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e9ee8efeb56ed9b42c0a62f131cf1fbe | https://spartacus-educational.com/NDglen_taylor.htm | Glen H. Taylor | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Glen H. Taylor
Glen Hearst Taylor, the son of a preacher, was born on 12th April, 1904. The family settled in Kooskia, Idaho, and as a child he attended the local public schools.
Taylor left school with the desire to become an actor. In 1919 he joined a local theater company. He was also a country-w... |
de49ab3ead35d7aa307b260ffb571547 | https://spartacus-educational.com/NEWCrobledo.htm | George Robledo | George Robledo
George Robledo was born in Chile on 14th April 1926. His mother was from Yorkshire and in 1932 the family moved to Brampton. After leaving school he worked at a local coalmine. He played junior football before joining Barnsley in April 1943. An inside-forward, Robledo scored 45 goals in 105 games for the... |
b29fe323f7b6ec6d328d64a62c61226e | https://spartacus-educational.com/NORbeckett.htm | Thomas Becket | Thomas Becket
SectionsThomas Becket and Theobald of BecArchbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket in ExileDeath in the CathedralSaint Thomas Becket Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Thomas Becket, the only son of Gilbert Becket, a wealthy Norman merchant living in London, and his wife Matilda, was born on 21st De... |
de4ced0e12887df3974bf5a543ca910b | https://spartacus-educational.com/NORfitzstephen.htm | William FitzStephen | William FitzStephen
William FitzStephen was employed as one of Thomas Becket's clerks and was present when the archbishop was murdered. Despite what had happened. Henry II became friends with FitzStephen and later made him the sheriff of Gloucester. After Henry died, FitzStephen wrote a biography of Thomas Becket. He a... |
dc25efc04eb1ccbe22ac1ba6b7cae635 | https://spartacus-educational.com/NORmatilda.htm | Matilda of Flanders | Matilda of Flanders
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Matilda of Flanders, the daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, and Adela, daughter of Robert the Pious, king of France, was born in about 1030. In October 1049, William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, began negotiations to marry Matilda. P... |
daa0f6c368e737a654b0f2695241ae78 | https://spartacus-educational.com/NORrichard2.htm | King Richard II | King Richard II
SectionsThe Peasants' Revolt in 1381 Death of Wat Tyler and John Ball Richard II and FeudalismUnpopular KingPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Richard, the second son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan of Kent, was born on 6th January, 1367.
His elder brother, Edward of Angoulême, died in 137... |
2ef920855e111282cdb59ba1a5818e21 | https://spartacus-educational.com/NORsalisbury.htm | John of Salisbury | John of Salisbury
SectionsJohn of Salisbury and the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas BecketThomas Becket in ExileMurder in the Cathedral Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
John of Salisbury was born in at Old Sarum in about 1110. Little is know about his family circumstances, but the evidence available suggest... |
67bd697538ad52050ecba4113902ddf3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/NORstigand.htm | Stigand | Stigand
Stigand was born in Norwich in about 990. He became a priest in Ashingdon in Essex. Edward the Confessor appointed him as Bishop of Elmham (1043-1047) and Bishop of Winchester (1047-1052).
In 1052 Stigand became Archbishop of Canterbury. He developed a reputation for corruption and acquired extensive estates in... |
0ce7b03a7c78e743397b217308ce7946 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Octavia_Hill.htm | Octavia Hill | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Octavia Hill
Octavia Hill, the eighth daughter (and ninth child) of James Hill, corn merchant and his third wife, Caroline Southwood Hill, was born on 3rd December 1838. Octavia's father was an early supporter of Robert Owen and his socialist utopianism. However, in 1840 he went bankrupt and after ... |
51c4102e7711c03e508617dcc0d47b29 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Parliament2.htm | Members of Parliament 1880-1920 | Members of Parliament 1880-1920
Members of Parliament 1880-1920William AbrahamRhondda1885-1920William AitkenAshton-under-Lyne1911-1916Will AndersonKeighley/Attercliffe1911-1918Joseph ArchNorth-West Norfolk1885-1900William ArrolSouth Ayrshire1895-1906Herbert AsquithEast Fife/Paisley1886-1926Clement AttleeLimehouse/West ... |
f0dfe0f0a2b29ce6e1c49e2b462e91ca | https://spartacus-educational.com/Parliament3.htm | Members of Parliament 1920-1960 | Members of Parliament 1920-1960
Members of Parliament 1920-1960Richard AclandBarnstaple, Gravesend1935-1955William AdamsonWest Fife1910-1931Frank AllaunSalford East1955-1983William AllenWest Belfast1929-1931Leo AmeryBrightspark, Birmingham1911-1945John AndersonScottish Universities1938-1950Herbert AsquithEast Fife/Pais... |
dccf75363de5725ac18abcd4500f510e | https://spartacus-educational.com/ParliamentA.htm | Members of Parliament 1820-1880 | Members of Parliament 1820-1880
Members of Parliament 1820-1880Thomas AttwoodBirmingham1832-1839Edward BainesLeeds1834-1841William BollingBolton-le-Moors1832-1848John BrightDurham/Manchester/Birmingham1843-1889Joseph BrothertonSalford1832-1857Henry BroughamCamelford/Winchelsea1810-1836Sir Francis BurdettBoroughbridge/W... |
8ca47b8a59eec772a860e8bea823473a | https://spartacus-educational.com/philosophers.htm | Philosophers | Philosophers
PhilosophersJeremy BenthamJames MillMichael BakuninJohn Stuart MillAlexander BerkmanWilliam MorrisNikolai ChernyshevskyThomas MuirFriedrich EngelsSergi NechayevCharles FourierTom PaineWilliam GodwinThomas Fyshe PalmerEmma GoldmanFrancis PlaceWilliam HazlittRichard PriceAlexander HerzenJoseph PriestleyPeter... |
bab7ec30c61de424143a5dacd165c52a | https://spartacus-educational.com/Philosophy_Augustine.htm | Augustine of Hippo | Augustine of Hippo
SectionsAugustine in CarthageThe City of God Sexual DesireThe Just WarChristianity and Philosophy Other IdeasDeathPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Augustine of Hippo was born in the Roman Province of Numidia (modern Algeria) on 13th November 354 AD. His mother, Monica, was a devout Christ... |
c2bf3c5ccaf986352df74fd3b8dc205d | https://spartacus-educational.com/Philosophy_Epicurus.htm | Epicurus | Epicurus
SectionsAthens Garden SchoolPleasure and PainMinimizing PainGod and Religion Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Epicurus, the son of Neocles and Chaerestrate, was born in the Athenian settlement on the island of Samos in February 341 BC. It is claimed that he first began to study philosophy at the ag... |
ee36079753babdfb894f273cb3f6507f | https://spartacus-educational.com/Philosophy_Jesus.htm | Jesus Christ | Jesus Christ
SectionsHistory of JudeaHerod the Great Jesus and John the Baptist Moral CodePacifismWealth and Equality Death of Jesus Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Jesus, the son of Joseph, a carpenter, and Mary, was born in Bethlehem, in Judea, in about 4 BC. Christian doctrines include the beliefs that J... |
cf86a9aa8d3fb5a0e582c6b53f27436a | https://spartacus-educational.com/Philosophy_Mani.htm | Mani | Mani
SectionsMani and ChristianityMani's PhilosophyPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Mani was born near Seleucia-Ctesiphon in about 209 AD. In one ancient document it is claimed that his mother was "named Meis or Utachin, or Mar Marjam (Sancta Maria) and that he was supernaturally born". (1) His father, Pate... |
d26c047cd53acfa593033bd1d7cfee58 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Philosophy_Plotinus.htm | Plotinus | Plotinus
SectionsPlotinus and Stoicism NeoplatonismThe Enneads Plotinus and Christianity Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Plotinus was born in Egypt in 205 AD. It is not known if his family was Egyptian, Roman or Greek. However, according to John M. Rist, the author of Plotinus: Road to Reality (1967) "he wa... |
84d1df5ca3766f8430fa347d3e18046e | https://spartacus-educational.com/Plondon.htm | London County Council | London County Council
The London County Council (LCC) was created in 1889 as a result of the 1888 Local Government Act. The LCC was the first metropolitan-wide form of general local government. Elections were held in January 1889 and the Progressive Party, won seventy of the 118 seats. The new council met under the cha... |
0529faa9c7621072e4ec8b88a4d0653e | https://spartacus-educational.com/Plords.htm | House of Lords | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
House of Lords
Kings in the Middle Ages would often consult their tenants-in-chief before making important decisions. These men were usually called to appear before the king during religious festivals (Christmas, Easter, Whitsun). Some of the men who attended these meetings were given specific jobs ... |
7e5d4bca3095db44dcccafd65ea65833 | https://spartacus-educational.com/POLsolidarnosc.htm | Solidarnosc : Poland | Solidarnosc : Poland
In an attempt to solve the Poland's economic problems Edward Gierek instigated an ambitious industrialization programme. This plunged the country into debt and in 1980 the country suffered from severe food shortages.
Lech Walesa, along with some of his friends in the anti-communist trade union move... |
3eb895cad595a7c6a61d3d85fd80dfe3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PR1867.htm | 1867 Reform Act | 1867 Reform Act
SectionsLiberal Party and Parliamentary ReformBenjamin Disraeli 1867 Reform ActPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
In March 1860 Lord John Russell attempted to introduce a new Parliamentary Reform Act that would reduce the qualification for the franchise to £10 in the counties and £6 in towns, a... |
fbc8efa25914afef11936f51f504e244 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PR1885.htm | 1885 Reform Act | 1885 Reform Act
Sections1884 Constitutional CrisisRedistribution of Seats Act Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
In 1884 William Ewart Gladstone introduced his proposals that would give working class males the same voting rights as those living in the boroughs. The bill faced serious opposition in the House o... |
5d03a2a88c2f7b6358f3e833385b1e4d | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRbannerman.htm | Henry Campbell-Bannerman | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the son of the Lord Provost of Glasgow, was born in 1836. After being educated at Glasgow High School and Trinity College, Cambridge, he joined the family drapery business.
In the 1868 General Election Campbell-Bannerman was elected as Liberal MP fo... |
26aac3304c42f38e1a72c6bade96bb94 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRbentham.htm | Jeremy Bentham | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham, the son of a lawyer, was born in London in 1748. A brilliant scholar, Bentham entered Queen's College, Oxford at twelve and was admitted to Lincoln's Inn at the age of fifteen. Bentham was a shy man who did not enjoy making public speeches. He therefore decided to leav... |
845b2adeb51404e6e19b61cd30a1c1ee | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRblanketeers.htm | Blanketeers | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Blanketeers
In March 1817 three working-class Radicals in Manchester, John Johnson, John Bagguley and Samuel Drummond decided to organise a protest march as a method of drawing attention to the problems of unemployed spinners and weavers in Lancashire. The plan was for the men to take a petition to ... |
8dc4b9ecb8052c46e2a8231599225f7e | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRbright.htm | John Bright | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Bright
John Bright, the son of Jacob Bright, a self-made and successful cotton manufacturer, was born in Rochdale on 16th November, 1811. Jacob was deeply religious and sent John to Quaker schools in Lancashire and Yorkshire. This Quaker education helped to develop in Bright a passionate commit... |
92ff594753793c2c8ee541fd3202344c | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRbute.htm | John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute | John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
John Stuart, the son of 2nd Earl of Bute, was born in 1713. He succeeded his father in 1723 and by 1737 had become one of Prince Frederick's lords of the bedchamber. When Prince Frederick died in 1751 Bute joined the staff of his son, the Prince of Wales.
In 1760 George succeeded his grand... |
00cccc6f451d510494bd6e33be974b5f | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRbyron.htm | Lord Byron | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Lord Byron
George Gordon, the son of Captain John Byron and Catherine Gordon, was born in London in 1788. Born with a club-foot, he spent the first ten years in his mother's lodgings in Aberdeen. Although originally a rich women, her fortune had been squandered by her husband.
In 1798 George succeed... |
fffd0d5f2095f67ad122a39c3c189ea8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRcarlile.htm | Richard Carlile | Richard Carlile
SectionsRichard Carlile: Newspaper PublisherPeterloo Massacre The RepublicanBirth Control and Child Labour Blackfriars RotundaElizabeth SharplesFinal YearsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Richard Carlile, the son of a shoemaker from Ashburton, was born on 8th December, 1790. Richard's father ... |
b90ce96e399c037bc473ba1c0062cdc7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRcartwright.htm | Major John Cartwright | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Major John Cartwright
John Cartwright, the third son of William Cartwright and Anne Cartwright, was born on 28th September 1740, at Marnham, Nottingham. His brother, Edmund Cartwright, was the inventor of the steam loom. His father, was a large landowner.
After education in a private school in Newar... |
54763991a643956cb8380598bd4f8b1c | https://spartacus-educational.com/PReden.htm | Anthony Eden | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Anthony Eden
Anthony Eden, the son of Sir William Eden, the High Sheriff of Durham, was born at Windlestone Hall, near Bishop Auckland, on 12th June, 1897. Eden, like his father and grandfather, was educated at Eton. He hoped to go to Sandhurst before joining the British Army, but was rejected becau... |
97f47a41241d04ee2cbe40149a53358c | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONbeattieA.htm | Andrew Beattie | Andrew Beattie
Andrew Beattie was born in Aberdeen on 11th August 1913. He played full-back for local side, Inverurie Loco, before joining Preston North End for a fee of £150 in 1935.
Beattie did not gain a regular place in Preston's first-team until the 1936-37 season. The following season Preston purchased the high s... |
38f784f050775cf4e164057dbf35b97c | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONbondR.htm | Richard (Dickie) Bond | Richard (Dickie) Bond
Richard (Dickie) Bond was born at Garstang, on 14th December, 1883. He played football for the Royal Field Artillery before joining Preston North End in 1902. Bond made his debut in an FA Cup tie against Bishop Auckland in December 1902 and scored in the 3-1 win. He also scored in his second game ... |
4c4ba64af2e106ad21338e158e615bfa | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONdewhurst.htm | Frederick Dewhurst | Frederick Dewhurst
Frederick Dewhurst was born in Fulwood on 16th December, 1863. Dewhurst worked as a schoolmaster at Preston Catholic College. He also played football for the Corinthians.
Dewhurst played his first game for England on 13th March, 1886. Over the next three years played in nine international games. He s... |
9575142037e4483dcc70d380ec153a1d | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONdrummond.htm | George Drummond | George Drummond
George Drummond was born in Edinburgh in 1865. A talented footballer he played for St Bernard's before moving to Preston North End in 1883 when he was only 18 years old.
In his first game he scored a hat-trick against Accrington. A versatile footballer, he played at centre forward, inside forward, winge... |
4c15db93ff8516b60bd37956b8585130 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONgoodall.htm | John Goodall | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Goodall
John Goodall, the son of a corporal in the Scottish Fusiliers, was born in London on 19th June, 1863. Two years later his father was posted to Edinburgh, and the family later moved to Kilmarnock.
After leaving school Goodall worked as an iron turner. A talented footballer he joined Kilm... |
7352c223c8a6ffa37cdc344c966e63c3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONgordon.htm | John Gordon | John Gordon
John Gordon was born in Glasgow in 1863. He worked in the local shipyards and played football for Port Glasgow Athletic.
He was a very good player and in 1888 Major William Sudell signed him to play for Preston North End. He played on the right wing and his crosses created lots of chances for fellow forward... |
58f461c2c4c139eee4edb9f0120a8994 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONgrahamJ.htm | John Graham | John Graham
John Graham was born in Ayr on 23rd February, 1857. He worked as a Quarryman but played football for Annbank.
Graham, who played left-half, was signed to play for Preston North End in 1888. The first season of the Football League began in September, 1888. That season Preston North End won the championship w... |
f2d7fe0c30a59b6821a03f0db552aacc | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONholmes.htm | Bob Holmes | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Bob Holmes
Bob Holmes was born in Preston on 23rd June, 1867. He joined Preston North End and played in the 2-1 defeat against West Bromwich Albion in the 1888 FA Cup Final.
He obtained his first international cap on 31st March, 1888, when he played for England against Ireland. Later that year, Will... |
1e2f8d1af042775ea58b61bc02e2f3c5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONhowarth.htm | Robert Howarth | Robert Howarth
Robert Howarth was born in Preston in 1865. He initially played rugby before taking up football. He joined Preston North End and made his debut for the club in 1883.
A talented full back, he represented Lancashire and the North of England against the South of England.
In January, 1884, Preston North End ... |
ee357b96dcc1da05767b7957c28a8165 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONmccall.htm | Joseph McCall | Joseph McCall
Joseph McCall was born in Kirkham on 6th July 1886. He played local football before being signed by Preston North End in 1905. McCall played his first game at the beginning of the 1906-07 season. Although he failed to hold his place in the team that year, he eventually became a first-team regular.
McCall ... |
4baa38ef3a274eae1507f308ec086ca4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONmercerB.htm | Billy Mercer | Billy Mercer
William (Billy) Mercer was born in Preston on 14th March, 1896. He played local football before the First World War. On his return to civilian life he joined Preston North End.
Mercer, a wing-half, was a regular in the Preston team for the next five seasons. However, despite the goals of Tommy Roberts, it ... |
80ff8465b547a0764d89517e93010636 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONmillsroberts.htm | Robert Mills-Roberts | Robert Mills-Roberts
Robert Mills-Roberts was born in Penmachno, Wales, on 5th August 1862. He played in goal for Aberystwyth University before entering the teaching hospital at St Thomas in 1882.
Mills-Roberts played for Corinthians before signing for Preston North End in 1888. The first season of the Football League ... |
1f5e16f845419dbe6805cee21fac3899 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONrobertsT.htm | Tommy Roberts | Tommy Roberts
William Thomas Roberts was born in Handsworth on 29th November, 1898. He played for Leicester Fosse before the First World War. On his return to civilian life he joined Preston North End.
Roberts, a centre-forward, made his debut against local rivals, Blackburn Rovers, in 1919. Tommy Roberts had a great f... |
0262285fe4363c2f61a2c34e60cdfdea | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONross.htm | Jimmy Ross | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Jimmy Ross
Jimmy Ross, the younger brother of Nick Ross, was born in Edinburgh on 28th March, 1866. He played football for St Bernard's before joining Preston North End in 1883. A talented inside forward he developed a good partnership with centre-forward John Goodall. Ross scored seven goals in one... |
ad68ad7e694eaceac5d30a3d6eee7cd3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRESTONthompsonS.htm | Samuel Thompson | Samuel Thompson
Samuel Thompson was born in Lugar, on 14th February 1862. He played football for Lugar Boswell and Glasgow Rangers in Scotland.
He was a very good player and in 1888 Major William Sudell signed him to play for Preston North End. The first season of the Football League began in September, 1888. That seas... |
118adbfae3320fd31e3e8fd1d36fa036 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRgeorge.htm | David Lloyd George | David Lloyd George
SectionsThe Boer War 1902 Education Act Free Trade 1906 General Election The People's Budget National Insurance Act Marconi Scandal Outbreak of the First World War David Lloyd George and Lord Northcliffe Recruitment Campaign Minister of Munitions Military ConscriptionThe Battle of the SommePrime Mini... |
b667766890e07b9e0dbbdead31c7645a | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRhandloom.htm | Handloom Weavers | Handloom Weavers
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
In the 1760s James Hargreaves developed the Spinning Jenny. Unlike previous spinning machines, the jenny could spin a large number of threads at once. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun from a corresponding set of rovings.... |
a9dbf2fa9a4c7605d6cd14bc036771e9 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRhardy.htm | Thomas Hardy | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Thomas Hardy
Thomas Hardy was born in Larbert in Scotland on 3rd March 1752. Hardy's father had been a sailor who died at sea on 3rd March 1752. After a brief education at the local school, Thomas Hardy went to work for his grandfather who taught him the trade of shoemaking.
At the age of twenty-two... |
c3a3a43b5c38b92b8263bee8d79d5ef9 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRhay.htm | William Hay | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William Hay
William Hay, was born in 1761. His education included Westminster School and Oxford University. Hay qualified as a barrister but after a moderate legal career he entered the church. In 1802 he became rector of Ackworth Church, near Pontefract, and Chairman of the Salford Quarter Sessions... |
4e021fb9feb4781a4251a63de384482b | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRhazlitt.htm | William Hazlitt | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William Hazlitt
William Hazlitt, the son of an Irish Unitarian clergyman, was born in Maidstone, Kent, on 10th April, 1778. His father was a friend of Joseph Priestley and Richard Price. As a result of supporting the American Revolution, Rev. Hazlitt and his family were forced to leave Kent and live... |
21d717a79bef8f7c0f24a669b64c9b89 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRhealeyD.htm | Denis Healey | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Denis Healey
Denis Healey, the son of an engineer, was born in Mottingham, on 30th August, 1917. Five years later his family moved to Keighley. When Healey was eight years old he won a scholarship to Bradford Grammar School. Influenced by the poetry of Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon from ... |
dcb90fddfe26895e934001efac4d5e02 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRhobhouse.htm | John Cam Hobhouse | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Cam Hobhouse
John Cam Hobhouse, the son of Sir Benjamin Hobhouse and Charlotte Cam, was born in Bristol on 27th June 1786. Sir Benjamin Hobhouse had inherited a large fortune from his father and after being elected to the House of Commons obtained the reputation as a social reformer. As a staun... |
088abad2afa5e3856b47d72d0b50198e | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRhogarth.htm | William Hogarth | William Hogarth
William Hogarth, the son of Richard Hogarth, a Latin teacher, was born in Smithfield, London, in 1697. Hogarth's father opened a coffee-house in London but the venture was unsuccessful and in 1707 he was confined to Fleet Prison for debt. Hogarth was released five years later during an amnesty.
When Hog... |
d8b9cde3b9b26d9c5db32d8381bb4141 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRhogarthG.htm | George Hogarth | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
George Hogarth
George Hogarth, the son of Robert Hogarth, a farmer, and his wife, Mary Scott, was born at Carfrae Mill, near Oxton, Berwickshire, on 6th September 1783. Hogarth studied law in Edinburgh. He also studied the cello and composition, and acted as joint secretary to the Edinburgh Music Fe... |
4a6526b51d078e6f35d87adcb1b58a35 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRholyoak.htm | George Holyoake | George Holyoake
SectionsEagle FoundryRobert Owen Owenite Social Missionary Convicted of Blasphemy Moral Chartism Repeal of the Taxes on KnowledgeFounder of Secularism Co-operative Union Primary Sources
George Holyoake, the second of thirteen children and eldest son of George Holyoake (1790–1853), a whitesmith, and Cat... |
43f22377314c0827f0e956feac10f0ab | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRhunt.htm | Henry 'Orator' Hunt | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Henry 'Orator' Hunt
Henry Hunt, the son of Thomas Hunt, a gentleman farmer, was born in Upavon, on 6th November 1773. After ten years education at the local grammar school, Henry joined his father in looking after the family estates. When Thomas Hunt died in 1797, Henry became the owner of 3,000 acr... |
495cf0ee195b2a61b9904e140c22088a | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRLeedsMercury.htm | Leeds Mercury | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Leeds Mercury
The Leeds Mercury was established by John Hirst in 1718. The newspaper only had a small circulation in its early years. In 1797 a journalist, Edward Baines, joined forces with a group of Unitarians led by John Marshall, to purchase the newspaper. Four years later Baines became the edit... |
0814a891d038afbbf8e1fca3c91fe248 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRleigh.htm | James Leigh Hunt | James Leigh Hunt
James Leigh Hunt was born on 19th October, 1784 in Southgate, Middlesex. His father, a clergyman, got into financial difficulties and ended up in a debtor's prison. As a young man, Hunt developed an interest in politics and poetry. Leigh Hunt became friends with other young writers who favoured politic... |
fe94e5c9b8906efab3d3f5636e16d067 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRlindsayAS.htm | A. D. Lindsay | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
A. D. Lindsay
Alexander Dunlop (Sandy) Lindsay was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on 14th May, 1879. Educated at Glasgow University he obtained his first degree in classics in 1899. He then won a scholarship to University College, and as well as getting a double first was president of the student union.... |
f7e920a4c7721fc336bdb8ddbf3bdcc6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRmacdonald.htm | Ramsay MacDonald | Ramsay MacDonald
SectionsIndependent Labour Party Ramsay MacDonald and the Labour Party 1906 General Election Leader of the Labour Party First World War Ramsay MacDonald - Prime Minister The Labour Government and the Soviet Union1924 General Election The General Strike 1929 General Election Oswald MosleyJohn Maynard Ke... |
a18fd0ff6698fce11a4aa77f330d51fc | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRmacmillan.htm | Harold Macmillan | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Harold Macmillan
Harold Macmillan, the grandson of Daniel Macmillan (1813-1857), the publisher, was born in 1894. In his memoirs he described his mother as having "high standards and demanding high performances". He added: "I can truthfully say that I owe everything all through my life to my mother'... |
325eb10ac54204187762843ea89bf74f | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRmelbourne.htm | Lord Melbourne | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Lord Melbourne
William Lamb, son of Lord Melbourne, was born in London in 1779. After being educated at Eton and Trinity College, he became a lawyer. As a young man, Lamb became a member of a group of Radicals that included Leigh Hunt, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Hazlitt, Henry Brougham, Lord Byro... |
c194c9b8d8b6d9dd21753a83dc12c96d | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRmilner.htm | Alfred Milner | Alfred Milner
Alfred Milner, the son of a university lecturer, was born in Bonn, Germany, in 1854. After an education at Oxford University he worked as assistant editor of the Pall Mall Gazette.
Milner became private secretary to Viscount Goshen, the Chancellor of the Exchequer. On Goschen's recommendation, Milner beca... |
8154632c7ca85399a9d5c3379ef83f3d | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRoconnell.htm | Daniel O'Connell | Daniel O'Connell
SectionsDaniel O'Connell and the Catholic Association Catholic Emancipation The Corn Laws and the Rise of Irish Nationalism Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Daniel O'Connell was born near Cahersiveen, County Kerry, on 6th August 1775. The O'Connell family were members of the Irish Catholic a... |
171f5820ce0c587bc36ce5ed154aa954 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRpalmerston.htm | Lord Palmerston | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Lord Palmerston
Henry John Temple, son of the Irish peer, Viscount Palmerston, was born at Broadlands, Hampshire, on 29th October, 1784. Educated at Harrow School and St. John's College, Cambridge, he succeeded to the Irish peerage on his father's death on 16th April 1802.
At the age of twenty-two P... |
ebb119e307d732ab949286ea1e019081 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRpocket.htm | Pocket Boroughs | Pocket Boroughs
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
A pocket borough was a parliamentary constituency owned by one man who was known as the patron. Since the patron controlled the voting rights, he could nominate the two members who were to represent the borough. Some big landowners owned several pocket... |
851a2782822c77f5fdcb30062c2176b4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRprofumo.htm | John Profumo | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Profumo
John Profumo, the son of Albert Profumo, was born on 30th January 1915. The Profumo family made their fortune in insurance and by the outbreak of the First World War held a controlling interest in Provident Life.
Profumo was educated at Harrow and Brasenose College, Oxford, he became a ... |
446b7ca5300ae003abf17e5001c08be3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRramsayA2.htm | Archibald Ramsay | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Archibald Ramsay
Archibald Ramsay, the son of Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Ramsay, was born in Scotland on 4th May, 1894. Educated at Eton and Sandhurst Military College, he joined the Coldstream Guards in 1913. During the First World War he served in France (1914-1916) and at the War Office (1917-1918)... |
6259530c247d0232b4ce5fcc7d763324 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRrotten.htm | Rotten Borough | Rotten Borough
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
By the 18th century it is estimated that in England and Wales about one in eight men could vote, the figure being lower in Scotland and Ireland. The right to vote depended very much on one's locality because there was no uniform franchise. In the counti... |
cc40b09a597e43a53ac1fdf5bbab023c | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRsamuel.htm | Herbert Samuel | Herbert Samuel
Herbert Samuel, the son of a successful banker, Edwin Louis Samuel, was born in 1870. Educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he took a strong interest in politics and became a member of the Liberal Party.
Samuel unsuccessful contested Henley in the 1895 General Election. He also failed in the 1900 General ... |
94d991ce3a1ff2e5153c2f22b56d9068 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRspencean.htm | Spencean Philanthropists | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Spencean Philanthropists
Thomas Spence a schoolteacher from Newcastle-upon-Tyne arrived in London in December 1792. Soon after arriving he was arrested for selling Rights of Man by Tom Paine. For the next twenty years of his life Spence spent long periods in prison for selling Radical books, pamphle... |
8196703e61a67b41ec204f6db2b19ea3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRstewartmurray.htm | Katharine Stewart-Murray, the Duchess of Atholl | Katharine Stewart-Murray, the Duchess of Atholl
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Katharine Ramsay, the eldest daughter of Sir James Ramsay, was born in Edinburgh on 6th November 1874. She was educated at Wimbledon High School and the Royal College of Music. In 1890 she married John Stewart-Murray, th... |
3d43a761de11db45f81d1f972c17d135 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRstrikes.htm | Industrial Unrest | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Industrial Unrest
After the passing of the Corn Laws in 1815, and the poor harvest in 1816, the price of bread increased dramatically. At the same time many industrial workers experienced a drop in wages. Spinners in Manchester argued that their average wage had gone from 24s in 1815 to 18s in 1818.... |
03accbabf30e4163bf1c86e03b815803 | https://spartacus-educational.com/PRwilsonHa.htm | Harold Wilson | Harold Wilson
SectionsHarold Wilson - Oxford UniversitySecond World War President of the Board of Trade Harold Wilson Resigns Keep Left GroupHugh Gaitskell & Harold Wilson Leader of the Labour PartyJohn Profumo ScandalScientific Revolution 1964 General Election Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Harold Wilson... |
738945eaa0f925c00d0a146f78053caa | https://spartacus-educational.com/RAhudson.htm | George Hudson | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
George Hudson
George Hudson, the son of a farmer, was born in Howsham, in March 1800. After being educated at the local school, Hudson was apprenticed at a drapers in York. Hudson impressed his employers and eventually became a partner in the business.
In 1827 a distant relative left George Hudson £... |
5632e7c9adc9c708a02721ba00ec7bc2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/REbaptists.htm | Baptists | Baptists
The first Baptist congregation was founded in 1609. Whereas other Christian churches allowed the baptism of infants, Baptists believed that Baptism should be confined to adults after a personal confession of faith.
During the Civil War Baptists in England were often referred to as Anabaptists. This group belie... |
29211260af41c6307bc12ac280c3fb14 | https://spartacus-educational.com/REburns.htm | John Burns | John Burns
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
John Burns, the sixteenth child of Alexander Burns, a Scottish fitter, and Barbara Smith, was born in Lambeth on 20th October, 1858. His father deserted his mother and his mother took in washing and the family moved to a basement dwelling in Battersea. John attended ... |
df00bcb0e05100b2e48b1811471446f6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/REcongregationalists.htm | Congregationalists | Congregationalists
Congregationalism, a belief that it was the right and duty of each congregation to make its own decisions about its affairs, independent of any higher authority, emerged in Britain in the late 16th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries Congregationalists were often called Independents. In the 19th ... |
0574ec8043b9e189addcb49f31a17825 | https://spartacus-educational.com/REevangelical.htm | Evangelical Protestantism | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Evangelical Protestantism
Evangelical Protestantism emerged in Britain during the 1730s. The conversion of John Wesley in 1738 is often regarded as the beginning of the evangelical movement. Evangelicals like Wesley insisted on rigorous standards of personal conduct, frequent examination of conscien... |
523f155c5b119f32505ab0822cae27c3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/REhughes.htm | Thomas Hughes | Thomas Hughes
Thomas Hughes, the son of a landowner from Uffington in Berkshire, was born in 1822. After being educated at Oriel College, Oxford, Hughes trained as a lawyer. While a student Hughes read The Kingdom of Christ (1838) by Frederick Denison Maurice. In the book Maurice argued that politics and religion are i... |
b3d4b9734b2b5fbc19102100c1d88aff | https://spartacus-educational.com/Reinhold_Hanisch.htm | Reinhold Hanisch | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Reinhold Hanisch
Reinhold Hanisch was born in Jablonec nad Nisou, northern Bohemia, on 27th January, 1884. After leaving school in worked as a casual labourer. In 1907 he was arrested for theft in Berlin. After serving six months in prison he moved to Vienna.
In December 1909 he found a bed in a do... |
01dac36889e83caa63226ed41f59b844 | https://spartacus-educational.com/REjewish.htm | Jewish Community | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Jewish Community
After the passing of Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829, members of the Jewish Community were virtually the last group that did not possess full civil and political rights. Jews was not able to become members of the House of Commons or the House of Lords. Nor were also barred from th... |
66f371929366ac17fecb1a4e7162e0f8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/REmaurice.htm | Frederick Denison Maurice | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Frederick Denison Maurice
Frederick Denison Maurice was born in Normanstone near Lowestoft on 29th August, 1805. His father, Michael Maurice, worked with Joseph Priestley, as a Unitarian minister in Hackney in London.
Frederick was educated by his father and was introduced to books such as The Histo... |
14d4351530d5eaa0e52ab8531f99fc4a | https://spartacus-educational.com/REprimitive.htm | Primitive Methodists | Primitive Methodists
In 1808 the Methodist lay preacher, Hugh Bourne was expelled from the movement. Bourne and his 200 or so followers became known as Primitive Methodists. Bourne adopted the name from a statement that had been made by John Wesley in 1790: "I still remain a primitive Methodist." Bourne's followers wer... |
c171245f6b4feeb67d425741617c7b5d | https://spartacus-educational.com/REsnowden.htm | Philip Snowden | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Philip Snowden
Philip Snowden, the son of a weaver, was born in the village of Cowling, in the West Riding of Yorkshire on 18th July, 1864. His parents were devout followers of the religious ideas of John Wesley and as a boy he was brought up as a strict Methodist. John Snowden was a member of the T... |
dd9164aa42f90461292f91eb6114e20c | https://spartacus-educational.com/REtemperance.htm | Temperance Society | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Temperance Society
In 1832 Joseph Livesey and seven Preston workingmen signed a pledge that they would never again drink alcohol. Other groups of working men followed the example of Livesey and his friends and by 1835 the British Association for the Promotion of Temperance was formed.
At first tempe... |
1931947b8e5d2f9c35bee68c0dbb8efa | https://spartacus-educational.com/REwright.htm | Fanny Wright | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Fanny Wright
Fanny Wright was born in Dundee on 6th September, 1795. Both her father, a wealthy Scottish linin manufacturer, and her mother died by the time she was three years old. Wright was brought up in the homes of relatives, including James Milne, a member of Scottish school of progressive phi... |
7b99b205cefa1d210a5f3955c4bf8e93 | https://spartacus-educational.com/ROMcicero.htm | Cicero | Cicero
SectionsCicero the OratorPoliticianCatiline Conspiracy Cicero and Julius Caesar Cicero: On the StateCicero: On Laws Assassination of Julius CaesarCicero: On FriendshipOn DutiesCicero: On Old Age Death of Cicero Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Marcus Tullius Cicero was born in Arpinum, near Rome in 10... |
3598bc2a86668534b1831fa16458f89c | https://spartacus-educational.com/ROMseneca.htm | Seneca the Younger | Seneca the Younger
SectionsCynics and StoicsPolitician in RomeEmperor CaligulaEmperor NeroSeneca: On AngerSeneca: On Clemency Seneca: On Providence Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, the son of Seneca the Elder, was born in Corduba in Hspania in about 2 BC. His father was an imperial pro... |
874d285e291787edc560437327d8a9e6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/ROMsuetonius.htm | Suetonius | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Suetonius
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, the son of Suetonius Laetus, was probably born in Hippo, Regius (Algeria) in about AD 69. Suetonius trained as a lawyer and, after a succession of jobs working for the Roman government.
Suetonius was a close friend of Pliny the Younger who described him as "qui... |
9b5de5a209632079daa679f6ac7bbbba | https://spartacus-educational.com/ROMtarsus.htm | Paul of Tarsus | Paul of Tarsus
SectionsOn the Road to DamascusPaul's First MissionCouncil of JerusalemSecond Mission Paul and the New TestamentPersecution of Christians Epistle to the Romans Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Paul was born in between 5 BC and 5 AD. He was a Roman citizen but came from a devout Jewish family. ... |
27c4f577a64b4ccea69ab88e8e0f2b16 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUS-kliment-voroshilov.htm | Kliment Voroshilov | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Kliment Voroshilov
Kliment (Klim) Voroshilov, the son of a railway worker, was born in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine, on 4th February 1881. He found work as a turner and became active in politics. He took part in the 1905 Revolution and soon afterwards joined the Bolsheviks. During this period Voroshil... |
200ef99ad9f241ddfedd438d774209b3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUS-menzhinsky.htm | Vyacheslav Menzhinsky | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Vyacheslav Menzhinsky
Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, the son of a Polish lawyer, was born in St. Petersburg, on 19th August, 1874. He graduated from the Faculty of Law at Saint Petersburg University in 1898. Menzhinsky joined the Social Democratic Labour Party in 1902. When the organization split in 1903 he... |
a5c3e5c06e28fce000ca5621ead4f93f | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUS-Mikhail_Frolenko.htm | Mikhail Frolenko | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Mikhail Frolenko
Mikhail Frolenko, of a retired sergeant major, was born in Stavropol in November 1848. He studied at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology and in 1871 entered the Petrovskoe Agricultural Academy in Moscow.
Frolenko became involved in revolutionary politics and in 1873 he becam... |
ca63cfc58d31f1e0f5056b19bb64dc10 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSaxelrod.htm | Pavel Axelrod | Pavel Axelrod
Pavel Axelrod was born in Chernigov, Russia, in 1850. Deeply influenced by the writings of Mikhail Bakunin, he established a socialist group of students in Kiev. He also contributed to the radical journals, Worker and Commune.
In 1877 he joined the Land and Liberty. Three years later the group split into ... |
2211dcc9858320d089752f91277c8ad0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSbalabanoff.htm | Angelica Balabanoff | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Angelica Balabanoff
Angelica Balabanoff, the daughter of a Jewish wealthy landowner and businessman, was born in Chernigov, in 1878. The youngest of sixteen children, she was surrounded by governesses who taught her many languages. At the age of eleven she was sent to a boarding school in Switzerlan... |
a3bce754cb31a6db9c5e2a464893dee3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSberia.htm | Lavrenty Beria | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Lavrenty Beria
Lavrenty Beria, the son of a landowner in Abkhazia, was born near Sukhumi, Russia, on 29th March, 1899. His mother was a deeply religious woman and had a great impression on him as a child. Beria attended the Baku Polytechnicum and joined the Bolsheviks in March 1917 and was a member ... |
9de2bdb2809dfd4fa1b7a6508ca87256 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSbogrov.htm | Dmitri Bogrov | Dmitri Bogrov
Dmitri Bogrov, the son of a wealthy Jewish attorney, was born in Kiev in 1887. He studied law at Kiev University and at Munich University.
On his return to Russia in 1906 he joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party. The following year he was recruited by Okhrana and over the next three years he was paid 1... |
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