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36a7de1e5693f0cc8bccca19c7f273ba | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSbulganin.htm | Nikolay Bulganin | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Nikolay Bulganin
Nikolay Bulganin, the son of a office worker, was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, on 30th May, 1895. As a young man he joined the Bolsheviks and after the the October Revolution was employed by the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (... |
c3f57859c2746324f660237c96de0f7d | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUScadets.htm | Constitutional Democratic Party | Constitutional Democratic Party
After his release from prison in 1905, Paul Milyukov, the famous Russian historian, founded the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets). Most of the early members were liberals from the propertied classes who favoured political reform. Initially critical of the Duma, Milyukov and other ... |
23f72cd853ebce574087757620bd0a55 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUScheka.htm | Communist Secret Police: Cheka | Communist Secret Police: Cheka
SectionsOrganized Terror Robert Bruce Lockhart Plot Red Terror Yakov PetersKronstadt Uprising Sidney Reilly Vyacheslav MenzhinskNKVDPrimary Sources
In December, 1917, Lenin appointed Felix Dzerzhinsky as Commissar for Internal Affairs and head of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission f... |
c7673346946d53642ee311ab6893b952 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSchernyshevsky.htm | Nikolai Chernyshevsky | Nikolai Chernyshevsky
Nikolai Chernyshevsky, the son of a priest, was born in Saratov, Russia, in 1828. After graduating from the University of St Petersburg he taught in Saratov.
Chernyshevsky became a journalist and in 1855 joined the staff of Sovremennik (The Contemporary) where he wrote about literature and politic... |
d8a2ba2be1749c27c2d677eb55012b75 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUScivilwar.htm | The Russian Civil War | The Russian Civil War
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
In 1918 a variety of different groups opposed the Bolshevik government. This included landowners who had lost their estates, factory owners who had their property nationalized, devout members of the Russian Orthodox Church who objected to the gov... |
20de9e7ddd29a39de3b63c9078c78f4e | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUScp.htm | Communist Party | Communist Party
In 1917 the Social Democratic Workers' Party (Bolsheviks) had 200,000 members. The following year, Vladimir Lenin persuaded members to change the name of the organization to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) .
Traditionally, the Party Congress elected a 27 member Central Committee every yea... |
784140517c05622bcf3a194e5be35a1f | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSdallin.htm | David Julievich Dallin | David Julievich Dallin
SectionsRussian Revolution Nazi Germany Lilia Estrin Victor Kravchenko Mark Zborowski The New LeaderPrimary Sources
David Julievich Dallin was born in Rogachev, Russia, in 1889. Dallin became a socialist and was a supporter of the 1905 Russian Revolution. While studying at the University of St. P... |
0c6fb6260923d09bb1ddfac7cb5ea875 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSdan.htm | Fedor Dan | Fedor Dan
Fedor Dan was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1871. As a young man he joined the Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. Arrested in August, 1896, Dan was exiled to Orlov for three years.
On his return he joined the Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) and attended the Second Congress... |
43286336b18349b010ed8cc95eb9fd97 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSdeich.htm | Lev Deich | Lev Deich
Lev Deich, the son of a Jewish merchant, was born in Russia in 1855. After he was converted to Marxism, he spent his time distributing propaganda in southern Russia.
In 1875 he was arrested but escaped from custody and over the next couple of years attempted to organize a peasant insurrection.
Deich joined th... |
13c9bceeaeca8541db0b7bf1bdfef43d | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSfigner.htm | Vera Figner | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Vera Figner
Vera Figner, the child of prosperous parents, was born in Kazan, Russia, on 25th June, 1852. The oldest of six children, she was sent away to a private school in 1863. Her uncle had liberal views and encouraged her to be concerned about the poor.
Vera wanted to go to university but this ... |
cf5251e5c4857a289286abbeebbba2b5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSfive.htm | Stalin's Five Year Plan | Stalin's Five Year Plan
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Leon Trotsky, Gregory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev and other left-wing members of the Politburo had always been in favour of the rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union. Stalin disagreed with this view. He accused them of going against the ideas o... |
49d68280b564ad7987c899a6b1deae95 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSfourier.htm | Charles Fourier | Charles Fourier
Charles Fourier was born in Besancon, France, on 7th April, 1773. The son of a cloth merchant, he was educated at the local Jesuit college. After serving the the French Army he worked as a clerk in Lyon.
In 1808 he published his first book, The Social Destiny of Man. In the book Fourier criticized the i... |
6df50feed80f7b8cc2cd23e2254706d6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSfrunze.htm | Mikhail Frunze | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Mikhail Frunze
Mikhail Frunze, the son of a peasant, was born in Turkestan in 1885. After studying at his local school he continued his education at the Gymnasium at Verny and the Polytechnical Institute in St. Petersburg.
As a student Frunze joined the Social Democratic Party where he supported the... |
69614213d4ceb6a597658593e3a4b3fc | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSkhazina.htm | Nadezhda Khazina | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Nadezhda Khazina
Nadezhda Khazina was born in Saratov, Russia, on 31st October, 1899. Her mother was a doctor but she wanted to become an artist and studied under A. A. Ekster. The family moved to Kiev in the Ukraine. After leaving school she studied art.
In 1919 Khazina met the famous poet, Osip Ma... |
d835caed6eec0c72f5962d033222a325 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSklyuyev.htm | Nikolay Klyuyev | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Nikolay Klyuyev
Nikolay Klyuyev was born in Onega, Russia in 1885. His first poems were published in 1912 and he emerged as the first of the so-called "peasant poets".
Klyuyev welcomed the October Revolution as he believed it would lead to the redistribution of land to the peasants. This hope of a b... |
d9a2991aee1c9961493a3505a5b13a19 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSkollontai.htm | Alexandra Kollontai | Alexandra Kollontai
SectionsUniversity of Zurich Social Democratic Labour Party Assembly of Russian Workers Bloody Sunday Bolsheviks and Mensheviks Russian Revolution Workers' Opposition DiplomatPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
Alexandra Domontovich, the daughter of a General Mikhail Alekseevich Domontovich, was born ... |
f9646203ad9035542f14aa005e34d776 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSkravechenko.htm | Victor Kravchenko | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Victor Kravchenko
Victor Kravchenko was born in Yekaterinoslav on 11th October 1905. His father, a railway worker, was a socialist who participated in the 1905 Russian Revolution. He was trained as an engineer and worked in the Donets Basin region. He joined the Communist Party in 1929.
Kravchenko w... |
6b8379709153e7336f7165df60aa6bb9 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSkronstadt.htm | Kronstadt Uprising | Kronstadt Uprising
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
The sailors at the Kronstadt naval base had long been a source of radical dissent. On 27th June, 1905, sailors on the Potemkin battleship, protested against the serving of rotten meat infested with maggots. The captain ordered that the ringleaders t... |
8275333e528e64dac83ab95c350bca1a | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSland.htm | Land and Liberty | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Land and Liberty
In 1869, two Russian writers, Mikhail Bakunin and Sergi Nechayev published the book Catechism of a Revolutionist. It included the famous passage: "The Revolutionist is a doomed man. He has no private interests, no affairs, sentiments, ties, property nor even a name of his own. His e... |
8769a320356ab5ebfb4e1c094a33770b | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSlvov.htm | George Lvov | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
George Lvov
George Lvov was born in Dresden on 21st October, 1861. His family home was in Aleksin. He graduated from the University of Moscow with a degree in law, then worked in the civil service until 1893.
A supporter of reform, Lvov joined the liberal Constitutional Democratic Party. In 1906 he ... |
ff24d4f9691c5b5cbf9bc9132bed5f48 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSmalenkov.htm | Georgy Malenkov | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Georgy Malenkov
Georgy Malenkov was born in Orenburg, Russia, on 13th January, 1902. He was too young to take part in the October Revolution but in 1919 he joined the Red Army. The following year he joined the Communist Party and in 1925 Joseph Stalin appointed him as his personal secretary.
In the ... |
56826d3ed64547c332fd4ae7d4a14fdc | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSmiliukov.htm | Pavel Milyukov | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Pavel Milyukov
Pavel Milyukov, the son of an architect, was born in Moscow on 15th January, 1859. He studied history at the Moscow University but was expelled for taking part in student riots. Milyukov later returned to take his degree.
Milyukov, a specialist in Russian history, lectured at the uni... |
81f4b892167045b5e8f771f5a80f023e | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSnazipact.htm | Nazi-Soviet Pact | Nazi-Soviet Pact
SectionsBritish Foreign Policy & the Soviet Union Nazi-Soviet PactDecline in Party Membership Outbreak of War Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
In the 1930s Joseph Stalin became increasingly concerned that the Soviet Union would be invaded by Nazi Germany. Stalin believed the best way to of d... |
669eab0644531c4527258ca7bdee305d | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSnobility.htm | Russian Nobility | Russian Nobility
The Romanov Dynasty had ruled Russia since 1613. Nicholas II had succeeded to the throne in 1894. His title, like other Tsars before him, was 'Emperor and Autocrat of all Russia'. The country was run by a ten man ministerial council. Each minister was both appointed and dismissed by the Tsar.
The Tsar ... |
950d410710f540e215b935297d9f8a6f | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSoctober.htm | October Manifesto | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
October Manifesto
In June, 1905, the Potemkin Mutiny took place and industrial workers all over Russia went on strike. In October, 1905, the railwaymen went on strike which paralyzed the whole Russian railway network. Later that month, Leon Trotsky and other Mensheviks established the St. Petersburg... |
12e979961a43d06d007d65025d64343d | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSoctobrists.htm | Octobrists | Octobrists
On 17th October, 1905, Nicholas II took the advice of Sergi Witte, his new Chief Minister, and published the October Manifesto. The manifesto granted freedom of conscience, speech, meeting and association. He also promised that in future people would not be imprisoned without trial. Finally it promised that ... |
5f4ac83ff219936c82fe651f24e396e7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSordzhonikidze.htm | Sergo Ordzhonikidze | Sergo Ordzhonikidze
SectionsSergo Ordzhonikidze and Stalin The Russian Revolution Commissar for Heavy IndustryMartemyan Ryutin Sergy Kirov Lavrenti BeriaDeath of Sergo OrdzhonikidzePrimary Sources
Sergo Ordzhonikidze, the son of a small landowner, was born in Georgia on 24th October 1886. He became a student at the Mik... |
ddf78505da40344791d4206ca7b69d5c | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSpares.htm | Bernard Pares | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Bernard Pares
Bernard Pares, the third son and seventh child of John Pares, was born at Albury, Surrey, on 1st March 1867. His father was extremely wealthy and Bernard was educated at Harrow before winning a scholarship to Trinity College, where he read classics. After graduating from Cambridge Univ... |
be357372eaa997b243a257c46abc9c9d | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSpeasants.htm | Russian Peasants | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Russian Peasants
In 1861 Alexander II issued his Emancipation Manifesto that proposed 17 legislative acts that would free the serfs in Russia. Alexander announced that personal serfdom would be abolished and all peasants would be able to buy land from their landlords. The State would advance the the... |
0d936bbb348bc679f592391d9ac1acf4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSpoole.htm | Ernest Poole | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Ernest Poole
Ernest Poole was born in Chicago in 1880. After graduating from Princeton University in 1902 he worked as a journalist where he campaigned for social reforms including an end to child labour. Poole's first novel, The Voice of the Street, was published in 1906.
On the outbreak of the Fir... |
3cfb55cd7663f62abd36b91fd2ea2a7a | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSrakovsky.htm | Christian Rakovsky | Christian Rakovsky
Christian Rakovsky, the son of extremely wealthy parents, was born Kotel, Bulgaria, on 13th August, 1873. With the considerable fortune left to him by his father, he travelled all over Europe before studying to become a doctor.
Rakovsky developed radical political views and became the leader of the B... |
487a11b62cbabc898c7de276ea8b24ef | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSred.htm | The Red Army | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Red Army
After the October Revolution it was decided by Vladimir Lenin that the old Russian Army would have to be turned into an instrument of the Communist Party. The old army was demobilized and in January 1918 the Soviet government ordered the formation of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants... |
6dc3893802e18ec01ac23eae774911dd | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSsaint.htm | Claude Saint-Simon | Claude Saint-Simon
Claude-Henri Saint-Simon, the son of a minor noble, was born in Paris, France, in 1760. Privately educated he served in the French Army during the American War of Independence. Afterwards he travelled to Mexico and Spain where he became involved in several canal projects.
A supporter of the French Re... |
4dd7f919933ebbefbc06bcf53eff114e | https://spartacus-educational.com/Russia.htm | Russian History | Russian History
Russian History Russian Rulers and Dictators Events and Issues in Russia: 1860-1913 Russian Revolution Events and Issues in Russia: 1914-25 Russian Revolutionaries: 1860-1910 Soviet Union 1920-1945 Russian Revolutionaries: 1914-20 Soviet Union and the Second World War Foreign Witnesses of t... |
d1ab3644a92250140a690e32359cd8d4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Russian-Revolution.htm | Russian Revolution | Russian Revolution
Events and Issues in Russia: 1914-25First World WarProvisional GovernmentApril ThesesRed Guards Kornilov Revolt Lenin's Sealed Train Constituent AssemblyWar CommunismBrest-Litovsk TreatyWhite ArmyRed TerrorRevolution: February 1917Revolution: October 1917SovietsCommissar of Nationalities Permanent... |
4120aab5ad51d2659b0582a47c8f8b29 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSsolzhenitsyn.htm | Alexander Solzhenitsyn | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Alexander Solzhenitsyn was born in Kislovodsky on 11th December, 1918. He attending Rostov University where he studied mathematics and took a correspondence course in literature at Moscow State University.
During the Second World War Solzhenitsyn joined the Red Army and rose t... |
aeafc9b89a89815da41cb2b3363982ec | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUStimelineREV.htm | Chronology of the Russian Revolution | Chronology of the Russian Revolution
Chronology of the Russian RevolutionMikhail Bakunin and Sergi Nechayev publish the book Catechism of a Revolutionist.1869The formation of the Land and Liberty group.1876Vera Zasulich attempts to assassinate General Trepov, the police chief of St. Petersburg.24th January 1878The Peop... |
d881a15eb2287094d4626982321f7e06 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUStsereteli.htm | Irakli Tsereteli | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Irakli Tsereteli
Irakli Tsereteli was born in Georgia, Russia, in 1881. He studied law at Moscow University where he became involved in the reform movement. After taking part in a student demonstration he was sentenced to five years exile in Eastern Siberia.
On his release from prison Tsereteli join... |
14990fbb4b15ee84f05e80e034c17113 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSunions.htm | Russian Trade Unions | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Russian Trade Unions
By the end of the 19th century there were over 2 million industrial workers in Russia. At this time the Russian industrial employee worked on average an 11 hour day (10 hours on Saturday). Conditions in the factories were extremely harsh and little concern was shown for the work... |
d3892f48c8563d61714070e0736d9686 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSuritsky.htm | Moisei Uritsky | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Moisei Uritsky
Moisei Uritsky, the son of Jewish parents, was born in Cherkasy, in the Ukraine on 14th January 1873. He studied law at Kiev University and graduated in 1897. As a student he joined the Social Democratic Party.
In 1901 he was arrested and sent to prison. A fellow prisoner, Anatoly Lun... |
21091285fd4e448b28b60abf0a22ab40 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSyesenin.htm | Sergei Yesenin | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Sergei Yesenin
Sergei Yesenin, the son of Russian peasants, was born in Kronstantinovo on 21st September, 1895. When he was seventeen he moved to Moscow as a young man and worked as a proof-reader.
Yesenin began writing poetry and was a great admirer of Alexander Blok. Yesenin's first volume of poet... |
fe40d2d52501df419d275110355ff136 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSzasulich.htm | Vera Zasulich | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Vera Zasulich
Vera Zasulich was born into a poor family living in Mikhaylovka, Russia, in 1849. Her father died when she was three years old and as her mother was unable to cope, she sent Vera to live with wealthy relatives in Balakovo.
When Zasulich finished her schooling she moved to St. Petersbur... |
b39c45a015731b769d27f973b03c6414 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSzhdanov.htm | Andrei Zhdanov | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Andrei Zhdanov
Andrei Zhdanov was born in Mariupol, Ukraine, on 14th February, 1896. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1915 and as a close associate of Joseph Stalin he made steady progress in the Communist Party hierarchy.
Zhdanov helped develop Stalin's cultural policy and was behind the establishment o... |
e86dde08811a9a138bdc4875d77e58a6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSzhordania.htm | Noi Zhordania | Noi Zhordania
Noi Zhordania, the son of a small landowner, was born in Guria in 1870. He attended the Tiflis Seminary and the Warsaw Veterinary Institute.
Converted to Marxism Zhordania he established the Mesame Dasi group in Georgia. Threatened with arrest he left the country and became editor if the radical journal, ... |
72e65b1c6593866326939e9498a02d74 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Samuel_Dickstein.htm | Samuel Dickstein | Samuel Dickstein
SectionsSamuel Dickstein & Meyer LondonNazi Germany Samuel Dickstein: Soviet Spy Un-American Activities Committee Walter KrivitskySamuel Dickstein leaves Congress Primary Sources
Samuel Dickstein was born into a Jewish family in Vilnius, Lithuania, on 5th February, 1885. The family emigrated to the Uni... |
fc84db2b4753501d9b7fb6537eb2e32b | https://spartacus-educational.com/SCcartwright.htm | Edmund Cartwright | Edmund Cartwright
Edmund Cartwright, the son of a large landowner from Marnham, Nottingham, was born in 1743. His brother, John Cartwright, was later to become one of the leaders of the parliamentary reform movement. After being educated at University College, Oxford, Cartwright became rector of the church at Goadby Ma... |
77367b25e0d0ac50f497703b6179e6cd | https://spartacus-educational.com/SHEFFUfoulke.htm | William "Fatty" Foulke | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William "Fatty" Foulke
William "Fatty" Foulke was born in Dawley, Shropshire, on 12th April 1874. After leaving school he found work in the Blackwell Colliery. A talented sportsman, Foulke played in goal for the works team.
On 20th December, 1893, the Derby Daily Telegraph reported: "The feature of ... |
7f13f1671077436e749adcfc239c9a87 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SHEFFUneedham.htm | Ernest Needham | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Ernest Needham
Ernest Needham was born at Whittington Manor on 21st January 1873. He played local football for Waverley and Staveley before joining Sheffield United in 1892.
A left-half, Needham made his debut in the 1892-93 season and played an important role in the club's promotion to the First Di... |
73f3b828ccdc951f97c778d77460aac6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Sidney_Hook.htm | Sidney Hook | Sidney Hook
SectionsEarly EducationFirst World War Harry Overstreet Red Scare Morris Cohen John Dewey Elementary School Teacher Weimar GermanySoviet UnionPolitical Activist American Workers PartyShow TrialsThe Dewey CommissionPrimary Sources
Sidney Hook, the son of Isaac and Jennie Hook, was born in Brooklyn on 20th De... |
e1a072622eb7b8d4db1b10f99d3d600b | https://spartacus-educational.com/Sitemap.htm | Latest Editions | Latest Editions
Latest Additions John Metcalf Steam Railways Water Transport Turnpike Trusts Thomas Savery Thomas Newcomen Labour Party: 1900-1920 David Shackleton Pete Curran Black History John of Gaunt Medieval Lessons Decline of Feudalism The Peasants' Revolt Wat Tyler Peter of Blois Ralph de Diceto Hubert Walte... |
5100753f116cd9e284c4c9905b5109d1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SLApadmoreG.htm | George Padmore | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
George Padmore
Malcolm Nurse (later known as George Padmore) was born in Arouca, Trinidad, in 1902. His grandfather was a slave and his father was a schoolteacher. As a young man Padmore met C. L. R. James and the two men became close friends.
Padmore worked as reporter in Trinidad before moving to ... |
f1f52c4adea781199b0dd339d72f31f7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SLAwedderburn.htm | Robert Wedderburn | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Robert Wedderburn
Robert Wedderburn was born in Jamaica in 1762. His father, James Wedderburn, had been born in Scotland and owned a large sugar plantation on the island. His mother, Rosanna, was a slave owned by Wedderburn. When she was pregnant, Wedderburn sold her to Lady Douglas, stipulating tha... |
3197c1fcf5092df0f0707d01640a3de2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SOEagazarian.htm | Jack Agazarian | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Jack Agazarian
Jack Agazarian was born in London in 1916. His father was Armenian and his mother French and he was educated at schools in France and England.
On the outbreak of the Second World War Agazarian joined he British Army and was later transferred to the Special Operations Executive (SOE).
... |
a166fd930d780cf2194f9f40550d96df | https://spartacus-educational.com/SOEbeekman.htm | Yolande Beekman | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Yolande Beekman
Yolande Unternahrer was born in Paris, France, in 1911. Her father, Jacob Unternahrer, was a businessman, moved the family to London and Yolande was educated at Hampstead Heath. She also spent time in Switzerland, and by the time she finished her education could speak English, French... |
4139809b56f449c104f3d1e836d4e702 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SOEbuckmaster.htm | Maurice Buckmaster | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Maurice Buckmaster
Maurice Buckmaster was born in 1910. He was educated at Eton until his father was declared bankrupt. After leaving school he moved to France where he worked as a reporter for Le Martin. Later he was a banker before becoming a senior manager with the Ford Motor Company.
On the out... |
a2f0e1fc9f893ef6eb58effb88f93ecd | https://spartacus-educational.com/SOEhowarth.htm | Patrick Howarth | Patrick Howarth
Patrick Howarth was born in England in 1916. He was educated at Rugby and Oxford University where he read Modern Languages. After leaving university he edited the quarterly magazine called the Baltic and Scandinavian Countries. The magazine was funded by the Baltic Institute and received support from th... |
501f17bc7a717d63a74b15bc3cddf096 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SOEleigh.htm | Vera Leigh | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Vera Leigh
Vera Leigh was born in Leeds on 17th March, 1903. Abandoned as a baby she was adopted by Eugene Leigh, an American married to an English woman. Leigh became a racehorse trainer in France with stables at Maisons Laffitte near Paris.
After leaving college Vera went to work as a dress design... |
e140389ad51b3d103d415c4b3d7b944d | https://spartacus-educational.com/SOEnorman.htm | Gibert Norman | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Gibert Norman
Norman Gilbert was born in St Cloud, France, in 1914. The son of an English father and a French mother, he was educated in both countries.
Gilbert joined the British Army in 1940 and was commissioned into the Durham Light Infantry. He was later recruited by the Special Operations Execu... |
19e63a1f7b16b1787dc640a7817b9131 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SOEplewman.htm | Eliane Plewman | Eliane Plewman
Eliane Browne-Bartroli was born in Marseilles in 1917. After spending her childhood in France she was educated in England and Spain.
After finishing college she moved to Leicester where she employed by an importing firm. On the outbreak of the Second World War Eliane went back to mainland Europe to work ... |
b29ef410620386886cc1c01cb30307c7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SOEsuttill.htm | Francis Suttill | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Francis Suttill
Francis Suttill was born in Lille, Grance, in 1910. His father was British and his mother French. He was educated in Britain (Stonehurst College) and France (University of Lille).
Suttill worked as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn and on the outbreak of the Second World War he joined the... |
b1d07e87d40ae9f559f18371c083a99e | https://spartacus-educational.com/SOEszabo.htm | Violette Szabo | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Violette Szabo
Violette Bushell, the daughter of an English father and a French mother, was born in France on 26th June, 1921. She spent her early childhood in Paris where her father drove a taxi. Later the family moved to London and she was educated at a Brixton Secondary School. At the age of four... |
e85419579b22db321716ecee41456ad2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPanarchists.htm | Anarchism and the Spanish Civil War | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Anarchism and the Spanish Civil War
Anarchism is the political belief that society should have no government, laws, police, or other authority, but should be a free association of all its members. William Godwin, an important anarchist philosopher in Britain during the late 18th century, believed th... |
352a81353ae94c009b5a943f49fc7c77 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blog.html | Spartacus Blog | Spartacus Blog
Richard Nixon and the Conspiracy to kill George Wallace in 1972 (5th May, 2021)
The Connections between Watergate and the JFK Assassination (2nd April, 2021)
The Covid-19 Pandemic: An Outline for a Public Inquiry (4th February, 2021)
Why West Ham did not become the best team in England in the 1960s (24t... |
aa1d314c2904800e5d8f9cfb87f7f819 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL105.htm | Spartacus Blog George Osborne and the British Passport | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog George Osborne and the British Passport
Saturday, 24th March, 2018
Yesterday, George Osborne wrote an interesting editorial on the British passport dispute: "A French-Dutch company has won the contract to print the new blue British passport. Surely this is exactly the kind of global free t... |
3ceb15853da7f93d27e7cc21913f20cb | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL111.htm | Spartacus Blog What kind of society would we have if Evan Durbin had not died in 1948? | Spartacus Blog What kind of society would we have if Evan Durbin had not died in 1948?
SectionsJohn Maynard KeynesErnst Wigforss The Politics of Democratic Socialism (1940) Death of Evan DurbinReferences
Thursday, 28th June, 2018
Evan Durbin was on holiday in Bude, with his wife and three children, Jocelyn (11), Elizab... |
0b759338d1f5875324b14b6eb0496fd0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL112.htm | Spartacus Blog Why was the anti-Nazi German, Gottfried von Cramm, banned from taking part at Wimbledon in 1939? | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog Why was the anti-Nazi German, Gottfried von Cramm, banned from taking part at Wimbledon in 1939?
Friday, 6th July, 2018
On 13th April, The New European, revealed that that Daily Mail had dropped a story about a German tennis player, Gottfried von Cramm, who was expected to win the 1939 Wi... |
e2e41c379090b1cbc1f9094f88ae876f | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL113.htm | Spartacus Blog The History of Anti-Semitism and British Political Parties | Spartacus Blog The History of Anti-Semitism and British Political Parties
SectionsThe Daily Mail and the British Union of FacistsAnti-Semitism and the 1905 Alien Act British Brothers' League and the Conservative Party 1905 Alien Act 1906 General Election Russian Revolution and the Jews The Battle of Cable Street Anti-S... |
8be1e5ff1522cd86fafdc491314c74b4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL120.htm | Spartacus Blog The Delusions of Neville Chamberlain and Theresa May | Spartacus Blog The Delusions of Neville Chamberlain and Theresa May
SectionsConservative Government and AppeasementNeville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler German Spies and the Conservative Government CzechoslovakiaThreatened Cabinet RebellionBritish Public and Appeasement Alliance with the Soviet Union References
Over th... |
303b4f1cd0be11c45dfc4a7521009e2d | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL122.htm | Spartacus Blog Stanley Baldwin and his failed attempt to modernise the Conservative Party | Spartacus Blog Stanley Baldwin and his failed attempt to modernise the Conservative Party
SectionsStanley Baldwin and SocialismThe Conservatism of Winston ChurchillTrade Union Reform Votes for Women1929 General ElectionUnited Empire PartyBaldwin's Final Years ButskellismReferences
In the 1923 General Election, the Lab... |
2f0c98d08e4de3910b5e6ea5f7c096e9 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL123.htm | Spartacus Blog Did St Paul and St Augustine betray the teachings of Jesus? | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog Did St Paul and St Augustine betray the teachings of Jesus?
While undergoing renovation and restoration, the roof of Notre-Dame cathedral caught fire on the evening of 15th April 2019. Burning for around 15 hours, it sustained serious damage. After years of preaching the need to shrink th... |
415e191fc76c33f3ea4718e482167ffe | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL124.htm | Spartacus Blog Gas Masks in the Second World War killed more people than they saved | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog Gas Masks in the Second World War killed more people than they saved
In 1934 the British government decided that it was possible that over the next few years it would become involved in a war with Nazi Germany. During the First World War several countries, including Germany and Britain, h... |
7dd2785538112edbad7ba0ca7313e7bb | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL125.htm | Spartacus Blog The Death of Bernardo De Torres | Spartacus Blog The Death of Bernardo De Torres
SectionsBernardo De TorresSilvia Odio John F. Kennedy AssassinationCIA Activities References
A few days ago a friend of mine living in Florida sent me a link to an article in a small circulation weekly newspaper, The Miami Times. It told the story of the death of Bernardo... |
cecf97d770fcb0fbe7a4960696dd3001 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL13.html | Spartacus Blog Ralph Miliband and Lord Rothermere | Spartacus Blog Ralph Miliband and Lord Rothermere
Wednesday, 2nd October 2013
I am afraid that I am partly responsible for The Daily Mail's outrageous attack on Ralph Miliband on Saturday. The only evidence it provided for its headline: "The man who hated Britain" comes from my webpage on Miliband.
In the article Geoff... |
d25c0153d9242afb21d355c9d7efee42 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL142.htm | Spartacus Blog Richard Nixon and the Conspiracy to kill George Wallace in 1972. | Spartacus Blog Richard Nixon and the Conspiracy to kill George Wallace in 1972.
SectionsFBI Investigation Trial of Arthur BremerJournalism and Arthur Bremer Unanswered Questions References
On 15th May, 1972, Arthur Bremer attended a meeting held by George Wallace in Laurel, Maryland. After he had finished speaking, W... |
f959efb94018c8adf86703d97e12a68f | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL16.html | Spartacus Blog The Angel of Auschwitz | Spartacus Blog The Angel of Auschwitz
Friday, 6th December 2013
Gisella Perl was born into a Jewish family in Hungary in 1907. At 16 years old, Gisella Perl graduated first in her secondary-school class, the only woman and the only Jew. She asked her father to send her to medical school, but he refused at first, saying... |
7372d083069231e5d97adf976f5c2ec6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL17.html | Spartacus Blog The Death of John F. Kennedy | Spartacus Blog The Death of John F. Kennedy
Saturday, 23rd November 2013
Eight years ago today I was in Dallas to give a lecture on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Just before I was due to speak, William Law and Mark Sobel showed a filmed interview with Gene Wheaton that a taken place a few months previously. I d... |
d5eb69db1ab9915dd8df4473771a9701 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL19.html | Spartacus Blog New Evidence in the Geli Raubal Case | Spartacus Blog New Evidence in the Geli Raubal Case
Monday, 10th November 2013
Just before he committed suicide, Adolf Hitler sent Julius Schaub to Munich to destroy documents concerning his past. Lothar Machtan, the author of The Hidden Hitler (2001), has pointed out: "The finest proof that he really could count on th... |
e1c7cc19168bde855d0bb93ddeff0e90 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL2.html | Spartacus Blog Was Rasputin murdered by MI6? | Spartacus Blog Was Rasputin murdered by MI6?
Monday, 24th February, 2014
In September, 1915, Tsar Nicholas II assumed supreme command of the Russian Army fighting on the Eastern Front in the First World War. As he spent most of his time at GHQ, Alexandra Fedorovna now took responsibility for domestic policy. Gregory... |
be1ecd4dfd3f7effb95660d0d928a506 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL23.html | Spartacus Blog Claud Cockburn and his fight against Appeasement. | Spartacus Blog Claud Cockburn and his fight against Appeasement.
Saturday, 26th October 2013
Claud Cockburn worked for The Times during the Great Depression. In the summer of 1932 Cockburn decided to resign from the newspaper for political reasons. The editor, Geoffrey Dawson, replied: "It was foolish to give up workin... |
8858351a6c3c77408f01161ec0ac17ec | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL25.html | The KGB planned to groom Michael Straight to become President of the United States | The KGB planned to groom Michael Straight to become President of the United States
Thursday, 20th March, 2014
In 1932 Theodore Maly, a NKVD agent, arrived in London. Two years later he was joined by Arnold Deutsch. Senior MI5 agent, Peter Wright, pointed out that Maly and Deutsch were part of a team of agents based in ... |
a3b4d23bd9586e823f88a38491fb59b4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL3.html | Spartacus Blog Should history teachers use Blackadder in the classroom? | Spartacus Blog Should history teachers use Blackadder in the classroom?
Wednesday, 15th January 2014
In an article on the teaching of the First World War in The Daily Mail on 2nd January, 2014, Michael Gove wrote: “Our understanding of the war has been overlaid by misunderstandings, and misrepresentations which reflect... |
6f9e61c54ab17c467fa7f0a5f27bc831 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL30.html | Spartacus Blog The Student as Teacher | Spartacus Blog The Student as Teacher
Saturday, 7th June, 2014
In 2003 research was carried out at the United States National Learning Lab in Maine to assess the most effective way that young people can learn. The researchers employed a variety of different teaching methods and then tested the students to find out ... |
6371026dc069cbbd0c9c68f845dcba07 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL36.html | Spartacus Blog West Ham United and the First World War | Spartacus Blog West Ham United and the First World War
Tuesday, 28th July, 2014
Great Britain declared war on Germany on 4th August, 1914. Cricket and rugby competitions stopped almost immediately after the outbreak of the First World War. However, the Football League continued with the 1914-15 season. Most foo... |
47f69338cd1160b755ff2cbe661c049e | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL39.html | Spartacus Blog Simulations in the Classroom | Spartacus Blog Simulations in the Classroom
Monday, 1st September, 2014
In their book Simulation in the Classroom (Penguin, 1972), John Taylor and Rex Walford argued that an educational simulation has three main components:
(1) Students take roles which are representative of the real world and involve them ma... |
16ec74c969aab6f119ece9b9bb6c716d | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL4.html | Spartacus Blog The Allied Plot to Kill Lenin | Spartacus Blog The Allied Plot to Kill Lenin
Friday, 7th March, 2014
A lot of energy is used by researchers to persuade the authorities to release classified documents concerning the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Is it possible that the CIA and the FBI hold documents that will provide evidence that will reveal the ... |
d1faa94af685e8f771ef55e390837bf0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL41.html | Spartacus Blog The KGB and Martin Luther King | Spartacus Blog The KGB and Martin Luther King
Thursday, 2nd October, 2014
In 1992 Vasili Mitrokhin, a retired senior KGB archivist, provided the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) with six large cases of top-secret material from the KGB's foreign intelligence archive. Some of this material deals with the assassination o... |
fe0117182005fb44f307911d1f101075 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL44.htm | Spartacus Blog The Secret Files of James Jesus Angleton | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog The Secret Files of James Jesus Angleton
Wednesday, 12th November, 2014
In December, 1954, Allen Dulles appointed James Jesus Angleton as the first chief of the CIA's newly created Counter-Intelligence Staff. Another CIA senior officer, Tom Braden, recalls that Angleton often reported priv... |
45525fa7f03e844d7b7f035fc87b721b | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL45.htm | Spartacus Blog The Anglocentric and Sexist misrepresentation of historical facts in The Imitation Game movie. | Spartacus Blog The Anglocentric and Sexist misrepresentation of historical facts in The Imitation Game movie.
SectionsGovernment Code and Cypher School The Anglocentrism of The Imitation GameAlastair Denniston & Alan TuringSexism in The Imitation GameAlan Turing and John CairncrossReferences
Tuesday, 2nd December... |
b9a073df202b6fd6b887b0a7ebb4e181 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL47.htm | Spartacus Blog The History of Freedom of Speech | Spartacus Blog The History of Freedom of Speech
Wednesday, 13th January, 2014
There has been a lot of discussion about freedom of expression since the killing of the eight journalists at the offices of Charlie Hebdo, the French satirical weekly newspaper, that had published a number of controversial Muhammad cartoons. ... |
ead15fec921ccd0a0baf44f92c83d8c8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL5.html | Spartacus Blog Winston Churchill and Chemical Weapons | Spartacus Blog Winston Churchill and Chemical Weapons
Tuesday, 11th February, 2014
In April 1915 the German Army used chlorine gas cylinders against the French Army at Ypres. Chlorine gas destroyed the respiratory organs of its victims and this led to a slow death by asphyxiation. General William Robertson recommended ... |
72a6c0fb58e8f29405c920e1f0e98918 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL51.htm | Spartacus Blog Was social mobility greater under Henry VIII than it is under David Cameron? | Spartacus Blog Was social mobility greater under Henry VIII than it is under David Cameron?
Wednesday, 29th April, 2015
Henry VIII had a tendency of appointing people from humble backgrounds to senior posts in his government. For example, Thomas Wolsey, who served as his Lord Chancellor (1515–1529) was the son of a bu... |
7bab21539a67c7989ca8dce01f25caee | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL52.htm | Spartacus Blog Nigel Farage would have been hung, drawn and quartered if he lived during the reign of Henry VIII | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog Nigel Farage would have been hung, drawn and quartered if he lived during the reign of Henry VIII
Tuesday, 5th May, 2015
John Lincoln, a second-hand dealer, was a Nigel Farage figure living in the 16th century. He was very concerned about the large number of foreigners living in London. He... |
e04131c5c83451005f5f743cf6923d81 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL63.htm | Spartacus Blog Volkswagen and Nazi Germany | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog Volkswagen and Nazi Germany
Thursday, 1st October, 2015
It was reported yesterday that Volkswagen admitted that almost 1.2m vehicles in the UK are involved in the diesel emissions scandal that has rocked the company, meaning more than one in 10 diesel cars on the country’s roads are affect... |
4a69cf37d4458b42f8c3d3b459f8e312 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL65.htm | Spartacus Blog The People we should be remembering on Remembrance Sunday | Spartacus Blog The People we should be remembering on Remembrance Sunday
Saturday, 7th November, 2015
Remembrance Sunday is held on the second Sunday in November, the Sunday nearest to 11th November, Armistice Day, the anniversary of the end of hostilities in the First World War at 11 a.m. in 1918. It is to "commemorat... |
ea3f34c9163e0b9d48e9f1ccd763c832 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL71.htm | Spartacus Blog History of how the Tory Party controls the BBC | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog History of how the Tory Party controls the BBC
Monday, 1st February, 2016
On 20th October, 1947, the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) opened its hearings concerning communist infiltration of the motion picture industry. This began what was later to be called McCarthyism (n... |
489f163e6fc218800d25f7af4c9fa43a | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL79.htm | Spartacus Blog George Orwell would have voted to leave the European Union | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog George Orwell would have voted to leave the European Union
I have just spent a week staying at Riva on Lake Garda. I took with me some books written by George Orwell. This included The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell: 1920-1940 (1968). One of Orwell's major conce... |
6c878ed636cb1891a694d2fdaf643351 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL8.html | Spartacus Blog Paul Dacre, The Daily Mail and Fascism | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog Paul Dacre, The Daily Mail and Fascism
Saturday, 12th October 2013
In today's Guardian Paul Dacre made an attempt to defend Geoffrey's Levy's attack on Ralph Miliband. "Surely, we reasoned, the public had the right to know what influence the Labour leader's Marxist father, to whom he const... |
21416867522b8c5c2382b53ea1df830b | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL82.htm | Spartacus Blog Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of England | Spartacus Blog Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of England
SectionsThe Second Crusade Marriage to Henry of Anjou King Henry IIThomas BecketEleanor and HenryHenry the Young Eleanor's RevoltDeath of Henry the YoungRichard the Lionheart King JohnReferences
William X, eighth count of Poitou, and tenth duke of Aquitaine, was ta... |
834e4002dae83539452a887fbd59d597 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL88.htm | Spartacus Blog The Death of Liberalism: Charles and George Trevelyan | Spartacus Blog The Death of Liberalism: Charles and George Trevelyan
SectionsHarrow and Trinity CollegeCharles and George Trevelyan First World War1924 Labour Government Charles Trevelyan and Ramsay MacDonald The Socialist LeagueReferences
During the first-half of the twentieth-century, two brothers, spent a great dea... |
b1ce44741db3b67e7225628e48ce1c48 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL9.html | Spartacus Blog Wallis Simpson and Nazi Germany | Spartacus Blog Wallis Simpson and Nazi Germany
Friday, 11th October 2013
While in Shanghai in 1925 Wallis Spencer had an affair with the handsome fascist, Count Galeazzo Ciano, who was later to become the son-in-law of Benito Mussolini. The affair resulted in a pregnancy, and a carelessly carried out abortion had left ... |
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