in 1772 they destroyed Phnom Phen.
แž–แžฝแž€แžแŸƒแž”แžถแž“แž…แžผแž›แž›แžปแž€แž›แžปแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแž€แž˜แŸ’แž–แžปแž‡แžถแž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžŠแž„โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แžŸแžแžœแžแŸ’แžŸโ€‹แž‘แžธ 18 แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž“แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† 1772 แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแž‰โ€‹แž‘แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ†แž–แŸแž‰แŸ”
In the last years of the 18th century the Vietnamese also invaded Cambodia.
แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹แž…แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžŸแžแžœแžแŸ’แžŸแžšแŸโ€‹แž‘แžธโ€‹18 แž‡แž“แž‡แžถแžแžทโ€‹แžœแŸ€แžแžŽแžถแž˜โ€‹แž€แŸแž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž…แžผแž›โ€‹แžˆแŸ’แž›แžถแž“โ€‹แž–แžถแž“โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž€แž˜แŸ’แž–แžปแž‡แžถโ€‹แž•แž„โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แžšโ€‹แŸ”
Eighteen percent of Venezuelans are unemployed, and most of those who are employed work in the informal economy.
แž”แŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž‡แž“แžœแŸแžŽแŸแžŸแŸŠแžปแž™แžขแŸแžกแžถแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแžŽโ€‹แžŠแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแŸ†แž”แžธแž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™ แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพ แž แžพแž™แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแŸแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž€แžทแž…แŸ’แž…แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ…แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแŸ”
Two thirds of Venezuelans who work do so in the service sector, nearly a quarter work in industry and a fifth work in agriculture.
แž”แŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž‡แž“โ€‹แžœแŸแžŽแŸแž แŸ’แžŸแŸŠแžปแž™แžขแŸแžกแžถโ€‹แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž–แžธแžšแž—แžถแž‚แž”แžœแžธ แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžœแžทแžŸแŸแž™โ€‹แžŸแŸแžœแžถแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜ แž‡แžทแžโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž—แžถแž‚โ€‹แž”แžฝแž“โ€‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžงแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžถแž แž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšโ€‹แž‘แžธโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแŸ† แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžœแžทแžŸแŸแž™โ€‹แž€แžŸแžทแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แŸ”
An important industry for Venezuelans is oil, where the country is a net exporter, even though only one percent work in the oil industry.
แžงแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžถแž แž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜โ€‹แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹โ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžœแŸแžŽแŸแž แŸ’แžŸแŸŠแžปแž™แžขแŸแžกแžถ แž‚แžบโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแŸแž„แž€แžถแž แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹แž…แŸแž‰โ€‹แžŸแžปแž‘แŸ’แž’ แž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แžธโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšโ€‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพโ€‹แžแŸ‚โ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž—แžถแž‚แžšแž™โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžงแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžถแž แž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแŸแž„โ€‹แž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™แŸ”
Early in the nation's independence, Singapore Botanic Gardens' expertise helped to transform the island into a tropical Garden City.
แž“แŸ…โ€‹แžŠแžพแž˜โ€‹แžฏแž€แžšแžถแž‡แŸ’แž™โ€‹แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž‡แžถแžแžท แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แž‡แŸ†แž“แžถแž‰โ€‹แžŸแžฝแž“โ€‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžšโ€‹แž”แžผแž‘แžทแž€โ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžŸแžทแž„แŸ’แž แž”แžปแžšแžธ (Singapore Botanic Gardens) แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž‡แžฝแž™โ€‹แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžŠแžผแžšโ€‹แž€แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž‘แžธแž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž„โ€‹แžŸแžฝแž“โ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแž–แžทแž… (Garden City)แŸ”
In 1981, Vanda Miss Joaquim, an orchid hybrid, was chosen as the nation's national flower.
แž“แŸ… แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† 1981 แžœแŸ‰แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแžถ แž˜แžธแžŸ แž…แžผแžƒแŸ’แžœแžธแž˜ (Vanda Miss Joaquim) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž€แžถแžขแŸแžšแž‚แžธแžŠแŸแž€แžผแž“แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸแžšแžพแžŸแž‡แžถแž•แŸ’แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžทแŸ”
Every year around October nearly 1.5 million herbivores travel towards the southern plains, crossing the Mara River, from the northern hills for the rains.
แž‡แžถแžšแŸ€แž„แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž แŸ‚แž›แžแŸ‚แžแžปแž›แžถ แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแžแŸ’แžœแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸŠแžธแžŸแŸ’แž˜แŸ…แž‡แžถแžขแžถแž แžถแžšแž‡แžทแž 1,5 แž›แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž†แŸ’แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž”แžแžถแž„แžแŸ’แž”แžผแž„โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ Mara แž˜แž€แž–แžธแž‡แžฝแžšแž—แŸ’แž“แŸ†แž—แžถแž‚แžแžถแž„แž‡แžพแž„แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธโ€‹แžšแž€แž‘แžนแž€แž—แŸ’แž›แŸ€แž„แŸ”
And then back to the north through the west, once again crossing the Mara river, after the rains in around April.
แž แžพแž™โ€‹แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž˜แž€โ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แž‘แžทแžŸแžแžถแž„แž‡แžพแž„ แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž–แžธแžแžถแž„แž›แžทแž… แž แžพแž™แž†แŸ’แž›แž„แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž‘แž“แŸ’แž›แŸแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถ (Mara) แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แž‘แŸ€แž แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž—แŸ’แž›แŸ€แž„โ€‹แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž€แŸ‹โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž˜แŸ’แžแžปแŸ†โ€‹แžแŸ‚โ€‹แž˜แŸแžŸแžถโ€‹แŸ”
The Serengeti region contains the Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Maswa Game Reserve in Tanzania and the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya.
แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹ Serengeti (แžŸแŸแžšแžทแž“แž แŸ’แž‚แŸแžแž‘แžธ) แž˜แžถแž“แžงแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแž“แž‡แžถแžแžท Serengeti แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แžขแž—แžทแžšแž€แŸ’แžŸ Ngorongoro (แžขแž„แŸ‹แž แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แžšแŸ‰แžผแžขแž„แŸ‹แž แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แžšแŸ‰แžผ) แž“แžทแž„แžงแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแž“แžขแž—แžทแžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแž›แŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž„แž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถ (Maswa Game Reserve) แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžแž„แŸ‹แž แŸ’แžŸแžถแž“แžธ แž“แžทแž„แž“แŸ…แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แžขแž—แžทแžšแž€แŸ’แžŸ Maasai Mara (แž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžถแž™ แž˜แŸ‰แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถ) แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž€แŸแž“แž™แŸ‰แžถแŸ”
Learning to create interactive media requires conventional and traditional skills, as well as tools mastered in interactive classes (storyboarding, audio and video editing, story telling, etc.)
แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แžšแŸ€แž“โ€‹แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’โ€‹แž•แŸ’แžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแž•แŸ’แžŸแžถแž™โ€‹แžขแž“แŸ’แžแžšแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜โ€‹แž‘แžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšโ€‹แžฑแŸ’แž™โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž‡แŸ†แž“แžถแž‰โ€‹แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸƒแžŽแžธ แž–แŸ’แžšแž˜แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แžงแž”แž€แžšแžŽแŸโ€‹แž‡แŸ†แž“แžถแž‰โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹โ€‹แžขแž“แŸ’แžแžšแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜ (แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแžšแžฟแž„ แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž›แŸแž„ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžโ€‹แžœแžธแžŠแŸแžขแžผ แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž“แžทแž‘แžถแž“โ€‹แžšแžฟแž„แŸ”แž›แŸ”
Interactive design requires that you re-assess your assumptions about media production and learn to think in a non-linear ways.
แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แžšแž…แž“แžถโ€‹แžขแž“แŸ’แžแžšแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜โ€‹แž‘แžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšโ€‹แžฑแŸ’แž™โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž›แŸƒโ€‹แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แžŸแž“แŸ’แž˜แžโ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แžกแžพแž„โ€‹แžœแžทแž‰โ€‹แžขแŸ†แž–แžธโ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’โ€‹แž•แŸ’แžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแž•แŸ’แžŸแžถแž™ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แžšแŸ€แž“โ€‹แž‚แžทแžโ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžšแž”แŸ€แž”โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“โ€‹แž€แžพแžโ€‹แžกแžพแž„โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž€แŸ’แžšแžแžธแŸ”
Interactive design requires that components of a project connect to each other, but also make sense as a separate entity.
แž€แžถแžšแžšแž…แž“แžถแžขแž“แŸ’แžแžšแž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžฑแŸ’แž™แžŸแž˜แžถแžŸแž’แžถแžแžปแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž„แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž‘แŸ…แžœแžทแž‰แž‘แŸ…แž˜แž€ แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แžœแžถแž€แŸแž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แž“แŸ…แž‡แžถแžŸแž˜แžถแžŸแž’แžถแžแžปแžŠแžถแž…แŸ‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แžกแŸ‚แž€แžŠแžŠแŸ‚แž›แŸ”
The disadvantage of zoom lenses is that the focal complexity and number of lens elements required to achieve a range of focal lengths is much greater than for prime lenses.
แž•แž›แžœแžทแž”แžถแž€แž“แŸƒโ€‹แž€แž‰แŸ’แž…แž€แŸ‹โ€‹แž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžฝแž˜โ€‹ แž‚แžบแžแžถโ€‹แž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžปแž‚แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž‰แž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แžแŸ„แžแž“แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹ แž แžพแž™โ€‹แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž’แžถแžแžปโ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แž€แž‰แŸ’แž…แž€แŸ‹โ€‹แžกแŸ‚แž“โ€‹ แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžฑแŸ’แž™แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแž…แž…แž˜แŸ’แž„แžถแž™โ€‹แž“แžผแžœแžแŸ’แž“แžถแžโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแŸ‚แž„แž˜แžพแž›โ€‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แžฑแŸ’แž™แž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ†แž‡แžถแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แž‰แŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹โ€‹แžกแŸ‚แž“โ€‹แž‘แŸ„แž›โ€‹แŸ”
This is becoming less of an issue as lens manufacturers achieve higher standards in lens production.
แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž‡แžถแž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแžผแžœแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜แž แŸŠแžปแž“แž•แž›แžทแžแž€แŸ‚แžœแž™แžนแž (แž€แžถแžŽแžปแž„) แž€แžถแž˜แŸแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแž…แž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžแž„แŸ‹แžŠแžถแžšแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž•แž›แžทแžแž€แŸ‚แžœแž™แžนแž (แž€แžถแžŽแžปแž„) แž€แžถแž˜แŸแžšแŸ‰แžถแŸ”
This has allowed zoom lenses to produce pictures of a quality comparable to that achieved by lenses with fixed focal length.
แž€แžถแžšแž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฑแŸ’แž™แž›แŸ‚แž“แž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€แž“แŸƒแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแž“แžแž แžแžแž”แžถแž“แž“แžผแžœแžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž‚แžปแžŽแž—แžถแž–แž›แŸ’แžขแž”แžพแž’แŸ€แž”แž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แžšแžผแž”แžแžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แžถแž“แžแžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแž“แžแžแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸ‚แž“แž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€แŸ”
Another disadvantage of zoom lenses is that the maximum aperture (the speed) of the lens is usually lower.
แž‚แžปแžŽแžœแžทแž”แžแŸ’แžแžทแž˜แžฝแž™แž‘แŸ€แžแž“แŸƒแž€แŸ‚แžœแž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€ (zoom lenses) แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แžถแž˜แŸแžšแŸ‰แžถ แž‚แžบแžแžถ แž‘แŸ†แž แŸ†แžขแžแžทแž”แžšแž˜แžถแž“แŸƒแžšแžปแž“แŸ’แž’แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž–แž“แŸ’แž›แžบ (แž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“) แž“แŸƒแž€แŸ‚แžœแžแž แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แž‚แžบแžแžทแž…แž‡แžถแž„แŸ”
This makes inexpensive zoom lenses hard to use in low-light conditions without a flash.
แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพโ€‹แžฑแŸ’แž™โ€‹แž€แŸ‚แžœโ€‹แž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แžแž˜แŸ’แž›แŸƒโ€‹แžแŸ„แž€โ€‹แž–แžทแž”แžถแž€โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžพโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž–แŸแž›โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžโ€‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“โ€‹แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แž˜แžทแž“โ€‹แžŸแžผแžœโ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž–แž“แŸ’แž›แžบโ€‹แž‘แžถแž”โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž–แž“แŸ’แž›แžบโ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžถแŸ†แž„แŸ”
One of the most common problems when trying to convert a movie to DVD format is the overscan.
แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž™แžพแž„โ€‹แžแŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž‡แžฝแž”โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸ‡โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž–แŸแž›โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž™แžพแž„โ€‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž™แžถแž˜โ€‹แž”แž˜แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แž—แžถแž–แž™แž“แŸ’แžโ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹ DVD แž“แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž‚แžบโ€‹แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžšแž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แžŸแŸ’แž€แŸแž“โ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›โ€‹แžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แŸ”
Most televisions are made in a way to please the general public.
แž”แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžทแŸแž‘แžผแžšแž‘แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž“แŸแž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แžแžถแž˜แžœแžทแž’แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แž„แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž‚แžถแž”แŸ‹แž…แžทแžแŸ’แžแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…แŸ”
For that reason, everything you see on the TV had the borders cut, top, bottom and sides.
แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แžŸแžถแžšโ€‹แž˜แžผแž›โ€‹แž แŸแžแžปโ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹ แžขแŸ’แžœแžธโ€‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แžƒแžพแž‰โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž›แžพโ€‹แž‘แžผแžšแž‘แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž“แŸ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แž€แžถแžแŸ‹โ€‹แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžนแž˜โ€‹แžแžถแž˜โ€‹แž‚แŸ‚แž˜โ€‹ แžแžถแž„โ€‹แž›แžพโ€‹ แžแžถแž„โ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜โ€‹ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž‡แŸ’แžšแžปแž„โ€‹แžŸแž„โ€‹แžแžถแž„โ€‹แŸ”โ€‹
This is made to ensure that the image covers the whole screen. That is called overscan.
แžœแžถโ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž•แž›แžทแžโ€‹แžกแžพแž„โ€‹แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž’แžถแž“แžถโ€‹แžแžถโ€‹ แžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”โ€‹แžŠแžŽแŸ’แžŠแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž›แžพโ€‹แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แžขแŸแž€แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แž˜แžผแž›แŸ” แž“แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž แŸ…โ€‹แžแžถโ€‹ แžšแžผแž”แžŸแŸ’แž€แŸ‚แž“โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แž›แžพแŸ”
Unfortunately, when you make a DVD, it's borders will most likely be cut too, and if the video had subtitles too close to the bottom, they won't be fully shown.
แžแŸ‚แž‚แžฝแžšแžฑแŸ’แž™แžŸแŸ„แž€แžŸแŸ’แžŠแžถแž™ แž“แŸ…แž–แŸแž›แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžŒแžธแžœแžธแžŒแžธ แž‚แŸ‚แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž€แŸแž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แž‡แžถแž“แžนแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰แž•แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžš แž แžพแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžทแž“แž”แžพแžœแžธแžŠแŸแžขแžผแž˜แžถแž“แžขแž€แŸ’แžŸแžšแžšแžแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž‡แžทแžแž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แžขแž€แŸ’แžŸแžšแžšแžแŸ‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž“แžนแž„แž˜แžทแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž–แŸแž‰แž›แŸแž‰แž‘แŸแŸ”
The traditional medieval castle has long inspired the imagination, conjuring up images of jousts, banquets and Arthurian chivalry.
แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘แž”แžปแžšแžถแžŽแž“แŸ…แž˜แž‡แŸ’แžˆแžทแž˜แžŸแž˜แŸแž™แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžŸแž‚แŸ†แž“แžทแžแžŸแŸ’แžšแž˜แžพแž›แžŸแŸ’แžšแž˜แŸ‰แŸƒแžƒแžพแž‰แžšแžผแž”แž—แžถแž–แž”แŸ’แžšแž€แžผแžแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ แž–แžทแž’แžธแž‡แž”แŸ‹แž›แŸ€แž„ แž“แžทแž„แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž…แŸ†แž”แžถแŸ†แž„แž‡แžทแŸ‡แžŸแŸแŸ‡ แžŸแŸ’แžแŸแž…แžขแžถแžŸแŸŠแžพ (Arthurian) แž‡แžถแž™แžผแžšแž˜แž€แž แžพแž™แŸ”
Even standing amidst thousand year-old ruins it is easy to bring to mind the sounds and smells of battles long gone, to almost hear the clatter of hooves on the cobbles and to smell the fear rising from the dungeon pits.
แž‘แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž”แžธโ€‹แžˆแžšโ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž…แŸ†แž€แžŽแŸ’แžŠแžถแž›โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžถแž‘โ€‹แž”แžถแž€แŸ‹โ€‹แž”แŸ‚แž€โ€‹แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžถแž“แŸ‹โ€‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹แž€แŸโ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹ แžœแžถโ€‹แž„แžถแž™แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž›โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹แžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŽแŸโ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แž‘แŸ…แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹โ€‹แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„โ€‹แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž›แžทแž“โ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž™แžผแžšโ€‹แž˜แž€โ€‹แž แžพแž™ แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžพแžšโ€‹แžแŸ‚โ€‹แžขแžถโ€‹แž…โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แžฎโ€‹แž“แžผแžœโ€‹แžŸแŸ’แž“แžผแžšโ€‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžนแž”โ€‹แž‡แžพแž„โ€‹แžŸแŸแŸ‡แž“แŸ…โ€‹โ€‹แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœโ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžถแž›โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แžแŸ’แž˜ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž’แŸ†แž€แŸ’แž›แžทแž“โ€‹แž“แžผแžœโ€‹แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แž—แŸแž™โ€‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแž…โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž…แŸแž‰โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แžšแžŽแŸ’แžŠแŸ…โ€‹แž‚แžปแž€แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž˜โ€‹แžŠแžธโ€‹แŸ”
But is our imagination based on reality? Why were castles built in the first place? How were they designed and built?
แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚โ€‹แžแžพโ€‹แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžšแž˜แžพแžŸแŸ’แžšแž˜แŸƒโ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€โ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž›แžพโ€‹แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแŸ‚แž„โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แžšโ€‹แžฌแž‘แŸ? แžแžพโ€‹แž แŸแžแžปแžขแŸ’แžœแžธโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘โ€‹แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แžŸแžถแž„โ€‹แžกแžพแž„โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™? แžแžพโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘โ€‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แžขแžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžšแž…แž“แžถ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž€แžŸแžถแž„โ€‹แžกแžพแž„โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แžšแž”แŸ€แž”แžŽแžถ?
Typical for the period, Kirby Muxloe Castle is more of a fortified house than a true castle.
แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžŸแž˜แŸแž™โ€‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘ แžƒแžพแž”แŸŠแžธ แž˜แŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ’แž›แžผ (Kirby Muxloe) แž‚แžบโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แžœแžทแž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แŸ†แž•แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšโ€‹แžšแžนแž„แž˜แžถแŸ†โ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžโ€‹ แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แžšแžถแž‡แžœแžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แž–แžทแžโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แžŠโ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž‘แŸ€แžโ€‹แŸ”โ€‹
Its large glazed windows and thin walls would not have been able to resist a determined attack for long.
แž”แž„แŸ’แžขแžฝแž…แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแŸŠแžปแŸ†แž’แŸ† แž“แžทแž„แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžถแŸ†แž„แžŠแŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžพแž„ แž“แžนแž„แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž”แŸ‹แž‘แž›แŸ‹แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžœแžถแž™แž”แŸ’แžšแž แžถแžšแžŠแŸแžŸแŸ’แžœแžทแžแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถแž‰แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž™แžผแžšแž”แžถแž“แž‘แŸแŸ”
In the 1480s, when its construction was begun by Lord Hastings, the country was relatively peaceful and defense was only required against small bands of roving marauders.
แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž‘แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžœแžแŸ’แžŸแžšแŸโ€‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹ 1480 แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž–แŸแž›โ€‹แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แžŸแžถแž„โ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ‹โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžŠแžพแž˜โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡โ€‹แžขแž˜แŸ’แž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹โ€‹ แž แžถแžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แžธแž„แžŸแŸโ€‹ (Hastings) แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แžŸแž“แŸ’แžแžทแž—แžถแž–โ€‹ แž แžพแž™โ€‹โ€‹แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž–แžถแžšโ€‹โ€‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹โ€‹แžแŸ‚โ€‹โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž™แžปแž‘แŸ’แž’โ€‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜โ€‹แž…แŸ„แžšแž›แžฝแž…โ€‹แž”แŸ’แž›แž“แŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แŸ”โ€‹
The balance of power was a system in which European nations sought to maintain the national sovereignty of all European states.
แžแžปแž›แŸ’แž™แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžขแŸ†แžŽแžถแž… แž‚แžบโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’โ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž‡แžถแžแžทโ€‹แžขแžบแžšแŸ‰แžปแž”โ€‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž™แžถแž˜โ€‹แžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถโ€‹แžขแž’แžทแž”แžแŸแž™แŸ’แž™แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แž‡แžถแžแžทโ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹โ€‹แžขแžบแžšแŸ‰แžปแž”โ€‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แŸ”
The concept was that all European nations had to seek to prevent one nation from becoming powerful, and thus national governments often changed their alliances in order to maintain the balance.
แž•แŸ’แž“แžแŸ‹โ€‹แž‚แŸ†แž“แžทแž แž‚แžบแžแžถโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž‡แžถแžแžทโ€‹แžขแžบแžšแŸ‰แžปแž”โ€‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž™แžถแž˜โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžœแŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‡แžถแž‡แžถแžแžทโ€‹แžŽแžถโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž˜แžทแž“โ€‹แžฑแŸ’แž™โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™โ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แžŽแžถแž…โ€‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„ แž แžพแž™โ€‹แž แŸแžแžปโ€‹แžŠแžผแž…โ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›โ€‹แž‡แžถแžแžทโ€‹แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹แžแŸ‚แž„แžแŸ‚โ€‹แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžŠแžผแžšโ€‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸโ€‹แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธโ€‹แžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถโ€‹แžแžปแž›แŸ’แž™แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แžขแŸ†แžŽแžถแž…แŸ”
The War of Spanish Succession marked the first war whose central issue was the balance of power.
แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แžŠแžŽแŸ’แžแžพแž˜แžขแŸ†แžŽแžถแž…แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแžขแŸแžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ‰แžถแž‰ แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž‚แŸ แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแžŸแŸ’แž“แžผแž›แž“แŸƒโ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹ แž‚แžบโ€‹แžแžปแž›แŸ’แž™แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แžขแŸ†แžŽแžถแž…แŸ”
This marked an important change, as European powers would no longer have the pretext of being religious wars. Thus, the Thirty Years' War would be the last war to be labeled a religious war.
แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžŸแŸ†แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžŠแžผแžšโ€‹แžŠแŸโ€‹แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹โ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แž แžถโ€‹แžขแŸ†แžŽแžถแž…โ€‹แžขแžบแžšแŸ‰แžปแž”โ€‹แž›แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž›แŸแžŸโ€‹แžแžถ แž‡แžถโ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถโ€‹แž‘แŸ€แžโ€‹แž แžพแž™แŸ” แžŠแžผแž…แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›โ€‹แžŸแžถแž˜แžŸแžทแž”โ€‹แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž‡แžถโ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แž…แžปแž„แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹โ€‹แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แžแžถ แž‡แžถโ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแŸ”
The temple of Artemis at Ephesus was destroyed on July 21, 356 BCE in an act of arson committed by Herostratus.
แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘แžขแžถแžแŸแž˜แžธแžŸโ€‹ (Artemis) แž“แŸ…แžขแŸแž—แžธแžŸแŸŠแžปแžŸ (Ephesus) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แžฝแž…โ€‹แžŠแžปแžโ€‹โ€‹แž”แŸ†แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แž…แŸ„แž›โ€‹แž“แŸ…แžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž‘แžธ 21 แžแŸ‚แž€แž€แŸ’แž€แžŠแžถ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† 356 แž˜แžปแž“แž‚.แžŸ.โ€‹ โ€‹โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แžปแžšแžŸโ€‹แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹โ€‹แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹ แž แŸแžšแŸ‰แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžถแž’แžพแžŸ (โ€‹Herostratus)แŸ”
According to the story, his motivation was fame at any cost. The Ephesians, outraged, announced that Herostratus' name never be recorded.
แž™แŸ„แž„แž‘แŸ…แžแžถแž˜แžŸแžถแž…แŸ‹แžšแžฟแž„โ€‹โ€‹ แž€แžถแžšแž›แžพแž€แž‘แžนแž€แž…แžทแžแŸ’แžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แž›แŸ’แž”แžธแž›แŸ’แž”แžถแž‰แŸ” แž–แžฝแž€แžขแŸแž—แŸแžŸแžผแžšแž”แžถแž“แžขแžถแž€แŸ‹แžขแž“แŸ‹แž…แžทแžแŸ’แžโ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแž€แžถแžŸโ€‹แžแžถโ€‹แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ Herostratus แž˜แžทแž“แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžถโ€‹แž‘แžปแž€แžกแžพแž™แŸ”
The Greek historian Strabo later noted the name, which is how we know today. The temple was destroyed on the same night that Alexander the Great was born.
แž”แŸ’แžšแžœแžแŸ’แžแžทแžœแžทแž‘แžผแž‡แž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแž€แŸ’แžšแžทแž€ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž˜แž€แž‘แžพแž”แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡แžแžถ แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžแžถแž”แžผ (Strabo) แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž™แžพแž„แžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž“แŸ…แžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แž•แŸ’แž›แžถแž‰แž“แŸ…แž™แž”แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžŸแŸ’แžแŸแž… แžขแžถแžกแžทแž…แžŸแžถแž“แžŒแžพ Alexander the Great แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžผแžแŸ’แžšแž˜แž€แŸ”
Alexander, as king, offered to pay to rebuild the temple, but his offer was denied. Later, after Alexander died, the temple was rebuilt in 323 BCE.
แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แžถแž˜แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸแž… แžขแžถแžกแžทแž…แžŸแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŒแžบ (Alexander) แž”แžถแž“แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แžŽแžถแž™แž›แžพแžŸแžถแž„แžŸแž„แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰ แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž‡แžผแž“แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แžŠแžทแžŸแŸแž’แŸ” แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž˜แž€แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแŸแž…แžขแžถแžกแžทแž…แžŸแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŒแžบแž”แžถแž“แžŸแžปแž‚แžแž‘แŸ… แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแžถแž‘แž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแžถแž„แžŸแž„แŸ‹แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰แž“แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†แŸฃแŸขแŸฃ แž˜แžปแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแžทแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž€แžšแžถแž‡แŸ”
Make sure your hand is as relaxed as possible while still hitting all the notes correctly - also try not to make much extraneous motion with your fingers.
แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แžฑแŸ’แž™โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แžŠโ€‹แžแžถ แžŠแŸƒโ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž€โ€‹แžแžถแž˜โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แžขแžถแž…โ€‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพโ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž”แžถแž“ แž“แŸ…โ€‹แžแžŽแŸˆโ€‹แž–แŸแž›โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แžขแžถแž…โ€‹แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚โ€‹แž€แžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžถโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แž˜แŸ’แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž‘แŸ€แžโ€‹แž…แžผแžšโ€‹แž€แžปแŸ†โ€‹แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž™แžถแž˜โ€‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพโ€‹แž…แž›แž“แžถโ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžพโ€‹แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž˜โ€‹แžŠแŸƒโ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แž”แžพโ€‹แž˜แžทแž“โ€‹แž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แŸ”
This way, you will tire yourself out as little as possible. Remember there's no need to hit the keys with a lot of force for extra volume like on the piano.
แžœแžทแž’แžธแž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž“แžนแž„แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžฑแŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžฏแž„แžšแžถแž„แž แžแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžทแž…แŸ” แž…แžผแžšแž…แž„แž…แžถแŸ†แžแžถแž˜แžทแž“โ€‹แž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹โ€‹แž…แžปแž…โ€‹แžแž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž„แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž›แŸแž„โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แžŠแžผแž…แž“แŸ…แž›แžพโ€‹แž–แŸ’แž™แŸ‰แžถแžŽแžผแž‘แŸแŸ”
On the accordion, to get extra volume, you use the bellows with more pressure or speed.
แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แžถแž“แž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแžโ€‹แžŸแŸ†แžกแž„แž–แžทแžŸแŸแžŸแž“แŸ…แž›แžพแžขแžถแž‚แŸแžšแžŒแžธแžขแžปแž„แž“แŸแŸ‡ โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž”แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž›แžปแŸ†แžแŸ’แž™แž›แŸ‹โ€‹แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜โ€‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž–แžถแž’ แžฌแž›แŸ’แž”แžฟแž“แŸ”
Mysticism is the pursuit of communion with, identity with, or conscious awareness of an ultimate reality, divinity, spiritual truth, or God.
แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แžขแžถแžแŸŒโ€‹แž€แŸ†แž”แžถแŸ†แž„ แž‚แžบโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžœแŸ‚แž„แžšแž€โ€‹แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž™โ€‹แž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„โ€‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แžขแžแŸ’แžแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŽ แžฌโ€‹แž€แžถแžšแžŠแžนแž„โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž”แž‡แž‰แŸ’แž‰แŸˆโ€‹แžขแŸ†แž–แžธโ€‹แžแžแž—แžถแž–โ€‹แž‡แžถแž€แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž‘แŸแžœ แžŸแŸแž…แž€แŸ’แžแžธโ€‹แž–แžทแžโ€‹แžแžถแž„โ€‹แžœแžทแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžŽ แžฌโ€‹แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡แž‡แžถแž˜แŸ’แž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹แŸ”
The believer seeks a direct experience, intuition, or insight into divine reality/the deity or dieties.
แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แžฟแžŸแŸ’แžœแŸ‚แž„แžšแž€แž”แž‘แž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸ แžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŽแŸ แžฌแž€แžถแžšแž™แž›แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„แžขแŸ†แž–แžธแžŠแŸ„แž™แž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž—แžถแž–แž–แžทแžแž“แŸƒแž‘แŸแžœแžแžถ / แžขแžถแž‘แžทแž‘แŸแž–แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸแžฌแžŸแŸ’แžšแžธแŸ”
Followers pursue certain ways of living, or practices that are intended to nurture those experiences.
แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžแŸ‚แžšแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ…แž”แŸ‚แž”แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžฌแž€แŸแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸโ€‹แžแžถแž˜แž”แŸ‚แž”แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แžŽแž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แž„แŸ’แžšแžธแž€แž”แž‘แž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸโ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸแŸ”
Mysticism can be distinguished from other forms of religious belief and worship by its emphasis on the direct personal experience of a unique state of consciousness, particularly those of a peaceful, insightful, blissful, or even ecstatic character.
แž‡แŸ†แž“แžฟแžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแž‚แžทแžแž”แŸ‚แž”แž›แŸ‡แž”แž„แŸ‹แž“แžทแž™แž˜แžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž–แžธแž‘แž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž‡แŸ†แž“แžฟแžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžœแžถแž™แž”แž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ†แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡ แžแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแžŸแž„แŸ’แž€แžแŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž„แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแž‘แŸ…แž›แžพแž”แž‘แž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸแž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžŸแž—แžถแž–แž–แžทแžŸแŸแžŸแž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแžšแžแžธแž—แŸ’แž‰แžถแž€แŸ‹แžšแž›แžนแž€แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แŸ’แžšแž€แž”แž‘แŸ…แžŠแŸ„แž™แž…แžšแžทแžแž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแžŸแž“แŸ’แžแžทแž—แžถแž– แž€แžถแžšแž‚แžทแžแžแŸ’แžšแžทแŸ‡แžšแžทแŸ‡แž–แžทแž…แžถแžšแžŽแžถ แž—แžถแž–แžŸแžปแžแž€แŸ’แžŸแŸแž˜แž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž“แŸ’แž แžฌแžขแžถแž€แžถแžšแŸˆแžขแžšแžŸแž”แŸ’แž”แžถแž™แŸ”
Sikhism is a religion from the Indian sub-continent. It originated in the Punjab region during the 15th century from a sectarian split within the Hindu tradition.
แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแžŸแžทแžแŸ’แž  (Sikhism) แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžงแž”แž‘แŸ’แžœแžธแž”แžฅแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžถแŸ” แžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžŠแžพแž˜แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแžโ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แž—แžปแž“แž…แžถแž” (Punjab) แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แžกแžปแž„แžŸแžแžœแžแŸ’แžŸแž‘แžธ15 แž แžพแž™แž€แžพแžแž…แŸแž‰แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž…แŸ‚แž€โ€‹แž“แžทแž€แžถแž™โ€‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸƒแžŽแžธโ€‹แž แžทแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžผโ€‹แŸ”
Sikhs consider their faith to be a separate religion from Hinduism though they acknowledge its Hindu roots and traditions.
แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแžŸแžทแžแž…แžถแžแŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แžปแž€โ€‹แž‡แŸ†แž“แžฟโ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถโ€‹แžŠแžถแž…แŸ‹โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แžกแŸ‚แž€โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถโ€‹แž แžทแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžผโ€‹ แž”แžพโ€‹แž‘แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž”แžธโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸโ€‹แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹โ€‹แžแžถโ€‹แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถโ€‹แž แžทแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžผโ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แžซแžŸแž‚แž›แŸ‹โ€‹ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸƒแžŽแžธโ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸโ€‹แž€แŸโ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แŸ”
Sikhs call their religion Gurmat, which is Punjabi for "way of the guru". The guru is a fundamental aspect of all Indian religions but in Sikhism has taken on an importance that forms the core of Sikh beliefs.
แž–แžฝแž€แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแž‚แž แŸ (Sikh) แž แŸ…แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸแžแžถแž แŸ’แž‚แžบแž˜แŸ‰แžถแž (Gurmat) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแž—แžถแžŸแžถแž—แžปแž“แž…แžถแž”แŸŠแžธ (Punjabi) แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸแž™แžแžถ "แž˜แžถแž‚แŸŒแžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡แž”แžšแž˜แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผ" แŸ” แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡แž”แžšแž˜แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž‘แžทแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž—แžถแž–แž‚แŸ’แžšแžนแŸ‡แž“แŸƒแžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแžฅแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžถแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹ แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแžŸแŸŠแžธแž‚แž แŸ แž‚แŸแž”แžถแž“แž™แž€แž…แžทแžแŸ’แžแž‘แžปแž€แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž›แžพแžŸแžถแžšแŸˆแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แž“แžผแž›แž“แŸƒแž‡แŸ†แž“แžฟแžŸแŸŠแžธแž‚แž แŸแŸ”
The religion was founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak (1469โ€“1539). There followed in succession a further nine gurus.
แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แžŸแžแžœแžแŸ’แžŸแž‘แžธ 15 แžŠแŸ„แž™ แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ‡แž”แžšแž˜แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผ แžŽแžถแžŽแžถแž€แŸ‹ (Guru Nanak) (1469โ€“1539)แŸ” แž–แŸแž›แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž“แŸ’แžแžœแŸแž“แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž‘แŸ€แžแžŠแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แž”แžšแž˜แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแŸ†แž”แžฝแž“แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แŸ€แžแŸ”
However, in June 1956, Krushchev's promises were put to the test when riots in Poland, where workers were protesting against food shortages and wage cuts, turned into a general protest against Communism.
แž‘แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŽแžถ แž“แŸ…โ€‹แžแŸ‚โ€‹แž˜แžทแžแžปแž“แžถ แž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† 1956 แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž“แŸ’แž™แžถโ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹Krushchev แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœโ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž–แžทแžŸแŸ„แž’แž“แŸโ€‹แžฑแŸ’แž™โ€‹แžƒแžพแž‰โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž–แŸแž›โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž€แžปแž”แž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž”แŸ‰แžผแžกแžผแž‰ แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž€แžšโ€‹แžแžœแŸ‰แžถโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž€แž„แŸ’แžœแŸ‡แžแžถแžโ€‹แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸ€แž„แžขแžถแž แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹โ€‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแž™โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž€แŸ‹โ€‹แžˆแŸ’แž“แžฝแž›โ€‹แž”แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™โ€‹แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถโ€‹แž€แžถแžšโ€‹แžแžœแŸ‰แžถโ€‹แž‘แžผแž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž†แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž›แž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž€แžปแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžปแž™แž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ”
Although in the end, Krushchev sent in tanks to restore order, he did give way to some economic demands and agreed to appoint the popular Wladyslaw Gomulka as the new prime minister.
แž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แžธแž‡แžถแž“แŸ…แž‘แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹แž›แŸ„แž€ แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแžŸแžˆแžพแžœ (Krushchev) แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผแž“โ€‹แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„โ€‹แžšแžแž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžŸแŸ’แžŠแžถแžšแžŸแžŽแŸ’แžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แž“แžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แžกแžพแž„โ€‹แžœแžทแž‰แž€แŸแžŠแŸ„แž™ แž›แŸ„แž€แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž•แŸ’แžแž›แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž‘แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‘แžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšโ€‹แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€แžŸแŸแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž€แžทแž…แŸ’แž…โ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“ แž แžพแž™แž”แžถแž“แž™แž›แŸ‹แž–แŸ’แžšแž˜แžแŸ‚แž„แžแžถแŸ†แž„แž›แŸ„แž€แžœแžพแžกแžถแžŒแžธแžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแžœ แž แŸ’แž‚แŸ„แž˜แžปแž›แž€แžถ (Wladyslaw Gomulka) แž‡แžถแž“แžถแž™แž€โ€‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž˜แž“แŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแžธแžแŸ’แž˜แžธแŸ”
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwest Indian subcontinent encompassing most of modern-day Pakistan and some regions in northwest India and northeast Afghanistan.
แžขแžšแžทแž™แž’แž˜แŸŒโ€‹แž‡แŸ’แžšแž›แž„แž—แŸ’แž“แŸ† แž‚แžบแž‡แžถโ€‹แžขแžšแžทแž™แž’แž˜แŸŒโ€‹แž™แžปแž‚แžŸแž˜แŸแž™โ€‹แžŸแŸ†แžšแžนแž‘แŸ’แž’โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž—แžถแž‚โ€‹แž–แžถแž™แž–แŸ’แž™โ€‹แžฅแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžถโ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž’แž‡แžปแŸ†แžœแžทแž‰โ€‹แž—แžถแž‚แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แž”แŸ‰แžถแž‚แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“โ€‹แžŸแž˜แŸแž™โ€‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แžพแž” แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹โ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“โ€‹แž“แŸ…โ€‹แž—แžถแž‚โ€‹แž–แžถแž™แž–แŸ’แž™โ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžฅแžŽแŸ’แžŒแžถ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž—แžถแž‚โ€‹แžฅแžŸแžถแž“โ€‹แž“แŸƒโ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž‘แŸแžŸโ€‹แžขแžถแž แŸ’แžœแž แŸ’แž‚แžถแž“แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แŸ”
The civilisation flourished in the basins of the Indus River wherefore it derives its name.
แžขแžšแžทแž™แž’แž˜แŸŒแž”แžถแž“แžšแžธแž€แžŠแžปแŸ‡แžŠแžถแž›แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแžถแž„แž‘แžนแž€แž‘แž“แŸ’แž›แŸแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŒแžธแžŸ (Indus) แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แž“แŸ’แž›แŸแž“แŸแŸ‡แž€แŸแž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž…แŸแž‰แž‡แžถแžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแžแŸ‚แž˜แŸ’แžแž„แŸ”
Although some scholars speculate that since the civilisation also existed in the basins of the now dried up Sarasvati River, it should be aptly called the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization, while some call it the Harappan Civilization after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s.
แž‘แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แžธแž‡แžถแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแžถแž‡แŸ’แž‰แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡โ€‹แž”แŸ‰แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž“แžแžถโ€‹ แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแžแŸ‚โ€‹แžขแžšแžทแž™แž’แž˜แŸŒแž€แŸแž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸแž…แžกแžพแž„แž“แŸ…แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžขแžถแž„แž“แŸƒแž‘แž“แŸ’แž›แŸโ€‹แžŸแžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถแž‘แžธ (Sarasvati) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžšแžธแž„แžŸแŸ’แž„แžฝแž แžœแžถแž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž แŸ…โ€‹แžฒแŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแžถโ€‹แžขแžšแžทแž™แž’แž˜แŸŒแžขแŸŠแžธแž“แžŠแžนแžŸ แžŸแžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแžŸแŸ’แžœแžถแž‘แžธ (Indus-Sarasvati) แžแžŽแŸˆแžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž แŸ…แžœแžถแžแžถแžขแžšแžทแž™แž’แž˜แŸŒแž แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแž”แŸ‰แžถแž“ (Harappan) แžแžถแž˜แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡แž แžถแžšแŸ‰แžถแž”แŸ‰แžถ (Harappa) แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แžธแž™แŸแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„แž‚แŸแž”แž„แŸ’แžขแžŸแŸ‹โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸแž‡แžธแž€ แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž‘แžŸแžœแžแŸ’แžŸแž†แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† 1920 แŸ”
The militaristic nature of the Roman empire aided in the development of medical advances.
แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆโ€‹แž“แŸƒแž™แŸ„แž’แžถแž“แžทแž™แž˜แž“แŸƒแž…แž€แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แžšแŸ‰แžผแž˜แŸ‰แžถแŸ†แž„ แž”แžถแž“แž‡แžฝแž™โ€‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžขแž—แžทแžœแžŒแŸ’แžแž‡แžฟแž“แž›แžฟแž“แžแžถแž„แž•แŸ’แž“แŸ‚แž€โ€‹โ€‹แžœแŸแž‡แŸ’แž‡แžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžšแŸ”
Doctors began to be recruited by Emperor Augustus and even formed the first Roman Medical Corps for use in the aftermath of battles.
แžขแž’แžทแžšแžถแž‡แžขแžปแž€แž แŸ’แž‚แžบแžŸแžŸแŸ’แž‘แžพแžŸ (Augustus) แž”แžถแž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžŠแžพแž˜แž‡แŸ’แžšแžพแžŸโ€‹แžšแžพแžŸโ€‹แžœแŸแž‡แŸ’แž‡แž”แžŽแŸ’แžŒแžทแž แž แžพแž™โ€‹แžแŸ‚แž˜โ€‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžขแž„แŸ’แž‚แž—แžถแž–โ€‹แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แžšแŸ‰แžผแž˜แŸ‰แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸโ€‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžพโ€‹แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแž™แžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แŸ”
Surgeons had knowledge of various sedatives including morphine from extracts of poppy seeds and scopolamine from herbane seeds.
แž‚แŸ’แžšแžผแž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™โ€‹แžœแŸ‡แž€แžถแžแŸ‹โ€‹แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸแŸ‡โ€‹แžŠแžนแž„โ€‹แžขแŸ†แž–แžธโ€‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ†โ€‹แžšแŸ†แž‰แŸ„แž…โ€‹แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—โ€‹แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผแž›โ€‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„โ€‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† morphine แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž˜แž€แž–แžธโ€‹แž€แžถแžšแž…แž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž‰แŸ‹แž…แŸแž‰โ€‹แž–แžธแž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžผแž‡โ€‹แžขแžถแž—แŸ€แž“ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แžแŸ’แž“แžถแŸ† scopolamine แž–แžธโ€‹แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แŸ…แŸ”
They became proficient at amputation to save patients from gangrene as well as tourniquets and arterial clamps to stem blood flow.
แž–แžฝแž€แž‚แŸแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžŠแžพแž˜แžŸแŸ’แž‘แžถแžแŸ‹แž‡แŸ†แž“แžถแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžขแžœแž™แžœแŸˆ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž‡แžฝแž™แžŸแž„แŸ’แž‚แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžขแžปแž™แžšแž›แžฝแž™แž“แŸƒแžขแžœแž™แžœแŸˆ แž€แŸแžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแžšแžนแžแž”แž“แŸ’แžแžนแž„แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ€แž”แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒแžˆแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แžˆแž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž แžผแžšแžˆแžถแž˜แŸ”
Over multiple centuries, the Roman empire led to great gains in the field of medicine and formed much of the knowledge we know today.
แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžšแž™แŸˆแž–แŸแž›แž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹แžŸแžโ€‹แžœแžแŸ’แžŸแžšแŸโ€‹แž…แž€แŸ’แžšแž—แž–แžšแŸ‰แžผแž˜โ€‹แž“แžถแŸ†แžฑแŸ’แž™แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž€แžถแžšแžšแžธแž€โ€‹แž…แž˜แŸ’แžšแžพแž“โ€‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžแŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แžœแžทแžŸแŸแž™แžœแŸแž‡แŸ’แž‡แžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแŸ’แžš แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžโ€‹แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸแŸ‡โ€‹แžŠแžนแž„แž‡แžถโ€‹แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž™แžพแž„แžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžŸแž–แŸ’แžœแžแŸ’แž„แŸƒแŸ”
Pureland origami is origami with the restriction that only one fold may be done at a time, more complex folds like reverse folds are not allowed, and all folds have straightforward locations.
แž€แžถแžšแž”แžแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแžŠแžถแžŸแž”แŸ‚แž”แž—แŸ’แž‡แžฝแž›แŸ‚แž“ (Pureland) แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แžแžนแž„แžแŸ‚แž„แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแžถแž…แž”แžแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ‚แž˜แžฝแž™แž•แŸ’แž“แžแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž›แžพแž€ แž€แžถแžšแž”แžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžปแž‚แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžถแž‰แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แž•แŸ’แž“แžแŸ‹แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž”แžแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžกแž”แŸ‹แž…แžปแŸ‡แžกแžพแž„แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžขแž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถแžแžกแžพแž™ แž แžพแž™แž•แŸ’แž“แžแŸ‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แŸ”