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ab3a4bc12e70201272e11484317b4195 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL94.htm | Spartacus Blog The House of Lords needs to be replaced with a House of the People | Spartacus Blog The House of Lords needs to be replaced with a House of the People
SectionsThe Magna Carta Demands for Democracy The LevellersGlorious RevolutionParliament in the 18th CenturyEquality and DemocracyThe Peterloo Massacre Cato Street Conspiracy Six Acts1832 Reform ActMoral Force ChartismPhysical Force Char... |
9ae6d35b905b9839bf36b5159b24a0ef | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL95.htm | History shows that since it was established in 1896 the Daily Mail has been wrong about virtually every political issue | History shows that since it was established in 1896 the Daily Mail has been wrong about virtually every political issue
SectionsDreadnoughts or Old Age Pensions Lord Northcliffe and GermanyThe First World War References
Wednesday, 7th June, 2017
This morning's Daily Mail had the following words on its front-page. "Toda... |
66d8963649b00207d938841c6e5e9924 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL97.htm | Spartacus Blog Underground child labour in the coal mining industry did not come to an end in 1842 | ▼ References ▼
Spartacus Blog Underground child labour in the coal mining industry did not come to an end in 1842
Wednesday, 2nd August, 2017
A serious accident on 4th July, 1838 at Huskar Colliery in Silkstone, revealed the extent of child labour in the mines. A stream overflowed into the ventilation drift after viole... |
eaa2720bccc5c5857e34dded100fac78 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL98.htm | Spartacus Blog The Hidden History of Ruskin College | Spartacus Blog The Hidden History of Ruskin College
SectionsRuskin College the "College of the People" Dennis Hird v Hastings Lees-SmithDr. Gilbert Slater Central Labour CollegeReferences
Thursday, 17th August, 2017
A few weeks ago I was writing about Noah Ablett, a coalminer who attended Ruskin College in 1907. I was ... |
d51cb9c716c634c7058905c7b61f6693 | https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus_news.htm | Spartacus News Online William Gladstone, Queen Victoria and the House of Lords | Spartacus News Online William Gladstone, Queen Victoria and the House of Lords
SectionsGeorge Osborne has earned more in two months than the average Briton does in 12 years. D-Day landings put at threat because a spy's wife disliked British foodReg Race and his campaign to oust Jeremy Corbyn Peterloo Massacre and Pres... |
acf43739110add2be2c67377098a568f | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPborkenau.htm | Franz Borkenau | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Franz Borkenau
Franz Borkenau, the son of a civil servant, was born in Vienna, Austria, on 15th December, 1900. While attending the University of Leipzig he developed an interest in Marxism and joined the German Communist Party (KPD).
In 1924, Borkenau moved to Berlin and for a while he served as an... |
fc1c64752e6757cfd69da5d22fea2d2a | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPcivil.htm | The Civil Guard | The Civil Guard
In 1936 there were two internal paramilitary police forces in Spain: the Civil Guard and the Assault Guard. The Civil Guard, an elite paramilitary police force, had 69,000 men and officers. It is estimated that 42,000 joined the Nationalists and 27,000 remained with the Popular Front government.
The Civ... |
3a74344ee6a6173c6d5ecbed67314f7e | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPcnt.htm | National Confederation of Trabajo (CNT) | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
National Confederation of Trabajo (CNT)
The Anarchist movement in Spain was the strongest in Europe. The main support came from the industrial workers of Barcelona and in 1911 activists formed the anarcho-syndicalist trade union, the National Confederation of Trabajo (CNT). The CNT was a union that ... |
f6903831a21f378784181c78ef78c71b | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPcockburn.htm | Claud Cockburn | Claud Cockburn
SectionsClaud Cockburn in New York The Great Depression Claud Cockburn and The Week Attack on AppeasementThe Cliveden Set Spanish Civil War Nazi Germany Post-War Claud CockburnPrimary Sources
Claud Cockburn, the only son of Henry Cockburn, was born at the British embassy in Peking (Beijing) on 12th Apri... |
539fae63d527fd5c89a25f144987a5b1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPconnollyC.htm | Cyril Connolly | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Cyril Connolly
Cyril Connolly was born in Coventry, Warwickshire in 1903. Educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford he was a regular contributor to the New Statesman in the 1930s.
Connolly also co-edited Horizon (1939-41) with Stephen Spender and later was literary editor of the The Observer. Boo... |
82e4d4ed90465924f522d22aef9473ef | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPcopeman.htm | Fred Copeman | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Fred Copeman
Fred Copeman was born in Wangford Union Workhouse in Suffolk, in 1907. His mother and his brother George were also in the workhouse. At the age of nine Copeman was employed on the workhouse farm but eventually he was transferred to a children's home in Beccles.
When Copeman was 14 years... |
92a7909693686be26b80c47100975df7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPehrenburg.htm | Ilya Ehrenburg | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Ilya Ehrenburg
Ilya Ehrenburg was born in Russia on 27th January 1891. As a young man he became a follower of Lenin. He went into exile where he became a poet. After the successful Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, Ehrenburg returned to Russia.
Ehrenburg was a member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee... |
ed1c7845ea3f4cd8c0b1399146be0600 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPfai.htm | Federacion Anarquista Iberica (FAI) | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Federacion Anarquista Iberica (FAI)
In 1910 industrial workers in Barcelona formed the anarcho-syndicalist trade union, the National Confederation of Trabajo (CNT). Although the CNT operated as a trade union, it also contained subgroups such as Solidarios, a terrorist group led by Buenaventura Durru... |
03663bd8e85ea617714755c2fbc59ca4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPfalange.htm | Falange Espanola | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Falange Espanola
In October 1933 José Antonio Primo de Rivera established the Falange Española (Spanish Falange). In its manifesto published later that year the Falange condemned socialism, Marxism, republicanism and capitalism and proposed that Spain should become a Fascist state similar to the one... |
0f6607a65a31c2941c8b5ae255b414d4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPfrance.htm | France and the Spanish Civil War | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
France and the Spanish Civil War
Concerned by the emergence of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, a group of left-wing politicians in France, led by Leon Blum, Edouard Daladier, Maurice Thorez, Edouard Herriot, Daniel Mayer, formed the Popular Front in 1934. Parties involved in the agreement included the... |
338db7e07c7db1090c6f6ff3c895e050 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPgiral.htm | José Giral | José Giral
José Giral was born in Spain in 1880. He became professor of chemistry and was a leading figure in the Republican Union Party. In 1931 he was appointed as Minister of the Navy.
On 15th January 1936, Manuel Azaña helped to establish a coalition of parties on the political left to fight the national elections ... |
3066cd6cc55de992e6c527f6dcc8018a | https://spartacus-educational.com/Spies.htm | Spies and Spymasters | Spies and Spymasters
Secret Service Organizations Central Intelligence Agency Committee for State Security (KGB) Military Intelligence (MI5) Office of Strategic Services Military Intelligence (MI6) Special Operations Executive (SOE)
Spies and SpymastersStephen Alley James Jesus Angleton Jane Archer Artur Artuzov Vera ... |
12233a69637c28f6c40b00ffefbb5be4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPmola.htm | Emilio Mola | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Emilio Mola
Emilio Mola, the son of an army officer, was born on 9th June, 1887. When he was 20 years old he was commissioned in the infantry.
In 1919 he was assigned to the Moorish Regulares. An intelligent man, he wrote extensively on military affairs. Good-natured, he was popular with his men and... |
404f8f43d9ad4b7b4214128176d2b0f5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPmontseny.htm | Federica Montseny | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Federica Montseny
Federica Montseny was born in Madrid, Spain, on 12th February, 1905. Her parents were the co-editors of the anarchists journal, La Revista Blanca (1898-1905). In 1912 the family returned to Catalonia and farmed land just outside Barcelona. Later they established a company that spec... |
ef93b5ad7c048e44a4b28e44afcbc1e4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPpoum.htm | The Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) | The Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM)
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
The Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) was formed by Andres Nin and Joaquin Maurin in 1935. A revolutionary anti-Stalinist Communist party it was strongly influenced by the political ideas of Leon Trotsky. The g... |
6ee47bfdb1e99db908c162b1a4e9ee88 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPsocialist.htm | Socialist Party in Spain | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Socialist Party in Spain
The Socialist Party (PSOE) was founded in Spain in 1879. Initially a Marxist organization, it remained a small political party before the First World War. Its main support came from Madrid, the mining districts of Asturias and the industrial areas of Bilbao.
In the summer of... |
35e0abf4804e3553d1265d5957fe6dec | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPstewartF.htm | Frida Stewart | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Frida Stewart
Frida Stewart, the daughter of the Dean of Trinity College, was born in Cambridge on 11th November, 1910. Her mother had been an early student of Newnham College.
She was educated at Perse School but ill-health meant that she spent a lot of time away from school. Later she studied viol... |
425ff047977a9c53cdc14e6aad28e706 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPtapsell.htm | Wally Tapsell | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Wally Tapsell
Walter (Wally) Tapsell was born in London. As a young man he joined the Young Communist League and spent time at the International Lenin School in Moscow. On his return to England he became a member of Central Committee of the Communist Party of Great Britain.
Tapsell joined the Intern... |
4dc036fd0d368cc81b97a4886f9af27d | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPURSwoodward.htm | Vivian Woodward | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Vivian Woodward
Vivian Woodward was born in Kennington, Surrey, on 3rd June 1879. He was the seventh of eight children born to John and Anna Woodward. Vivian's father was a successful architect and a Freeman of the City of London.
The family also owned a home in Clacton-on-Sea, a town established in... |
7f7ae92a196f946603c0ad28dc0f442e | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPvalencia.htm | Valencia | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Valencia
Valencia is a province located in eastern Spain. The city of Valencia had a population of 320,000 in 1931. This made it the third largest city in Spain.
On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War members of the National Confederation of Trabajo (CNT), the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), ... |
4ac60f85c912e2fc1e07b7ab8bb8b516 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPyague.htm | Juan Yague | Juan Yague
Juan Yagüe, the son of a doctor, was born in Spain in 1891. He entered the Infantry Academy of Toledo where he met Francisco Franco. The two men were commissioned at the same time and served together in Africa.
In 1932 Yagüe was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel of a infantry battalion in Spain. Two... |
c2a324e5df80e2c6d21bca887b78eb1b | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYberle.htm | Adolf Berle | Adolf Berle
SectionsThe Modern Corporation and Private PropertyBrains Trust John Franklin Carter Whittaker ChambersBritish Security CoordinationPrimary Sources
Adolf Augustus Berle was born in Boston in 1895. The son of a Zionist, he was a child prodigy who matriculated at Harvard University at the age of 14. He took h... |
11565ecae2f65005c17baebe9711f1ee | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYdavies.htm | Mandy Rice-Davies | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Mandy Rice-Davies
Marilyn (Mandy) Rice-Davies was born in Mere, Wiltshire, on 21st October, 1944. Her father was a policeman before the war but later the family moved to Solihull where he took up a job at the Dunlop factory. Philip Knightley has pointed out: "Mandy, as she preferred to be called, wa... |
697d56fb0e3fe01f765d725439c39668 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYfield3.htm | Marshall Field III | Marshall Field III
Marshall Field III was born in Chicago, on 28th September, 1893. His grandfather, Marshall Field, was an extremely wealthy businessman and he was sent to be educated at Eton College and the University of Cambridge.
Field returned to America and during the First World War served with the 122nd Field A... |
8bd5576c0b6de6d32b715fd0fa06d1b3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYingersoll.htm | Ralph Ingersoll | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Ralph Ingersoll
Ralph McAllister Ingersoll was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on 8th December, 1900. He was educated at Yale University and after graduating After leaving school he worked as a mining engineer in California.
In 1923 he moved to New York City and became a reporter for the New York Am... |
45adf3735192314e24f48111a33c5172 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYkeeler.htm | Christine Keeler | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Christine Keeler
Christine Keeler was born in Uxbridge on 22nd February, 1942. Her father deserted the family during the Second World War. Her mother, Julie Payne, later lived with Edward Huish and the couple set-up home in a converted railway carriage in Wraysbury. Christine later recalled: "The r... |
b7e70d0d91318f15f657f7e957614ee4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYkerrP.htm | Philip Henry Kerr (Lord Lothian) | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Philip Henry Kerr (Lord Lothian)
Philip Henry Kerr, the eldest of five surviving children, was born in London on 18th April 1882. His father, Ralph Drury Kerr (1837–1916), the son of the 7th Marquess of Lothian, was an army officer, and his wife, Lady Anne (1857–1931), was the youngest daughter of H... |
e8b38e0091d6c8399812612278e2c754 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYmorton.htm | Desmond Morton | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Desmond Morton
Desmond Morton was born at Hyde Park Gate on 13th November 1891. He was educated at Eton College and fellow students included Stewart Menzies, Julian Grenfell and Osbert Sitwell. In 1909 Morton won a place at the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich.
Morton was gazetted 2nd Lieutenant o... |
277a6874eb34ecb5c4cb40ad7e80bef2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYroperE.htm | Elmo Roper | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Elmo Roper
Elmo Burns Roper was born in Hebron, Nebraska, on 31st July, 1900. He ran a jewelry business with his brother in Iowa in the 1920s. As Michael Wheeler, the author of Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics: The Manipulation of Public Opinion in America (2007) has pointed out: "Roper began not as ... |
479ccfca2ded12ef73d58834d8328fa3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYwarburg.htm | James P. Warburg | James P. Warburg
James Paul Warburg, the son of Paul Warburg, was born on Hamburg, on 18th August, 1896. Warburg was educated at Harvard University and during the First World War he served in the Navy Flying Corps.
In 1919 he joined the First National Bank of Boston. Two years later he became Vice President at the Inte... |
f1a7589f7cbb470d2450ad5028bf10f4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SSbennett.htm | Ernest Bennett | Ernest Bennett
Ernest Bennett was born in Rede, Suffolk, on 12th December, 1868. He was educated at Durham School and Hertford College, Oxford. He joined the Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry and served in the Boer War and the First World War.
A member of the Liberal Party he was elected to the House of Commons in 1906. ... |
f699dd5d983ff14d48d840bc87bfd1fa | https://spartacus-educational.com/SSbothamley.htm | Margaret Bothamley | Margaret Bothamley
Margaret Bothamley was the daughter of a colonel. In the 1930s she became involved in right-wing politics in Britain. This included membership of several anti-Semitic organizations such as the Nordic League, The Link, Imperial Fascist League and the British People's Party. She also contributed to the... |
0a5ee0fd6d651628546aaefd1c9257f8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SSburgessG.htm | Guy Burgess | Guy Burgess
Sections Guy Burgess & the Communist PartyArnold Deutsch Philby's Spy NetworkAnglo-German Fellowship Guy Burgess - MI6Guy Burgess in Moscow Primary SourcesReferences
Guy Burgess, the elder son of Commander Malcolm Kingsford de Moncy Burgess and his wife, Evelyn Mary, was born in Devonport, Devon, on 16th A... |
a5de3c8b0566698db0fe4dd2fdd0c432 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SSchapman.htm | Samuel Chapman | Samuel Chapman
Samuel Chapman was born in 1860. He eventually became chairman of Scott, Son and Company. A member of the Conservative Party, he served on the Perthshire Education Committee.
In November 1922 he was elected to the House of Commons to represent Edinburgh South. He became involved in right-wing politics in... |
6fdbd185a8eea162a848d829a5ac1cf4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SScolby.htm | William Colby | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William Colby
William E. Colby, the son of an army officer, was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on 4th January, 1920. He attended Princeton University graduated in 1940.
In 1941 Colby joined the United States Army and in 1943 the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). The OSS trained him for special missi... |
bda31695b48d7b26a9495a4e1e630596 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SShollis.htm | Roger Hollis | Roger Hollis
SectionsRoger Hollis - MI5 Igor Gouzenko Director General of MI5 Soviet Spy in MI5Anthony Blunt Roger Hollis - Soviet Spy Primary SourcesReferences
Roger Hollis, the third of the four sons of the Revd George Arthur Hollis, the Bishop of Taunton, was born on 2nd December, 1905. Roger's brother, Christopher ... |
3019d66fdb9bd6bc7618df9e1ff2675c | https://spartacus-educational.com/SShunterT.htm | Thomas Hunter | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Thomas Hunter
Thomas Hunter was born on 2nd October, 1872. Educated at Perth Academy he became a journalist and eventually owned his own newspaper.
A member of the Conservative Party, he was County Councillor for Perth (1919-32) and was chairman of the Perthshire Education Committee.
In November 193... |
4ab16d1b5a6db486b04a7bd1ab693e2a | https://spartacus-educational.com/SSkell.htm | Vernon Kell | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Vernon Kell
Vernon Kell, the son of Major Waldegrave Kell, of the South Staffordshire Regiment, and his wife, Georgiana Augusta Konarska, was born on 21st November 1873. As Richard Deacon has pointed out: "His mother was the daughter of a Polish count and as a boy he grew up with a wide circle of fr... |
e03aacf31c67013cf78e66bb98b5f55d | https://spartacus-educational.com/SSkerr.htm | Charles Kerr | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Charles Kerr
Charles Kerr was born on 3rd May, 1874. A mining engineer he eventually became a senior partner of Kerr, Ware and Company, Stockbrokers.
A member of the Liberal Party he was elected to the House of Commons in 1929. A supporter of Ramsay MacDonald he won his seat in 1931 as a representat... |
e392953335ac0c865576b086c16d333b | https://spartacus-educational.com/SSmillerJ.htm | Joan Miller | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Joan Miller
Joan Miller was born in 1918. After leaving boarding school at 16 she found work in an tea-shop in Andover. This was followed by the post of an office girl at Elizabeth Arden. Later she was promoted into the Advertising department.
Just before the outbreak of the Second World War Miller ... |
a7984ed653da7deb945cdacc6cb53b80 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SSrothschild.htm | Victor Rothschild | Victor Rothschild
Victor Rothschild, a member of the famous banking dynasty, was born in 1910. A talented scientist, Rothschild joined MI5 during the Second World War. This included working with Arthur Koestler to produce anti-Nazi propaganda. In 1940 Rothschild suggested that Anthony Blunt should be invited to join th... |
5e36c8d8fc9c80c624455c1dc688d286 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SSthomson.htm | Basil Thomson | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Basil Thomson
Basil Thomson, the third son of William Thomson (1819–1890), provost of the Queen's College and later Archbishop of York, and his wife, Zoë Skene, was born on 21 April 1861 at Oxford.
Thomson was educated at Worsley's School (1866–74), and at Eton College (1874–9). He then went up to N... |
163900fcc249e6464d0de0f3b5dfea68 | https://spartacus-educational.com/SSwhite.htm | Dick White | Dick White
SectionsDick White in AmericaMI5 Officer Dick White & German Agents Walter KrivitskySecond World War Dick White and Kim Philby Director of MI5 Death of Buster Crabb Anthony Blunt Primary SourcesReferences
Richard Goldsmith White, the youngest of three children of Percy Hall White, an ironmonger and agricultu... |
dde97ebe7df9938fd2aba81eea7ec5c3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Stuarts.htm | The Stuarts | The Stuarts
Biographies: 1600-1750Anne ICaroline of AnsbachJacob AstleyJohn BastwickRichard BaxterMary BealeJohn BradshawDuke of BuckinghamJohn BunyanGilbert BurnetHenry BurtonJohn ByronJohn CarewCaroline of AnsbachRobert CatesbyCharles ICharles IIEarl of ClarendonSamuel CooperWilliam CromptonOliver CromwellRichard Cro... |
f2668a51e9f3e42e07661f03618b6f8b | https://spartacus-educational.com/STUgunpowderP.htm | The Gunpowder Plot | The Gunpowder Plot
SectionsKing James and Roman CatholicsThe Gunpowder Plot Trial and Execution of the Conspirators Robert Cecil and Gunpowder PlotPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Queen Elizabeth died on 24th March, 1603. Later that day, Robert Cecil, read out the proclamation announcing James VI of Scotland... |
7b184897c75d420e02b8379180647d90 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TEXashton.htm | Thomas Ashton | Thomas Ashton
Thomas Ashton was born in Hyde on 8th December, 1818. As a young man Thomas became a close friend of John Fielden, the owner of a large textile company in Todmorden. Ashton started a similar business in Hyde and eventually became one of Fielden's main competitors.
Ashton was a Unitarian and an active memb... |
9b560e45fb772cb6f86bd51cfa665fbb | https://spartacus-educational.com/TEXfieldenS.htm | Samuel Fielden | Samuel Fielden
Samuel Fielden, the eldest son of John Fielden, and the grandson of Joshua Fielden, was born in Todmorden in 1816. Samuel was sent to Strand School near Manchester that was run by a Unitarian minister. While in the city Samuel met and was deeply influenced by William Gaskell, the husband of the novelist,... |
d2f2635859b36b14204a6844b5015430 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TEXgregR.htm | Robert Hyde Greg | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Robert Hyde Greg
Robert Hyde Greg, the eldest son of Samuel Greg and Hannah Lightbody was born in 1795. After being educated at Unitarian schools in Bristol and Nottingham, Robert went to Edinburgh University.
Robert's mother, a committed Unitarian, valued education highly and insisted her four sons... |
fd36eafd7b3565a5666f9b359f861378 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TEXowens.htm | John Owens | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Owens
John Owens, the son of Owen Owens, was born in 1790. John's father came from Holywell in Flintshire who set up business in Manchester as a hat-lining maker. After being educated privately at Ardwick, John joined his father in the family business in 1817. Together they built up their compa... |
71641d0b470deb5fac92c6403b50c9ba | https://spartacus-educational.com/TEXsilk.htm | Silk Industry | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Silk Industry
Silk filament is a fine, tough, elastic fibre produced by caterpillars called 'bombyx mori'. For thirty-five days after it has hatched from the eggs laid by its parent moth, the caterpillar, normally referred to as a silkworm, spends its time eating the leaves of a mulberry tree. It th... |
29be6995d3e6726ab41fbce3f834c877 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TEXstrutt.htm | Jedediah Strutt | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Jedediah Strutt
Jedediah Strutt, the son of William Strutt and Martha Statham, was born at South Normanton, Derbyshire in 1726. The Strutts were small farmers and part of a small Presbyterian community with strong Nonconformist religious views.
At fourteen, Jedediah was apprenticed to Ralph Massey, ... |
bf27a190a606ce874d44da908a2986cf | https://spartacus-educational.com/Theodore_Mally.htm | Theodore Maly | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Theodore Maly
Theodore Maly, the son of a government official, was born in Timişoara, Romania, in 1894. A Romanh Catholic he studied theology and philosophy with the intention of becoming a priest.
On the outbreak of the First World War he joined the Austro-Hungarian Army. Maly attended Military Aca... |
d327bd64594c4a984ceff02bbbb71a9e | https://spartacus-educational.com/Thomas_Prince.htm | Thomas Prince | Thomas Prince
SectionsThomas Prince - LevellerTower of LondonPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Thomas Prince, the son of John Prince, was born in West Garforth in about 1615. Prince was apprenticed in the London Clothworkers' Company in February 1630 and by 1640 he became a householder in London and was marri... |
0fb2d7f9c2ad51a0611d85158001f029 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Traudl_Junge.htm | Traudl Junge | Traudl Junge
SectionsTraudl Junge and the NSDAP German Girls' League Traudl Junge joins Adolf Hitler MarriageDeath of Hans JungeTraudl Junge in the FührerbunkerArrested in Berlin Memoirs of Traudl JungePrimary Sources
Gertraud Humps (Traudl Junge), the daughter of Max Humps, a master brewer, and Hildegard Humps, was bo... |
d7a60aabf0d60191815e5bc274ab8e2c | https://spartacus-educational.com/Truman_Smith.htm | Truman Smith | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Truman Smith
Truman Smith was born in West Point on 25th August, 1893. His father was a soldier but he was killed in action at Cebu in February, 1900. He was educated at schools in Stamford before arriving at Yale University (1912–15). He was a graduate student at Columbia University (1915-16).
In ... |
dbce4a4553c1b6360bc4906dc4b345f4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUallen.htm | Clifford Allen | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Clifford Allen
Reginald Clifford Allen, the son of Walter Allen, a drapery merchant, was born in Newport, South Wales, on 9th May 1889. Educated at Berkhamsted School and University College, Bristol, where in 1907 he won a scholarship to Peterhouse College, Cambridge.
Walter Allen, an Anglican and s... |
6e6e2085f0437a2dfb2d1e8071611358 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUattlee.htm | Clement Attlee | Clement Attlee
SectionsEducation of Clement AttleeSocial WorkIndependent Labour Party First World WarTom Attlee and ConscriptionMajor Clement Attlee Mayor of Stepney Clement Attlee and the 1922 General Election Ramsay MacDonald and Clement AttleePolitical Career: 1924-19291929 Labour Government National GovernmentCleme... |
86e4bf9ac24519ad90b37e71cad8d371 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUbrockway.htm | Fenner Brockway | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Fenner Brockway
Archibald Fenner Brockway, the son of Christian missionary, was born in Calcutta on 1st November 1888. While being educated at the School for the Sons of Missionaries at Blackheath he became interested in politics. He worked for the Liberal candidates for the 1905 London County Counc... |
e51e8efb3f6b86b87683595bfaf20790 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUcarpenter.htm | Edward Carpenter | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edward Carpenter
Edward Carpenter, the third son of Charles Carpenter (1797–1882) and his wife, Sophia, was born on 29th August, 1844, at 45 Brunswick Square, Brighton, Sussex. The Carpenters were very much a naval family. Both of Edward's grandfathers were naval officers and one of them, Admiral Ja... |
2ff8bbc94edac47e3c69dedd0408c558 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUcrooks.htm | Will Crooks | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Will Crooks
William Crooks, the son of a ship's stoker, was born in a one-room house Poplar, East London, on 6th April, 1852. When he was three years old, William's father lost an arm when a ship's engine was started when he was oiling the machinery. Unable to find regular work because of his disabl... |
63ec9a6940e26fbcba5d928da6c31d5f | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUcrossman.htm | Richard Crossman | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Richard Crossman
Richard Crossman, the son of a judge, was born in Cropredy, Oxfordshire, in 1907. He was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, where he obtained a first-class degree.
Crossman worked as a philosophy tutor at the university before becoming a lecturer at the Worker's Educati... |
1968258792e091396be5be50b4e877a0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUDaskew.htm | Anne Askew | Anne Askew
SectionsAnne Askew in London Catherine ParrAnne Askew - Tortured and Executed Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Anne Askew, the second daughter of Sir William Askew (1489–1541) and his first wife, Elizabeth Wrottesley, was born in Stallingborough in 1521.
Her father, who was a landowner was knight... |
e5974417346e63151c50d60666144c09 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUDdudleyJ.htm | John Dudley | John Dudley
SectionsJohn Dudley and Edward GuildfordKing Edward VI The Kett Rebellion Execution of Edward SeymourLord Protector The Death of Edward VIPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
John Dudley, the eldest of three sons, was born in 1501. His father, Edmund Dudley, was a government official working for Henr... |
1631b45c26b6305df5992aa48ecfda33 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUDknoxJ.htm | John Knox | ▼ Student Activities ▼
John Knox
John Knox was born in Lothian, Scotland, in 1513. After being educated at the University of St. Andrews he became a Roman Catholic priest in Haddington. He came under the influence of George Wishart, a supporter of the Protestant Reformation.
David Beaton, the Archbishop of St. Andrews,... |
51bd7f8c2307e193bb61b28f1be838bf | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUdobsonH.htm | Harry Dobson | Harry Dobson
SectionsSpanish Civil War British Battalion Death of Harry Dobson Primary Sources
Harry Dobson was a coalminer from the Rhondda Valley. Dobson worked at the Blaenclydach Colliery. A strong trade unionist he was a member of the National Union of Mineworkers and the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB).
D... |
a3c06d39b34aee7e0fc78171cd5dac57 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Tudors.htm | Tudor England | Tudor England
Events and Issues in Tudor England Tudor Kings and Queens Tudor Religious Leaders & Martyrs Tudor Historians and Diarists Foreign Visitors to Tudor England Tudor Figures
Events and Issues in Tudor England Act of Supremacy Act of UnionAgriculture and Enclosures Anabaptists in Tudor England Anglicans and P... |
f872d25c50739bfa544df56503b66c88 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUengineers.htm | Amalgamated Society of Engineers | Amalgamated Society of Engineers
Trade unionism in engineering first emerged in the 1780s when a Friendly Society of Mechanics was established in Bolton, Blackburn and Chorley. By 1799 employers in London asked Parliament to make it illegal for millwrights and engineers to combine. This resulted in the passing of the C... |
5bd26711a7df38d78c0ffcfda6b1ed60 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUgallacher.htm | William Gallacher | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William Gallacher
William Gallacher was born in Paisley, Scotland, on 25th December, 1881. After being educated at the local elementary school Gallacher found work as a brass fitter.
Gallacher worked closely with other socialists in Glasgow including David Kirkwood, John Wheatley, James Maxton, Eman... |
8c672ae32e866101327e8eb12d145485 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUglasier.htm | John Bruce Glasier | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Bruce Glasier
John Bruce Glasier, the illegitimate child of John Bruce and Isabella McNicoll was born on 25th March, 1859. His mother had eight children and the family lived in extreme poverty. As a young boy John worked as a shepherd in the Ayrshire hills but after the death of his father in 1... |
f71f0155c1f0148d293e3bd54835721b | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUhannington.htm | Walter (Wal) Hannington | Walter (Wal) Hannington
Walter Hannington was born on 17th June, 1896. He was founder member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in 1920. The following year he was appointed as National Organiser of the National Unemployed Workers' Movement.
On 4th August 1925, Hannington and 11 other activists, Jack Murphy,... |
f118bf5f71365b1a6380bf2aa4582e74 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUhavelock.htm | Havelock Ellis | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Havelock Ellis
Henry Havelock Ellis, the eldest child and only son of Edward Peppern Ellis (1827–1914), a sea captain, and his wife, Susannah Mary (1829–1888), was born on 2nd February 1859 at 1 St John's Grove, Croydon. He was named after a distant relation, Sir Henry Havelock, a general during the... |
f7f8c21b7b6c05e06521ca88b1cc51f7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUhornerA.htm | Arthur Horner | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Arthur Horner
Arthur Horner was born in Merthyr Tydfil in 1894. Poverty forced Horner to leave school at the age of eleven. He worked at a barber’s, as a grocer’s delivery boy and also at the local railway office.
Horner was deeply religious and at seventeen obtained a scholarship to attend the Bapt... |
85e8b12e30ebcd2ba110b4f92a2fc484 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUjowett.htm | Frederick Jowett | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Frederick Jowett
Frederick William Jowett, the son of a textile worker, was born in Bradford on 31st January, 1864. One of eight children, he received little formal education and at the age of eight was working at the local textile mill.
On a Sunday his father, Nathaniel Jowett, would take his son o... |
a957494d1fc1f3f59b24b416b35c25a0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUkeynes.htm | John Maynard Keynes | John Maynard Keynes
SectionsJohn Maynard Keynes at Cambridge UniversityThe India Office First World WarDavid Lloyd George Paris Peace ConferenceLydia Lopokova The Gold StandardMarriageJohn Maynard Keynes and the Liberal Party Laissez-Faire Economics 1929 General Election The Wall Street CrashUnemployment in Britain The... |
9671ac28257cfcc3987968b449dbbfbc | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUkirkwoodD.htm | David Kirkwood | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
David Kirkwood
David Kirkwood, the son of a labourer was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1872. He left Parkhead Public School at the age of 12 and found work as a message-boy at a local print works. Later he became an apprentice engineer.
In 1891 Kirkwood was converted to socialism by reading Looking ... |
c939d78e7270796eed24792ca61f66ad | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUoliver.htm | Sydney Olivier | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Sydney Olivier
Sydney Olivier, the second son and the sixth of the ten children of Henry Arnold Olivier, the curate of All Saints Church, and his wife, Anne Elizabeth Hardcastle, was born at Colchester on 16th April 1859. Olivier was educated at Tonbridge School and Corpus Christi College. At Oxford... |
f391b89ba709737330b998cfdfed7733 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUpankhurst.htm | Richard Pankhurst | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Richard Pankhurst
Richard Pankhurst, the son of an auctioneer, was born in Stoke in May 1834. Richard's father had originally been a member of the Church of England and the Conservative Party, but eventually become a Baptist and supporter of the Liberal Party. As a youth Richard taught at Baptist Su... |
00ab6fbd2b8d01c76bf1760ec3d0bc8e | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUpiratin.htm | Phil Piratin | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Phil Piratin
Philip Piratin was born in London on 15th May, 1907. Educated at a London County Council Elementary School he became active in politics.
In 1932 Oswald Mosley established the British Union of Fascists (BUF). By 1934 Mosley was expressing strong anti-Semitic views and provocative marches... |
7b0d4f8248fb26f52084befbe707d8f4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUponsonby.htm | Arthur Ponsonby | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Arthur Ponsonby
Arthur Ponsonby, the son of Sir Henry Ponsonby (1825–1895), Private Secretary to Queen Victoria, was born in Windsor Castle on 16th February 1871. After being educated at Eton and Balliol College (1890-92), he went abroad to learn German and French and in 1894 entered the Diplomatic ... |
f77f8386f07365a547d0533c9610f212 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUquelch.htm | Harry Quelch | Harry Quelch
Harry Quelch, the son of a blacksmith, was born in Hungerford, Berkshire, on 30th January, 1858. The Quelch's were very poor and at the age of ten Harry was forced to leave school to help increase the family income. Harry found work in an upholster's shop and this was followed by spells working for a dairy... |
f4a59ac2d643c9c3d98f29e983f9251f | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUthorne.htm | Will Thorne | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Will Thorne
William Thorne, the son of a brickyard labourer, was born in Birmingham on 8th October, 1857. At the age of six Thorne began work for a rope and twine spinner. The death of his father in 1864 dramatically reduced the family income. Mrs. Thorne found employment sewing hooks and eyes on ca... |
c8f141a132d9d6c3d554a0416598440a | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUtransport.htm | Transport and General Workers Union | Transport and General Workers Union
In July 1910 Ben Tillett, and Tom Mann, leaders of the Dockers' Union, called a meeting with other waterside unions to discuss the possibility of forming a National Transport Workers' Federation (NTWF). The representatives of the sixteen unions present at the meeting agreed and Harry... |
360cac14e024984d256ae0b8e48ea70a | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUwedgwood.htm | Josiah Wedgwood | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Josiah Wedgwood
Josiah Wedgwood was born in Barlaston on 16th March, 1872. His father, Clement Wedgwood, was the grandson of Josiah Wedgwood, the famous potter from Staffordshire. The Wedgwood family had a long tradition of supporting liberal causes such as the anti-slavery campaign and the 1832 Ref... |
85a3690b87e79032f9e19b2ebb1af9a3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/TUwilkinson.htm | Ellen Wilkinson | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Ellen Wilkinson
Ellen Wilkinson, the daughter of a worker in a textile factory, was born in Manchester on 8th October, 1891. Ellen's parents, Richard Wilkinson and Ellen Wood, were both devout Methodists. She later recalled: "I was utterly bored with religion and sermons... sick of the discussions a... |
af09697e970de9d1269133c1643317f3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAaddams.htm | Jane Addams | Jane Addams
SectionsJane Addams & Toynbee Hall Hull House Jane Addams & Immigration Christian Socialism Women's Trade Union League NAACPJane Addams and the Women's Peace Party Women's International League for Peace and FreedomAmerican Civil Liberties Union Primary Sources
Jane Addams, the eighth child of a successful b... |
4f7fb320e33a940767793ec17cfe2afa | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAafl.htm | American Federation of Labor | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
American Federation of Labor
Trade Unions in the United States remained weak throughout the 19th century. Only 2 per cent of the total labour force and less than 10 per cent of all industrial workers, were members of unions. In 1881 the Federation of Trades and Labor Unions was founded. Five years l... |
5a47f65f31bdea00902c8e2b8bc3ef56 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAaltgeld.htm | John Altgeld | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Altgeld
John Peter Altgeld, the son of a illiterate farm labourer, was born in Selters, Germany on 30th December, 1847. The following year the family moved to the United States and settled in Mansfield, Ohio. After a brief schooling he started work on the family farm when he was twelve years ol... |
7a4bd46a98877d211035a97cb9dc56a2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAamericanM.htm | The American Magazine | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The American Magazine
In 1906 several journalists working for McClure's Magazine, including Lincoln Steffens, Ray Stannard Baker, Ida Tarbell and William A. White left and established the American Magazine. It soon established itself as one of America's leading investigative magazines. However, its ... |
9d5f7db11db756b3f5abd01df4b40927 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAanarchist.htm | Anarchism | Anarchism
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
Anarchism is the political belief that society should have no government, laws, police, or other authority, but should be a free association of all its members. William Godwin, an important anarchist philosopher in Britain during the late 18th century, believed that t... |
24bc694d1860616eec8b38ba13bcc201 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAantinazi.htm | Hollywood Anti-Nazi League | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Hollywood Anti-Nazi League
In 1936 a group of people involved in the film industry who were concerned about the growth of fascism in Europe established the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League (HANL). Members included Dorothy Parker, Alan Campbell, Walter Wanger, Dashiell Hammett, Cedric Belfrage, Donald Ogde... |
b5fa4f7eca879508068eeaf70d11a2a2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAarmy.htm | US Army | US Army
The first regular American fighting force, the Continental Army, was organised in June, 1775, to support militia forces in the War of Independence (1775-83). Disbanded in November, 1783, it was re-established during times of conflict such as the Mexican War (1846-48).
By 1860 there were 16,000 men in United Sta... |
78840508a0cf71c083528efda7283ffd | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAarthurC.htm | Chester Arthur | Chester Arthur
Chester Arthur, the son of a Baptist minister, was born in Fairfield, Vermont, on 5th October, 1829. He graduated from Union College in 1848 and three years later became principal of North Pownal Academy.
Arthur studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1854 and commenced practice in New York City. An o... |
937b3fb6eebfca8c8df4d2f509396adc | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAatlantic.htm | The Atlantic Magazine | The Atlantic Magazine
The Atlantic Monthly was founded in 1857. James Russell Lowell was its first editor (1857-61) and he had a policy of publishing articles on nature, travel and biography. At first, the magazine printed less stories than its competitors, Harper's Monthly and Scribner's Magazine.
In 1869 Harriet Beec... |
0ad65ccc48c3766f21e10f9dff1f3655 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbakerN.htm | Newton Baker | Newton Baker
Newton Baker was born in West Virginia in 1871. After graduating from John Hopkins University (1892) he became as a lawyer in Cleveland, Ohio.
Baker was a reforming Democratic mayor of Cleveland (1912-16) and a person who had expressed pacifist beliefs, surprisingly accepted the post of secretary of war un... |
c0dfe8eed82a7bbd9e65779cce391ebe | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbellamy.htm | Edward Bellamy | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edward Bellamy
Edward Bellamy was born at Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, on 26th March, 1850. His father, Rufus King Bellamy, was a Baptist minister, whereas his mother, Maria Louisa Putnam Bellamy, was a Calvinist. Bellamy studied law but determined to be a writer, he began working for the newspape... |
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