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1097d1c75feaf4232b92913d7dd10da2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAberkeley.htm | William Berkeley | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William Berkeley
William Berkeley was born in Somerset, England in 1606. Soon after graduating from Oxford University in 1624 he was employed in the colonial office. Knighted by Charles I in 1639, Berkeley was appointed as governor of Virginia.
During the English Civil War he declared his support fo... |
de827e3505c81f1cdfd2bf76ba579231 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbessie.htm | Alvah Bessie | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Alvah Bessie
Alvah Bessie was born in New York on 4th June, 1904. After attending Columbia University he worked as an actor and stage manager in Massachusetts.
In 1928 Bessie had his first short-story, Redbird, published. He worked for the New Yorker before his novel, Dwell in the Wilderness, appear... |
bff9d1805073c7c83f20fec85b249821 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbillingsW.htm | Warren Billings | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Warren Billings
Warren Billings, the son of a carpenter, was born at Middletown in 1893. His father died two years later leaving his mother a widow with nine children.
Billings did a variety of jobs including farm labourer, a shoe lining cutter and a streetcar conductor. He moved to San Francisco in... |
e860dc6d65096b8ae46410ae694439cf | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbloor.htm | Ella Reeve Bloor | Ella Reeve Bloor
SectionsSocialist Party of AmericaElla Reeve Bloor and the Russian Revolution Harold Ware: A Soviet Agent Primary Sources
Ella Reeve Bloor was born on Staten Island, on 8th July, 1862. Bloor grew up in New Jersey and after marrying Lucian Ware when she was nineteen, she was a mother of four by 1892. On... |
d37d3d41d6c3e7b86568160f60fdcae2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbondJ.htm | Julian Bond | Julian Bond
Julian Bond was born in Nashville, Tennessee, on 14th January, 1940. His grandfather, Horace Mann Bond, was the first African American president of Lincoln University.
While a student at Morehouse College, Bond became involved in sit-in protests against segregation in Atlanta. Bond's activities helped to wi... |
670ad12fdeb804b76e853b71d8b455bb | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbraun.htm | Wernher von Braun | Wernher von Braun
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
Wernher von Braun, the son of a Prussian baron, was born in Wirsitz, Germany in 1912. He studied engineering at Berlin's Charlottenburg Institute of Technology and after reading The Rocket into Interplanetary Space by Hermann Oberth, he became interested in ro... |
4c1a824fc9a3593c38e8b27704da0c5a | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbrecht.htm | Bertolt Brecht | Bertolt Brecht
SectionsBertolt Brecht & the German RevolutionFirst Plays Erwin PiscatorBertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill Nazi GermanyDenmark, Sweden and the Soviet UnionThe United States House of Un-American Activities CommitteeSwitzerlandGerman Democratic Republic (GDR) Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Bertolt ... |
db3d552e98a1711f19ee14e65bdf7654 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAburleighN.htm | Nina Burleigh | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Nina Burleigh
Nina Burleigh was born in Chicago in 1960. She has a Master's degree in English Literature from the University of Chicago, a Master’s in Public Affairs Reporting from the University of Illinois at Springfield, and a B.A. in English from MacMurray College.
After graduating from universi... |
e160203d025a4f08546867ab45f9f1d2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbutlerHB.htm | Hugo Butler | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Hugo Butler
Hugo D. Butler, the son of Frank Butler, an actor in silent films, was born in Calgary, Canada, on 4th May, 1914. He worked as a journalist before moving to Hollywood in 1937 where he worked on the screenplay of Big City, a film that featured Luise Rainer and Spencer Tracy.
During this p... |
1d34622c34459b67cffd0efdd452cad5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcalhoun.htm | John Calhoun | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Calhoun
John Calhoun was born in Abbeville, South Carolina, on 18th March, 1782. Educated at Yale College and the Litchfield Law School, he was admitted to the bar but after his marriage to the rich heiress, Floride Bonneau, he concentrated on politics.
Calhoun was elected to South Carolina's s... |
24d0d7ee4b010c6f918309b59a539e2b | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAchicago.htm | Chicago | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Chicago
Chicago is situated on the south-western tip of Lake Michigan in the state of Illinois. The narrow Chicago River extends one mile inland and splits the city into North, West and South sides. Jacques Marquette and Luis Joliet explored the area in 1673 but it was another hundred years before a... |
7c67ea988bf87194dae5513618fd17b3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcivilrights.htm | Civil Rights in the USA | Civil Rights in the USA
1840-1900: Issues, Events & Organizations 1900-1980: Issues, Events & Organizations Civil Right Campaigners: 1860-1900 Civil Right Campaigners: 1900-2020
1840-1900: Issues, Events & Organizations Black Codes The Kansas-Nebraska Act Reconstruction Plans Reconstruction Acts Wade-Davis Act Civil Ri... |
303f737cd672c94f06d7f464255b607e | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAClawsonJ.htm | James Lawson | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
James Lawson
James Lawson was born in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, on 22nd September, 1928. After graduating from Boston University he became a divinity student at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee.
A pacifist committed to equal civil rights, Lawson organised student sit-ins demonstrations a... |
b2017af188a84de1db9958cdaef943bb | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcleaver.htm | Eldridge Cleaver | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Eldridge Cleaver
Eldridge Cleaver, the son of a nightclub piano player, was born in Wabbaseka, Arkansas, in 1935. The family later moved to Los Angeles. As a teenager he was sent to reform school for stealing a bicycle and selling marijuana.
Soon after his release he was arrested for possession of m... |
d3234caabeff73b547f65ff51ee5c5cd | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcobb.htm | Lee J. Cobb | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Lee J. Cobb
Lee J. Cobb was born in New York on 8th December, 1911. He studied at New York University before joining the Group Theatre in 1935 where he appeared with Elia Kazan in Waiting for Lefty, the highly successful play by Clifford Odets. He made his screen debut in The Vanishing Shadow (1934)... |
04fb831951c0e0f1b83fb79a85228bd2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcoleL.htm | Lester Cole | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Lester Cole
Lester Cole was born in New York on 19th June, 1904. The son of Polish immigrants, Cole dropped out of high school in 1920. He wanted to be an actor and appeared in two early Hollywood movies, Painted Faces (1929) and Love at First Sight (1930).
Cole turned to writing and his first scree... |
174a5d8e4f7f4945ae80cca750922099 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcollinsR.htm | Richard Collins | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Richard Collins
Richard Collins, the son of fashion designer, Harry Collins, was born in New York City on 20th July, 1914. As a child he spent a lot of time in Paris. After graduating from Beverly Hills High School in 1932, he entered Stanford University, where he got to know Budd Schulberg.
Collins... |
c25a2c58b0cd23efffa75c1966b9a5d7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAconsumers.htm | National Consumers League | National Consumers League
In 1899 a group of women associated with the Hull House social settlement, established the radical pressure group, the National Consumer's League (NCL). The main objective of the organization was to achieve a minimum wage and a limitation on the working hours of women and children. Its constit... |
3248fb207f8f112dae6ab719952041d3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcoretta.htm | Coretta Scott King | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Coretta Scott King
Coretta Scott was born in Marion, Alabama, on 27th April, 1927. Her father was a lumber carrier who did badly during the Great Depression. The family was so poor that Coretta had to walk three miles to school every day.
After graduating from Antioch College in Ohio in 1951, she en... |
baaae9a94cd83671b86e853837819396 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcosmopolitan.htm | Costmopolian Magazine | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Costmopolian Magazine
The Cosmopolitan Magazine was founded by Schlicht & Field in 1886. In the first edition Paul Schlicht told his readers that the intention was to produce a "first-class family magazine". He added: "There will be a department devoted exclusively to the interests of women, with ar... |
00505e162686e5c6db63865f13aa015e | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcrane.htm | Stephen Crane | Stephen Crane
Stephen Crane, the son of a Methodist minister, was born in New Jersey in 1871. He became a journalist and worked for the New York Tribune and the New York Herald. His first novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, was published in 1893.
Crane was greatly influenced by the work of Hamlin Garland. In his book... |
c30b38a1624f9ee1262b7e6ac9673ae1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcurtisC.htm | Carl Curtis | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Carl Curtis
Carl Curtis was born in Kearney County, Nebraska, on 15th March, 1905. After graduating from Nebraska Wesleyan University he became a teacher in Minden. He continued to study law and was admitted to the bar in 1930. Curtis was county attorney of Kearney County (1931-1934).
A member of th... |
4ee7dbf71516f30ca6d64f5cb9624700 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USACWarmyC.htm | Confederate Army | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Confederate Army
On the outbreak of the American Civil War, 313 officers left the United States Army to join the Confederate Army. President Jefferson Davis called for 82,000 volunteers but this was clearly not enough and in August, 1861, the Confederate Congress authorized the recruitment of 400,00... |
e1c6cee3784f1dbfb6d8da8a203b7a0e | https://spartacus-educational.com/USACWbooth.htm | John Wilkes Booth | John Wilkes Booth
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
John Wilkes Booth was born in Bel Air, Maryland, on 10th May, 1838. He was the ninth of ten children born to the famous actor, Junius Brutus Booth.
Booth made his acting debut at the age of seventeen in Baltimore. He toured throughout America and soon became o... |
03edde6587fb87069607cae80b0fcd47 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USACWburnside.htm | Ambrose Burnside | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Ambrose Burnside
Ambrose Burnside was born in Liberty on 23rd May, 1824. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1847. He served in the Mexican War but resigned his commission in 1853.
Burnside settled in Bristol, Rhode Island, where he became involved in the manufacture of fire... |
6db247fa56b2fa2a4bf536458571a83b | https://spartacus-educational.com/USACWchancellorsville.htm | Chancellorsville | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Chancellorsville
In April, 1863, General Joseph Hooker, the commander of the Army of the Potomac, decided to attack the Army of Northern Virginia that had been entrenched on the south side of the Rappahonnock River since the battle of Fredericksburg. Hooker and his 130,000 strong army crossed the ri... |
7bbbb6bf19a80e440ed742793c356736 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USACWfredericksburg.htm | Fredericksburg | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Fredericksburg
General Ambrose Burnside replaced George McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac on 7th November, 1862. After complaints that had been made by President Abraham Lincoln and the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, about the inaction of the Union Army, Burnside was determined ... |
19d95e80d2db57bc954257844769b539 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USACWgrimes.htm | James Grimes | James Grimes
James Grimes was born in Deering, New Hampshire, on 20th October, 1816. After graduating from Dartmouth College he studied law and worked as a lawyer in Wisconsin Territory.
Grimes served in the Iowa House of Representatives in 1838-1839 and 1843-44. He served as Whig Party governor of Iowa (1854-1858) bef... |
06c759d545ce34e9d7e84b19323df8cc | https://spartacus-educational.com/USACWhooker.htm | Joseph Hooker | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Joseph Hooker
Joseph Hooker was born in Hadley, Massachusetts, on 13th November, 1814. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and served in the Seminole War (1838-42) and the Mexican War (1846-48). While in Mexico he clashed with General Winfield Scott and decided to resign from t... |
8f836de9754b9931eb523a8fe5f85a65 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USACWlongstreet.htm | James Longstreet | James Longstreet
James Longstreet was born in Edgefield District, South Carolina on 8th January, 1821. After graduating from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1842 he joined the United States Army and saw action in the Mexican War (1846-48).
On the outbreak of the American Civil War he joined the Confederate A... |
74f2af0b10b89f6be9f6dea947191fde | https://spartacus-educational.com/USACWmosby.htm | John Mosby | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Mosby
John Singleton Mosby was born in Edgemont, Virginia, on 6th December, 1833. Brought up near Charlottesville he entered the University of Virginia in 1849. At university he was charged with shooting another student and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment. While in prison he studied law... |
441993fa3debf2a46a41a0a9101ce267 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USACWsherman.htm | William Sherman | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William Sherman
William Sherman, the son of a judge, was born in Lancaster, Ohio, on 8th February, 1820. He studied at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and after joining the United States Army he was sent to Florida fight in the Seminole War. He was then transferred to California where he had... |
aba9f2dea0a887a5858ceacd00594e08 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdial.htm | The Dial | The Dial
The Dial was founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller in 1840. Fuller edited the journal and in one article,The Great Lawsuit, she called for sexual equality. Emerson took over from Fuller in 1842 and used the journal to publish the work of Henry David Thoreau. The Dial ceased publication in 1844.
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4f43f72721ba072cba58d72097b15d80 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdillingE.htm | Elizabeth Dilling | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Elizabeth Dilling
Elizabeth (Dilling) Kirkpatrick, was born in Chicago, Illinois, on 19th April, 1894. Her father, Dr. L. Kirkpatrick, was a physician. She attended a Catholic girls' school before studying music at the University of Chicago. She failed to graduate and married Albert Dilling, an engi... |
42a5e658aa674f17cf1f86555ec6f0f0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdmytryk.htm | Edward Dmytryk | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edward Dmytryk
Edward Dmytryk was born in British Columbia, Canada, on 4th September, 1908. After an education at the California Institute of Technology, he became a messenger boy at Paramount Pictures.
Dmytryk became a film editor in 1929 and directed his first film, The Hawk, in 1935. Over the nex... |
5d7e8e2a12e24791165a582e75157230 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdonaldD.htm | Michael Donald | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Michael Donald
Michael Donald was born in Mobile, Alabama, in 1962. He attending a local trade school and worked part-time at the Mobile Press Register.
In 1981 the trial of Josephus Andersonan, an African American charged with the murder of a white policeman, took place in Mobile. At the end of the... |
ca8ce208e5aae53fd99a3614e4ba6857 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdullesA.htm | Allen Dulles | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Allen Dulles
Allen Dulles, the son of a Presbyterian minister, and the younger brother of John Foster Dulles, was born in Watertown on 7th April 1893. His grandfather was John Watson Foster, Secretary of State under Benjamin Harrison. His uncle, Robert Lansing, was Secretary of State in the Cabinet ... |
ea3e0dd17bad37ea72ecaa50e1f635e3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAeastland.htm | James Eastland | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
James Eastland
James Eastland was born in Doddsville, Mississippi on 28th November, 1904. He attended the University of Mississippi, Vanderbilt University and the University of Alabama before being admitted to the bar in 1927.
A member of the Democratic Party, Eastland was a member of State house of... |
7bbf6dde38439638b564f1a295b6970e | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEengland.htm | English Emigration | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
English Emigration
In the 16th century English explorers were sent to the New World to seek a passage to the Indies. However, gradually the government became more concerned with establishing overseas colonies. It was hoped that these territories would provide an outlet for her surplus population, a ... |
21c04442c41956414c7d62d2614c1d1a | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEfrance.htm | French Immigration | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
French Immigration
In 1608 the explorer, Samuel de Champlain, founded the first permanent French colony at Quebec. He also explored the area that is now northern New York State.
It was not until sixty years later that the French began to expand south. In 1673 Jacques Marquette and Luis Joliet explor... |
811a1804341d3b054e1b848cb892cc36 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAeinstein.htm | Albert Einstein | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born of Jewish parents in Ulm, Germany, in 1879. He was educated at Munich, Aarau and Zurich. Disapproving of German militarism he took Swiss nationality in 1901 and the following year was appointed examiner at the Swiss Patent Office. While in this post he began ... |
86540cbfb59c971743a9756e9e9ae225 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEireland.htm | Irish Immigration | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Irish Immigration
At the beginning of the 19th century the dominant industry of Ireland was agriculture. Large areas of this land was under the control of landowners living in England. Much of this land was rented to small farmers who, because of a lack of capital, farmed with antiquated implements ... |
128f0fd565799cce6dfcbd36d634cfae | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEnorway.htm | Norway and Immigration | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Norway and Immigration
In 1821 the Quakers community in the Stavanger area of Norway sent two members, Cleng Peerson and Knud Olsen Eide, over to America to explore the possibility of emigration in order to avoid religious persecution. Eide died soon after arriving in America but Peerson was able to... |
ede0093b64b49b0ab283326eb9d160ec | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEscotland.htm | Scottish Immigrants to America | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Scottish Immigrants to America
Large-scale emigration from Scotland began in the 18th century. The main reason for this was the destruction of the clan system after the Battle of Culloden in 1746. This resulted in a rapid increase in the cost of renting land and an increasing number of Scottish farm... |
221b8b1f0483736715aec43e0e74e4c5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAevers.htm | Medgar Evers | Medgar Evers
Medgar Evers was born in Decatur, Mississippi on 2nd July, 1925. He served in the United States Army during the Second World War and after he returned in 1946 he found employment selling insurance.
Evers joined the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) and helped organize chap... |
1d7a2b68f27f99e4739bdb35c44418a1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAeverybodys.htm | Everybody's Magazine | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Everybody's Magazine
Everybody's Magazine was founded in 1899. The editor, John O'Hara Cosgrave, was fully committed to investigative journalism. In August, 1902 the magazine published an article by Frank Norris exposing corrupt business dealings in agriculture. This was followed by another article ... |
44664c27cdafee0870c9a71c162f63c9 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAfallA.htm | Albert Fall | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Albert Fall
Albert Fall was born in Frankfort, Kentucky, on 26th November, 1861. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1891. He worked as a lawyer in Las Cruces, New Mexico and in 1893 was appointed judge of the third judicial district.
Fall served as captain in the First Territorial Infantr... |
20974b589931201612a3b6f0755ed18c | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAfbi.htm | FBI | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
FBI
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the investigative branch of the United States Department of Justice, was established by Attorney-General Charles J. Bonaparte (1851-1921) in 1908. The original function of the FBI was the investigation of violations of federal law. However, it also assi... |
ff73a34b9ae8a099b14aa2482f841d0e | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAfielden.htm | Samuel Fielden | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Samuel Fielden
Samuel Fielden was born in Todmorden, Lancashire, England, in 1847. His father campaigned against child labour and was active in the Ten Hours Movement and Chartism. Fielden worked for thirteen years in a textile mill before becoming a Methodist minister.
In 1868 Fielden he emigrated ... |
6425987eca4cf14b24edc58d17c3724b | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAflanaganH.htm | Hallie Flanagan | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Hallie Flanagan
Hallie Ferguson was born in Redfield, South Dakota, on 27th August 1890. The family moved to Iowa, and after leaving attending Grinnell College, she attended playwriting classes led by George Pierce Baker at Harvard University. During this period she became very interested in experim... |
0834edf15e71c815953d529ae47517d5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAflower.htm | Benjamin Flower | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Benjamin Flower
Benjamin Flower was born in Albion, Illinois on 19th October, 1858. After attending the University of Kentucky he found work as a journalist and by 1880 was editor of the American Sentinel.
In 1889 Flower founded The Arena, an American literary and political magazine. Flower left the... |
1a61d472499dace940e97f9fb765b062 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAflynn.htm | Elizabeth Gurley Flynn | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, the daughter of Irish immigrants, was born in Concord, New Hampshire on 7th August, 1890. The family moved to South Bronx in 1900 and Flynn was educated at the local public school. She later recalled: "I hated poverty. I was determined to do something a... |
e056b2a1090a6e56132b6dd1eeff0439 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAfremont.htm | John Fremont | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Fremont
John Fremontwas born in Savanannah, Georgia, on 21st January, 1813. Educated at Charleston College, he taught mathematics before joining the Army Topographical Engineers Corps in 1838. The following year Fremont joined a party led by Joseph N. Nicollet, that surveyed and mapped the regi... |
38c2246aae1edfdced8609be475b6439 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAfuchs.htm | Klaus Fuchs | Klaus Fuchs
SectionsKlaus Fuchs & Max Born Manhattan Project Klaus Fuchs - Soviet Spy Harwell Research Centre Klaus Fuchs & Verona Project ConfessionPrimary SourcesReferences
Klaus Fuchs was born on 29th December, 1911, in Rüsselsheim, Germany. He was the third child in the family of two sons and two daughters of Emil ... |
7e29bb78b54c4b5b7488a7b77e8dc185 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAgarvey.htm | Marcus Garvey | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Garvey was born in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, on 17th August, 1887. After seven years of schooling he worked as a printer. He became an active trade unionist and in 1907 was elected vice president of compositors' branch of the printers' union. He helped lead a printer's strike (190... |
5ce7e7d5f5032aa911d28ca342b26746 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAgitlowB.htm | Benjamin Gitlow | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Benjamin Gitlow
Benjamin Gitlow was born in Elizabethport, New Jersey, on 22nd December, 1891. His father, Lewis Albert Gitlow, an ethnic Jew, had emigrated from Russia in 1888. Theodore Draper has argued in his book The Roots of American Communism (1957): "Gitlow... spent his childhood in the grim... |
4ca88e033b65d12072c4d56128d48cce | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAgreeley.htm | Horace Greeley | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Horace Greeley
Horace Greeley was born in Amherst, New Hampshire, on 3rd February, 1811. He trained as a printer but he later moved to New York City where he became a journalist. Greeley worked for the New Yorker and in 1841 established the New York Tribune. A newspaper he was to edit for over thirt... |
8d931fcbcef8872b31ac649f48a28d86 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAgronlund.htm | Laurence Gronlund | Laurence Gronlund
Laurence Gronlund was born in Denmark in 1846. Educated at the University of Copenhagen he emigrated to the United States in 1867. He worked as a lawyer in Chicago and became involved in the reform movement. Gronlund, an executive member of the Socialist Labor Party, wrote several books on social refo... |
c8cca3df2091128a72d5ce607a54e6ee | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhadden.htm | Briton Hadden | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Briton Hadden
Briton Hadden, the son of Crowell Hadden Jr. and Bess Busch, was born in Brooklyn Heights, on 18th February, 1898. His grandfather, Crowell Hadden, was the head of the Brooklyn Savings Bank. Briton's father had been married to Bess's sister, Maud, who died giving birth to Crowell Hadde... |
1cea5388008f85260f69857fd5f54cc6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhamer.htm | Fannie Lou Hamer | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Fannie Lou Hamer
Fannie Lou Hamer, the youngest of twenty children, was born in Montgomery County, Mississippi, on 6th October, 1936. A sharecropper, Hamer did not know that African Americans could vote until she attended a a Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) meeting at a church in Ru... |
bf130cf8ddded7c7b04ad15a2660ea89 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhapgood.htm | Norman Hapgood | Norman Hapgood
Norman Hapgood was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1868. After studying at Harvard Law School he went into journalism. Hapgood became editor of Collier's Weekly in 1903. He soon developed a reputation of employing the country's leading writers. In May, 1906, he commissioned Jack London to report on the San... |
730b7058cdecd9e91e21de6e46d736ae | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAharding.htm | Warren Harding | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Warren Harding
Warren Gamaliel Harding, the son of a doctor, was born in Blooming Grove, Ohio, on 2nd November, 1865. A journalist, Harding and his wife, Florence Kling DeWolfe took control of the Marion Daily Star in 1891. He joined the Republican Party and became a director in several local compan... |
24f664deaeceea84be366eae49c8d5fa | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhemingway.htm | Ernest Hemingway | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway, the son of Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a doctor, was was born in Oak Park, Illinois, on 21st July, 1899. His mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a music teacher but had always wanted to be an opera singer. According to Carlos Baker, the author of Ernest Hemingway: A ... |
5e50a504a57295eec9c47425557c926e | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAholmesOS.htm | Oliver Wendell Holmes | Oliver Wendell Holmes
Oliver Wendell Holmes, the son of Abiel Holmes (1763–1837), minister of the First Congregational Church and Sarah Wendell, was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 29th August, 1809. He studied at Harvard University and after graduating in 1836 he practiced medicine for 10 years. He also wrote poe... |
e2f7ec55e5d85578223f8e6a1868837e | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhouse.htm | Edward House | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edward House
Edward Mandell House, the son of a banker, was born in Houston, Texas on July 26, 1858. He studied at Cornell University and afterwards returned to the family plantation on the death of his father in 1880.
A wealthy man, House was now able to concentrate on politics. A member of the Dem... |
2a33b1c9b88e40057df34af9c31a2d8f | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhouseman.htm | John Houseman | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Houseman
John Houseman was born in Rumania in 1902. Educated in England, Houseman moved to New York where he directed Four Saints in Three Acts (1934). In 1937 Houseman worked with Orson Welles and Marc Blitzstein on The Cradle Will Rock, a musical about the tyranny of capitalism. Developed wit... |
b6a86d8abf5627c1633c5e720bbd5b1d | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhullhouse.htm | Hull House | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Hull House
In 1888, while on a tour of Europe, Jane Addams and Ellen Starr visited the university settlement of Toynbee Hall , in the East End of London. Named after the social reformer, Arnold Toynbee, the settlement was run by Samuel Augustus Barnett, canon of St. Jude's Church.
Situated in Commer... |
db8143814f2d8d0d2f02afaeb3f55e56 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhuntM.htm | Marsha Hunt | Marsha Hunt
SectionsMarsha Hunt and Anti-FascismHouse of Un-American Activities CommitteeRed Channels After the BlacklistPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
Marsha Hunt was born on 17th October, 1917. She never wanted to do anything except act. She grew up in New York City and remembers going to the theatre with her fath... |
37dbbae10fb450c607d7aa8053d0ffdf | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAinfact.htm | In Fact | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
In Fact
The radical journalist, George Seldes, established the In Fact political newsletter in 1940. One of the first articles published in the newsletter concerned the link between cigarette smoking and cancer. Seldes later explained that at the time, "The tobacco stories were suppressed by every m... |
0b362432315b6740ae65145080fde9b5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAirangate.htm | Irangate | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Irangate
In late 1986 President Ronald Reagan became embroiled in in what became known as the Irangate Scandal. It was discovered that the Reagan administration had been selling arms to the Islamic fundamentalist government in Iran in order to gain the release of American hostages in the Lebanon.The... |
3982367465ad5ab2ce9656c11b4b0eaf | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAiww.htm | Industrial Workers of the World | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Industrial Workers of the World
In 1905 representatives of 43 groups who opposed the policies of American Federation of Labour, formed the radical labour organisation, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The IWW's goal was to promote worker solidarity in the revolutionary struggle to overthro... |
be038caa1c2ad555f5657aacfe173f42 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAjournalists.htm | American Journalists - Biographies | American Journalists - Biographies
American JournalistsLyman AbbottSamuel Hopkins AdamsFranklin Pierce AdamsJames AgeeFrederick Lewis AllenJoseph AlsopStewart AlsopJames AltgensCarr Van AndaJack AndersonSherwood AndersonJames AronsonHugh AynesworthRay Stannard BakerBessie BeattyRobert BenchleyVictor BergerJack L. BellU... |
58370b0dd6b01a074477b84b9004ce6c | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAjungC.htm | Carl Jung | Carl Jung
SectionsCarl Jung at University of Basel Sigmund FreudVisit to North America Dispute with Carl JungIntroversion and Extraversion Jungian TheoryCarl Jung and Nazi GermanyFinal Years Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Carl Jung, only surviving child of Paul Achilles Jung and Emilie Preiswerk, was born ... |
839b150b9d0feeb877dc30473c471206 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAkennedyJ.htm | John F. Kennedy | John F. Kennedy
SectionsJohn F. Kennedy elected to Congress John F. Kennedy elected to the Senate 1960 Presidential Election President John F. Kennedy Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cold War John F. Kennedy and Vietnam John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh DiemJohn F. Kennedy and Nuclear Disar... |
056939bd209b8d817e944649476aa5a7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlaborparty.htm | American Labor Party | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
American Labor Party
In 1936 the American Labor Party (ALP) was formed by left-wing supporters of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. This included Abraham Cahan, Sidney Hillman, Louis Waldman and David Dubinsky. The ALP put forward a left-wing, non-socialist, program. Its 1937 Declaration of Pr... |
2c13e4667c77129ea4a283e8f6c6ad77 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlansing.htm | Robert Lansing | Robert Lansing
Robert Lansing was born in Watertown, New York in 1864. He became an attorney in 1889 and made his name as a US counsel in arbitration cases. An authority on international law, he became counsellor for the Department of State in 1914.
President Woodrow Wilson was impressed with Lansing's abilities and ap... |
c446f57f8067f16dc7b8f757b19dad10 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlennart.htm | Isobel Lennart | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Isobel Lennart
Isobel Lennart was born in Brooklyn, New York 1915. She moved to Hollywood where she found work in the MGM mail room. A member of the Young Communist League, she was sacked in 1934 when she attempted to organize a union. Lennart joined the Communist Party in 1939 but left five years l... |
d417fc10212ad92e6a489fc2c3509b68 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlife.htm | Life Magazine | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Life Magazine
The Life founded in 1883 and was in response to two recently established successful magazines, Puck Magazine and Judge Magazine. It was a light entertainment magazine that placed an emphasis on jokes and cartoons. It employed some of the most important artists of the period, including ... |
cd4f1a4b56494b626ff87d8995c6dd58 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlittlerock.htm | Little Rock | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Little Rock
During the 1950s the main tactic of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People was to use the courts to end racial discrimination in the United States. One of its objectives was to end the system of having separate schools for black and white children in the South. F... |
0352cf8c998d21440eb1f3dea0af06e0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlodge.htm | Henry Cabot Lodge | Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was born in Boston on 12th May, 1850. Educated at Harvard University and in 1876 was awarded a Ph.D. in political science. Lodge taught at Harvard and was assistant editor of the North American Review.
Lodge was elected to the state legislature (1880-81), the House of Representatives... |
62a197bc5dacc546540a7cbc6690de1d | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlongH.htm | Huey Long | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Huey Long
Huey Pierce Long, the seventh of nine children, was born in Winnfield, Louisiana, on 30th August, 1893. After leaving school he worked as a salesman in Texas and Tennessee before enrolling in the Tulane University Law School in New Orleans in 1914. He completed the three-year course in eig... |
e2d3777bbf23ec25ed38dccb6d183f0b | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlorimer.htm | Charles Horace Lorimer | Charles Horace Lorimer
George Horace Lorimer, he son of the Rev. George C. Lorimer and Belle Burford Lorimer, was born in Louisville, Kentucky, on 6th October, 1868. After attending Colby College and Yale University he worked in a meat-packing company and as a retail grocer before turning to reporting.
In 1899 Cyrus H.... |
895a47caff0a831bd764f31e7bc4d3da | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlosangeles.htm | History of Los Angeles | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
History of Los Angeles
In 1765 King Carlos III of Spain sent José de Gálvez to New Spain with orders to organize the settlement of Alta California. Inspector General Gálvez recruited Gaspar de Portolà and Junipero Serra in what became known as the "Sacred Expedition". It was decided that three ships... |
9c3c3e599311fe524d185f60f48d71a4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlovestoneJ.htm | Jay Lovestone | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Jay Lovestone
Jacob Liebstein was born in Hrodna, in modern day Belarus, on 15th December 1897. The family arrived at Ellis Island on 15th September. From that date Jacob adopted the name Jay Lovestone. His parents set up home in the Lower East Side, but later moved to the Bronx.
As a young man he b... |
472ca0039ba4923c0ca5def32007017a | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmacarthur.htm | Douglas MacArthur | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Douglas MacArthur
Douglas MacArthur, the son of the high-ranking military figure, Arthur MacArthur, was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, on 26th January, 1880. Although previously a poor scholar, in 1903 MacArthur graduated first in his 93-man class, at West Point Military Academy.
Commissioned in the... |
d14ed79e02d6918a4e7dae4ff41109e4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmacleish.htm | Archibald MacLeish | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Archibald MacLeish
Archibald MacLeish was born in Glencoe, Illinois, on 7th May 1892. After graduating from Yale University in 1915 and two years later his first book of poems, Tower of Ivory, was published.
MacLeish he joined the United States Army in 1917. He served in France as a field artillery ... |
967a600425c9c94bda42075b96cccb83 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmarshR.htm | Reginald Marsh | Reginald Marsh
Reginald Marsh was born in Paris, France, in 1898. His parents were both artists who returned to the United States in 1900. He studied at Yale University before becoming an artist.
Marsh held radical political views and provided drawings for journals such as The Masses, The Liberator and The Unemployed a... |
b9474ff92294a3b10b308c29551731a5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmcallister_coleman.htm | McAllister Coleman | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
McAllister Coleman
McAllister Coleman was a successful basketball player before becoming a sports reporter for the New York Sun. He joined the Socialist Party of America and attempted to convert the important columnist, Heywood Broun, to socialism. He initially rejected the idea: "I like the brother... |
ebe9330b0d628bedb3e7f6218239e256 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmcclureM.htm | McClure's Magazine | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
McClure's Magazine
Samuel McClure established McClure's Magazine, an American literary and political magazine, in June 1893. Selling at the low price of 15 cents, this illustrated magazine published the work of leading popular writers such as Rudyard Kipling, Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur Conan ... |
e672bd5ade608672222dd4e22ac79bd6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmcgovern.htm | George McGovern | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
George McGovern
George McGovern, the son of a Methodist minister, was born in Avon, South Dakota, on 19th July, 1922. A highly intelligent student, in 1940 he won a scholarship to study history at the North-Western University.
McGovern's education was interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World ... |
1bfa60d3b6f72a70aea1b05db01c6951 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmcparlan.htm | James McParland | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
James McParland
James McParland was born in Ireland in 1843. He worked as a stock clerk, agricultural labourer and circus barker before taking a ship from Liverpool to New York in 1867.
McParland settled in Chicago where he opened a store selling alcohol. After a fire destroyed his business in 1871 ... |
78635547098557da1b8100b6cebc85fe | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmexicanW.htm | The Mexican War | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Mexican War
Richard Pakenham was a British diplomat serving in Mexico. In 1841 he wrote to Lord Palmerston, the foreign secretary, urging the British government "to establish an English population in the magnificent Territory of Upper California... no part of the World offering greater natural a... |
42d48facc478b4583b635d0be897c7db | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmillerA.htm | Arthur Miller | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Arthur Miller
Arthur Miller, the son of Isidore Miller and Augusta Barnett Miller, was born in New York City on 17th October, 1915. His father was involved in the Manhattan rag trade. The family moved from Harlem to Brooklyn when Arthur was a child.
Isidore Miller's business was destroyed as a resul... |
958625144bb9e2f1597dfb2ea8178a1f | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmolly.htm | Molly Maguires | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Molly Maguires
In the 19th century, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, became an important source of anthracite coal. Most of the men who worked in these mines were immigrants from Wales, England, Germany and Ireland.
In 1868 John Siney, an Irish immigrant who had been working in coal-mines in England... |
11f76cb55736b9c42bb3ef979d06a237 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmooney.htm | Tom Mooney | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Tom Mooney
Tom Mooney, the son of Irish immigrants, was born in Chicago on 8th December, 1882. Mooney's father was a coal miner who died of tuberculosis at the age of 36.
When he was fourteen Mooney started work at a local factory. The following year he was apprenticed as an iron molder and in 1902 ... |
9ed85a661b18f51c697b2f0c0ce33137 | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmoses.htm | Robert Moses | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Robert Moses
Robert Moses was born in Harlem, New York, on 23rd January, 1935. A brilliant student he studied philosophy at Harvard University and then taught mathematics at the Horace Mann School in New York (1958-1961).
Moses left teaching to work full-time in the civil rights movement. He was fie... |
d3b71013ac7cf76119f6884a83187d4d | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmost.htm | Johann Most | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Johann Most
Johann Most, the illegitimate son of a clerk and governess, was born in Augsburg, Germany, in 1846. his mother died when he was a child and he was brought up by a stepmother who treated him badly. He also suffered from a disease that badly disfigured his face.
In 1867 he moved to Vienna ... |
f47d135c678d48b700d01696f7e55d4a | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmurrayA.htm | Anna (Pauli) Murray | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Anna (Pauli) Murray
Anna (Pauli) Murray was born in Baltimore on 20th November, 1910. Her mother, Agnes Murray died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1914. Her father, William Murray, was a graduate of Howard University and taught in a local high school. He suffered from the long-term effects of typhoid f... |
8691789fd84c436551d41ebfcbd9f78e | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAnaacp.htm | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
On 14th August, 1908, William English Walling and Anna Strunsky heard about the Springfield Riot in Illinois, where a white mob attacked local African Americans. During the riot two were lynched, six killed, and over 2,000 African Americans... |
a38130d45c6f960f01f59e2b4af0960f | https://spartacus-educational.com/USAnance.htm | John Nance Garner | John Nance Garner
John Nance Garner was born in Red River County, Texas, on 22nd November, 1868. After studying law he was admitted to the bar in 1890 and became a lawyer in Texas.
A member of the Democratic Party Garner served as a judge in Uvalde County (1893-1896) and in the Texas house of representatives (1898-1902... |
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