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It was developed by John Smith in the 1970s to help inexperienced folders or those with limited motor skills.
αžœαžΆβ€‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžβ€‹αž‘αžΎαž„β€‹αžŠαŸ„αž™ αž…αž“ αžŸαŸ’αž˜αžΈαž’ (John Smith) αž“αŸ…β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž‘αžŸαŸ’αžŸαžœαžαŸ’αžŸαžšαŸβ€‹αž†αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ†β€‹1970 αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αž‡αž½αž™β€‹αžŠαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž€αŸ’αžšαž»αž˜β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž‚αŸ’αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αž‘β€‹αž–αž·αžŸαŸ„αž’αž“αŸβ€‹ αž“αž·αž„β€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž‡αŸ†αž“αžΆαž‰β€‹αž…αž›αž€αžšβ€‹αžαž·αž…β€‹αžαž½αž…β€‹αŸ”β€‹
Children develop an awareness of race and racial stereotypes quite young and these racial stereotypes affect behavior.
αž€αž»αž˜αžΆαžšαž’αž—αž·αžœαžŒαŸ’αžαž€αžΆαžšαž™αž›αŸ‹αžŠαžΉαž„αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈαž–αžΌαž‡αžŸαžΆαžŸαž“αŸαž“αž·αž„αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈαž€αžΆαžšαž™αž›αŸ‹αžαž»αžŸαž‘αŸ…αž›αžΎαž–αžΌαž‡αžŸαžΆαžŸαž“αŸαžαžΆαŸ†αž„αžαŸ‚αž–αžΈαžœαŸαž™αž€αŸ’αž˜αŸαž„αž‘αŸ…αž˜αŸ’αž›αŸαŸ‡ αž αžΎαž™αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹αž”αŸ‚αž”αž•αŸ‚αž“αž–αžΌαž‡αžŸαžΆαžŸαž“αŸαž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž“αŸαŸ‡αž”αŸ‰αŸ‡αž–αžΆαž›αŸ‹αžŠαž›αŸ‹αž’αžΆαž€αž”αŸ’αž”αž€αž·αžšαž·αž™αžΆαžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαŸ”
For instance, children who identify with a racial minority that is stereotyped as not doing well in school tend to not do well in school once they learn about the stereotype associated with their race.
αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ αž€αž»αž˜αžΆαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž€αŸ†αžŽαžαŸ‹αž’αžαŸ’αžαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαžŽαž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™αž“αžΉαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαž»αž˜αž‡αž“αž‡αžΆαžαž·αž—αžΆαž‚αžαž·αž… αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž‚αŸαž˜αžΆαž“αž‘αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž“αŸˆαž™αž›αŸ‹αžƒαžΎαž‰αžαžΆ αž‡αžΆαž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž˜αž·αž“αž”αžΆαž“αž›αŸ’αž’αž“αŸ…αžŸαžΆαž›αžΆ αž‘αŸ†αž“αž„αž‡αžΆαž˜αž·αž“αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž”αžΆαž“αž›αŸ’αž’αž“αŸ…αžŸαžΆαž›αžΆαž‘αŸαž“αŸ…αž–αŸαž›αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαž”αžΆαž“αžšαŸ€αž“αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈαž˜αž“αŸ„αž‘αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž“αŸ αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž‘αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž‘αž„αž“αžΉαž„αž–αžΌαž‡αžŸαžΆαžŸαž“αŸαžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαŸ”
MySpace is the third most popular website used in the United States and has 54 million profiles currently.
MySpace αž‚αžΊβ€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž‚αŸαž αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžšβ€‹αž–αŸαž‰β€‹αž“αž·αž™αž˜β€‹αž‡αžΆαž„β€‹αž‚αŸβ€‹αž›αŸ†αžŠαžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž‘αžΈβ€‹αž”αžΈ αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž‚αŸαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎβ€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αžŸαž αžšαžŠαŸ’αž‹αž’αžΆαž˜αŸαžšαž·αž€β€‹ αž“αž·αž„β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“β€‹ 54 αž›αžΆαž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžΌαž αŸ’αžœαžΆαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž–αŸαž›β€‹αž”αž…αŸ’αž…αž»αž”αŸ’αž”αž“αŸ’αž“αŸ”
These websites have gotten a lot of attention, especially in the education setting.
αž‚αŸαž αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžšαž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž“αŸαŸ‡ αž‘αž‘αž½αž›αž”αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžšαž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž’αžΆαžšαž˜αŸ’αž˜αžŽαŸαž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αžαŸ’αž›αžΆαŸ†αž„ αž‡αžΆαž–αž·αžŸαŸαžŸαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αžœαž·αžŸαŸαž™β€‹αž’αž”αŸ‹αžšαŸ†αŸ”
There are positive aspects to these websites, which include, being able to easily setup a class page which can include blogs, videos, photos, and other features.
αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž‘αž·αžŠαŸ’αž‹αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αžœαž·αž‡αŸ’αž‡αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž…αŸ†αž–αŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž‚αŸαž αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžšβ€‹αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž“αŸαŸ‡ αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›β€‹αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž„αžΆαž™αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžαž˜αŸ’αž€αžΎαž„β€‹αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžšβ€‹αžαŸ’αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αžšαž½αž˜β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“ αž”αŸ’αž›αž»αž€ វីដេធូ αžšαžΌαž”αž—αžΆαž– αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžŽαŸˆβ€‹αž–αž·αžŸαŸαžŸβ€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„β€‹αž‘αŸ€αžβ€‹αž‡αžΆαž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αŸ”
This page can easily be accessed by providing just one web address, which makes it easy to remember and easy to type in for students who may have trouble using the keyboard or with spelling.
αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžšβ€‹αž“αŸαŸ‡β€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αž…αžΌαž›β€‹αžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšαž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„β€‹αž„αžΆαž™β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›β€‹αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž‚αŸ’αžšαžΆαž“αŸ‹αžαŸ‚β€‹αž•αŸ’αžαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž’αžΆαžŸαž™αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“β€‹β€‹αž‚αŸαž αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžšβ€‹αžαŸ‚αž˜αž½αž™ αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αžœαžΆβ€‹αž„αžΆαž™β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›β€‹αž…αžΆαŸ†β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž„αžΆαž™β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›β€‹αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αžŸαž·αžŸαŸ’αžŸαžΆαž“αž»αžŸαž·αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž αžΆβ€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž€αŸ’αžŠαžΆαžšαž…αž»αž… αž¬β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž αžΆβ€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž€αž”αŸ”
It can be customized to make it easy to read and also with as much or little color as desired.
αžœαžΆβ€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αž€αŸ‚β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαŸ‚β€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αžαžΆαž˜β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž…αž„αŸ‹β€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αž²αŸ’αž™β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž„αžΆαž™β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›β€‹αž’αžΆαž“β€‹ αž“αž·αž„β€‹αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αž²αŸ’αž™β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž–αžŽαŸŒβ€‹αžαž·αž…β€‹αž¬β€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“β€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αžαžΆαž˜β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž…αž„αŸ‹β€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αŸ”
Attention Deficit Disorder "is a neurological syndrome whose classic defining triad of symptoms including impulsivity, distractibility, and hyperactivity or excess energy".
αž—αžΆαž–αž˜αž·αž“αž”αŸ’αžšαž€αŸ’αžšαžαžΈαž“αŸƒαžŸαž˜αžαŸ’αžαž—αžΆαž–αž™αž€αž…αž·αžαŸ’αžαž‘αž»αž€αžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹ (Attention Deficit Disorder) αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαžšαŸ„αž‚αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž“αŸƒαž”αŸ’αžšαž–αŸαž“αŸ’αž’αžŸαžšαžŸαŸƒαž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαžΆαž‘β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αŸ„αž™αž“αž·αž™αž˜αž“αŸαž™αžαžΆαž˜αžšαŸ„αž‚αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆ αž”αžΈ αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„ αžšαž½αž˜αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹β€‹β€‹β€‹ αž—αžΆαž–αž˜αž·αž“αž’αžΆαž…αž•αŸ’αž…αž„αŸ‹αž’αžΆαž˜αŸ’αž˜αžŽαŸαž”αžΆαž“β€‹ β€‹αž’αžΆαžšαž˜αŸ’αž˜αžŽαŸαžšαŸ†αžαžΆαž“β€‹β€‹αž“αž·αž„β€‹ αžŸαž˜αžΆαž’αž·αžαŸ’αž›αžΈβ€‹αž¬αžαžΆαž˜αž–αž›αž›αžΎαžŸ" αŸ”
It is not a learning disability, it is a learning disorder; it "affects 3 to 5 percent of all children, perhaps as many as 2 million American children".
αžœαžΆαž–αž»αŸ†αž˜αŸ‚αž“αž‡αžΆαž–αž·αž€αžΆαžšαž—αžΆαž–β€‹αžαžΆαž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαž·αž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆβ€‹αžšαŸ€αžŸαžΌαžαŸ’αžšαž‘αŸ αžœαžΆαž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž‡αŸ†αž„αžΊβ€‹αžœαž·αž”αž›αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸβ€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžŸαž·αž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆβ€‹αžšαŸ€αž“αžŸαžΌαžαŸ’αžšβ€‹αŸ” αž‡αŸ†αž„αžΊαž“αŸαŸ‡ β€œαž”αŸ‰αŸ‡αž–αžΆαž›αŸ‹ ៣ αž‘αŸ… αŸ₯ αž—αžΆαž‚αžšαž™αž“αŸƒαž€αž»αž˜αžΆαžšαž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž’αžŸαŸ‹ αž”αŸ’αžšαž αŸ‚αž›αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž‡αž·αžβ€‹αŸ’ αž›αžΆαž“β€‹αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž€αž»αž˜αžΆαžšβ€‹αž’αžΆαž˜αŸαžšαž·αž€β€‹αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž˜αžΌαž›β€‹"αŸ”
Children with ADD have a hard time focusing on things like school work, but they can concentrate on things they enjoy doing like playing games or watching their favorite cartoons or writing sentences without punctuation.
αž€αž»αž˜αžΆαžšβ€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž‡αŸ†αž„αžΊβ€‹ ADD αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž›αŸ†αž”αžΆαž€β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž•αŸ’αžŠαŸ„αžβ€‹αž›αžΎβ€‹αžšαžΏαž„αžšαŸ‰αžΆαžœβ€‹β€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“β€‹αžŠαžΌαž…β€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹ αž€αž·αž…αŸ’αž…αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžŸαžΆαž›αžΆαž‡αžΆβ€‹αžŠαžΎαž˜ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚β€‹ αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸβ€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αž•αŸ’αžŠαŸ„αžβ€‹β€‹β€‹αž›αžΎβ€‹αžšαžΏαž„β€‹αžšαŸ‰αžΆαžœβ€‹αž“αžΆαž“αžΆ β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸβ€‹αž…αžΌαž›β€‹αž…αž·αžαŸ’αžβ€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹ αžŠαžΌαž…β€‹αž‡αžΆ αž›αŸαž„β€‹αž αŸ’αž‚αŸαž˜β€‹ αž¬β€‹αž˜αžΎαž›β€‹αžαž»αž€αŸ’αž€αžαžΆβ€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸβ€‹αž…αžΌαž›β€‹αž…αž·αžαŸ’αžβ€‹ αž¬β€‹αžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž›αŸ’αž”αŸ‡β€‹αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž‚αŸ’αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž’αž—αŸαž“αŸ’αžαžšαžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαŸ”
These children tend to get into a lot of trouble, because they "engage in risky behaviors, get into fights, and challenge authority" in order to stimulate their brain, since their brain can not be stimulated by normal methods.
αž€αŸ’αž˜αŸαž„αŸ—αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž“αŸαŸ‡αž˜αžΆαž“αž‘αŸ†αž“αŸ„αžšαž‘αŸ…αžšαž€αž”αž‰αŸ’αž αžΆαž‡αžΆαž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αž–αžΈαž–αŸ’αžšαŸ„αŸ‡αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸβ€œ αž˜αžΆαž“αž’αžΆαž€αž”αŸ’αž”αž€αž·αžšαž·αž™αžΆαž”αŸ’αžšαžαž»αž™αž”αŸ’αžšαžαžΆαž“αž…αžΌαž›αžœαžΆαž™αžαž”αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαž“αž·αž„αž”αŸ’αžšαžˆαž˜αž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™αž’αžΆαž‡αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž’αžšαž˜αžΆαž“αžŸαž˜αžαŸ’αžαž€αž·αž…αŸ’αž…β€ αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž‡αŸ†αžšαž»αž‰αžαž½αžšαž€αŸ’αž”αžΆαž›αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαž–αŸ’αžšαŸ„αŸ‡αžαž½αžšαž€αŸ’αž”αžΆαž›αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαž˜αž·αž“αž’αžΆαž…αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž‡αŸ†αžšαž»αž‰αžŠαŸ„αž™αžœαž·αž’αžΈαžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžαŸ’αžšαž’αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžαžΆαž“αŸ„αŸ‡αž‘αŸαŸ”
ADD affects relationships with other peers because other children can not understand why they act the way that they do or why they spell they way they do or that their maturity level is different.
ADD αž”αŸ‰αŸ‡αž–αžΆαž›αŸ‹β€‹αžŠαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž‘αŸ†αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž‘αŸ†αž“αž„β€‹αž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž˜αž·αžαŸ’αžβ€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„β€‹αž‘αŸ€αž αž–αžΈβ€‹αž–αŸ’αžšαŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž€αŸ’αž˜αŸαž„αŸ—β€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„β€‹αž‘αŸ€αžβ€‹αž˜αž·αž“β€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αž™αž›αŸ‹β€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αžαžΆ αž αŸαžαž»αž’αŸ’αžœαžΈβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸβ€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αžαžΆαž˜β€‹αžšαž”αŸ€αž”β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸβ€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎ αž¬β€‹αž αŸαžαž»αž’αŸ’αžœαžΈβ€‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž€αž”β€‹αžšαž”αŸ€αž”β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž–αž½αž€β€‹αž‚αŸβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž€αž” αž¬β€‹αž€αŸβ€‹αžαžΆβ€‹αž€αŸ†αžšαž·αžβ€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž…αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž‘αž»αŸ†β€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸβ€‹αžαž»αžŸαž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ”
As the ability to obtain knowledge and to learn changed in such a way as mentioned above the base rate at which knowledge was obtained changed.
αžŠαŸ„αž™αžŸαžΆαžšαžŸαž˜αžαŸ’αžαž—αžΆαž–αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž‘αž‘αž½αž›αž™αž€αž…αŸ†αžŽαŸαŸ‡αžŠαžΉαž„αž“αž·αž„αžŸαž·αž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆ αž”αžΆαž“αž•αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžαžΌαžšαžαžΆαž˜αžšαž”αŸ€αž”αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αžΆαž“αž›αžΎαž€αž‘αžΎαž„αžαžΆαž„αž›αžΎ αž’αžαŸ’αžšαžΆαž…αŸ†αžŽαŸαŸ‡αžŠαžΉαž„αž˜αžΌαž›αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“αž“αŸ„αŸ‡αž€αŸαž˜αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžšαž•αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžαžΌαžšαžŠαŸ‚αžšαŸ”
The approach to obtaining information was different. No longer did pressure reside within individual recall, but the ability to recall text became more of a focus.
αžœαž·αž’αžΈαžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸ’αžαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž‘αž‘αž½αž›αž”αžΆαž“αž–αŸαžαŸŒαž˜αžΆαž“αž‚αžΊαžαž»αžŸαž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ” αžŸαž˜αŸ’αž–αžΆαž’αž›αŸ‚αž„αž˜αžΆαž“αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž…αž„αž…αžΆαŸ†αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž”αž»αž‚αŸ’αž‚αž›αž‘αŸ€αžαž αžΎαž™ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αžŸαž˜αžαŸ’αžαž—αžΆαž–αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž…αž„αž…αžΆαŸ†αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αž‘αž”αžΆαž“αž€αŸ’αž›αžΆαž™αž‡αžΆαž…αŸ†αžŽαž»αž…αž•αŸ’αžαŸ„αžαžŸαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αŸ‹αž˜αž½αž™αŸ”
In essence, the Renaissance made a significant change in the approach to learning and the dissemination of knowledge.
αžŸαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αŸ‹αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αž ឌឺ αžšαžΊαžŽαŸαžŸαžŸαž“ (the Renaissance) αž”αžΆαž“αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž²αŸ’αž™αž˜αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžšαž•αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžαžΌαžšαžšαž”αŸ€αž”αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžšαŸ€αž“αžŸαžΌαžαŸ’αžš αž“αž·αž„αž•αŸ’αžŸαž–αŸ’αžœαž•αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž™αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈαž…αŸ†αžŽαŸαŸ‡αžŠαžΉαž„αŸ”
Unlike other primates, hominids no longer use their hands in locomotion or bearing weight or swinging through the trees.
αžαž»αžŸβ€‹αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆβ€‹αž–αžΈαž–αž–αž½αž€β€‹αž’αŸ†αž”αžΌβ€‹αžšαžœαžΆαž“αžšαž‡αžΆαžαž·β€‹αžŠαž‘αŸƒβ€‹αž‘αŸ€αžβ€‹ αž–αž–αž½αž€β€‹αž αžΌαž˜αžΈαž“αžΈαžβ€‹ αž›αŸ‚αž„β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹β€‹αžŠαŸƒβ€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αžœαžΆβ€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž”αž˜αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž‘αžΈβ€‹ αž¬β€‹αž›αŸ‚αž„β€‹αž‘αžΎαž„β€‹αž‘αž˜αŸ’αž„αž“αŸ‹β€‹ αž¬β€‹αž›αŸ„αžβ€‹αž†αŸ’αž›αž„β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž…αž»αž„β€‹αžˆαžΎβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž…αž»αž„β€‹αžˆαžΎβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž‘αŸ€αžβ€‹αŸ”
The chimpanzee's hand and foot are similar in size and length, reflecting the hand's use for bearing weight in knuckle walking.
αžŠαŸƒ αž“αž·αž„αž‡αžΎαž„αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αžŸαžαŸ’αžœαžŸαŸ’αžœαžΆαžˆαžΈαž˜αž•αž·αž“αžŸαŸŠαžΈ αž‚αžΊαžŸαŸ’αžšαžŠαŸ€αž„αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ† αž“αž·αž„αž”αŸ’αžšαžœαŸ‚αž„ αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž†αŸ’αž›αž»αŸ‡αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΆαŸ†αž„αž–αžΈαž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŠαŸƒαžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž‘αŸ’αžšαž‘αž˜αŸ’αž„αž“αŸ‹αž–αŸαž›αžŠαžΎαžšαžŠαŸ„αž™αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž‚αž“αŸ’αž›αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž˜αžŠαŸƒαŸ”
The human hand is shorter than the foot, with straighter phalanges.
αžŠαŸƒαž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αž‚αžΊαžαŸ’αž›αžΈβ€‹αž‡αžΆαž„αž‡αžΎαž„β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž˜αžαŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹αž‡αžΆαž„αŸ”β€‹
Fossil hand bones two million to three million years old reveal this shift in specialization of the hand from locomotion to manipulation.
αž αŸ’αžœαžΌαžŸαŸŠαžΈαž›αž†αŸ’αž’αžΉαž„αž”αŸ’αžšαž’αž”αŸ‹β€‹αžŠαŸƒαž˜αžΆαž“αž’αžΆαž™αž»αž€αžΆαž›αž–αžΈαžšαž›αžΆαž“αž‘αŸ…αž”αžΈαž›αžΆαž“αž†αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ† αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αž–αžΈαž€αžΆαžšαž•αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžŠαžΌαžšαž“αŸƒβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹β€‹αžŠαŸƒβ€‹β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αž…αž›αž“αžΆαž”αž˜αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž‘αžΈβ€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹β€‹αžœαžαŸ’αžαž»β€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„β€‹αŸ—β€‹αŸ”
Some people believe that experiencing many artificially induced lucid dreams often enough can be very exhausting.
αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž˜αž½αž™αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž‡αžΏαžαžΆβ€‹ αž€αžΆαžšαž™αž›αŸ‹αžŸαž”αŸ’αžŠαž·β€‹αžšαžœαžΎαžšαžœαžΆαž™β€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“ αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αž²αŸ’αž™β€‹β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž™αž›αŸ‹αžŸαž”αŸ’αžαž·β€‹αž˜αž·αž“β€‹αž…αŸ’αž”αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž›αžΆβ€‹αžŸαŸ‹ αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž‘αžΌαž‘αŸ…β€‹ αž‚αŸ’αžšαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž‚αŸ’αžšαžΆαž“αŸ‹β€‹αž“αžΉαž„αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž²αŸ’αž™β€‹β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“αž—αžΆαž–αž“αžΏαž™αž αžαŸ‹αž”αžΆαž“αŸ”
The main reason for this phenomenon is the result of the lucid dreams expanding the length of time between REM states.
αž˜αžΌαž›αž αŸαžαž»αžŸαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αŸ‹αž“αŸƒαž’αž—αžΌαžαž αŸαžαž»αž“αŸαŸ‡αž‚αžΊαž”αžŽαŸ’αžαžΆαž›αž˜αž€αž–αžΈαž€αžΆαžšαž™αž›αŸ‹αžŸαž”αŸ’αžαž·αž…αŸ†αŸ— αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž²αŸ’αž™αž€αžΆαžšαž‚αŸαž„αž›αž€αŸ‹αžŸαŸ’αž€αž”αŸ‹αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹αžαŸ‚αž™αžΌαžšαŸ”
With fewer REMs per night, this state in which you experience actual sleep and your body recovers becomes infrequent enough to become a problem.
αžŠαŸ„αž™αž˜αžΆαž“αž…αž›αž“αžΆαž—αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αž”αž·αž‘αž–αŸαž›αž‚αŸαž„ (REM) αžαž·αž…αž‡αžΆαž„αž˜αž»αž“αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž˜αž½αž™αž™αž”αŸ‹ β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžαžΆαž“αž—αžΆαž–αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž‚αŸαž„αž›αž€αŸ‹αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›αž“αŸαŸ‡ αž αžΎαž™αžšαžΆαž„αž€αžΆαž™αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž€αž”αžΆαž“αž‚αŸ’αžšαž”αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αžšαžΆαž“αŸ‹ αž“αŸ„αŸ‡αžœαžΆαž“αžΉαž„αž˜αž·αž“αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αž“αžΌαžœαž—αžΆαž–αž‰αžΉαž€αž‰αžΆαž”αŸ‹αžαŸ’αž›αžΆαŸ†αž„αžšαž αžΌαžαž€αŸ’αž›αžΆαž™αž‡αžΆαž”αž‰αŸ’αž αžΆαž‡αŸ†αž„αžΊαž“αŸ„αŸ‡αž‘αŸαŸ”
This is just as exhausting as if you were to wake up every twenty or thirty minutes and watch TV.
αž€αžΆαžšαž“αŸαŸ‡αž‚αžΊαžœαžΆαž’αžŸαŸ‹αž€αž˜αŸ’αž›αžΆαŸ†αž„αžŠαžΌαž…αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαž“αžΉαž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž—αŸ’αž‰αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž–αžΈαž‚αŸαž„αžšαž αžΌαžαž‡αžΆαžšαŸ€αž„αžšαžΆαž›αŸ‹αž˜αŸ’αž—αŸƒ αž¬αžŸαžΆαž˜αžŸαž·αž”αž“αžΆαž‘αžΈαž˜αŸ’αžαž„ αž αžΎαž™αž˜αž€αž˜αžΎαž›αž‘αžΌαžšαž‘αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž“αŸαŸ”
The effect is dependent on how often your brain attempts to lucidly dream per night.
αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž‘αŸ’αž’αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž’αžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸαž™β€‹αž›αžΎβ€‹αžαžΆβ€‹αžαžΎβ€‹αžœαžΆβ€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžβ€‹αž‰αžΉαž€αž‰αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž”αŸ‰αž»αžŽαŸ’αžŽαžΆ αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αžαž½αžšαž€αŸ’αž”αžΆαž›β€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αž™αž›αŸ‹β€‹αžŸαž”αŸ’αžαž·β€‹β€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž…αŸ’αž”αžΆαžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž™αž”αŸ‹β€‹αŸ”
Things did not go well for the Italians in North Africa almost from the start. Within a week of Italy's declaration of war on June 10, 1940, the British 11th Hussars had seized Fort Capuzzo in Libya.
αž’αŸ’αžœαžΈαŸ—αž˜αž·αž“αžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšαž€αžΆαžšαž‘αŸ…αž”αžΆαž“αž›αŸ’αž’αžŸαŸ„αŸ‡ αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž‡αž“αž‡αžΆαžαž·αž’αŸŠαžΈαžαžΆαž›αžΈαž“αŸ…αž”αŸ’αžšαž‘αŸαžŸαž’αžΆαž αŸ’αžœαŸ’αžšαž·αž€αžαžΆαž„αž‡αžΎαž„ αžŸαŸ’αž‘αžΎαžšαžαŸ‚αžαžΆαŸ†αž„αž–αžΈαžŠαŸ†αž”αžΌαž„αž˜αž€αž˜αŸ’αž›αŸαŸ‡αŸ” αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αžšαž™αŸˆαž–αŸαž›αž˜αž½αž™αžŸαž”αŸ’αžαžΆαž αŸαž“αŸƒαž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαž€αžΆαžŸαžŸαž„αŸ’αž‚αŸ’αžšαžΆαž˜αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž‘αŸαžŸαž’αŸŠαžΈαžαžΆαž›αžΈαž“αŸ…αžαŸ’αž„αŸƒαž‘αžΈ 10 αžαŸ‚αž˜αž·αžαž»αž“αžΆαž†αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ† 1940 αž–αž½αž€αž αŸŠαžΌαžŸαŸ’αžŸαžΆαžŸαŸαž‘αžΈ 11 αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž’αž„αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αž›αŸαžŸαž”αžΆαž“αžŠαžŽαŸ’αžαžΎαž˜αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹αž€αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αžΆαž™ αž αŸ’αžœαžαžƒαŸ‚αž—αžΌαž αŸ’αžŸαžΌ (Fort Capuzzo) αž“αŸ…αž›αžΈαž”αŸŠαžΈαŸ”
In an ambush east of Bardia, the British captured the Italian Tenth Army's Engineer-in-Chief, General Lastucci.
αž“αŸ…β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹β€‹β€‹αžœαžΆαž™αž”αŸ’αžšαž αžΆαžšβ€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž—αžΆαž‚β€‹αžαžΆαž„β€‹αž€αžΎαžαž“αŸƒβ€‹β€‹αžαŸ†αž”αž“αŸ‹β€‹ αž”αžΆαžšαžŠαŸ€ (Bardia) αž‘αžΆαž αžΆαž“β€‹αž’αž„αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αž›αŸαžŸβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž’αž„αŸ’αž‚αž”αž‰αŸ’αž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž€αž„αžœαž·αžŸαŸ’αžœαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜β€‹β€‹αž‘αžΈβ€‹αžŠαž”αŸ‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž€αž„αž‘αŸαž–β€‹β€‹αž’αŸŠαžΈαžαžΆαž›αžΈ αž‚αžΊβ€‹αž§αžαŸ’αžαž˜αžŸαŸαž“αžΈαž™αŸ αž‘αžΆαžŸαž‘αžΌαžŸαŸ’αžŸαŸŠαžΈ (Lastucci)αŸ”
On June 28, Marshal Italo Balbo, the Governor-General of Libya and apparent heir to Mussolini, was killed by friendly fire while landing in Tobruk.
αž“αŸ…αžαŸ’αž„αŸƒαž‘αžΈ 28 αžαŸ‚αž˜αž·αžαž»αž“αžΆ αž›αŸ„αž€αž˜αŸ‰αžΆαžŸαŸŠαž› ធ៊ីតអទូ αž”αžΆαž›αž”αŸŠαžΌ (Marshal Italo Balbo) αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž’αž‚αŸ’αž‚αž‘αŸαžŸαžΆαž—αž·αž”αžΆαž›β€‹αž›αžΈαž”αŸŠαžΈ αž“αž·αž„αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αžŸαŸ’αž“αž„β€‹αž˜αžšαžαž€αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž›αŸ„αž€αž˜αžΌαžŸαžΌαž›αžΈαž“αžΈβ€‹ (Mussolini) αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“β€‹αžŸαž˜αŸ’αž›αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαž”αžΆαž‰αŸ‹β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž€αžΆαŸ†αž—αŸ’αž›αžΎαž„β€‹αžŠαŸ„αž™αž—αžΆαž‚αžΈαžαŸ’αž›αž½αž“αž―αž„β€‹αž–αŸαž›αž€αŸ†αž–αž»αž„αž…αž»αŸ‡αž…αžβ€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αžαžΌαž”αŸ’αžšαž»αž€ (Tobruk)αŸ”
The modern sport of fencing is played at many levels, from students learning at a university to professional and Olympic competition.
αž€αžΈαž‘αžΆαž…αŸ’αž”αžΆαŸ†αž„αžŠαžΆαžœαž•αŸ’αž›αŸ‚β€‹αžαžΌαž…β€‹αžŸαž˜αŸαž™β€‹αž‘αŸ†αž“αžΎαž” αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž›αŸαž„αž“αŸ…αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžαž‡αžΆαž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“ β€‹αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž–αžΈαž“αž·αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž·αžαžšαŸ€αž“αž“αŸ…αžŸαžΆαž€αž›αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαž›αŸαž™αžšαž αžΌαžαžŠαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαž€αž½αžαž”αŸ’αžšαž‡αŸ‚αž„β€‹αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžŽαŸˆβ€‹αž’αžΆαž‡αžΈαž–β€‹ αž“αž·αž„αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž€αžΌαžβ€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž€αžΈαž‘αžΆβ€‹αž’αžΌαž‘αžΆαŸ†αž–αž·αž€αŸ”
The sport is primarily played in a duel format, one fencer dueling another.
αž€αžΈαž‘αžΆαž“αŸαŸ‡αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž›αŸαž„αž‡αžΆαž‘αž˜αŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹αž˜αž½αž™αž‘αž›αŸ‹αž“αžΉαž„αž˜αž½αž™ αž‚αžΊαž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹αžŠαžΆαžœαž˜αŸ’αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžαž‘αž›αŸ‹αž“αžΉαž„αž˜αŸ’αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž‘αŸ€αžαŸ”
Golf is a game in which players use clubs to hit balls into holes.
αž€αžΈαž‘αžΆαžœαžΆαž™β€‹αž€αžΌαž“β€‹αž αŸ’αž‚αŸ„αž› αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆβ€‹αž€αžΈαž‘αžΆαž˜αž½αž™β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž›αŸαž„β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŠαŸ†αž”αž„αžœαžΆαž™αž€αžΌαž“αž αŸ’αž‚αŸ„αž› αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αžœαžΆαž™αž€αžΌαž“αž αŸ’αž‚αŸ„αž›αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αžšαž“αŸ’αž’αŸ”
Eighteen holes are played during a regular round, with players usually starting on the first hole on the course and finishing on the eighteenth.
αž‘αžΌβ€‹αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“β€‹αžŠαž”αŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαŸ†β€‹αž”αžΈβ€‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž‚αŸαž”αŸ’αžšαž€αž½αžβ€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž’αŸ†αž‘αž»αž„β€‹αž‡αž»αŸ†αžŠαŸ†αž”αžΌαž„β€‹ αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž€αž½αžβ€‹αžαŸ‚β€‹αž„β€‹αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž•αŸ’αžŠαžΎαž˜β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž‘αžΌβ€‹αž‘αžΈαž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž›αžΎαž‘αžΈαžœαžΆαž›αžœαžΆαž™αž€αžΌαž“αž‚αŸ„αž›β€‹ αž“αž·αž„β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αž”αŸ‹β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž‘αžΌβ€‹αž‘αžΈβ€‹αžŠαž”αŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαŸ†αž”αžΈβ€‹αŸ”
The player who takes the fewest strokes, or swings of the club, to complete the course wins.
αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž›αŸαž„αžŠαŸ‚αž›αžœαžΆαž™αž…αŸ†αž€αžΌαž“αž αŸ’αž‚αŸ„αž› αž¬αž‡αŸ’αžšαž›αžš αž”αžΆαž“αžαž·αž…αž‡αžΆαž„αž‚αŸαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž˜αž½αž™αž€αŸ’αžαžΆαž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž’αŸ’αž“αž€αžˆαŸ’αž“αŸ‡αŸ”
The game is played on grass, and the grass around the hole is mown shorter and called the green.
αž αŸ’αž‚αŸαž˜ αž‚αžΊβ€‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž›αŸαž„β€‹αž“αŸ…αž›αžΎβ€‹αžŸαŸ’αž˜αŸ… αž αžΎαž™β€‹αžŸαŸ’αž˜αŸ…β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž‡αž»αŸ†αžœαž·αž‰αžšαž“αŸ’αž’ αž‚αžΊαž”αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžαŸ‹β€‹αž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αžαŸ’αž›αžΈαž“αžΉαž„αž”αžΆαž“αž αŸ…αžαžΆαž–αžŽαŸαž”αŸƒαžαž„αŸ”
Perhaps the most common type of tourism is what most people associate with traveling: Recreation tourism.
αž”αŸ’αžšαž αŸ‚αž›β€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘ αž‘αŸαžŸαž…αžšαžŽαŸβ€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αžŸαžΆαž˜αž‰αŸ’αž‰β€‹αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αž αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž’αŸ’αžœαžΈαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž—αžΆαž‚αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αž—αŸ’αž‡αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™αž€αžΆαžšαž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšαŸ” αž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαž‘αžΎαž„αžœαž·αž‰αž“αžΌαžœβ€‹αžœαž·αžŸαŸαž™β€‹αž‘αŸαžŸαž…αžšαžŽαŸαŸ”
This is when people go to a place that is very different from their regular day-to-day life to relax and have fun.
αž“αŸαŸ‡αž‡αžΆαž–αŸαž›αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž‘αŸ…αž€αž“αŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„αž˜αž½αž™αžŠαŸ‚αž›αžαž»αžŸαž”αŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž€αž–αžΈαž‡αžΈαžœαž·αžαž”αŸ’αžšαž…αžΆαŸ†αžαŸ’αž„αŸƒαžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž”αž“αŸ’αž’αžΌαžšαž’αžΆαžšαž˜αŸ’αž˜αžŽαŸαž“αž·αž„αž˜αžΆαž“αž—αžΆαž–αžŸαž”αŸ’αž”αžΆαž™αžšαžΈαž€αžšαžΆαž™αŸ”
Beaches, theme parks and camp grounds are often the most common places frequented by recreational tourists.
αž†αŸ’αž“αŸαžšαžŸαž˜αž»αž‘αŸ’αžšβ€‹ αž§αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆαž“αž€αž˜αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž“αŸ’αž αž“αž·αž„αž€αž“αŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„αž”αŸ„αŸ‡αž‡αŸ†αžšαŸ† αž‡αžΆαž‰αžΉαž€αž‰αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆβ€‹αž€αž“αŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„αž‘αžΌαž‘αŸ…αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αžαžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž—αŸ’αž‰αŸ€αžœαž‘αŸαžŸαž…αžšβ€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž›αŸαž„β€‹αž€αž˜αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž“αŸ’αžβ€‹αŸ”
If the objective of one’s visit to a particular place is to get to know its history and culture then this type of tourism is known as cultural tourism.
αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž“β€‹αž”αžΎβ€‹αž‚αŸ„αž›αž”αŸ†αžŽαž„β€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž‘αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž“αžΆβ€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž”αž»αž‚αŸ’αž‚αž›β€‹αž˜αŸ’αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αž‘αŸ…αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹β€‹αž€αž“αŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„β€‹αž‡αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž›αžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αžŽαžΆαž˜αž½αž™β€‹ αž‚αžΊβ€‹αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αžŸαŸ’αž‚αžΆαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžœαžαŸ’αžαž·αžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸ’αžβ€‹αž“αž·αž„β€‹αžœαž”αŸ’αž”αž’αž˜αŸŒβ€‹αž“αŸƒ αž€αž“αŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„β€‹αž“αŸ„αŸ‡ αžŠαžΌαž…β€‹αž“αŸαŸ‡β€‹ αžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšβ€‹αž‘αŸαžŸαž…αžšαžŽαŸβ€‹αž”αŸ‚αž”β€‹αž“αŸαŸ‡β€‹ αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž‚αŸαžŸαŸ’αž‚αžΆαž›αŸ‹β€‹αžαžΆαž‡αžΆβ€‹ αž‘αŸαžŸαž…αžšαžŽαŸβ€‹αžœαž”αŸ’αž”αž’αž˜αŸŒβ€‹αŸ”β€‹
Tourists may visit different landmarks of a particular country or they may simply opt to focus on just one area.
αž—αŸ’αž‰αŸ€αžœαž‘αŸαžŸαž…αžšαžŽαŸαž’αžΆαž…αž‘αŸ…αž›αŸαž„αž€αž“αŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„αžŸαŸ†αž‚αžΆαž›αŸ‹αžαž»αžŸαŸ—αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαž“αŸƒαž”αŸ’αžšαž‘αŸαžŸαžŽαžΆαž˜αž½αž™ αž¬αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαž’αžΆαž…αž‚αŸ’αžšαžΆαž“αŸ‹αžαŸ‚αž‡αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž™αž€αž€αžΆαžšαž•αŸ’αžŠαŸ„αžαž’αžΆαžšαž˜αŸ’αž˜αžŽαŸαž‘αŸ…αž›αžΎαžαŸ†αž”αž“αŸ‹αžαŸ‚αž˜αž½αž™αŸ”
The Colonists, seeing this activity, had also called for reinforcements.
αž–αž½αž€αž’αžΆαžŽαžΆαž“αž·αž‚αž˜αž–αŸαž›αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΎαž›αžƒαžΎαž‰αžŸαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αž—αžΆαž–αž”αŸ‚αž”αž“αŸαŸ‡αž€αŸαž”αžΆαž“αž’αŸ†αž–αžΆαžœαž“αžΆαžœαž±αŸ’αž™αž˜αžΆαž“αž‡αŸ†αž“αž½αž™αž”αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αž˜αŸ”
Troops reinforcing the forward positions included the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire regiments of 200 men, under Colonels John Stark and James Reed (both later became generals).
αž–αž½αž€αž€αž„αž‘αŸαž–αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž–αž„αŸ’αžšαžΉαž„αžαž½αž“αžΆαž‘αžΈαž›αžΎαž˜αž»αžαžαŸ†αžŽαŸ‚αž„αžŠαŸ‚αž›αžšαž½αž˜αž˜αžΆαž“αž†αŸ’αž–αŸ„αŸ‡αž‘αŸ…αž˜αž»αžαžšαž½αž˜αž˜αžΆαž“αž€αž„αžœαžšαžŸαŸαž“αžΆαž’αŸ† New Hampshire αž‘αžΈ ៑ αž“αž·αž„αž‘αžΈ ៣ αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž€αž„αž‘αŸαž–αŸ’αŸ αŸ αž“αŸ„αŸ‡ αžŸαŸ’αžαž·αžαž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž˜αž›αŸ„αž€αžœαžšαŸˆαžŸαŸαž“αžΈαž™αŸαž―αž€ John Stark αž“αž·αž„ James Reed (αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž–αžΈαžšαž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž“αŸ„αŸ‡αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αž˜αž€αž€αŸ’αž›αžΆαž™αž‡αžΆαž§αžαŸ’αžαž˜αžŸαŸαž“αžΈαž™αŸ)αŸ”
Stark's men took positions along the fence on the north end of the Colonist's position.
αž”αž»αžšαžŸ αžŸαŸ’αžαžΆαž€ (Stark) αž”αžΆαž“αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž™αž€αž‘αžΈαžαžΆαŸ†αž„αžαžΆαž˜αžšαž”αž„αž“αŸ…αž…αž»αž„αžαžΆαž„αž‡αžΎαž„αž“αŸƒαž‘αžΈαžαžΆαŸ†αž„αžˆαžšαž‡αžΎαž„αžšαžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž–αž½αž€αž’αžΆαžŽαžΆαž“αž·αž‚αž˜αŸ”
When low tide opened a gap along the Mystic River along the northeast of the peninsula, they quickly extended the fence with a short stone wall to the north ending at the water's edge on a small beach.
αž“αŸ…αž–αŸαž›αž‘αžΉαž€β€‹αž“αžΆαž…β€‹αž”αžΆαž“αž”αžΎαž€αž‚αž˜αŸ’αž›αžΆαžβ€‹αž“αŸ…αžαžΆαž˜αžŠαž„αž‘αž“αŸ’αž›αŸαž˜αžΈαžŸαŸ’αž‘αžΈαž€ (Mystic) αžαžΆαž˜αž”αžŽαŸ’αžαŸ„αž™αž—αžΆαž‚αž¦αžŸαžΆαž“β€‹αž“αŸƒαž§αž”αž‘αŸ’αžœαžΈαž”αž“αŸαŸ‡β€‹ αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαž”αžΆαž“αž–αž„αŸ’αžšαžΈαž€αžšαž”αž„αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αž›αžΏαž“αžŠαŸ„αž™αž‡αž‰αŸ’αž‡αžΆαŸ†αž„αžαŸ’αž˜αžαŸ’αž›αžΈβ€‹ αž‘αŸ…αžαžΆαž„αž‡αžΎαž„αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αž”αŸ‹αž“αŸ…αž˜αžΆαžαŸ‹β€‹αž‘αžΉαž€αž“αŸ…αž›αžΎβ€‹αž†αŸ’αž“αŸαžšαžαŸ’αžŸαžΆαž…αŸ‹αžαžΌαž…αž˜αž½αž™αŸ”
Gridley or Stark placed a stake about 100 feet (30 m) in front of the fence and ordered that no one fire until the regulars passed it.
Gridley (αž αŸ’αž‚αŸ’αžšαžΈαžαž›αžΈ) ឬ Stark (αžŸαŸ’αžαžΆαž€) αž”αžΆαž“αžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž”αž„αŸ’αž‚αŸ„αž›αž”αŸ’αžšαž αŸ‚αž› 100 αž αŸ’αžœαžΈαž (30 αž˜αŸ‰αŸ‚αžαŸ’αžš) αž“αŸ…αž–αžΈαž˜αž»αžαžšαž”αž„ αž αžΎαž™αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž‡αžΆβ€‹αžαžΆ αž€αž»αŸ†αž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž“αžšαžŽαžΆβ€‹αž˜αŸ’αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹αžŠαž»αžβ€‹αžœαžΆβ€‹αžšαž αžΌαžβ€‹αžŠαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž‚αŸβ€‹αž†αŸ’αž›αž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžαŸ‹αžœαžΆαŸ”
The American plan relied on launching coordinated attacks from three different directions.
αž•αŸ‚αž“αž€αžΆαžšαž’αžΆαž˜αŸαžšαž·αž€αž–αžΉαž„αž•αŸ’αž’αŸ‚αž€β€‹αž›αžΎαž€αžΆαžšαž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšαž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšαžœαžΆαž™β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž αžΆαžšβ€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžšαž”β€‹αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆβ€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž‘αž·αžŸαžŠαŸ…αž”αžΈβ€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ”
General John Cadwalder would launch a diversionary attack against the British garrison at Bordentown, in order to block off any reinforcements.
αž§αžαŸ’αžαž˜αžŸαŸαž“αžΈαž™αŸ John Cadwalder (αž…αž“ αžαžΆαžαžœαŸ‰αž›αžŒαžΎαžš) αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž”αžΎαž€β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžœαžΆαž™β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž αžΆαžšβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž†αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž™αŸ„αž’αž—αžΌαž˜αž·β€‹αž’αž„αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αž›αŸαžŸβ€‹αž“αŸ… Bordentown αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αžšαžΆαžšαžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž”αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αž˜β€‹αž€αž˜αŸ’αž›αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αžŽαžΆβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™αŸ”
General James Ewing would take 700 militia across the river at Trenton Ferry, seize the bridge over the Assunpink Creek and prevent any enemy troops from escaping.
αž›αŸ„αž€αž§αžαŸ’αžαž˜αžŸαŸαž“αžΈαž™αŸ James Ewing αž”αžΆαž“αžŠαžΉαž€αž“αžΆαŸ†αž‘αžΆαž αžΆαž“β€‹αžŸαŸ’αž˜αŸαž‚αŸ’αžšβ€‹αž…αž·αžαŸ’αž700αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž†αŸ’αž›αž„αž€αžΆαžαŸ‹αž‘αž“αŸ’αž›αŸαžαŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹ Trenton Ferry αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž™αž€αžŸαŸ’αž–αžΆαž“β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž“αŸ…αž–αžΈαž›αžΎ Assunpink Creek αž“αž·αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž–αžΆαžšβ€‹αž€αž»αŸ†β€‹αž±αŸ’αž™αž‘αŸαž–β€‹αžŸαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αžŽαžΆβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αžšαžαŸ‹αžšαž½αž…β€‹αž‘αžΎαž™αŸ”
The main assault force of 2,400 men would cross the river nine miles north of Trenton, and then split into two groups, one under Greene and one under Sullivan, in order to launch a pre-dawn attack.
αž€αž˜αŸ’αž›αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αžœαžΆαž™β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž αžΆαžšαž…αž˜αŸ’αž”αž„β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž»αžŸβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž˜αžΆαžŽβ€‹ 2,400 αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹ αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž†αŸ’αž›αž„β€‹αž‘αž“αŸ’αž›αŸβ€‹αž…αž˜αŸ’αž„αžΆαž™β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαŸ†β€‹αž”αž½αž“β€‹αž˜αŸ‰αžΆαž™αž›αŸαž—αžΆαž‚β€‹αžαžΆαž„β€‹αž‡αžΎαž„β€‹ Trenton αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž˜αž€β€‹ αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž”αŸ†αž”αŸ‚αž€β€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž–αžΈαžšβ€‹αž€αŸ’αžšαž»αž˜β€‹ αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž€αŸ’αžšαž»αž˜β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžαž·αžαž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž˜αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžŠαžΉαž€β€‹αž“αžΆαŸ†β€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹ Greene αž αžΎαž™β€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž€αŸ’αžšαž»αž˜β€‹αž‘αŸ€αžβ€‹αžŸαŸ’αžαž·αžβ€‹αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž˜αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžŠαžΉαž€β€‹αž“αžΆαŸ†β€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹ Sullivan αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžœαžΆαž™β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž αžΆαžšβ€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž˜αž»β€‹αž“β€‹αž–αŸαž›β€‹αžαŸ’αž„αŸƒβ€‹αžšαŸ‡β€‹αŸ”
With the change from the quarter to the half mile run, speed becomes of much less importance and endurance becomes an absolute necessity.
αž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž•αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžŠαžΌαžšβ€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž—αžΆαž‚β€‹αž”αž½αž“β€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžšαžαŸ‹β€‹αž–αžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αž€αžŽαŸ’αžαžΆαž›β€‹αž˜αŸ‰αžΆαž™ αž“αŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž›αŸ’αž”αžΏαž“β€‹αž€αŸβ€‹αž€αŸ’αž›αžΆαž™β€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž˜αž·αž“β€‹αžŸαžΌαžœβ€‹αžŸαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αŸ‹ αž αžΎαž™β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžαŸ†αž”αŸ’αžšαžΉαž„β€‹αž€αŸβ€‹αž€αŸ’αž›αžΆαž™β€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž…αžΆαŸ†αž”αžΆαž…αŸ‹β€‹αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αžαŸ”
Of course a first-class half-miler, a man who can beat two minutes, must be possessed of a fair amount of speed, but endurance must be cultivated at all hazards.
αž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαž–αž·αžαžŽαžΆαžŸαŸ‹β€‹ αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αžšαžαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžŽαžΆαŸ†αž„αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αžšαž™αŸˆβ€‹αž…αž˜αŸ’αž„αžΆαž™αž€αž“αŸ’αž›αŸ‡αž˜αŸ‰αžΆαž™αž›αŸαž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžαž€αŸ†αž–αžΌαž›β€‹ αž‡αžΆαž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαž…αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αž”αŸ‹β€‹αž‘αžΈβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž–αŸαž›αžαŸ’αžšαžΉαž˜αž–αžΈαžšαž“αžΆαž‘αžΈβ€‹ β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž›αŸ’αž”αžΏαž“αž›αžΏαž“β€‹β€‹ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹β€‹β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαŸŠαžΌαž‘αŸ’αžšαžΆαŸ†αž’αžαŸ‹β€‹αž’αŸ’αž˜αžαŸ‹β€‹αž…αŸ†αž–αŸ„αŸ‡β€‹β€‹αž‚αŸ’αžšαž”αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αžšαŸ„αŸ‡αžαŸ’αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž’αžŸαŸ‹αŸ”
Some cross country running during the winter, combined with gymnasium work for the upper part of the body, is the best preparation for the running season.
αž€αžΆαžšαžšαžαŸ‹αž†αŸ’αž›αž„αž€αžΆαžαŸ‹αž‘αžΈαž‡αž“αž”αž‘αžαŸ’αž›αŸ‡αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž’αŸ†αž‘αž»αž„αžšαžŠαžΌαžœαžšαž„αžΆ αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆβ€‹αž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαž„αžΆαžšβ€‹αž“αŸ…αž€αž“αŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„αž αžΆαžαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŽβ€‹αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž•αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αžαžΆαž„β€‹αž›αžΎβ€‹αž“αŸƒαžšαžΆαž„β€‹αž€αžΆαž™β€‹αž•αž„ αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαžαŸ’αžšαŸ€αž˜αžαŸ’αž›αž½αž“β€‹αžŠαŸαž›αŸ’αž’αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αžβ€‹αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αžšαžŠαžΌαžœαž€αžΆαž›β€‹αžšαžαŸ‹β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžŽαžΆαŸ†αž„αŸ”
Proper nutritional practices alone cannot generate elite performances, but they can significantly affect young athletes' overall wellness.
αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž’αž“αž»αžœαžαŸ’αžβ€‹αž•αŸ’αžŠαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž’αžΆαžšαžΌαž”αžαŸ’αžαž˜αŸ’αž—β€‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΉαž˜β€‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αžαŸ‚αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž˜αž»αžβ€‹ αž˜αž·αž“β€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αž’αžαŸ’αžαž–αž›αž·αž€β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αŸαž‰αžŸαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž›αŸ’αž’β€‹αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αžβ€‹αž“αŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž‘αŸβ€‹ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž’αž“αž»αžœαžαŸ’αžβ€‹αž”αŸ‚αž”β€‹αž“αŸαŸ‡ αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αž”αŸ‰αŸ‡β€‹αž–αžΆαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„β€‹αžαŸ’αž›αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αžŠαž›αŸ‹β€‹αžŸαž»αžαž»αž˜αžΆαž›αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž‘αžΌαž‘αŸ…β€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž’αžαŸ’αžαž–αž›αž·αž€β€‹αžœαŸαž™β€‹αž€αŸ’αž˜αŸαž„β€‹αŸ”β€‹
Maintaining a healthy energy balance, practicing effective hydration habits, and understanding the various aspects of supplementation practices can help athletes improve their performance and increase their enjoyment of the sport.
αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆβ€‹αžαž»αž›αŸ’αž™αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αžαžΆαž˜αž–αž›β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž€αž”β€‹αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αžŸαž»αžαž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž›αŸ’αž’ αž€αžΆαžšαž’αž“αž»αžœαžαŸ’αžβ€‹αž‘αŸ†αž›αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž›αŸ’αž’αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšαž•αŸ’αžαž›αŸ‹αž‡αžΆαžαž·β€‹αž‘αžΉαž€αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž‘αŸ’αž’αž—αžΆαž– αž“αž·αž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžŸαŸ’αžœαŸ‚αž„β€‹αž™αž›αŸ‹β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž‘αž·αžŠαŸ’αž‹αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ—αž“αŸƒαž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ†αž–αŸαž‰αž”αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αž˜αž’αžΆαž αžΆαžšβ€‹αž”αŸ‰αž”αŸ‰αž“ αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαž…αž‡αž½αž™β€‹αž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αž’αžαŸ’αžαž–αž›αž·αž€β€‹αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž“β€‹αžŸαž˜αžαŸ’αžαž—αžΆαž– αž“αž·αž„αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž“αž—αžΆαž–αžšαžΈαž€αžšαžΆαž™αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž€αžΈαž‘αžΆαŸ”
Middle distance running is a relatively inexpensive sport; however, there are many misconceptions regarding the few pieces of equipment required to participate.
αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžšαžαŸ‹β€‹αž–αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž€αžŽαŸ’αžŠαžΆαž›β€‹αž…αž˜αŸ’αž„αžΆαž™β€‹ αž‚αžΊβ€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž€αžΈαž‘αžΆβ€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αž·αž“β€‹αžŸαžΌαžœβ€‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαžΆαž™β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“β€‹αž‘αŸβ€‹αŸ” αž€αŸαž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚β€‹ αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž™αž›αŸ‹β€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαž‘αŸ†β€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“β€‹αž–αžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αž–αŸαž“αŸ’αž’β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž•αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€β€‹αžαŸ’αž›αŸ‡β€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αžŸαž˜αŸ’αž—αžΆαžšαŸˆβ€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž…αžΆαŸ†β€‹αž”αžΆαž…αŸ‹β€‹αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αž…αžΌβ€‹αž›αžšαž½αž˜β€‹αŸ”β€‹
Products can be purchased as needed, but most will have little or no real impact on performance.
αž‚αŸαž’αžΆαž…αž‘αž·αž‰αž•αž›αž·αžαž•αž›β€‹αžαžΆαž˜αžαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž€αžΆαžš β€‹αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αžœαžΆαž—αžΆαž‚αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž•αž›αž”αŸ‰αŸ‡αž–αžΆαž›αŸ‹αžαž·αž…αžαž½αž…αž¬αž˜αž·αž“αž˜αžΆαž“αžαŸ‚αž˜αŸ’αžαž„αž›αžΎαž€αžΆαžšαž’αž“αž»αžœαžαŸ’αžαŸ”
Athletes may feel that they prefer a product even when it provides no real benefits.
αž’αžαŸ’αžαž–αž›αž·αž€β€‹αž’αžΆαž…αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž’αžΆαžšαž˜αŸ’αž˜αžŽαŸαžαžΆ αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαž…αžΌαž›αž…αž·αžαŸ’αžαž•αž›αž·αžαž•αž›β€‹αž˜αž½αž™ αž”αžΎαž‘αŸ„αŸ‡αž‡αžΆαžœαžΆαž˜αž·αž“β€‹αž”αžΆαž“αž•αŸ’αžαž›αŸ‹αž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αž“αžΌαžœαž‚αž»αžŽαž”αŸ’αžšαž™αŸ„αž‡αž“αŸβ€‹αž‡αžΆαž€αŸ‹αžŸαŸ’αžαŸ‚αž„αž€αŸαžŠαŸ„αž™αŸ”
The atom can be considered to be one of the fundamental building blocks of all matter.
αž’αžΆαžαžΌαž˜β€‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž‚αŸβ€‹αž…αžΆαžαŸ‹β€‹αž‘αž»αž€β€‹αž‡αžΆαž…αŸ†αžŽαŸ‚αž€β€‹αž‚αŸ’αžšαžΉαŸ‡β€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžβ€‹αž’αž„αŸ’αž‚αž’αžΆαžαž»β€‹αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž’αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αŸ”
Its a very complex entity which consists, according to a simplified Bohr model, of a central nucleus orbited by electrons, somewhat similar to planets orbiting the sun - see Figure 1.1.
αž™αŸ„αž„β€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αžαžΆαž˜β€‹αž‚αŸ†αžšαžΌβ€‹αž”αŸŠαžšβ€‹αžŠαŸβ€‹αžŸαžΆαž˜αž‰αŸ’αž‰β€‹αž˜αž½αž™ វអ αž‚αžΊβ€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž’αž„αŸ’αž‚αž’αžΆαžαž»β€‹αžŸαŸ’αž˜αž»αž€αžŸαŸ’αž˜αžΆαž‰β€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αžŸαŸ’αž“αžΌαž›αž€αžŽαŸ’αžαžΆαž›β€‹αž–αŸαž‘αŸ’αž’αž‡αž»αŸ†αžœαž·αž‰ αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž’αŸαž‘αž·αž…αžαŸ’αžšαž»αž„ αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžšαžŠαŸ€αž„αž“αžΉαž„αž—αž–αž‡αžΆαž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“ αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž–αŸαž‘αŸ’αž’αž‡αž»αŸ†αžœαž·αž‰αž–αŸ’αžšαŸ‡αž’αžΆαž‘αž·αžαŸ’αž™αŸ” αžŸαžΌαž˜αž˜αžΎαž›β€‹αžšαžΌαž”αž—αžΆαž–αž‘αžΈ 1.1αŸ”β€‹
The nucleus consists of two particles - neutrons and protons.
αžŸαŸ’αž“αžΌαž›αž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆ nucleus αž˜αžΆαž“αž–αžΈαžšαž—αžΆαž‚αž‚αžΊαžŽαžΊαžαŸ’αžšαž»αž„αž“αž·αž„αž”αŸ’αžšαžΌαžαž»αž„αŸ”
Protons have a positive electric charge while neutrons have no charge. The electrons have a negative electric charge.
αž”αŸ’αžšαžΌαžαž»αž„β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αž»αž€β€‹αž’αž‚αŸ’αž‚αž·αžŸαž“αžΈβ€‹αžœαž·αž‡αŸ’αž‡αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αžαžŽαŸˆ αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αžŽαžΊαžαŸ’αžšαž»αž„β€‹αž˜αž·αž“β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αž»αž€β€‹αž‘αŸαŸ” αž’αŸαž‘αž·αž…αžαŸ’αžšαž»αž„β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αž»αž€β€‹αž’αž‚αŸ’αž‚αž·αžŸαž“αžΈβ€‹αž’αžœαž·αž‡αŸ’αž‡αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž˜αž½αž™αŸ”
To Check the victim, you must first survey the scene to ensure your safety.
αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžαŸ’αžšαž½αžβ€‹αž–αž·αž“αž·αžαŸ’αž™β€‹αž‡αž“β€‹αžšαž„αž‚αŸ’αžšαŸ„αŸ‡β€‹ αžŠαŸ†αž”αžΌαž„β€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž’αž„αŸ’αž€αŸαžβ€‹αž›αžΎβ€‹αž€αž“αŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„β€‹αž€αžΎαžβ€‹αž αŸαžαž»β€‹ αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αž’αžΆαž“αžΆβ€‹αžŸαž»αžœαžαŸ’αžαž·αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αŸ”
You need to notice the victim's position as you approach him or her and any automatic red flags.
αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž€αžαŸ‹β€‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαžΆαŸ†β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž‘αžΈαžαžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž‡αž“β€‹αžšαž„β€‹αž‚αŸ’αžšαŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž–αŸαž›β€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αž…αžΌαž›β€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž‡αž·αžβ€‹αž‚αžΆαžαŸ‹β€‹ αž“αž·αž„β€‹αžŸαž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆβ€‹αž–αŸ’αžšαž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžœαŸαž™β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžœαžαŸ’αžαž·β€‹αŸ”β€‹
If you get hurt trying to help, you may only serve to make matters worse.
αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž“αž”αžΎβ€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αžˆαžΊαž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž–αŸαž›αž–αŸ’αž™αžΆαž™αžΆαž˜αž‡αž½αž™ αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αžšαžΉαžαžαŸ‚β€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž αžΆαž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹β€‹αžαŸ‚β€‹αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž‘αŸ…αŸ—αž‘αŸ…αžœαž·αž‰αž‘αŸαŸ”
The study found that depression, fear and catastrophising mediated the relationship between pain and disability in lower back pain sufferers.
αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαž·αž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž”αžΆαž“αžšαž€αžƒαžΎαž‰αžαžΆ αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž’αŸ’αž›αžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αž‘αžΉαž€αž…αž·αžαŸ’αž αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž—αŸαž™αžαŸ’αž›αžΆαž…β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž˜αž αž“αŸ’αžαžšαžΆαž™ αž‚αžΊαž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž‡αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž‘αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž‘αž„αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž‘αŸ†αž“αžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αž‘αŸ†αž“αž„β€‹αžšαžœαžΆαž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαžˆαžΊαž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹ αž“αž·αž„β€‹αž–αž·αž€αžΆαžšαž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžˆαžΊβ€‹αž†αŸ’αž’αžΉαž„αžαŸ’αž“αž„β€‹αž•αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€β€‹αžαžΆαž„β€‹αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž˜αŸ”
Only the effects of catastrophizing, not depression and fear was conditional of regular weekly structured PA sessions.
αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αžαŸ‚β€‹αž•αž›β€‹αž”αŸ‰αŸ‡αž–αžΆαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž˜αž αž“αŸ’αžαžšαžΆαž™β€‹αž˜αž·αž“αž˜αŸ‚αž“β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž’αŸ’αž›αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž‘αžΉαž€αž…αž·αžαŸ’αž αž“αž·αž„β€‹αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž—αŸαž™αžαŸ’αž›αžΆαž…β€‹αž‘αŸ αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžαžŽαŸ’αžŒβ€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αžœαž‚αŸ’αž‚ PA αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αžšαž…αž“αžΆαžŸαž˜αŸ’αž–αŸαž“αŸ’αž’β€‹αž‘αŸ€αžαž‘αžΆαžαŸ‹β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž…αžΆαŸ†β€‹αžŸαž”αŸ’αžαžΆαž αŸαŸ”
Those participating in regular activity required more support in terms of negative perception of pain distinguishing the differences of chronic pain and discomfort feel from normal physical movement.
αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž…αžΌαž›αžšαž½αž˜β€‹αžŸαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž‘αŸ€αž„αž‘αžΆαžαŸ‹ αžαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαž‚αžΆαŸ†αž‘αŸ’αžšβ€‹αžαŸ‚αž˜αž‘αŸ€αžβ€‹αž‘αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž‘αž„β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαž™αž›αŸ‹β€‹αžƒαžΎαž‰β€‹αž’αžœαž·αž‡αŸ’αž‡αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšαžˆαžΊαž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžŸαž˜αŸ’αž‚αžΆαž›αŸ‹β€‹αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αžαž»αžŸαž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆβ€‹αžšαžœαžΆαž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαžˆαžΊβ€‹αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αžšαŸ‰αžΆαŸ†αžšαŸ‰αŸƒ αž“αž·αž„β€‹αž’αžΆαžšαž˜αŸ’αž˜αžŽαŸβ€‹αž˜αž·αž“β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž…αž›αž“αžΆβ€‹αžšαžΆαž„β€‹αž€αžΆαž™αž’αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžαžΆαŸ”
Vision, or the ability to see depends on visual system sensory organs or eyes.
αž€αžΆαžšαž˜αžΎαž›β€‹αžƒαžΎαž‰β€‹ αž¬β€‹αžŸαž˜αžαŸ’αžαž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαž˜αžΎαž›β€‹ αž’αžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸαž™β€‹αž›αžΎβ€‹αžŸαžšαžΈαžœαž·αž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαžŽβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαž–αŸαž“αŸ’αž’αž…αž€αŸ’αžαž» αž¬β€‹αž—αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€β€‹αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž–αžΈαžšβ€‹αŸ”
There are many different constructions of eyes, ranging in complexity depending on the requirements of the organism.
αž€αžΆαžšαž€αž€αžΎαžαž‘αžΎαž„αž“αŸƒβ€‹αžŸαžšαžΈαžšαžΆαž„αŸ’αž‚β€‹αž—αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αž˜αžΆαž“αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘β€‹ αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αžαžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αžŸαŸ’αž˜αž»αž‚αŸ’αžšβ€‹αžŸαŸ’αž˜αžΆαž‰β€‹ β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸαž™β€‹αž›αžΎβ€‹αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžαžŽαŸ’αžŒβ€‹αžαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αžŸαžΆαžšαž–αžΆαž„αŸ’αž‚αž€αžΆαž™αž˜αž€β€‹αŸ”
The different constructions have different capabilities, are sensitive to different wave-lengths and have differing degrees of acuity, also they require different processing to make sense of the input and different numbers to work optimally.
αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžβ€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαž˜αžΆαž“αžŸαž˜αžαŸ’αžαž—αžΆαž–αžαž»αžŸαŸ—αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆ αž“αž·αž„β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž αžΆβ€‹αž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™β€‹β€‹αžšαž›αž€αž”αŸ’αžšαžœαŸ‚αž„αžαž»αžŸαž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆ αž“αž·αž„αž˜αžΆαž“αž€αž˜αŸ’αžšαž·αžβ€‹β€‹αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž…αŸ’αž”αžΆαžŸαŸ‹β€‹β€‹αžαž»αžŸαŸ—αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆ αž αžΎαž™β€‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαž€αŸαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž€αžΆαžšαžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšαž€αžΆαžšαžαž»αžŸαŸ—αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆβ€‹αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž‘αž‘αž½αž›β€‹αž™αž€β€‹αž’αžΆαžαž»β€‹αž…αžΌαž›β€‹β€‹ αž“αž·αž„αž›αŸαžαžαž»αžŸαŸ—αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšαž€αžΆαžšαž”αžΆαž“αž›αŸ’αž’αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αžαŸ”
A population is the collection of organisms of a particular species within a given geographic area.
αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž”αŸ’αžšαž‡αžΆαž‡αž“αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαž˜αžΌαž›αž•αŸ’αžαž»αŸ†αž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘αžŸαžαŸ’αžœβ€‹ αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž‡αžΈαžœαž·αžβ€‹β€‹αž‡αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž›αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αžαŸ†αž”αž“αŸ‹αž—αžΌαž˜αž·αžŸαžΆαžŸαŸ’αžαŸ’αžšβ€‹αž‡αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž›αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž˜αž½αž™αŸ”
When all individuals in a population are identical with regard to a particular phenotypic trait they are known as monomorphic.
αž“αŸ…αž–αŸαž›αžŠαŸ‚αž›αžŸαžαŸ’αžœαž“αžΈαž˜αž½αž™αŸ—αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαž‡αžΆαž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž’αžŸαŸ‹ αžŠαŸ‚αž›αžŠαžΌαž…αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαž‚αŸ’αžšαž”αŸ‹αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž‘αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž‘αž„αž“αžΉαž„αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžŽαŸˆαž–αž·αžŸαŸαžŸαž“αŸƒαžŸαžšαžΈαžšαžΆαž„αŸ’αž‚αž–αžΈαž€αŸ†αžŽαžΎαžαž“αž·αž„αž–αžΈαž”αžšαž·αž™αžΆαž€αžΆαžŸ αž‚αŸαžŸαŸ’αž‚αžΆαž›αŸ‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαžœαžΆαžαžΆαž‡αžΆαžŸαžαŸ’αžœαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αžαŸ‚αž˜αž½αž™αž—αŸαž‘ (αžŸαž»αž‘αŸ’αž’αžαŸ‚αž‰αžΈ) (monomorphic)αŸ”
When the individuals show several variants of a particular trait they are polymorphic.
αž“αŸ…αž–αŸαž›αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αž»αž‚αŸ’αž‚αž›αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžŽαŸˆαž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆβ€‹αž“αŸƒαž…αžšαž·αžβ€‹αž‡αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž›αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž˜αž½αž™ αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸαž‚αžΊαž–αž αž»αžŸαžŽαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“αŸ”
Army ant colonies march and nest in different phases as well.
αž’αžΆαžŽαžΆαž“αž·αž‚αž˜αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž αŸ’αžœαžΌαž„αžŸαŸ’αžšαž˜αŸ„αž…αžŠαžΎαžšαž†αŸ’αž–αŸ„αŸ‡αž‘αŸ…αž˜αž»αž αž“αž·αž„αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αžŸαŸ†αž”αž»αž€αž‡αžΆαžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž€αžΆαž›αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ—αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ”
In the nomadic phase, army ants march at night and stop to camp during the day.
αž“αŸ…β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΆαž€αŸ‹β€‹αž€αžΆαž›β€‹αž–αž“αŸ’αž™αžΆαžšβ€‹αž–αŸαž› αž‘αŸαž–β€‹αžŸαŸ’αžšαž˜αŸ„αž…β€‹αžŠαžΎαžšβ€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž–αŸαž›αž™αž”αŸ‹ αž αžΎαž™β€‹αžˆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž”αŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž‡αž»αŸ†αžšαŸ†β€‹αž–αŸαž›αžαŸ’αž„αŸƒαŸ”
The colony begins a nomadic phase when available food has decreased. During this phase, the colony makes temporary nests that are changed everyday.
αž’αžΆαžŽαžΆαž“αž·αž‚αž˜β€‹αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž•αŸ’αžαžΎαž˜β€‹αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžβ€‹αžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž€αžΆαž›αž–αž“αŸ’αž™αžΆαžšαž–αŸαž›αž“αŸ…αž–αŸαž›αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαž αžΆαžšβ€‹αžαž™αž…αž»αŸ‡αŸ” αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž€αžΆαž›β€‹αž“αŸαŸ‡ αž’αžŽαžΆαž“αž·αž‚αž˜β€‹αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžβ€‹αžŸαŸ†αž”αž»αž€β€‹αž”αžŽαŸ’αžŠαŸ„αŸ‡αž’αžΆαžŸαž“αŸ’αž“β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž’αžΆαž…αž•αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžαžΌαžšαžšαŸ€αž„αžšαžΆαž›αŸ‹αžαŸ’αž„αŸƒαŸ”
Each of these nomadic rampages or marches lasts for approximately 17 days.
αžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšαž‡αŸ’αžšαž½αž›αž…αŸ’αžšαž”αž›αŸ‹ ឬ αž€αŸ’αž”αž½αž“αž–αž“αŸαž…αžšαž“αžΈαž˜αž½αž™αŸ—αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž“αŸαŸ‡αž…αŸ†αžŽαžΆαž™αž–αŸαž›αž”αŸ’αžšαž αŸ‚αž› ៑៧ αžαŸ’αž„αŸƒ
What is a cell? The word cell comes from the Latin word "cella", meaning "small room", and it was first coined by a microscopist observing the structure of cork.
αžαžΎαž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆαž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž’αŸ’αžœαžΈ? αž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™ αž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆ αž‚αžΊαž…αŸαž‰αž˜αž€αž–αžΈαž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™αž‘αžΆαžαžΆαŸ†αž„ "αžŸαŸŠαŸ‚αž›αž‘αžΆ (Cella)" αž˜αžΆαž“αž“αŸαž™αžαžΆ "αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αž”αŸ‹αžαžΌαž…" αž αžΎαž™β€‹αž€αžΆαž›αž–αžΈαžŠαŸ†αž”αžΌαž„αž‘αžΎαž™ αž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™αž“αŸαŸ‡αž‚αžΊαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαž‘αžΎαž„αžŠαŸ„αž™αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž‡αŸ†αž“αžΆαž‰αž˜αžΈαž€αŸ’αžšαžΌαž‘αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž“αŸαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αžΆαž“αžŸαž·αž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆβ€‹αžŸαŸ’αžšαžΆαžœαž‡αŸ’αžšαžΆαžœβ€‹αž›αžΎαž‘αŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹αž‘αŸ’αžšαžΆαž™αž“αŸƒαžŸαŸ†αž”αž€αžˆαžΎαŸ”
The cell is the basic unit of all living things, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
αž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆβ€‹αž‚αžΊβ€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž―αž€αžαžΆβ€‹αž˜αžΌαž›αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“β€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž—αžΆαžœαŸˆαžšαžŸαŸ‹ αž αžΎαž™β€‹αžŸαžΆαžšαž–αžΆαž„αŸ’αž‚β€‹αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž’αžŸαŸ‹β€‹ αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹ αž¬β€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“β€‹αŸ”
Cells are so basic and critical to the study of life, in fact, that they are often referred to as "the building blocks of life".
αž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆαž˜αžΆαž“αž˜αžΌαž›αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“αž‚αŸ’αžšαžΉαŸ‡β€‹αž“αž·αž„αž…αŸ†αž”αžΆαž…αŸ‹αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαž·αž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆβ€‹αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈαž‡αžΈαžœαž·αž αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆαžšαž“αŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž‚αŸαž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αž αŸ…αžœαžΆαžαžΆαž‡αžΆ β€œβ€‹ αž―αž€αžαžΆαžŸαžΆαž„αžŸαž„αŸ‹αž“αŸƒαž‡αžΈαžœαž·αž ” αŸ”
The Nervous System maintains homeostasis by sending nerve impulses through out the body to keep the flow of blood going as well as undisturbed.
αž”αŸ’αžšαž–αŸαž“αŸ’αž’β€‹αžŸαžšαžŸαŸƒβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαžΆαž‘β€‹αžαŸ‚αžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆβ€‹αžŸαžšαžŸαŸƒβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαžΆαž‘ αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž‡αžΌαž“β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαžšαŸ†αž‰αŸ„αž…β€‹αžŸαžšαžŸαŸƒβ€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαžΆαž‘αž–αžΆαžŸαž–αŸαž‰αžšαžΆαž„αž€αžΆαž™ αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆβ€‹αž›αŸ†αž αžΌαžšβ€‹αžˆαžΆαž˜β€‹αž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αžŠαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž€αŸαžŠαžΌαž…αž‡αžΆαž˜αž·αž“αž˜αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžšαžšαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αž•αž„αžŠαŸ‚αžšαŸ”
These nerve impulses can be sent so quickly throughout the body which helps keep the body safe from any potential threat.
αž€αžΆαžšαžšαŸ†αž‰αŸ„αž…αžŸαžšαžŸαŸƒαž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαžΆαž‘αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž“αŸαŸ‡ αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αž”αž‰αŸ’αž‡αžΌαž“β€‹αž”αžΆαž“αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αž›αžΏαž“αžαžΆαž˜αžšαž™αŸˆαžšαžΆαž„αž€αžΆαž™ αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž‡αž½αž™αž±αŸ’αž™αžšαžΆαž„αž€αžΆαž™αž˜αžΆαž“ αžŸαž»αžœαžαŸ’αžαž·αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž‚αŸ†αžšαžΆαž˜αž€αŸ†αž αŸ‚αž„β€‹αžŽαžΆαž˜αž½αž™αŸ”
Tornadoes strike a small area compared to other violent storms, but they can destroy everything in their path.
αž–αŸ’αž™αž»αŸ‡αž€αŸ†αž”αž»αžαžαŸ’αž”αžΌαž„αž”αŸ†αž•αŸ’αž›αžΆαž‰αžαŸ†αž”αž“αŸ‹αžαžΌαž… αž”αžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαŸ€αž”αž’αŸ€αž”αž‘αŸ…αž“αžΉαž„αž–αŸ’αž™αž»αŸ‡αž€αŸ†αžŽαžΆαž…αžŠαž‘αŸƒαž‘αŸ€αž αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αžœαžΆαž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ†αž•αŸ’αž›αžΆαž‰αž’αŸ’αžœαžΈαŸ—αž‚αŸ’αžšαž”αŸ‹αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„β€‹αž“αŸ…αžαžΆαž˜αž•αŸ’αž›αžΌαžœαžŠαŸ‚αž›αžœαžΆαž αŸ„αŸ‡αž€αžΆαžαŸ‹αŸ”
Tornadoes uproot trees, rip boards from buildings, and fling cars up into the sky. The most violent two percent of tornadoes last more than three hours.
αž–αŸ’αž™αž»αŸ‡β€‹αž€αŸ†αž”αž»αžβ€‹αžαŸ’αž”αžΌαž„β€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αžŠαžΎαž˜β€‹αžˆαžΎβ€‹αžŠαž½αž›β€‹αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž«αžŸαž αŸ‚αž€β€‹αž€αŸ’αžαžΆαžšβ€‹αžšαž”αžΎαž€β€‹αž…αŸαž‰β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž’αžΆαž‚αžΆαžš αž αžΎαž™β€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αž±αŸ’αž™β€‹αž‘αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αŸ‰αžΎαž„β€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž›αžΎαž˜αŸαžƒβ€‹αž•αž„β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αžšαŸ” αžαŸ’αž™αž›αŸ‹β€‹αž–αŸ’αž™αž»αŸ‡β€‹αž–αžΈαžšβ€‹αž—αžΆαž‚αžšαž™β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž€αž˜αŸ’αž›αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αžαŸ’αž›αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αžβ€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αžšαž™αŸˆαž–αŸαž›β€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“β€‹αž‡αžΆαž„β€‹αž”αžΈβ€‹αž˜αŸ‰αŸ„αž„αŸ”
These monster storms have winds up to 480 km/h (133 m/s; 300 mph).
αž–αŸ’αž™αž»αŸ‡αž”αž·αžŸαžΆαž…αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž“αŸαŸ‡β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“αžαŸ’αž™αž›αŸ‹αž”αž€αŸ‹αžŠαž›αŸ‹ 480 αž‚αž˜/ម (133 ម/វ ; 300 mph) αŸ”
Humans have been making and using lenses for magnification for thousands and thousands of years.
αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž‡αžΆαžαž·αž”αžΆαž“αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž αž“αž·αž„αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž€αŸ‚αžœαž–αž„αŸ’αžšαžΈαž€αž’αžŸαŸ‹αžšαž™αŸ‡αž–αŸαž›αž–αžΆαž“αŸ‹αž–αžΆαž“αŸ‹αž†αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ†αŸ”
However, the first true telescopes were made in Europe in the late 16th century.
αž‘αŸ„αŸ‡αž‡αžΆαž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αžŽαžΆαž€αŸαžŠαŸ„αž™ αž€αŸ‚αžœβ€‹αž–αž„αŸ’αžšαžΈαž€β€‹αž–αž·αžβ€‹αž‘αžΈαž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžβ€‹αž‘αžΎαž„β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž‘αŸ’αžœαžΈαž”αž’αžΊαžšαŸ‰αž»αž”β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž…αž»αž„β€‹αžŸαžαžœαžαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αž‘αžΈ16αŸ”
These telescopes used a combination of two lenses to make distant objects appear both nearer and larger.
αž€αŸ‚αžœαž™αžΊαžαž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž“αŸαŸ‡αž”αžΆαž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž€αŸ‚αžœαž–αžΈαžšαž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆ αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž±αŸ’αž™αžœαžαŸ’αžαž»αž“αŸ…αž†αŸ’αž„αžΆαž™αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αžαŸ’αž›αž½αž“αž“αŸ…αž‡αž·αžαž“αž·αž„αž’αŸ†αž‡αžΆαž„αŸ”
Greed and selfishness will always be with us and it is the nature of cooperation that when the majority benefit there will always be more to gain in the short term by acting selfishly
αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž›αŸ„αž—αž›αž“αŸ‹ αž“αž·αž„ αž—αžΆαž–β€‹αž’αžΆαžαŸ’αž˜αžΆαž“αž·αž™αž˜β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αžαŸ‚β€‹αžαžΆαž˜β€‹αž‡αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αžαŸ’αž›αž½αž“β€‹αž™αžΎαž„β€‹αž‡αžΆαž“αž·αž…αŸ’αž…αž–αŸ’αžšαŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αžœαžΆαž‡αžΆβ€‹αž’αž˜αŸ’αž˜αž‡αžΆαžαž·β€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαž αž€αžΆαžšαž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆβ€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›αžαžΆαž“αŸ…β€‹αž–αŸαž›β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž’αžαŸ’αžαž”αŸ’αžšαž™αŸ„αž‡αž“αŸβ€‹αž’αŸ†β€‹αžŽαžΆαž˜αž½αž™β€‹αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈβ€‹αž‘αž‘αž½αž›β€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αžšαž™αŸˆαž–αŸαž›αžαŸ’αž›αžΈ αž“αŸ„αŸ‡αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αž‘αž„αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αžŠαŸβ€‹αž’αžΆαžαŸ’αž˜αžΆαž“αž·αž™αž˜αŸ”
Hopefully, most people will realise that their long term best option is to work together with others.
αžŸαž„αŸ’αžƒαžΉαž˜αžαžΆβ€‹αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž—αžΆαž‚αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αžŠαžΉαž„αžαžΆβ€‹αž‡αž˜αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž›αŸ’αž’αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αžβ€‹αžšαž™αŸˆαž–αŸαž›αžœαŸ‚αž„αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸβ€‹αž‚αžΊ αž€αžΆαžšαž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšαžšαž½αž˜αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆβ€‹αž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αžŠαž‘αŸƒαŸ”
Many people dream of the day when humans can travel to another star and explore other worlds, some people wonder what's out there some belive that aliens or other life may live on another plant.
αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αž‡αžΆαž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“β€‹αžŸαž»αž”αž·αž“αŸ’αžŠβ€‹αž…αž„αŸ‹β€‹αžƒαžΎαž‰β€‹αžαŸ’αž„αŸƒβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎβ€‹αžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšβ€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹β€‹αž—αž–β€‹αž•αŸ’αž€αžΆαž™β€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„β€‹αž‘αŸ€αž αž αžΎαž™β€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αžšαž»αž€αžšαž€β€‹αž—αž–β€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž’αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž“αŸ„αŸ‡ αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“β€‹αž†αŸ’αž„αž›αŸ‹β€‹αžαžΆ αžαžΎβ€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΈβ€‹αžαŸ’αž›αŸ‡β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž‘αžΈαž“αŸ„αŸ‡ αžαžŽαŸˆβ€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“β€‹αž‘αŸ€αžβ€‹αž‡αžΏβ€‹αžαžΆ αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αž—αž–β€‹αž•αŸ’αž€αžΆαž™β€‹αž‡αžΆαž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“ αž¬β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž‡αžΈαžœαž·αžβ€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„β€‹αž‘αŸ€αž αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αžšαžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž›αžΎβ€‹αž—αž–β€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„β€‹αž‘αŸ€αžβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“αŸ”
But, if this ever does happen probably won't happen for a very long time. The stars are so spread out that there are trillions of miles between stars that are "neighbors".
αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚β€‹ αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž“αž”αžΎαžšαžΏαž„αž“αŸαŸ‡β€‹αž’αŸ’αž›αžΆαž”αŸ‹β€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž€αžΎαžβ€‹αž‘αžΎαž„β€‹ αž”αŸ’αžšαž αŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αž·αž“β€‹αž€αžΎαžβ€‹αž‘αžΎαž„β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αžšαž™αŸˆβ€‹αž–αŸαž›β€‹αž™αžΌαžšβ€‹αž‘αŸβ€‹αŸ” αž•αŸ’αž€αžΆαž™β€‹αž“αŸ…αžƒαŸ’αž›αžΆαžαž–αžΈαž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆβ€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αžšαž™αž–αžΆαž“αŸ‹αž€αŸ„αžŠαž·β€‹αž˜αŸ‰αžΆαž™αž›αŸ’αžŸαŸ αžšαžœαžΆαž„β€‹αž•αŸ’αž€αžΆαž™β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹ β€œαž€αŸ’αž”αŸ‚αžšαžαžΆαž„β€‹αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆβ€β€‹αŸ”
Maybe one day, your great grandchildren will be standing atop an alien world wondering about their ancient ancestors?
αž”αŸ’αžšαž αŸ‚αž›β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αžαŸ’αž„αŸƒβ€‹αž˜αž½αž™β€‹ αž…αŸ…β€‹αž‘αž½αžβ€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹ αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αžˆαžšβ€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž›αžΎβ€‹β€‹β€‹αž–αž·αž—αž–β€‹αž“αŸƒβ€‹αž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αž—αž–β€‹αž•αŸ’αž€αžΆαž™β€‹ αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž€αžΆαžšβ€‹αž„αžΏαž„β€‹αž†αŸ’αž„αž›αŸ‹β€‹αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈβ€‹αžŠαžΌαž“β€‹αžαžΆβ€‹αžŸαž˜αŸαž™β€‹αž”αžΌαžšαžΆαžŽβ€‹αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž–αž½αž€αž‚αŸβ€‹?
Animals are made of many cells. They eat things and digest them inside. Most animals can move.
αžŸαžαŸ’αžœβ€‹αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžβ€‹αž‘αžΎαž„β€‹αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆαž‡αžΆβ€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“β€‹αŸ” αž–αž½αž€αžœαžΆβ€‹αžŸαŸŠαžΈβ€‹αž’αžΆαž αžΆαžšβ€‹αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„β€‹αŸ—β€‹ αž“αž·αž„β€‹αžšαŸ†αž›αžΆαž™β€‹αž’αžΆαž αžΆαžšβ€‹β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αžαžΆαž„β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αŸ” αžŸαžαŸ’αžœβ€‹αž—αžΆαž‚β€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“β€‹αž’αžΆαž…β€‹αž”αž˜αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž‘αžΈβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αŸ”
Only animals have brains (though not even all animals do; jellyfish, for example, do not have brains).
αž˜αžΆαž“αžαŸ‚β€‹αžŸαžαŸ’αžœβ€‹αž”αŸ‰αž»αžŽαŸ’αžŽαŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αžαž½αžšβ€‹αž€αŸ’αž”αžΆαž›β€‹ (αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚β€‹ αž˜αž·αž“β€‹αž˜αŸ‚αž“β€‹αžŸαžαŸ’αžœβ€‹αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„β€‹αž’αžŸαŸ‹β€‹αžŸαž»αž‘αŸ’αž’αžαŸ‚αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αžαž½αžšαž€αŸ’αž”αžΆαž›β€‹αž“αŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž‘αŸαŸ” αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸβ€‹ αžŸαžΆαžšαžΆαž™αžŸαž˜αž»αž‘αŸ’αžšβ€‹αž‚αŸ’αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αžαž½αžšβ€‹αž“αŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž‘αŸβ€‹)αŸ”
Animals are found all over the earth. They dig in the ground, swim in the oceans, and fly in the sky.
β€‹αžŸαžαŸ’αžœβ€‹αž‡αžΆβ€‹αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αžšαžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž–αžΆαžŸαž–αŸαž‰β€‹αž•αŸ‚αž“αžŠαžΈαŸ” αž–αž½αž€β€‹αžœαžΆβ€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αžšαžŸαŸ‹β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αžŠαžΈ αž αŸ‚αž›β€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„β€‹αž˜αž αžΆβ€‹αžŸαž˜αž»αž‘αŸ’αžš αž“αž·αž„β€‹αž αŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž αžΎαžšβ€‹αž“αŸ…β€‹αž›αžΎβ€‹αž˜αŸαžƒαŸ”
A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of a living (things) organism.
αž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆαžšαž‚αžΊαž˜αžΆαž“αžšαžΌαž”αžšαžΆαž„αžαžΌαž…αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αž αž αžΎαž™αžœαžΆαž‡αžΆαž˜αž»αžαž„αžΆαžšαžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšαž€αžΆαžšαžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αžŸαžΈαžšαžΈαžšαžΆαž„αŸ’αž‚αŸ”
Cell comes from the Latin word cella which means small room.
αž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™β€‹αžαžΆ αž–αžΆαž€αŸ’αž™ (Cell) αž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆ αž‚αžΊβ€‹αž˜αž€β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšβ€‹αž‘αžΆαž‘αžΈαž“ cella (αžŸαŸ‚αž‘αžΆ) αžŠαŸ‚αž›β€‹αž˜αžΆαž“β€‹αž“αŸαž™β€‹αžαžΆ αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αž”αŸ‹β€‹αžαžΌαž…αŸ”
If you look at living things under a microscope, you will see that they are made of small squares or balls.
αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž“β€‹αž”αžΎβ€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αž–αž·αž“αž·αžαŸ’αž™β€‹αž˜αžΎαž›β€‹αž‘αŸ…β€‹αž—αžΆαžœαžšαžŸαŸ‹β€‹αžŠαŸ„αž™β€‹αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎβ€‹αž˜αžΈαž€αŸ’αžšαžΌαž‘αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž“αŸ αž“αŸ„αŸ‡β€‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€β€‹αž“αžΉαž„β€‹αžƒαžΎαž‰β€‹αžαžΆ αž–αž½αž€αžœαžΆβ€‹αž”αžΆαž“β€‹αž…αŸαž‰β€‹αž˜αž€β€‹αž–αžΈβ€‹αžšαžΆαž„β€‹αž€αžΆαžšαŸ‰αŸ αž¬β€‹αžšαž„αŸ’αžœαž„αŸ‹β€‹αžαžΌαž…αŸ—β€‹αž‡αžΆαž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αŸ”
Robert Hooke, a biologist from England, saw small squares in cork with a microscope.
αž›αŸ„αž€ αžšαŸ‰αžΌαž”αŸŠαžΊαž αž αž»αž€ (Robert Hooke) αž‡αžΆαž‡αžΈαžœαžœαž·αž‘αžΌαž˜αž€αž–αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαž‘αŸαžŸαž’αž„αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αž›αŸαžŸαž”αžΆαž“αžƒαžΎαž‰αž€αžΆαžšαŸ‰αŸαžαžΌαž…αŸ—αž“αŸ…αžŸαžΆαžšαž’αžΆαžαž»αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αžŸαž˜αŸ’αž”αž€αžˆαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž˜αžΈαž€αŸ’αžšαžΌαž‘αžŸαŸ’αžŸαž“αŸαŸ”
They looked like rooms. He was the first person to observe dead cells
αžœαžΆαž˜αžΆαž“αžšαžΌαž”αžšαžΆαž„αžŠαžΌαž…αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αž”αŸ‹αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αž’αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΉαž„αŸ” αž‚αžΆαžαŸ‹αž‡αžΆαž˜αž“αž»αžŸαŸ’αžŸβ€‹αžŠαŸ†αž”αžΌαž„β€‹αžŠαŸ‚αž›αžŸαž„αŸ’αž€αŸαžαž’αŸ†αž–αžΈαž€αŸ„αžŸαž·αž€αžΆαž„αžΆαž”αŸ‹αŸ”