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7def642c-1270-4c58-9d29-4b8d5f148dfb | All of the following is a mechanism of action of IUCD except: | Impeding sperm transpo and inhibiting their capacity | Foreign body reaction in the endometrium | Inhibition of ovulation | Production of anti-sperm antibodies | 3d | multi | Mechanism of Actions of IUCD are : 1) IUDs act mostly by preventing sperms from feilizing ova. The mechanisms of action of copper-releasing IUD are by impeding sperm transpo and inhibiting their capacity to feilize ova. 2. All unmedicated and copper devices produce an inflammatory or foreign body reaction, which in tur... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Contraceptives |
ea3793fe-10da-4e69-af73-2c6b90023af4 | Bulb of posterior horn of lateral ventricle is formed by | Collateral sulcus | calcarine sulcus | Forceps major | Stria terminalis | 2c | single | Bulb of posterior horn is present on medial wall of posterior horn of lateral ventricle and is formed by fibers of forceps major. | Anatomy | null |
111252be-f36a-4235-a6c6-64d2417be6de | Highest amount iron is seen in - | Milk | Meat | Spinach | Jaggery | 1b | single | Food rich in haem iron are liver, meat, poultry and fish. REF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION. PAGE NO - 622 | Social & Preventive Medicine | Nutrition and health |
8f94d306-7ed4-43f7-814b-ef1d41cfbdf3 | A two months old child presents with epiphora and regurgitation. The most probable diagnosis is - | Mucopurulent conjunctivitis | Buphthalmos | Congenital dacryocystitis | Encysted mucocele | 2c | single | Presents as mild grade chronic inflammation. Epiphora develops after 7 days of bih and regurgition test is positive. Causes of epiphora are any that cause either overproduction of tears or decreased drainage of tears, resulting in tearing onto the cheek. This can be due to ocular irritation and inflammation (including ... | Ophthalmology | Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus |
767810d0-016f-47de-b248-26b399c438bf | Ribnotching of 4-9th ribs with double bulging is seen in - | Aoic aneurysm | Aoic dessection | Co - arctation of aoa | Diaphragmatic hernia | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Coarctation of Aoa Radiological findings of COA 1. Abnormal Aoic arch : Commonestfinding Site of narrowing may be seen as an identation. Classic '3 sign' or double bulge sign' on left border of aoic shadow is formed by (above downwards) Prestenotic dilatation Coarctation itself (indentation) Poststeno... | Pediatrics | null |
e762ef56-83e4-4879-ae0c-908e1d2dd921 | Absolute contraindication of IUCD is? | Acute PID | PCOD | Breast cancer | Previous history of aboion | 0a | single | Contraindications for IUCDS Puerperal sepsis Pregnancy Cancer of the cervix PID / STD Cancer of the uterus Significantly distoed uterine cavity Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | FMGE 2019 |
86798aef-0077-456c-9dff-aab8372048d2 | Many signaling pathways involve the generation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). These molecules | Are first messengers | Activate phospholipase C | Are derived from PIP2 | Can't activate calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinases directly or indirectly | 2c | single | IP3 DAG are secondary messengers derived from PIP2 they are present in the cell membrane where IP2 crosses the cell membrane and DAG doesnot. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed. | Pharmacology | All India exam |
d66d70f6-d4c8-4a47-b677-7fbc00d8dc55 | Now-a-days Down syndrome Is referred to as. | Submental disorder | Oligophrenia | Madness | Mentally unstable | 0a | multi | * Majority of children with Down syndrome function in mild to moderate range of mental retardation. * Down syndrome / Trisomy 21 - * Genetic disorder caused by presence of all or pa of a third copy ofchromosome 21. * Typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate i... | Psychiatry | All India exam |
57b4554b-4eea-4c7d-a106-3481a08588fd | What is the nerve supply of cornea - | Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve | Facial Nerve | Auriculotemporal nerve | Ophthalmic division of Cranial nerve V | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Ophthalmic division of Cranial nerve V Innervation of cornea:o The cornea is one of the most sensitive tissues of the body, as it is densely innervated with sensory nerve fibres via the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve by way of70-80 long ciliary nerves and short ciliary nerves. Research su... | Ophthalmology | Cornea |
a7081bd2-63fa-490b-8c5b-244319c333db | Which of the following statements is true about the bundle of kent | It is slower than the AV nodal pathway | It is muscular or nodal pathway between the atria and ventricle in WPW syndrome | Abnormal pathway between two atria | direct conduction to av node | 1b | multi | * In the normal hea, atrioventricular conduction occurs across the specialized axis comprising the atrioventricular node (with its zones of transitional cells), the bundle of His, and the ventricular conduction pathways. This axis, for conduction to be normal, must be the solitary muscular connection between the atria ... | Medicine | C.V.S |
1c551e8e-bff8-4946-aeab-efb517f3a44c | Receptor mediated endocytosis is by | Clathrin | Porine | Cytocin | Vimentin | 0a | single | Ans is A i.e. Clathrin EndocytosisThe process by which cells take up large molecules is called endocytosis.Endocytotic vesicles are generated when segments of the plasma membrane invaginate, enclosing a minute volume of extracellular fluid and its contents. The vesicle then pinches off as the fusion of plasma membranes... | Biochemistry | Membrane Structure & Function |
321d92df-5b41-4df5-8501-73a4708bf704 | Frozen pelvis is seen in - | Osteoarthritis | Potts disease | Actinomycosis | Reiters disease | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Potts disease o A term for significant involvement of the pelvic floor by malignancy, usually carcinoma, or ttuberculosis; in which there is massive extension of pathology to the urinary bladder, female genital tract, and sigmoid colon. Adequate resection of a frozen pelvis is virtually impossible; ch... | Orthopaedics | Infective Arthritis |
0db7ef4e-815d-48df-9940-34e8af72296b | Intracorpuscular hemolytic anemia is seen in ? | Autoimmune hemolytic anemia | TTP | Thalassemia | Infection | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Thalassemia | Pathology | null |
9174ff36-33dc-4336-91b5-153b2c8c5e07 | A 25 yr old man came to emergency depament after A. On CXR, multiple ribs fractures were visible. On physical examination, blood pressure was 80/60 mmHg and hea rate 150/min. Patient was restless, and tachypneic with jugular veins distended. On auscultation, air entry equal on both sides, hea sounds very soft or inaudi... | Needle inseion in 5th ICS | Echo guided Pericardiocentesis | Intercostal tube drainage on both sides | IV fluids for Hypotension | 1b | multi | The above clinical presentation is suggestive of Cardiac Tamponade. The presence of Beck's triad (Hypotension ,Soft or absent hea sounds and Jugular venous distention) ours the diagnosis of Cardiac Tamponade TOC for Cardiac Tamponade: - ECHO guided Pericardiocentesis Tension pneumothorax is ruled out as there isequal a... | Medicine | Disease of pericardium |
ba2b4850-b0db-4e8b-8a62-c0f9d364720e | Fine touch and position sense is carried by | Lateral spinothalamic tract | Anterior spinothalamic tract | Spinocerebellar tract | Dorsal column | 3d | single | Ans. (d) Dorsal column(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.168)Dorsal column pathway is the principal pathways for touch, vibration and proprioception. They primarily contain Aa and Ab afferentsThey ascend ipsilaterally (same side) in dorsal column of spinal cord to medullaIn medulla, they synapses with two important nuclei namely ... | Physiology | Nervous System |
ca5cc8ef-c3fd-4f43-9f06-7b583b5af7d7 | Multipara with LSCS, Presents With Cyclical Hematuria, Diagnosis can be | VUF | UVF | Bladder Endometriosis | Carcinoma Cervix | 0a | single | VESICO-UTERINE FISTULA Usually caused during caesarean section or uterine rupture Symptoms: Cyclical hematuria Gold standard for diagnosis: Cystoscopy Treatment is abdominal repair Ref: SHAW&;S TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOLOGY; 15th edition; Pg no:188 | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Urogynecology |
ab870e83-8d00-4926-a059-736b0dfa1d9e | In random sampling the chances of being picked up are: | same and unknown. | same and known. | different and unknown. | different and known . | 1b | single | Sampling Methods:
Simple random sampling — applicable when the population ¡s small, homogenous.
In random sampling chances of being picked up is SAME and KNOWN. Done by lottery method or, a table of random numbers.
Multistage sampling — large country survey.
Multistage sampling — sample procedure is carried out in se... | Dental | null |
c1456618-117c-45b2-aafc-a5196fc6d9f9 | A continuous quantitative data can be depicted with the help of: September 2009 | Bar diagram | Pie cha | Histogram | Pictogram | 2c | single | Ans. C: Histogram Numerical data/quantitative data is data measured or identified on a numerical scale. Numerical data can be analyzed using statistical methods, and results can be displayed using tables, chas, histograms and graphs. For example, a researcher will ask a questions to a paicipant that include words how o... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
ce669d87-4c30-4fc1-944a-57034bdcb56f | Iodised oil ( usual dose of 1 ml i/m) gives protection for | 3-4 years | 3-4 months | 3-4 weeks | 10-12 years | 0a | single | Intramuscular Iodised Oil (poppy-seed oil): Average dose 1 ml injection provided protection for 4 years
Oral Iodised Oil: 2 ml dose is effective for 2 years | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
28dc851b-82e3-4137-9499-71763192520d | Drug of choice for treating malignant hypehermia | Dantrolene | Nikethamide | Baclofene | Propofol | 0a | single | Dantrolene sodiumis thedrug of choicefor malignant hypehermia but it is to be reconstituted withsterile distilled water, not saline as it can precipitate in saline or other salt solutions. It is given at a dose of2.5 mg/ kgintravenously and can be repeated every 5-10 minutes (upto 10mg/kg) till the attack subsides. All... | Anaesthesia | Inhalational Anesthetic Agents |
f18d02ec-5d4c-4851-88b9-e59c0f61568e | Transfusion associated graft vs host disease can be prevented by? | Irradiation | Washing | Chemical treatment | All of the above | 0a | multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Irradiation * Blood components that contain viable lymphocytes may be irradiated to prevent the proliferation of T-lymphocytes, which is the immediate cause of Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD).Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD)* A rare complication of ... | Pathology | Immunity |
8d646240-1e34-4719-872b-5c6e2c707af6 | Protamine antagonism for heparin is? | Competitive | Chemical | Toxic | Noncompetitive | 1b | single | Chemical REF: Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry By William 0. Foye, Thomas L. Lemke, David A. Williams page 846, Pharmacology: Prep Manual for Undergraduates by Shanbhag page 277 "Protamine sulfate is a specific heparin antagonist I mg of which neutralizes approximately 100 mg of heparin by chemical antagonism" ... | Pharmacology | null |
7c9d05bd-ecbd-4515-b11d-9959bdc82d28 | Mamography for breast cancer is an example of which of the following? | Primordial | Primary | Secondary | Teiary | 2c | single | Screening tests are examples of secondary prevention activities, as these are done on those without clinical presentation of disease that has a significant latency period such as hyperlipidemia, hypeension, breast and prostate cancer. With early case finding, the natural history of disease or how the course of an illne... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
c3ad0bac-96da-448c-ae63-f9f43e42f2af | Scorpion venom resembles venom of: NEET 14 | Cobra | Viper | Krait | All of the above | 3d | multi | Ans. All of the above | Forensic Medicine | null |
1493263e-5912-44b4-9257-dafd19e16d60 | Independent risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia are all except | Obesity | Diabetes | Hypertension | Tamoxifen | 2c | multi | Hypertension is not independent risk factor for endometrial hyperplasia causing AUB. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
66a60525-39dd-4940-9fe9-1d2f8f26b03c | Listeria resists phagocytosis in phagosomes (phagolysosomes) due to: | b-hemolysin | Caspases | Cell membrane adhesion molecules | Opacity associated protein (OAP) | 0a | single | Ans. is. 'a' i. e., b-hemolysin | Microbiology | null |
e7eab909-b01a-4ea3-a340-7b80c2a56b62 | Cigar body is seen in | Cryptococcosis | Histoplasmosis | Sporotrichosis | Aspergillosis | 2c | single | Sporothrix schenckii occurs in yeast phase in the tissues and in the culture at 37C and in mycelial phase in the culture at 23C. The yeast phase appears as the cigar- shaped cells and mould form contains hyphae carrying flower-like clusters of small conidia borne on delicate sterigmata. Sporothrix schenckii causes spor... | Microbiology | mycology |
37b88d94-fbc1-47cf-84f8-397cd94617b8 | The assembly of secondary structural units into larger functional units such as the mature
polypeptide and its component domains is | Primary structure | Secondary structure | Tertiary structure | Quaternary structure | 2c | single | The modular nature of protein synthesis and folding are embodied in the concept of orders of protein structure:
Primary structure—the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Secondary structure—the folding of short (3-30 residue), contiguous segments of polypeptide into geometrically ordered units.
Tertiary st... | Biochemistry | null |
41b09f6b-1f0f-48d2-bc58-214ab9610dee | Which of the following is not primarily used to anesthetize mucosa ? | Benzocaine | Lidocaine | Bupivacain | Tetracaine | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Bupivacaine | Anaesthesia | null |
99440e93-6740-4f67-bf0b-464cc808aa9b | Muscles that can cause external rotation of the hip include all of the following except: | Saorius | Obturator internus | Obturator externus | Gluteus minimus | 3d | multi | Ans:D.)Gluteus Minimus. Many of the muscles of the gluteal region are external rotators of the hip. These muscles include the gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, superior gemellus, and inferior gemellus. The saorius is a flexor and external rotator of the hip. The glu... | Surgery | null |
499d3609-0de5-4365-8263-4a72d72735d5 | Enterotest is used for diagnosis of | E. histolytica | N. fowleri | T. Cruzi | Giardia lambia | 3d | single | Stringtest / enterotest is done in Giardia lambia in which bile stained mucus is collected for examination of Trophozoites. | Microbiology | null |
f673861f-998a-4808-963e-68f8f5b43324 | The appropriate size of LMA for an average adult patient weighing 50 kg is: | 2.5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2c | single | Ans. c. 4.0 | Anaesthesia | null |
37d81442-90ba-449d-a0d1-557f80888188 | IgA protease in not needed in infection of: | Gonococci | Meningococci | S.pneumonia | H.influenza | 2c | single | Ans: c and d Ref:Ananthanarayan, 7th ed, p. 335,218; Harrison, 16th ed, p. 806, 864Both S. pneumonia and H. influenza do not have IgA protease.Now it is upto you to decide.Bacteria showing antigenic variationBorrelia recurrentisTrypanosoma bruziNeisseriaGroup A streptococci | Microbiology | Bacteria |
e8b0b0b8-81c2-4516-a88d-e42c47304762 | Which precipitates at 50 to 60-degree C but disappears on heating? | Heavy chain. | Light chain. | Both. | None of the above. | 1b | multi | Bence Jones protein is found typically in multiple myeloma. It can be identified in urine by its characteristic property of coagulation when heated to 50-degree C but redissolving at 70 degree C. Bence Jones proteins are the light chains of immunoglobulins and so may occur as the kappa or lambda forms. But in any one p... | Pathology | null |
db6b62eb-1d10-439a-bd38-ba2011bbd4b4 | Which of the following is abdominal angiitis | Giant cell arteritis | Takayasu arteritis | Kawasaki disease | Polyarteritis nodosa | 1b | single | Takayasu arteritis is the choosen answer as it is associated with involvement of superior mesenteric artery. So, it may be associated with abdominal angiitis. | Pathology | null |
78ae3e3f-1a3a-41c8-b4c1-089e91eb1e28 | Isthmus of thyroid gland lies at which level? | C2 | C4 | C5 | C7 | 3d | single | Isthmus of thyroid gland lies at C7 level | Anatomy | null |
3cc30bb9-77c8-4dac-8352-1fce9f7cc6cb | Casal's necklace is a feature of? | Addison disease | Pellagra | Dermatomyositis | SLE | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pellagra* The Casal collar or Casal necklace is a clinical sign in which there is an erythematous pigmented skin rash partly or completely encircling the lower part of the neck (dermatomes C3 and C4). It is seen in patients with pellagra. | Skin | Miscellaneous |
1f57b242-223e-441d-aab5-5b8d570db16d | Cranial nerve not carrying parasympathetic fibers | Fourth | Seventh | Third | Ninth | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e. Fourth Four cranial nerves CN III, CN VII, CNIX & CN X carry presynaptic parasympathetic (visceral motor) axons as they emerge from brain stem.Parasympathetic fibres carrying cranial nervesAssociated GanglionOcculomotor (III)Ciliary ganglionFacial (VII)Pterygopalatine & Submandibular ganglionGlossophar... | Anatomy | Cranial Cavity |
cdc76cf6-d537-4f4a-b80d-c6220b55f0ee | Permittable alcohol level in blood as per motor vehicle act 1988 is below? | 30% | 40% | 50% | 60% | 0a | single | Ans. (a) 30%Ref: Forensic medicine by P.V. Guharaj, 2/e, p 397 | Forensic Medicine | Forensic Toxicology - Concepts, Statutes, Evidence, and Techniques |
9aa47558-a5a5-4470-855c-4376a090d176 | Unsatisfactory colposcopy means : | Failure to visualize cervix | Failure to visualize transformation zone | Failure to visualize squamous epithelium | Failure to visualize columnar epithelium | 1b | single | Ans. is b i.e. Failure to visualize transformation zone Colposcopy is the primary technique for the evaluation of an abnormal cervical cytology smear. Whole of the transformation zone needs to be visualised, as this area is believed to be the site of neoplastic change. Colposcopy is deemed unsatisfactory if the whole o... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
3cd5d890-cce1-4170-ad26-7a8da3cd84c7 | A 5-year old child presented with fever, fatigue, abdominal pain and vomiting. On fuher history evaluation, he had a habit of eating di. Investigations shows visceral larva migrans. Communication with the following agent must have caused this infection in this child: | Pig | Dogs | Monkeys | Cows | 1b | single | The agent for Toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans) is the cosmopolitan intestinal ascarid of dogs and cats, Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati. The eggs passed by infected animals contaminate parks and other areas that young children frequent. Children with pica are at increased risk. Ingested eggs hatch and penetrate th... | Microbiology | null |
8d6735c8-678e-41ee-8b9a-426646c63325 | True statement about Barrett's esophagus? | Endoscopic surveillance with biopsy every 2 years | Helicobacter pylori triple therapy | Proton pump inhibitor | Histamine antagonist | 0a | multi | Barrett's esophagusMetaplasia of oesophageal squamous epithelium into columnar in the distal esophagus.Due to severe reflux oesophagitis.It requires both endoscopically visible segment of the columnar lining of the distal esophagus and intestinal metaplasia showing goblet cells on biopsy.More commonly men, whites and w... | Anatomy | All India exam |
f29c99c2-69a7-4db3-865c-59881dcaa56f | CLO test is used for | H. pylori | Brucella | Gonorrhoea | EBOLA | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., H. pylori CLO test is another name for campvlobacter-like organism test :-o Rapid urease test, also known as the CLO test (Campylobacter-like organism test), is a rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori.o The basis of the test is the ability ofH. pylori to secrete the urease enzyme,... | Unknown | null |
6ac61a50-6395-494d-b06a-6c43b4d74b04 | Lead absorbed by inhalation in the body is mainly eliminated through: | Stool | Urine | Sweat | None of the above | 1b | multi | On the other hand, the lead absorbed by the body and incorporated into the blood stream is eliminated by urine (75%), gastrointestinal secretions through the liver (16%) and hairs, nails and sweat (8%). Suckling women may also eliminate lead through their milk in a concentration very similar to the plasma. Ref : | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
24c80f9d-d92e-4a04-8e6d-57c077960cfa | A person has been referred to you by the cou. You find a discrepancy between the history and examination findings. Which of these conditions you should be aware of in this situation? | Malingering | Factitious disorder | Somatization syndrome | Dissociative fugue | 0a | single | Referral by cou of law Discrepancy in complaints and objective findings Lack of cooperation by patients during evaluation and treatment. All these features are suggestive of Malingering It is not a psychiatric disorder Person willfully produces symptom for conscious , External incentives like financial ,avoiding tough ... | Psychiatry | Neurotic, Stress Related and Somatoform Disorders |
f17f6814-028d-4e74-a322-e3cccaa3decd | Which of the following is not a variant of PSA | PSA density | PSA nodularity | PSA velocity | Ratio of free to bound PSA | 1b | single | In the past, most doctors considered PSA levels of 4.0 ng/mL and lower as normal. Therefore, if a man had a PSA level above 4.0 ng/mL, doctors would often recommend a prostate biopsy to determine whetherprostate cancer was present. | Pathology | Urinary tract |
6cba448d-d8ef-488a-a999-77c237abbb5f | Axon hillock is a pa of | Cell body | Axon | Dendrites | All | 0a | multi | Though the name is axon hillock ,it is a pa of cell body It marks the beginning of axon Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:676 | Anatomy | General anatomy |
e0339cbc-49b6-4a8a-986c-585174fb213b | The most common primary cause of intraocular tumor in children - | Retinoblastoma | Rhabdomyosarcoma | Neuroblastoma | Melanoma | 0a | single | Malignant tumor arising from the neurosensory cells of retina due to deletion of RB gene located on the long arm of chromosome 13(13q14). Ref: ak khurana 6th edition | Ophthalmology | Tumors |
7ae07fb4-33a9-4d69-a52a-12accaf737d8 | In Primary dentition tooth eruption, the earliest tooth to erupt is | Central incisor | Lateral incisor | Canine | First molar | 0a | single | (A) Central incisor # PRIMARY TEETH typically erupt in the following order: (1) central incisor, (2) lateral incisor, (3) first molar, (4) canine, and (5) second molar. As a general rule, four teeth erupt for every six months of life, mandibular teeth erupt before maxillary teeth, and teeth erupt sooner in females than... | Forensic Medicine | Misc. |
1fd4c8c8-4e5f-41fa-b492-94e73cc617ff | The pressure difference that can cause atmosphere and middle ear barotrauma is: | 60 mmHg | 60 - 70 mmHg | 70-80 mmHg | > 90 mmHg | 3d | single | (> 90 mmHg): Ref: 349-LT (79-Maqbool 11th)BARQTRAUMATIC OTITIS MEDIA: or otitic barotraumas, when the air pressure within the middle ear is markedly less than that of surrounding atmosphere. It occurs due to rapid descent, whether in an aircraft or while diving. The passage of air down the eustaction tube on ascending ... | ENT | Ear |
04da575c-3116-4c63-b45a-f2e5de45c837 | The rectus sheath contains all of the following except | Pyramidalis muscle | Genitofemoral nerve | Inferior epigastric vessels | Superior epigastric vessels | 1b | multi | The rectus sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of the transverse abdominal and the external and internal oblique muscles. It contains the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles. It can be divided into anterior and posterior laminae. <img src=" /> Ref - BDC 6e Vol2 pg209 | Anatomy | Abdomen and pelvis |
408f7be9-f2ad-4286-a099-ff5ff503df86 | Vector for scrub typhus - | Reduvid bug | Trombiculidmite | Enteric pathogens | Cyclops | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Trombiculid mite VectorDiseases and organisms1) MiteScrub typhus (R. tsutsugamushi), Rickettsial pox (R. akari)2) LouseEpidemic typhus (R. prowaekii), Trench fever (R. quintana)3) FleaEndemic or murine typhus (R. typhi)4) TickIndian tick typhus (R. conorii), RMSF (R. Rickettsii) | Microbiology | Bacteria |
1b736c48-baef-45ee-9695-f2db0ff79267 | Gilletes's space indicates which of the following? | Preveebral space | Paraveebral space | Retropharyngeal space | Perotinsillar space | 2c | single | The buccopharyngeal fascia, which closely invests the Constrictor muscles of the pharynx, is continued forward from the Constrictor pharyngis superior on to the Buccinator. It is attached to the preveebral layer by loose connective tissue only, and thus an easily distended space, the retropharyngeal space, is found bet... | Anatomy | Head and neck |
01515eab-f6c6-43d8-9fbe-67da67c82a24 | Which of the following is NOT an indicator for Malaria surveillance in a population? | Annual parasite index | Annual parasite incidence | Annual falciparum incidence | Slide falciparum rate | 0a | single | Pre-Eradication Era indicators: Spleen Rate : Average Enlarged Spleen Parasite Rate Parasite Density Index Infant Parasite Index Propoional Case Rate Eradication Era indicators: Annual Parasite Incidence (API)-Best indiator of Malaria control. Annual Blood Examination Rate (ABER)-Best indicator of operational efficienc... | Social & Preventive Medicine | VBDs, Arboviral & Viral Infections, Surface Infections |
212b1dc7-147d-451d-8af3-0b7acfd8507f | Recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all muscles except: | Lateral cricoarytenoid | Post cricoarytenoid | Cricothyroid | Transverse arytenoids | 2c | multi | Ans: c (Cricothyroid)Ref: Chaurasia, 3rd ed. vol. 3 pg. 208 Also refer Q. 246 K2009All intrinsic muscles of larynx are supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve except cricothyroid which is supplied by external laryngeal nerve. | ENT | Larynx |
3f418499-a1c6-415a-9989-915db7863194 | Secretory vesicles are transported - | Along concentration gradient | Against concentration gradient | May be along or against concentration gradient | Have no relation with concentration gradient | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Have no relation with concentration gradientExoevtosiso Exoevtosis is a reverse of endocytosis. This process is involved when secretory granules are extruded from the cell. When secretory vesicle comes in contact with inside of cell membrane, the membrane of the vesicle fuses with cell membrane and th... | Physiology | Pituitary |
61ca35df-2125-436a-827c-e40f9fca015e | A 17-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with a high fever. Following intravenous administration of antibiotics, a routine CT scan revealed a "thoracic outlet" syndrome. Which symptom would most likely result from this syndrome? | Problems with respiration because of pressure on the phrenic nerve | Reduced blood flow to the thoracic wall | Reduced venous return from the head and neck | Numbness in the upper limb | 3d | multi | Thoracic outlet syndrome is characterized by the presence of a cervical rib, accessory muscles, or connective tissue bands that constrict the limited dimensions of the thoracic outlet. The cervical rib is usually located on the C7 vertebra and can impinge on the brachial plexus, resulting in loss of some feeling to the... | Anatomy | Head & Neck |
008eb50a-c602-4908-9ff9-c9180d0e311b | Pauci immune glomerulonephritis is seen in aEUR' | After transplant in alpos | Microscopic polyangiitis | Henoch-Schonlein nephritis | Lupus | 1b | single | Microscopic polyangitis fRef Bobbin's Th/e p. 976] Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis may be caused by number of different diseases, some restricted to the kidneys and others systemic. Although no single mechanism can explain all cases, there is little doubt that in most cases, the glomerular injury is immunologica... | Pathology | null |
f7ccc9f7-59da-4f7d-910c-01f5d2bfce70 | The commonest valvular manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis is | Mitral stenosis | Mitral regurgitation | Aoic stenosis | Aoic regurgitation | 1b | single | Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the commonest manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis. Reference: Essential Paediatrics; O.P. Ghai; Page no: 438 | Pediatrics | C.V.S |
f9ea4f02-5c45-40a9-b0be-bdeb91d6cd13 | All of the following clinical findings are seen in Horner’s syndrome, except: | Miosis | Anhidrosis | Heterochromia of iris | Apparent exophthalmos | 3d | multi | Ref: Harrison’s 18/e p 225
The triad of miosis with ipsilateral ptosis and anhidrosis constitutes Horner's syndrome, although anhidrosis is an inconstant feature. Brainstem stroke, carotid dissection, and neoplasm impinging on the sympathetic chain occasionally are identified as the cause of Horner's syndrome, but mo... | Unknown | null |
4a68fb92-2596-4149-9fa4-95c8be85b52b | Which of the following is primary prevention | Screening test | Early diagnosis | Use of mosquito net | Restoration of lost function | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Use of mosquito net | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
10a90648-228e-4754-8186-d0e864587682 | Urobilinogen is formed in the: September 2006 | Liver | Kidney | Intestine | Spleen | 2c | single | Ans. C: IntestineUrobilinogen is a colourless product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by bacterial action. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed, taken up into the circulation and excreted by the kidney. This constitutes the normal "enterohepatic urobilinogen cycle".Urobilinogen content is determined b... | Physiology | null |
0b823852-163d-47c5-bf50-be9cb5836112 | True statement about burn resuscitation ? | Colloid preferred in initial 24 hrs | Colloid preferred if burnt area is > 15 % of total BSA | Half of the calculated fluid given in initial 8 hrs. | Urine output should be maintained at 50-60 mL/hr. | 2c | multi | Ans is 'c' i.e. Half of the calculated fluid given in initial 8 hrs Proper fluid management is critical to survival in a burn patient. The hypovolemic shock in burn patient is special in the sense that the total body water remains unchanged in a burn patient. The thermal injury leads to a massive fluid shift from intra... | Surgery | null |
f077b7de-c5eb-45fd-b89a-9390e00b2bac | In an Autosomal Recessive (AR) disorder, one parent is normal and the other is carrier and the child is also affected. What is the reason | Germ line mosaicism | Genomic imprinting | Penetration | Uniparental disomy | 3d | single | Uniparental disomy refers to the situation in which 2 copies of a chromosome come from the same parent, instead of 1 copy coming from the mother, and 1 copy coming from the father. Angelman syndrome (AS) and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are examples of disorders that can be caused by uniparental disomy. Reference: GHAI ... | Pediatrics | Genetic and genetic disorders |
be815284-858e-4f8a-87a0-9fcafacfac47 | Which of the following antigen is found within the nuclei of infected hepatocytes and NOT usually in the peripheral circulation in Hepatitis B infection? | HBeAg | HBcAg | Anti-HBc | HBsAg | 1b | multi | HBcAg is assembled as the nucleocapsid core paicles. It is not secreted and does not circulate in blood, but can be demonstrated in hepatocytes by immunofluorescence. - HBcAg is not demonstrable in circulation because it is enclosed within the HBsAg coat. But its antibody anti-HBc appears in serum a week or two after t... | Microbiology | Immunology |
cf2f638f-b167-4262-b5ae-bd195991eb30 | First to be substituted in a patient presenting with acute hemorrhagic shock- | Crystalloid | Colloid | Whole blood | PRBC | 0a | multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Crystalloid o The priorities in patients with hemorrhagic shock are - Secure the airway Control the source of blood loss. IV volume resuscitation. o Fluid resuscitation is a major adjunct to physically controlling hemorrhage. Crystalloids are the mainstay of fluid choice. | Surgery | Shock |
f7662a77-5cde-4d1a-b20a-7ab41ddbc252 | Boorheave syndrome involves perforation of esophagus after | Burns | Acid ingestion | Stress | Vomiting | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Vomiting [Ref: CSDT 13th/ep.444 & 11th/e p. 490; Schwartz 9th/ep.874 & 8th/e, p. 906; Bailey & Love 25th/e p.1014 & 24th/ep.996}* Boerhaave's syndrome is spontaneous perforation of the esophagus, occuring usually due tosevere barotrauma when a person vomits against a closed glottis. The pressure in th... | Surgery | Oesophagus |
ae20588a-d710-46a1-b308-c2fa82d47a5e | Diagnostic method in TB is all except - | Biopsy | Chest X-ray | Montaux, test | FNAC | 0a | multi | Active tuberculosis Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult,as is diagnosing the disease in those who have a weakened immune system.A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest ... | Medicine | Infection |
bd0dc08e-e8a6-4f85-a380-b5e21e1f6f83 | Virulence determinant implicated in pathogenesis of scarlet fever is | Hyaluronidase | M protein | Pyrogenic exotoxin | Streptokinase | 2c | single | Streptococcal Pyrogenic exotoxin ( erythrogenic, Dick, scarlatinal toxin): the toxin was named erythrogenic because it's intradermal injection into susceptible individuals produced an erythematous reaction. This test was used to identify children susceptible to scarlet fever, a type of acute pharyngitis with extensive ... | Microbiology | Bacteriology |
15147676-3167-4a57-b940-b4487e9c3a4e | Ketone bodies are all except- | Acetoacetate | Acetone | b-hydroxy butyrate | Acetyl-CoA | 3d | multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Acetyl-CoA o Ketone bodies are acetoacetate, (3-hydroxybotyrate and acetone.o Ketone bodies are synthesized exclusively in liver mitochondriaQ from acety l CoAQ or acetoacetyl CoA; the process is called ketogenesis. Ketogenesis occurs w hen there is a high rate of fatty acid oxidation in liver w hich ... | Biochemistry | Oxidation of Fatty acids: Ketogenesis |
b07907c8-d068-4169-a7d7-c81f77c63ac9 | A 7-year-old child is taken to the emergency depament because he is feeling sho of breath. The episode began about an hour previously while the child was playing spos, when he abruptly developed paroxysms of wheezing and coughing. As the physician enters the room, he notes that the child is sitting leaning forward and ... | Albuterol inhalation | Beclomethasone inhalation | Ephedrine oral | Salmeterol inhalation | 0a | single | Albuterol is indicated for use in the treatment of acute signs and symptoms of asthma since its onset is in less than 5 minutes. Beclomethasone is a glucocoicoid agent, and not a sympathomimetic. It would not have the rapid onset of action required in this case. You should immediately recognize that any medication admi... | Pharmacology | null |
b605effb-cda7-44cd-bc4d-f213d795a770 | Propey of elution is found in? | Myxoviras | Togavirus | Parvovirus | Adenovirus | 0a | single | Elution is found only in viruses that possess neuraminidase REF:ANANTHA NARAYANAN MICRO BIOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.430 | Microbiology | Virology |
f8944633-bdfc-4411-84a8-f5617218cf0f | All of the following are autosomal dominant disorders except - | Tuberous sclerosis | Polyposis coli | Cystic fibrosis | Myotonic dystrophy | 2c | multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Cystic fibrosis | Pathology | null |
6d70cd9f-9d21-45ab-b4c0-831618af2f86 | In cerebral angiography, the dye is injected through – | Femoral artery | Brachial artery | Axillary artery | Radial artery | 0a | single | On MRI, diagnostic confusion occasionally arises between arachnoid cysts and epidermoid cysts. The two masses may have similar characteristics on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images, and neither shows enhancement with gadolinium.
However, arachnoid cysts follow CSF signals on all sequences, in particular on FLAIR sequen... | Radiology | null |
efc08a6e-c6cd-4f7d-9e86-1ad83fff1932 | Cyclin Dl/Ig H gene is associated with - | Mantle cell lymphoma | Hairly cell leukemia | Follicular lymphoma | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | 0a | single | Answer- A. Mantle cell lymphomaMantle cell lymphoma, a translocation has juxtaposed the llql3 band bearing cycline Dl gene with the IgH locus on chromosome 14 (11-14 translocation). | Pathology | null |
d8470f36-c875-40b8-9b75-ce9a904d7104 | Glial fibrillary proteins are present in: | Astrocytoma | Meduloblastoma | Ependymoma | All | 3d | multi | CNS is composed of Neurons and Glial cells. Glial cells in CNS include Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells Meningothelial cells Microglia Hence, Glial fibrillary proteins are present in tumors of all these cells. | Pathology | Miscellaneous |
f0b5d626-4ada-4687-aae9-3d1e4f046194 | Which one of the following is a potent stimulus for the production of erythropoietin? | Alpha interferon | Interleukin-3 | Hypoxia | Hypercarbia | 2c | single | Hypoxia oring the production of hemoglobin F both direct effects on globin gene expression, as well as up-regulated production of erythropoietin. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:526 | Physiology | Cardiovascular system |
c0f00efe-8937-473e-8a72-3fc7e1494cea | In which year did ESI came into effect? | 1948 | 1958 | 1960 | 1975 | 0a | single | The ESI Act was passed in 1948. It was amended in 1975, 1984 and 1989. It is an impoant measure of social security and occupational health in India. Ref: Park 21st edition page: 756. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
9df967dc-4b5e-4385-8672-f920dd210f94 | All of the following drugs cause hirsutism except | Phenytoin | Minoxidil | Corticosteroids | Heparin | 3d | multi | Ans. (D) Heparin(Ref: Harrison 17th/e p01)Drugs causing hirsutism:AndrogensOral contraceptives containing androgenic progestinsMinoxidilPhenytoinDiazoxideCyclosporine (Not tacrolimus)Heparin produces transient and reversible alopecia. | Pharmacology | Miscellaneous |
76117d48-9c58-4038-b119-8a4b2851e68c | Kerley B lines' in the chestX-ray of a patient is a radiological feature of- | Respiratory failure | Mitral regurgitation | Renal failure | Liver failure | 1b | single | Chest X-ray findings of MR: The LA and LV are the dominant chambers in chronic MR. Late in the course of the disease, the LA may be massively enlarged and forms the right border of the cardiac silhouette. Pulmonary venous congestion, interstitial edema, and Kerley B lines are sometimes noted. ref : Harrison&;s principl... | Medicine | C.V.S |
934d53a1-7e67-43ae-b857-ee1ff65c610d | The ovulatory period corresponds to : | 14 days before menstruation | The day of menstruation | Increase in basal temperature | 14 days atter menstruation | 0a | single | 14 days before menstruation | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
f17e7046-6b39-4b90-8f47-b4c76ae9e758 | Domestic squalor is related to which of the following disorder? | Somatoform disorder | Body dysmorphic disorder | Hoarding disorder | Olfactory reference syndrome | 2c | single | Domestic squalor Associated with Hoarding Disorder. When a person's living place is so unclean and unhygienic, that people of similar culture would consider extensive clearing to be done. | Psychiatry | Neurotic, Stress Related and Somatoform Disorders |
9ce4fb4c-4801-4397-ae27-72134ad86709 | Increased formation of ketone bodies during fasting is a result of which of the following? | Increased oxidation of fatty acids as a source of fuel | Decreased formation of acetyl CoA in the liver | Decreased levels of glucagon | Increased glycogenesis in muscle | 0a | single | During a fast, catabolism is increased to provide additional sources of energy. This is characterized by increased utilization of fatty acids. When the production of acetyl CoA (produced by enhanced β-oxidation) exceeds the oxidative capacity of the citric acid cycle, ketone bodies are formed. During fasting conditions... | Biochemistry | null |
82f05fe3-c643-4c8b-b6ce-ad8288377ba1 | Pleural fluid having low glucose is seen in all except | Tuberculosis | Emphysema | Rheumatoid ahritis | Mesothelioma | 0a | multi | Ref Harrison 19 th ed/pg 1717 Figure 316-1 Glucose < 60 mg/dL Consider: Malignancy Bacterial infections Rheumatoid pleuritis . In tubercular effusion , pleural fluid glucose level is usually normal / mildly reduced. | Anatomy | Respiratory system |
5af41159-2a45-4675-a006-5624feaff571 | A 4 year old girl presents with severe vomiting after viral fever of 6 days. She develops cerebral edema later on. What would be the liver biopsy finding? | Centrizonal haemorrhagic necrosis | Marked microvesicular steatosis | Ring granuloma | NASH | 1b | single | Micrograph demonstrating marked (macrovesicular) steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Masson&;s trichrome stain, When the vesicles are large enough to disto the nucleus, the condition is known as macrovesicular steatosis; otherwise, the condition is known as microvesicular steatosis. Reference: GHAI Essentia... | Pediatrics | C.V.S |
d7e785de-030c-458a-8f32-3469ace26d67 | A 24-year old male had multiple, small hypopigmented macules on the upper chest and hack for last three months. The macules were circular, arranged around follicles and many had coalesced to form large sheets. The surface of the macules showed fine scaling. He had similar lesions one year ago which subsided with treatm... | KOH preparation | Slit skin smear | Tzanck test | Skin biopsy | 0a | multi | Ans. a. KOH preparation Multiple, small hypopigmented macules on the upper chest and back which are circular, arranged around follicles coalesced to form large sheets with fine scaling are seen in Pityriasis versicolor. The most appropriate investigation to confirm the diagnosis is KOH preparation | Skin | null |
98de53c4-9672-4fa3-9d2b-6ebddd3d7e1d | The central venous pressure (CVP) is slow in- | Pericardial effusion | Massive pulmonary embolism | Acute left ventricular failure | Tension pneumothorax | 2c | single | Factors Increasing Central Venous Pressure A decrease in cardiac output either due to decreased hea rate or stroke volume (e.g., in ventricular failure) results in blood backing up into the venous circulation (increased venous volume) as less blood is pumped into the aerial circulation. Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 453 | Medicine | C.V.S |
90a1a7e3-3ff3-4653-8d13-3de6811b4eca | An unknown drug is being tested in experimental setup. The results obtained are given in the table. From these actions, new drug is likely to be:ParameterPlacebo treatedNew drug treatedHea rate7286Systolic BP110150Diastolic BP8068TremorsAbsentPresent | Beta-I and beta-2 agonist | Alpha-1 antagonist and beta-2 agonist | M2 and M3 agonist | Alpha-1 and beta-1 agonist | 0a | single | Ans. A. Beta-1 and beta-2 agonistBeta-1 stimulation increases hea rate and systolic blood pressure. Beta-2 stimulation cause vasodilation and thus decreases diastolic blood pressure and tremors. Hence, the drug appears to be beta-1 and beta-2 agonist. | Pharmacology | null |
1872cef9-41f0-4a57-99c9-98d8200eb4ff | Diabetes mellitus associated with - | |HDL | |Triglycerides | |Triglycerides | |Cholesterol | 1b | single | Ref - researchgate.net | Medicine | Endocrinology |
5f28074b-75f5-4129-b1e2-f91429538c07 | Number of milk teeth - | 16 | 12 | 20 | 8 | 2c | single | Temporary, deciduous or milky teeth are 20 in number, 4 incisors, 2 canines and 4 molars in each jaw. ref : Dr. Narayana Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 27th edition pg.35. | Forensic Medicine | Identification |
c808def3-1e83-46eb-b7cf-21d3edee941a | what is the indication of ECT | dissosiation | depression with suicidal ideas | agaraphobia | panic disorder | 1b | single | HISTORY * Medunna ====IM injection of camphor to induce seizures * Ugo cerletti and lucio bini==== ECT in a catatonic patient INDICATIONS * DEPRESSION SUICIDAL IDEAS-------------- first choice * CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA * SCHIZOPHRENIA * MANIA * ELECTRODE PLACEMENT * Most commonly used=== bi fronto temporal * More cogni... | Anatomy | Treatment in psychiatry |
a568abd1-6820-4b10-a290-5a14f640b993 | All are true about coho studies except- | Prospective | Useful for rare diseases | Necessary for incidence | Costly | 1b | multi | . .coho study is a type of analytical study which is usually undeaken to supp the existence of an association between suspected cause and disease.also known as prospective study /longitudinal study/incidence study/forward looking study etc.the cohos are identified prior to the apperance of the disease under investigati... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Epidemiology |
aed1ac8b-85c6-4402-9341-c3239433dc03 | Ferruginous bodies are commonly seen in: | Silicosis | Asbestosis | Bagassosis | Byssinosis | 1b | single | Inorganic paicles may become coated with iron containing proteinaceous material, these bodies are called ferruginous bodies. They mimic asbestos bodies and can be seen in patient with asbestosis but is not specific hence asbestosis is the best answer. Ferruginous bodies are most commonly seen in Asbestosis. Ref: Robbin... | Pathology | null |
14bb894b-a64a-4d92-98b7-f92e6e1d6dce | Joint position and viberation is carried by: | A-alfa | A-beta | Both | None | 0a | multi | A-alfa fibers are associated with proprioception and lower motor neurons They are myelinated fibers Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 73 | Physiology | Nervous system |
0df86ff8-7164-4723-8948-cf170f4bd672 | Which of the following is the earliest indicator of pathological gastroesophageal reflux in infants (GERD)? | Respiratory symptoms | Postprandial regurgitation | Upper GI bleed | Stricture esophagus | 0a | single | * Presence of respiratory symptoms point towards pathological GERD * Stricture esophagus and upper GI bleeding are complications due to severe GERD. | Pediatrics | Disorders of Gastrointestinal System Including Diarrhea |
16c4e1aa-c229-4a7a-9935-f83b34e95a07 | Typical change in problem behavior shows how many stages ? | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3d | single | Ans. is'd'i.e., 5Ref: www.uri.edu.comlFive stages of change for problem behaviourPrecontemplation :- Individuals .are unaware of their problem.Contemplation :- Individuals :ue aware about problem and seriously thinking about overcoming it but have not yet made acommitment. Person is weighing benefits and costs of behav... | Psychiatry | null |
d74fce65-1066-4c1c-aa38-cb43f17903e2 | Indication of caesarean section after previous caesarean section is? | Hypertension | Type 1 placenta previa | CPD | Multigravida | 2c | single | ANSWER: (C) CPDREF: Dutta 6th ed page 589See previous question for explanation | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Caesarean Section |
a9bca71e-dd84-4828-bca5-82f30356c836 | Bohler's angle is measured in the fractures involving which of the tarsel bones? | Calcaneum | Talus | Navicular | Cuboid | 0a | single | Bohler's tuber joint angle and Crucial angle of Gissane are measured for intra aicular fractures of calcaneum. Ref: Apley's 8th Edition, Page 750, 751; Rockwood and Green 5th Edition, Page 2135; John Ebnezer 2nd Edition, Page 146. | Surgery | null |
42a98d32-e339-43b4-b067-e181f097ab60 | Which of the following develops from an unerupted tooth? | Dental cyst | Dentigerous cyst | Both of the above | None of the above | 1b | multi | Dentigerous (follicular) cysts are epithelial-lined, developmental, odontogenic cysts. Fifteen to eighteen percent of jaws cysts are dentigerous, surround the crowns, and attach at the cementoenamel junction of unerupted teeth. The lower third molars and the upper canines are the most commonly involved teeth. The cyst ... | Surgery | null |
2ab4e9aa-da9d-4c1c-a302-b16bafcd655a | A 26-year-old man has occasionally felt pain in the scrotum for the past 3 months. On physical examination, the right testis is more tender than the left but does not appear to be enlarged. An ultrasound scan shows a 1.5-cm mass within the right testis. A right orchiectomy is performed, and gross examination shows the ... | a-Fetoprotein | Carcinoembryonic antigen | CD20 | Human chorionic gonadotropin | 3d | multi | Choriocarcinoma is the most aggressive testicular carcinoma. It often metastasizes widely. The primitive syncytial cells mimic the syncytiotrophoblast of placental tissue and stain for human chorionic gonadotropin. a-Fetoprotein is a marker that is more likely to be found in mixed tumors with a yolk sac component. Carc... | Pathology | Male Genital Tract |
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