question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
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What fruit causes Jamaican vomiting sickness? | ['The aril of the unripe fruit has high concentrations of HGA, the cause of Jamaican vomiting sickness, which is very often fatal.', 'In 1976, over 100 years after Jamaican vomiting sickness (JVS) was first reported, the cause of JVS was linked to the ingestion of the toxin hypoglycin A produced by ackee fruit. ', 'Ack... | ['Jamaican Vomiting Sickness is caused by ingestion of the unripe arils of the Ackee fruit, its seeds and husks.'] | ['Ackee fruit'] |
Which properties of the mRNA does N6-methyladenosine (m6A) affect? | ['N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modified base in eukaryotic mRNA and has been linked to diverse effects on mRNA fate.', 'm(6)A predominantly and directly reduces mRNA stability, including that of key naïve pluripotency-promoting transcripts. ', 'Recent discoveries of reversible N(6)-methyladenosine (m... | ['N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modified base in eukaryotic mRNA and has been linked to diverse effects on mRNA fate. m6A predominantly and directly reduces mRNA stability.'] | ['mRNA stability'] |
Is selumetinib effective in thyroid cancer? | ['A phase I trial of vertical inhibition of IGF signalling using cixutumumab, an anti-IGF-1R antibody, and selumetinib, an MEK 1/2 inhibitor, in advanced solid tumours.', 'BACKGROUND: We completed a phase I clinical trial to test the safety and toxicity of combined treatment with cixutumumab (anti-IGF-1R antibody) and ... | ['Yes, selumetinib was shown to be effective treatment for thyroid cancer. Selumetinib may reverse radioiodine uptake in patients with radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Clinical efficacy of selumetinib was also investigated in other solid tumors.'] | ['yes'] |
Is cocaine use associated with increased risk for intracerebral hemorrhage? | ['Stroke in crack-cocaine abusers is increasingly recognized.', 'There were significant differences between crack-cocaine cases and controls in age (48.7 years vs. 55 years) (P = 0.0001), male gender (65.6% vs. 40.9%) (odds ratios, OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.22-2.21), arterial hypertension (61.1% vs. 83.9%) (OR = 0.30, 95% CI... | ['Cocaine use is associated with increased incidence of intracranial hemorrhages most likely due to pressure increases.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the name for anorexia in gymnasts? | ['Elite Rhythmic Gymnasts (RGs) constitute a unique metabolic model and they are prone to developing Anorexia Athletica.', 'We studied 13 female juvenile elite gymnasts with anorexia athletica (AA'] | ['Anorexia athletica'] | ['Anorexia Athletica'] |
How are CRM (cis-regulatory modules) defined? | ['Eukaryotic genes are often regulated by several transcription factors whose binding sites are tightly clustered and form cis-regulatory modules.', 'In many species, especially higher eukaryotes, transcription factor binding sites tend to occur as homotypic or heterotypic clusters, also known as cis-regulatory modules... | ['Eukaryotic genes are often regulated by several transcription factors whose binding sites are tightly clustered and form cis-regulatory modules.', 'In many species, especially higher eukaryotes, transcription factor binding sites tend to occur as homotypic or heterotypic clusters, also known as cis-regulatory modules... | [] |
Where is the histone variant CENPA preferentially localized? | ['centromere protein A (CENPA),', 'Centromere activity of the alphoid YAC was suppressed at ectopic locations on the host chromosome, as indicated by the absent or reduced assembly of CENP-A and -C.', 'Heterozygous and homozygous Cenpa-GFP fusion-protein mouse mutants, generated through targeted insertion of the green ... | ['Centromere protein A (Cenpa for mouse, CENP-A for other species) is an essential histone H3-like protein that localizes to the centromeric region of eukaryotic chromosomes, where it replaces conventional histone H3 and together with centromere-specific-DNA-binding factors directs the assembly of active kinetochores.'... | ['Centromeres', 'CENPA is preferentially localized in eukaryotic centromeres'] |
What molecule is targeted by brodalumab? | ['BACKGROUND: Early clinical studies suggested that the anti-interleukin-17 receptor A monoclonal antibody brodalumab has efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis.', 'METHODS: We reviewed the results of the phase II clinical trials for the anti-IL-17 agents secukinumab, ixekizumab and brodalumab in order to assess the ef... | ['Interleukin-17. Brodalumab is anti interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody.'] | ['Interleukin-17'] |
List the classical symptoms of the Moschcowitz syndrome (Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura). | ['The combination of neurological symptoms, thrombocytopenia, fever, renal failure and hemolytic anemia in a patient taking ticlopidine points to a diagnosis of TTP.', 'In addition to the typical manifestations of thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura like thrombocytopenia, haemolysis, fever, coma and renal failure, sign... | ['The typical manifestations of Moschocowitz syndrome (Thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura) are:\n1) thrombocytopenia, \n2) haemolysis, \n3) fever, \n4) coma and \n5) renal failure.'] | ['thrombocytopenia', 'thrombotic microangiopathy', 'haemolysis', 'hemolytic anemia', 'fever', 'coma', 'neurological symptoms', 'renal failure'] |
Which software package is available for the analysis of conserved genomic loci? | ['PHYLUCE is a software package for the analysis of conserved genomic loci', 'Prior to downstream inference, data from these types of targeted enrichment studies must undergo preprocessing to assemble contigs from sequence data; identify targeted, enriched loci from the off-target background data; align enriched contig... | ['PHYLUCE is a software package for the analysis of conserved genomic loci. It identifies targeted, enriched loci from the off-target background data; aligns enriched contigs representing conserved loci to one another; and prepare and manipulate these alignments for subsequent phylogenomic inference. PHYLUCE is an effi... | ['PHYLUCE'] |
Which is the prognostic meaning of delayed enhancement documented in patients hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | [' It is possible to conclude that there is a high prevalence of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with high-risk or recovered from cardiac sudden death, like those with clinical indication to implantable cardioverter -defibrillator. ', 'AF in HCM is related with myocardial fibrosis detected b... | ['Delayed enhancement by CMR has prognostic value in predicting adverse cardiovascular events among HCM patients, and is associated with cardiovascular mortality, heart failure death, and all-cause mortality in HCM.'] | ['Delayed enhancement by CMR has prognostic value in predicting adverse cardiovascular events among HCM patients.'] |
Which is the subcellular localization of the protein angiogenin? | ['Under growth conditions, ANG is located in nucleolus where it promotes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription thereby stimulating cell growth. In adverse conditions, ANG is relocated to cytoplasm to promote damage repairs and cell survival. ', 'Under growth conditions, ANG undergoes nuclear translocation and accumulates ... | ['Under growth conditions, ANG is located in nucleolus where it promotes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription thereby stimulating cell growth. In adverse conditions, ANG is relocated to cytoplasm to promote damage repairs and cell survival.'] | ['Both nucleolar and cytoplasmic'] |
Does strenuous physical activity affect thyroid hormone metabolism? | ['The results of the present study in a unique experimental human model of maximal exposure to altitude and physical exercise demonstrate that extreme HA and strenuous physical exercise are coupled with specific endocrine adaptations. These include increased activity of the GH/IGF-I axis and a low T(3) syndrome', "3,5,... | ['YES'] | ['yes'] |
What is the role of the Ada O6-alkylguanine alkyltransferase in bacteria? | ['multifunctional 39 kDa Escherichia coli Ada protein (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) (EC 2.1.1.63), product of the ada gene', 'The Ada protein accepts stoichiometrically the alkyl group from O6-alkylguanine in DNA at the Cys-321 residue and from alkyl phosphotriester at the Cys-69 residue. This protein functi... | ['The Ada O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase is a multifunctional protein, product of the ada gene. Ada functions in DNA repair by direct dealkylation of alkylated DNA lesions, such as the toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic O6-alkylguanine (O6-AlkG) and O4-alkylthymine (O4-AlkT) which are restored to guanine and thy... | [] |
What are the reported adverse effects of topical minoxidil? | ['Hypertrichosis is a well-recognized adverse effect of therapy with either oral or topical minoxidil.', 'reported increase of adverse events (additional hair growth on areas other than the scalp) with minoxidil (5%) twice daily. ', 'a case of central serous chorioretinopathy after application of topical minoxidil solu... | ['Typical side effects of this topical treatment include irritative dermatitis going along with pruritus, erythema, scaling and dryness, which occur especially at the onset of the therapy. In some cases, allergic contact dermatitis or exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis has been reported.\nHypertrichosis is a well-re... | [] |
Which is the mass-tag that reveal the ubiquitination of a lysine residue? | ['antibodies that recognize the Lys-ɛ-Gly-Gly (K-ɛ-GG) remnant produced by trypsin digestion of proteins having ubiquitinated lysine side chains have markedly improved the ability to enrich and detect endogenous ubiquitination sites by mass spectrometry (MS). ', 'Recent publications have also highlighted the use of pep... | ['Lys-ɛ-Gly-Gly (K-ɛ-GG) is the remnant produced by trypsin digestion of proteins having ubiquitinated lysine side chains.'] | ['Lys-ɛ-Gly-Gly (K-ɛ-GG) is the remnant produced by trypsin digestion of proteins having ubiquitinated lysine side chains.'] |
List components of the CRSP/Med complex. | [' Here we describe a new human factor, CRSP, that is required together with the TAF(II)s for transcriptional activation by Sp1. Purification of CRSP identifies a complex of approximate relative molecular mass 700,000 (M(r) approximately 700K) that contains nine subunits with M(r) values ranging from 33K to 200K. Cloni... | ['Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 7\nMediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 14\nMediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 17\nMediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 23\nMediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 24\nMediator of RNA polymerase II transcrip... | ['Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 7', 'Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 14', 'Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 17', 'Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 23', 'Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 26', 'Mediator of RNA polymerase II... |
Which is the molecular function of the protein CCDC40? | ['Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous, autosomal recessive disorder that results from functional and ultrastructural abnormalities of motile cilia.', 'Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disorder leading to recurrent respiratory tract infections.', 'Ciliary beat pattern and fr... | ['The coiled-coil domain containing protein CCDC40 is essential for motile cilia function and left-right axis formation and mutations in CCDC39 and CCDC40 are the major cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia with axonemal disorganization and absent inner dynein arms.'] | [] |
Do statins cause diabetes? | ['Statin use has been associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and with impaired glycemic control in T2DM patients', 'The relationship between T2DM and statins is further complicated since these drugs can cause new onset diabetes (NOD) although there is an overall benefit in terms of prevent... | ['The relationship between T2DM and statins is further complicated since these drugs can cause new onset diabetes (NOD) although there is an overall benefit in terms of preventing vascular events.', 'Statin use has been associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and with impaired glycemic cont... | ['yes'] |
What is the life expectancy of professional athletes in respect to the general population? | ['In conclusion, while regular physical activity increases life expectancy, it remains unclear if high-intensity sports activities further increase life expectancy.', 'Competitive exercise does not induce cardiac damage in individuals with healthy hearts, but does induce physiological functional and structural cardiac ... | ['Elite endurance (aerobic) athletes and mixed-sports (aerobic and anaerobic) athletes show higher longevity than the general population, but results about power (anaerobic) athletes are inconsistent.', 'It remains unclear if high-intensity sports activities further increase life expectancy.\nCompetitive exercise does... | ['longer than the general population', 'No clear results indicating improved life expectancy in professional athletes'] |
Which molecule is targeted by a monoclonal antibody Secukinumab? | ['We identified 3 distinct clonotypes that efficiently neutralized IL17A in a cell-based in vitro assay. Their potencies were comparable to those of known neutralizing antibodies, including 2, AIN457 (secukinumab) and ixekizumab that are currently in clinical development for the treatment of various inflammatory disord... | ['Secukinumab (AIN457) is a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody that neutralizes interleukin-17A.'] | ['interleukin-17A'] |
Does Jarid2 play a role in early embryo development? | ['Jarid2 Coordinates Nanog Expression and PCP/Wnt Signaling Required for Efficient ESC Differentiation and Early Embryo Development', 'Unlike other PRC2-deficient embryonic stem cells (ESCs), however, Jarid2-deficient ESCs show a severe differentiation block, altered colony morphology, and distinctive patterns of dereg... | ['Yes. Jarid2 coordinates Nanog expression and PCP/Wnt signaling required for efficient ESC differentiation and early embryo development.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the incidence of Edwards syndrom in the european population? | ["dwards syndrome (trisomy 18) occurs in 1: 8000 live births and is closely related to the mother's age", 'Mean incidence was 390.06 (449.08 in boys and 327.93 in girls) per 10 000 live births', 'The incidence of Edwards syndrome is 1:5000 of live-born', 'The OR for Patau syndrome was 1.10 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.45); for Ed... | ['Between 0.125 and 39 in every 1000 live births. Most probably 1:5000 of live-born.'] | ['1:5000'] |
What is known about the effectiveness of electronic food diaries ? | ['Electronic dietary records were better than food diaries in terms of fat percentage reduction in our trials, indicating that teledietetics increases healthy-eating awareness.', 'Nutrition monitoring is a relevant method to gain an overview of factors influencing health. However, keeping a food diary often constitutes... | ['Electronic dietary records were better than food diaries in terms of fat percentage reduction in our trials, indicating that teledietetics increases healthy-eating awareness.'] | [] |
List functions that are evaluated with the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness score? | ['The Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a coma scale that consists of four components (eye and motor response, brainstem reflexes, and respiration). ', 'Recently, the full outline of unresponsiveness (FOUR) score was introduced, which is composed of four clinically distinct categories of evaluation: eye ... | ['The FOUR (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness) score, a new coma scale, evaluates 4 components: eye and motor responses, brainstem reflexes and respiration.'] | ['eye responses', 'motor responses', 'brainstem reflexes', 'respiration'] |
Which disorder is rated by Palmini classification? | ['This study also provides an opportunity to compare the predictive value of the ILAE and Palmini et al classification schemes with regard to the type I focal cortical dysplasias.', 'Of the 91 patients, there were 50 patients with ILAE focal cortical dysplasia type Ib, 41 with ILAE focal cortical dysplasia type Ic, 63 ... | ['Palmini classification system is used for classification of focal cortical dysplasia.'] | ['focal cortical dysplasia'] |
Which drugs are utilized to treat eosinophilic esophagitis? | ['Current therapeutic options include use of proton-pump inhibitors, immunosuppressive drugs, elimination diets, and esophageal dilatation.', 'Aerosolized, swallowed fluticasone leads to a histologic but not a symptomatic response in adults with EoE', 'OVB is an effective treatment of pan-esophageal disease in children... | ['Therapeutic options of eosinophilic esophagitis include use of proton-pump inhibitors, immunosuppressive drugs, elimination diets, and esophageal dilatation.\nOral viscous budesonide (OVB) is an effective treatment of pan-esophageal disease in children with EoE. OVB improves symptoms and endoscopic and histologic fea... | ['proton pump inhibitors', 'immunosoppressive drugs', 'budesonide'] |
Which virus type causes Molluscum contagiosum? | ['Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a poxvirus pathogenic for humans, replicates well in human skin in vivo, but not in vitro in standard monolayer cell cultures.', 'Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus that causes tumor-like skin lesions. ', 'Molluscum contagiosum poxvirus (MCV) type 1 and type 2 encode tw... | ['Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a human poxvirus that causes tumor-like skin lesions.'] | ['human poxvirus'] |
What is a mitochondrial nucleoid? | ['A naked mtDNA molecule is longer than a typical mitochondrion and is therefore compacted in vivo to form a nucleoprotein complex, denoted the mitochondrial nucleoid.', 'The packaging of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into DNA-protein assemblies called nucleoids provides an efficient segregating unit of mtDNA,', 'Mitochond... | ['A naked mtDNA molecule is longer than a typical mitochondrion and is therefore compacted in vivo to form a nucleoprotein complex, denoted the mitochondrial nucleoid.'] | [] |
Is Mammaprint approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration? | ['an FDA-cleared 70-gene signature of MammaPrint panel ', 'on MammaPrint, the first and only assay for breast cancer management that has been cleared by the FDA.', 'The MammaPrint assay has the advantages of a 510(k) clearance by the US Food and Drug Administration, a larger gene number which may enhance further utilit... | ['Yes, Mammaprint has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the mechanism of action of onartuzumab? | [' In this study, e-training was used to train board-certified pathologists to evaluate non-small cell lung carcinoma for eligibility for treatment with onartuzumab, a MET-inhibiting agent.', 'A Randomized Phase II Study of FOLFOX With or Without the MET Inhibitor Onartuzumab in Advanced Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach a... | ['Onartuzumab is monoclonal antibody targeting MET. It works by inhibiting MET. Onartuzumab was tested for treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the stomach and gastroesophageal Junction, and recurrent glioblastoma.'] | [] |
What is the term for synapsin as a conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein? | ['["Synapsin is an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein.", "Synapsins as a family of presynaptic terminal phosphoprotein participates in neuronal development", "Synapsin III (SynIII) is a phosphoprotein", "The neuronal phosphoprotein synapsin III", "Synapsin II is a member of the neuronal phosphoprotein ... | Synapsin | [] |
Which components of the stress granules are known to be related to motor neuron degeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? | ['Here, we demonstrate that C-terminal ALS mutations disrupt the nuclear localizing signal (NLS) of FUS resulting in cytoplasmic accumulation in transfected cells and patient fibroblasts. FUS mislocalization is rescued by the addition of the wild-type FUS NLS to mutant proteins. We also show that oxidative stress recru... | ['Of note, both ALS and FTD are characterized by pathological inclusions, where some well-known SG markers localize with the ALS related proteins TDP-43 and FUS.', 'TDP-43 and FUS have been identified as key proteins in the pathogenesis of some cases of ALS. Although their role in motor neuron degeneration is not yet k... | ['TDP-43', 'FUS'] |
What are the symptoms of abacavir hypersensitivity? | ['patients receiving abacavir develop a hypersensitivity reaction, characterized by rash, fever and, occasionally, multisystemic involvement', 'The predictors included any one of several specific symptoms commonly found with this reaction, a claims diagnosis of adverse effect of drug, anaphylactic shock or unspecified ... | ['Patients receiving abacavir develop an idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reaction that can include a wide range of symptoms. The most common are: fever, enathema, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, cough, gastrointestinal disorders, anaphylactic shock, respiratory symptoms.'] | ['fever', 'enathema', 'skin rash', 'nausea', 'vomiting', 'diarrhea', 'cough', 'gastrointestinal disorders', 'anaphylactic shock', 'respiratory symptoms'] |
Are there currently applications of deep learning in genomics? | ['Deep learning of the tissue-regulated splicing code.', 'Using a deep neural network, we developed a model inferred from mouse RNA-Seq data that can predict splicing patterns in individual tissues and differences in splicing patterns across tissues. Our architecture uses hidden variables that jointly represent feature... | ['Yes. Deep learning has been used so far in genomics for predicting splicing patterns in individual tissues and differences in splicing patterns across tissues. The deep architecture surpasses the performance of the previous Bayesian method for predicting alternative splicing (AS) patterns.'] | ['yes'] |
is intense physical activity associated with longevity ? | ['We found a very significant increase in average longevity (17%) of the cyclists when compared with the general population. The age at which 50% of the general population died was 73.5 vs. 81.5 years in Tour de France participants. Our major finding is that repeated very intense exercise prolongs life span in well tra... | ['Several survival studies showed that professional athletes has higher longevity than general population. These epidemiological data matches the evidences that long-term endurance training induces in elderly subjects an increased HRV and a higher exercise working capacity, which are well-established predictors of card... | ['yes'] |
Are seizures among the neurological symptoms of incontinentia pigmenti? | ['High-dose glucocorticoid therapy in the management of seizures in neonatal incontinentia pigmenti', 'Incontinentia pigmenti is an X-linked dominant disorder resulting from a mutation of IKBKG. This disorder has a classic dermatologic presentation, but neurologic involvement, with seizures and cortical infarction, can... | ['Incontinentia pigmenti is an X-linked dominant disorder resulting from a mutation of IKBKG. This disorder has a classic dermatologic presentation, but neurologic involvement, with seizures and cortical infarction, can arise shortly after birth.'] | ['yes'] |
Are there any urine biomarkers for bladder cancer diagnosis? | ['CONCLUSIONS: Several gene-based urinary biomarkers have demonstrated promise in initial studies, which now need to be rigorously validated in the clinical setting for them to be translated into clinically useful tests in diagnosis, surveillance or risk-stratification of bladder cancer', ' Novel promising markers are ... | ['Bladder cancer is any of several types of malignancy arising from the epithelial lining of the urinary bladder. Rarely the bladder is involved by non-epithelial cancers, such as lymphoma or sarcoma. It is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder.The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ... | ['yes'] |
List bacterial species identified in the iceman tissues. | ['Here, we report the molecular detection of the oral spirochete Treponema denticola in ancient human tissue biopsies of the Iceman, a 5,300-year-old Copper Age natural ice mummy. ', "The colon, on the other hand, contains several members of the fecal flora of humans, such as Clostridium perfringens, C. ghonii, C. sord... | ['Spirochete Treponema denticola\nClostridium perfringens\nClostridium ghonii\nClostridium sordellii\nEubacterium tenue\nBacteroides sp\nVibrio\nSphingomonas\nAfipia\nCurtobacterium\nMicrobacterium\nAgromyces'] | ['Spirochete Treponema denticola', 'Clostridium perfringens', 'Clostridium ghonii', 'Clostridium sordellii', 'Eubacterium tenue', 'Bacteroides sp', 'Vibrio', 'Sphingomonas', 'Afipia', 'Curtobacterium', 'Microbacterium', 'Agromyces'] |
What is the effect of resveratrol on mTOR activity? | ['Resveratrol inhibits mTOR signaling by promoting the interaction between mTOR and DEPTOR', 'Here, we show that RSV inhibits insulin- and leucine-stimulated mTOR signaling in C2C12 fibroblasts via a Sirt1-independent mechanism', 'Treating C2C12 cells with RSV dramatically inhibited insulin-stimulated Akt, S6 kinase, a... | ['Resveratrol (RSV) inhibits leucine-stimulated mTORC1 activation by promoting mTOR/DEPTOR.', 'Resveratrol downregulates PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in human cells. It has been found that resveratrol targets multiple components of the phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase(PI3K)/Akt and mTOR signaling pathways, including ... | [] |
What is known about telomere length shortening and stress? | ['A significant relationship between more perceived stress and shorter telomere length is consistent with theoretical frameworks positing that stress induces physiological changes that result in shortened telomeres. ', 'Psychological stress contributes to numerous diseases and may do so in part through damage to telome... | ['A significant relationship between more perceived stress and shorter telomere length is consistent with theoretical frameworks positing that stress induces physiological changes that result in shortened telomeres.'] | [] |
What is a "chemobrain"? | ['Frequency of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment or "chemobrain" is mentioned to be significant in literature, although very little is known about the chemotherapy-caused chemobrain and its connection with metal homeostasis alteration.', "Cognitive decline or dementia is a debilitating problem of neurological d... | ['The term "chemobrain" is sometimes used to denote deficits in neuropsychological functioning that may occur as a result of cancer treatment.'] | ['The term "chemobrain" is sometimes used to denote deficits in neuropsychological functioning that may occur as a result of cancer treatment.'] |
What is clathrin? | ['Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a central and well-studied trafficking process in eukaryotic cells.', 'We reported the first small molecule inhibitors of the interaction between the clathrin N-terminal domain (TD) and endocyctic accessory proteins (i.e., clathrin inhibition1).', 'Tubulobulbar complexes are elaborate... | ['Clathrin helps build small vesicles in order to safely transport molecules within and between cells.'] | [] |
Are high-flow nasal cannulae effective for treatment of preterm infants? | ['The use of high-flow nasal cannulae is an increasingly popular alternative to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for noninvasive respiratory support of very preterm infants (gestational age, <32 weeks) after extubation.', 'The use of high-flow nasal cannulae was noninferior to the use of nasal CPAP, wit... | ['Yes. The use of high-flow nasal cannulae is an increasingly popular alternative to nasal continuous positive airway pressure for noninvasive respiratory support of preterm infants after extubation. However, the use of high-flow nasal cannulae in preterm infants was shown to be associated with a higher rate of reintub... | ['yes'] |
Tumors of which three organs are classically associated with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome? | ['Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1; formerly known as Wermer syndrome) is a rare disorder characterized by the combined occurrence of two or more tumors involving parathyroid, pancreatic islets and anterior pituitary glands; some other tumors have also been described.', ' Hyperparathyroidism is the most common... | ['Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome is an inherited cancer syndrome defined by occurrence of multiple neuro-endocrine tumors and is classically associated with the combined occurrence of two or more tumors involving parathyroid gland, pancreas and pituitary gland. Other tumors, including but not limited to a... | ['parathyroid gland', 'pancreas', 'pituitary gland'] |
How does stress affect telomere length? | ['["A significant relationship between more perceived stress and shorter telomere length is consistent with theoretical frameworks positing that stress induces physiological changes that result in shortened telomeres. ", "Psychological stress contributes to numerous diseases and may do so in part through damage to telo... | Stress can lead to physiological changes that result in shortened telomeres. Psychological stress may contribute to diseases by damaging telomeres, which are protective segments on the ends of chromosomes. Highly stressed postmenopausal women have shorter telomeres, particularly if they are inactive. | [] |
Which protein is causing Netherton syndrome? | ['Netherton syndrome (NTS) is a rare genetic skin disease caused by mutations in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 gene, which encodes the lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor.', 'Netherton syndrome is caused by loss-of-function mutations in SPINK5 encoding the Kazal-type inhibitor LEKTI-1 ', 'Nether... | ['Netherton syndrome (NS) is a serious inherited skin disorder caused by mutations in the gene SPINK5 (serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 5) which encodes for a serine protease inhibitor LEKTI (lymphoepithelial Kazal type-related inhibitor)'] | ['LEKTI', 'lymphoepithelial Kazal type-related inhibitor'] |
Selexipag is used for which disease? | ['OBJECTIVE: Selexipag is a novel, oral, selective prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor agonist in clinical development for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.', 'Selexipag for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.', 'This review was based on a PubMed search and focuses on the potential role of selexi... | ['Selexipag is a novel, oral, selective prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor agonist in clinical development for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.'] | ['pulmonary arterial hypertension'] |
Which post-translational histone modifications are characteristic of constitutive heterochromatin? | ['H3S10 phosphorylation marks constitutive heterochromatin during interphase in early mouse embryos until the 4-cell stage', 'We show here that the maternally inherited Snurf-Snrpn 3-Mb region, which is silenced by a potent transcription repressive mechanism, is uniformly enriched in histone methylation marks usually f... | ['H3K9me3 is the major marker of constitutive heterochromatin. Other histone methylation marks usually found in constitutive heterochromatin, are H4K20me3 and H3K79me3. Classical histone modifications associated with heterochromatin include H3K9me2, H3K27me1 and H3K27me2. Histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 36 is assoc... | ['H3S10p', 'H3K36me3', 'H4K20me3', 'H3K9me3', 'H3K79me3', 'H3K9me2', 'H3K27me1', 'H3K27me2', 'H3K27me3'] |
Is Stat4 a transcription factor? | ['transcription factors T-bet and STAT4', 'STAT4 is a member of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of molecules that localizes to the cytoplasm. STAT4 regulates various genes expression as a transcription factor after it is phosphorylated, dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus. ', 'S... | ['Yes, Stat4 is a transcription factor.\nStat4 is a member of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of molecules that localizes to the cytoplasm. STAT4 regulates various genes expression as a transcription factor after it is phosphorylated, dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the target of the drug Olaparib? | ['We show that targeting PARP by the small molecule inhibitors, Olaparib ', 'Following treatment with the PARP1 inhibitor olaparib, ', 'the PARP inhibitor olaparib', 'Olaparib (AZD-2281, Ku-0059436) is an orally bioavailable and well-tolerated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor currently under investigation i... | ['The drug Olaparib target the protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.'] | ['poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase', 'PARP'] |
What is the main biological function of the CRISPR-CAS9 genome editing system? | ['Mutagenesis and homologous recombination in Drosophila cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9.', 'We have applied the CRISPR/Cas9 system to Drosophila S2 cells to generate targeted genetic mutations in more than 85% of alleles. By targeting a constitutive exon of the AGO1 gene, we demonstrate homozygous mutation in up to 82% o... | ['The CRISPR/Cas9 system (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated) has recently emerged as an efficient and simple tool for site-specific engineering of eukaryotic genomes. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has attracted significant attention for its potential to transform genome engineering. I... | [] |
Which is the E3 ubiquitin ligase of Hsp90? | ['C-terminal Hsp-interacting protein (CHIP) is an HSP70 and HSP90 interacting co-chaperone and an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Previous studies have reported the role of CHIP in cancer progression by targeting protein degradation.', 'The U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP (C terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein) binds Hsp90 and/o... | ['Carboxyl terminus of hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) can mediate ubiquitination of the 90 kDa heat-shock protein (hsp90) in vitro, with subsequent proteasomal degradation of the chaperone.'] | ['Carboxyl terminus of hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP)'] |
List human proteins that are subject to a dimer-to-tetramer transition. | [' the ability of GAC to undergo the dimer-to-tetramer transition necessary for enzyme activation.', 'while SHMT2 undergoes a dimer-to-tetramer transition upon PLP binding.', 'AMPARs that is required for the critical dimer-to-tetramer transition.', 'We conclude that the human Orai1 and Orai3 channels undergo a dimer-to... | ['GAC\nSHMT2\nAMPAR\nOrai1\nOrai3'] | ['GAC', 'SHMT2', 'AMPAR', 'Orai1', 'Orai3'] |
What is the characteristic domain of histone methyltransferases? | ['C-terminal SET domain that catalyzes methylation of histone H3', 'not all members of the H3K4 methyltransferase family contain n-SET domains', 'protein methyltransferases (both protein arginine and lysine methyltransferases) and the relatedness of their catalytic domains. We identified 51 protein lysine methyltransfe... | ['SET (suppressor of variegation, enhancer of zest and trithorax) domain'] | ['SET domain'] |
Which is the most known bacterium responsible for botulism (sausage-poisoning)? | ['Botulism is a serious foodborne neuroparalytic disease, caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum.', 'Cattle botulism is a fatal intoxication caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridium botulinum serotypes C and D', 'Botulism in horses in the ... | ['Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), and affects humans, all warm-blooded animals, birds, and some fishes. Botulinum toxin is produced under anaerobic conditions by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which is the most known etiological agent of the disease, and some oth... | ['Clostridium botulinum'] |
Explain the concept proteostasis. | ['Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, refers to a proper balance between synthesis, maturation, and degradation of cellular proteins.', 'Mechanisms that promote the homeostasis of the proteome, or proteostasis, can slow aging and decrease the incidence of age-related diseases.', 'The eukaryotic cell possesses special... | ['Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, refers to a proper balance between synthesis, maturation, and degradation of cellular proteins. Disruption of proteostasis is implicated in aging and the pathogenesis of numerous degenerative diseases.'] | [] |
What is the application of the Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) assay in Drosophila embryos? | ['Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is a powerful method for studying protein-protein interactions in different cell types and organisms. This method was recently developed in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, allowing analyzing protein interaction properties in a physiologically relevant developing ... | ['Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is a powerful method for studying protein-protein interactions in different cell types and organisms. This method was recently developed in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, allowing analyzing protein interaction properties in a physiologically relevant developing ... | ['The study of protein-protein interactions in a physiologically relevant developing context.'] |
How is spastic diplegia diagnosed? | ['Spastic diplegia is the most common form of cerebral palsy worldwide.', 'Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and spastic diplegia (SD) patients share a strong clinical resemblance. Thus, HSP patients are frequently misdiagnosed with a mild form of SD. Clinical gait analysis (CGA) has been highlighted as a possible to... | ['Diagnosis of spastic diplegia is mainly carried out with through clinical gait analysis (CGA), with variations such as 1-minute walk, LSU, and 10-meter walk tests, or Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88). Other methods used for evaluation of patients include brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and motor funct... | [] |
Intact macromolecular assemblies are analysed by advanced mass spectrometry. How large complexes (in molecular weight) have been studied? | ['Here we show that the Orbitrap mass analyzer can be used to measure protein assemblies of molecular weights approaching one megadalton with sensitivity down to the detection of single ions.', 'Using this relationship we show that we can determine masses of both 30S subunits and intact 2.3 MDa 70S ribosomes from Therm... | ['2.3 megadalton'] | ['2.3 megadalton'] |
What is targeted by monoclonal antibody Pembrolizumab? | ['gents currently in active clinical development for lung cancer include ipilimumab, which modulates the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 pathway, and multiple agents targeting the programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway, both anti-PD-1 compounds (nivolumab, pembrolizumab [MK-3475]) and those that target p... | ['Pembrolizumab inhibits the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint and has antitumor activity in patients with advanced melanoma. Pembrolizumab is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced melanoma, and additional regulatory approvals are expected across the oncologic spec... | ['programmed cell death 1'] |
Is paramyxovirus involved in human subacute thyroiditis? | ['Most cases of subacute thyroiditis are caused by a variety of viruses, for example, Coxsackie, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus. Influenza immunization or infection may cause subacute thyroiditis.', 'Coxsackie virus has been reported to be one of the viruses associated with the disease.', 'The etio... | ['There is no evidence that paramyxovirus are involved in etiology of subacute thyroiditis.'] | ['no'] |
Is c-myc subject to regulation by the circadian clock? | ['The current study encompasses the investigation of simultaneous expression of four circadian clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1 and Per2) and three clock-controlled cell cycle genes (Myc, Cyclin D1 and Wee1)', 'Our results suggest that aberrant expression of circadian clock genes can lead to aberrant expression of their... | ['Yes, the expression of c-myc is regulated by the circadian clock protein Per2.'] | ['yes'] |
Signaling of which pathways is inhibited by Dupilumab? | ['This study reviewed all studies about any roles of IL-4 that can directly and indirectly be played in the development of pemphigus and IL-4 inhibition with interferons and dupilumab therapy were introduced as a novel pemphigus treatment for patients who are in relapse phase of the disease. Dupilumab was also introduc... | ['Dupilumab, a fully human anti-interleukin-4 receptor α monoclonal antibody, inhibits interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signalling. It is used for treatment of atopic or allergic diseases.'] | ['interleukin-4', 'interleukin-13'] |
Which are the most widely used computational methods for the identification of CRMs (cis-regulatory modules)? | ['Several tools allow to detect significant co-occurrences of closely located binding sites (cis-regulatory modules, CRMs). However, these tools present at least one of the following limitations: 1) scope limited to promoter or conserved regions of the genome; 2) do not allow to identify combinations involving more tha... | ['Computational methods attempting to identify instances of cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) in the genome face a challenging problem of searching for potentially interacting transcription factor binding sites while knowledge of the specific interactions involved remains limited. When discriminating CRMs from non-coding r... | ['motif conservation', 'fuzzy itemset mining', 'combinatorial methods'] |
What is the main characteristic of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? | ['Motor neuron diseases (MND), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), are progressive neurodegenerative diseases that share the common characteristic of upper and/or lower motor neuron degeneration.', 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive degeneration of upper and... | ['Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. ', 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons.'] | [] |
What role do septins play in cellular processes? | [' ", "The human genome codes for 13 members of a family of filament-forming GTP-binding proteins known as septins.", "Septins are evolutionary conserved cytoskeletal GTPases forming heteropolymer complexes involved in cytokinesis and other cellular processes", "Septins comprise a conserved family of GTPases important ... | Septins play a crucial role in cellular processes such as cytokinesis and other functions. They are evolutionary conserved cytoskeletal GTPases forming heteropolymer complexes involved in various cellular functions like membrane transport, apoptosis, cell polarity, cell cycle regulation, and oncogenesis. | [] |
What is the role of histone variant H2A.W? | ['The histone variant H2A.W defines heterochromatin and promotes chromatin condensation in Arabidopsis', 'The histone variant H2A.W marks heterochromatin specifically and acts in synergy with heterochromatic marks H3K9me2 and DNA methylation to maintain transposon silencing', 'In vitro, H2A.W enhances chromatin condens... | ['The histone variant H2A.W defines heterochromatin and promotes chromatin condensation in Arabidopsis. The histone variant H2A.W marks heterochromatin specifically and acts in synergy with heterochromatic marks H3K9me2 and DNA methylation to maintain transposon silencing. In vivo, H2A.W is required for heterochromatin... | [] |
Is there a package in R/bioconductor for classification of alternative splicing? | ['spliceR: an R package for classification of alternative splicing and prediction of coding potential from RNA-seq data.', 'Recent software improvements in full-length transcript deconvolution prompted us to develop spliceR, an R package for classification of alternative splicing and prediction of coding potential.', '... | ['Yes. SpliceR is an R package for classification of alternative splicing and prediction of coding potential from RNA-seq data.'] | ['yes'] |
What are the main benefits of pharmacophore models? | ['To discover novel RNAP inhibitors, a pharmacophore based on the alignment of described inhibitors was used for virtual screening. In an optimization process of hit compounds, novel derivatives with improved in vitro potency were discovered. Investigations concerning the molecular mechanism of RNAP inhibition reveal t... | ['As researchers continue to search for new targets of therapeutic interest, transmembrane and G-protein coupled receptors are of ever-increasing importance. However, crystal structures for these targets may be impossible to resolve, posing great challenges in rational drug design. Structure-based virtual screening is ... | ['They represent chemical functions valid not only for the existing bounds but also for unknown molecules.', 'Due their simplicity they are proper for large scale virtual screening', 'They are comprehensive and editable, so by changing chemical feature contains information can be easily trace back.'] |
How does miR-1 overexpression contribute to arrhythmias in cardiac conditions? | ['["Dysfunction of the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43), an established miR-1 target, during cardiac hypertrophy leads to ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT).", "miR-1 overexpression may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the heart to AVB, which provides us novel insights into the molecular mechanisms u... | miR-1 overexpression may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the heart to AVB, which provides us novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ischemic cardiac arrhythmias. The muscle-specific miR-1 has been implicated in cardiac hypertrophy, heart development, cardiac stem cell differentiation, and... | [] |
What is the relationship between nucleosomes and exons? | ['Nucleosomes preferentially are located at the ends of exons, thus protecting splice junctions, with the N9 positions of guanines of the GT and AG junctions oriented toward the histones.', 'Nucleosomes were found to be preferentially positioned within constitutive exons and/or constitutive portions of alternative exon... | ['Nucleosomes are preferentially located within exons compared to nearby intronic sequences. Preferential positioning within the exons is indepedent of gene expression levels, stronger in exons with weak splice sites and conserved through metazoan evolution.'] | [] |
Which is the relation between sweating and anaerobic threshold? | ['It is concluded that the sweating response during upright recovery is significantly modified by exercise intensity and may likely be influenced by the nonthermal baroreceptor reflex adjustments postexercise.', ' The purpose of this paper is to delineate the effects of training status, heat acclimation, environmental ... | ['There is no clear evidence of the relationship between sweating and anaerobic threshold'] | ['There is no clear evidence of the relationship between sweating and anaerobic threshold'] |
What is the role of CRD-BP in stabilizing c-myc mRNA and protecting it from endonucleolytic cleavage? | ['["CRD-BP shields c-myc and MDR-1 RNA from endonucleolytic attack by a mammalian endoribonuclease", "The c-myc mRNA coding region determinant-binding protein (CRD-BP) has high affinity for the coding region determinant (CRD) of c-myc mRNA. Such affinity is believed to protect c-myc CRD from endonucleolytic attack", " ... | CRD-BP plays a role in stabilizing c-myc mRNA by preventing its endonucleolytic cleavage. It binds specifically to the coding region of c-myc mRNA and shields the mRNA from endonucleolytic attack, thereby prolonging the mRNA half-life. | [] |
What do statins do? | ['Statins are inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid by NADPH', 'Statins, which specifically inhibit HMG Co-A reductase, the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis, are widely prescribed to reduce serum cholesterol and cardiac risk,', 'OBJECTIVES: S... | ['Statins lower high cholesterol', 'Statins, which specifically inhibit HMG Co-A reductase, the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis, are widely prescribed to reduce serum cholesterol and cardiac risk,'] | [] |
Why do we use "N-terminal proteomics"? | ['ChaFRADIC is a powerful and practicable tool for protease and peptidase research,', 'systematic identification of protease cleavage events by quantitative N-terminal proteomics,', ' identifying the largest set of protein protease substrates ever reported and gaining novel insight into substrate specificity difference... | ['N-terminal proteomics allows the systematic identification of protease/peptidase cleavage events revealing substrate cleavage specificities.'] | [] |
What is the genetic basis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome? | ['The Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a well-defined syndrome with facial abnormalities, broad thumbs, broad big toes and mental retardation as the main clinical features', 'Many patients with RTS have been shown to have breakpoints in, and microdeletions of, chromosome 16p13.3', 'these breakpoints are restricted to... | ['Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder (prevalence 1:125,000) characterised by broad thumbs and halluces, facial dysmorphism, psychomotor development delay, skeletal defects, abnormalities in the posterior fossa and short stature. The known genetic causes are a microdeletion at 16p13.3 ... | ['Mutations or/and deletions in the genes of the cAMP-response element binding protein-BP (CREBBP) (50-60% of the cases) and of the homologous gene E1A-binding protein (EP300) at 22q13 (5%).'] |
How do R-loops affect replication forks, and which enzyme helps? | [' detected in cancer cells.", "The multiple cleavage sites on the R-loop substrate match the priming sites observed in vivo, suggesting that RNase MRP alone is capable of generating virtually all of the leading-strand replication primers.", "Mechanisms of primer RNA synthesis and D-loop/R-loop-dependent DNA replicatio... | R-loop formation causes DNA replication fork stalling, and this underlies the effects of R loops on genomic stability. The enzyme Top1 helps by suppressing the formation of DNA-RNA hybrids during transcription, which are the R-loops interfering with the progression of replication forks. | [] |
What is the function of gasdermin D? | ['gasdermin D (GSDMD) protein to trigger pyroptosis, a lytic form of cell death that is crucial for immune defences and diseases. ', 'Here we show that the gasdermin-N domains of the gasdermin proteins GSDMD, GSDMA3 and GSDMA can bind membrane lipids, phosphoinositides and cardiolipin, and exhibit membrane-disrupting c... | ['The gasdermin-N domains of the gasdermin proteins can bind membrane lipids, phosphoinositides and cardiolipin to produce membrane-disrupting cytotoxicity.'] | [] |
What is the most probable defect underlying triple negative breast cancer? | ['We have previously reported an array comparative genomic hybridization profile that identifies triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), with BRCA1 dysfunction', 'BRCA1-like status was assessed in 101 patients with early-stage TNBC receiving adjuvant cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy.', 'Sixty-six tumors (65%) had a B... | ['The most probable defect underlying triple negative breast cancer is BRCA1 dysfunction.'] | ['BRCA1 dysfunction'] |
Is Turcot syndrome associated with glioblastoma? | ['Turcot syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder clinically characterized by the occurrence of primary tumors of the central nervous system and adenomatous colonic polyps during the first or second decades of life, with a spectrum of clinical features such as "café-au-lait" spots, axillary freckling, and hyperpigme... | ['Yes, Turcot syndrome is associated with glioblastoma. Turcot syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder clinically characterized by the occurrence of primary glial tumors of the central nervous system, including glioblastoma, and adenomatous colonic polyps during the first or second decades of life, with a spectrum ... | ['yes'] |
Is acid alpha-glucosidase the enzyme that causes Pompe disease when mutant? | ['Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme responsible for degradation of lysosomal glycogen (acid α-glucosidase (GAA))', 'Pompe disease is a systemic metabolic disorder characterized by lack of acid-alpha glucosidase (GAA) resulting in ubiquitous lysosomal gl... | ['Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme responsible for degradation of lysosomal glycogen (acid α-glucosidase (GAA))', 'Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme acid α-glucosidase (GAA), responsibl... | ['yes'] |
Has small pox been eradicated from the world? | ['small pox has been eradicated.', 'smallpox is now eradicated', 'In May 1980 the World Health Assembly in Geneva announced in solemn form the world-wide eradication of the small-pox and gave recommendations to the member countries for concluding measures concerning the small-pox vaccination, the foundation of vaccine ... | ['smallpox is now eradicated.', 'Yes, small pox has been eradicated.', 'smallpox is now eradicated', 'small pox has been eradicated.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the role of cohesins at the IFNG locus? | ['Cohesins form chromosomal cis-interactions at the developmentally regulated IFNG locus.', 'Here we show that cohesin forms the topological and mechanistic basis for cell-type-specific long-range chromosomal interactions in cis at the developmentally regulated cytokine locus IFNG. Hence, the ability of cohesin to cons... | ['Cohesins form cell-type-specific long-range chromosomal cis-interactions at the developmentally regulated IFNG locus. Hence, the ability of cohesin to constrain chromosome topology is used not only for the purpose of sister chromatid cohesion, but also to dynamically define the spatial conformation of specific loci. ... | [] |
What are the characteristics of the "Universal Proteomics Standard 2" (UPS2)? | ['the UPS2 proteomic dynamic range standard introduced by The Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities Proteomics Standards Research Group in 2006)', 'Universal Proteomics Standard sample with a dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude (UPS2).'] | ['The UPS2 proteomic dynamic range standard was introduced by the Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities Proteomics Standards Research Group in 2006 and it has a dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude.'] | [] |
What is the main application of SWATH-MS in proteomics? | ['it is a valuable resource for the selection of candidate proteotypic peptides for targeted proteomic experiments via Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) or SWATH-MS', 'SWATH-MS is a data-independent acquisition method that generates, in a single measurement, a complete recording of the fragment ion spectra of all the ... | ['Using the method called SWATH-MS one might ask sample sets for the presence and quantity of essentially any protein of interest.'] | ['The identification and quantification of any protein.'] |
Is there an association between Histone H3.3 mutations and glioma? | ['PURPOSE: Histone H3.3 (H3F3A) mutation in the codon for lysine 27 (K27M) has been found as driver mutations in pediatric glioblastoma and has been suggested to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of thalamic gliomas and diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. We report a case of thalamic glioma with H3F3A K27M mutatio... | ['Yes, histone H3.3 mutation in the codon for lysine 27 has been found as driver mutations in pediatric glioblastoma and has been suggested to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of thalamic gliomas and diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas.'] | ['yes'] |
is there an increase in ultrasound comets after intense exercise? | ['Healthy athletes developed subclinical increase in pulmonary water content immediately after an Ironman race at sea level, as shown by the increased number of ULCs related to cardiac changes occurring during exercise.', 'Increased EVLW is associated with estimated PCWP and indices of left ventricular systolic and dia... | ['Strenuous exercise and exercise perfomed in extreme conditions provoke increase in interstitial pulmonary water content as shown by the increased number of ultrasuond comets'] | ['yes'] |
Which is the "bonding hormone"? | ['The neurohypophysial hormone oxytocin (OXT) and its receptor (OXTR) have critical roles in the regulation of pro-social behaviors, including social recognition, pair bonding, parental behavior, and stress-related responses.', 'Neuropeptide hormone oxytocin has roles in social bonding, energy metabolism, and wound hea... | ["Oxytocin is known as the 'bonding hormone' due its role in promoting mother-child and pair bonding."] | ['Oxytocin'] |
Which are the triad symptoms of pheochromocytoma? | ['Diaphoresis (LR+ 2.2, LR- 0.45), Palpitation (LR+ 1.9, LR- 0.52) and headache (LR+ 1.6, LR- 0.24) were significant symptoms in clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. ', 'In the 52 cases analyzed, 40 of the patients had symptoms: 31 patients had hypertension; 10 had the triad of palpitations, diaphoresis, and headach... | ['The classic triad of symptoms are episodic headache, excessive sweating (diaphoresis) and palpitation.'] | ['headache', 'excessive sweating', 'diaphoresis', 'palpitation'] |
What memory problems are reported in the " Gulf war syndrome"? | ['The strongest associations were for mood swings (OR 20.9, 95%CI 16.2-27.0), memory loss/lack of concentration (OR 19.6, 95% CI 15.5-24.8), night sweats (OR 9.9, 95% CI 6.5-15.2), general fatigue (OR 9.6, 95% CI 8.3-11.1) and sexual dysfunction (OR 4.6, 95%CI 3.2-6.6).', 'The symptoms include incapacitating fatigue, m... | ['Loss of memory and dysmnesia are memory problems reported in the " Gulf war syndrome". Patients suffering from this syndrome often have other\nnonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, skin rash, headache, muscle and joint pain and sexual dysfunction.'] | ['loss of memory', 'dysmnesia'] |
Which drugs have been found effective for the treatment of chordoma? | ['The combination treatment of bortezomib with topoisomerase I and II inhibitors increased the therapeutic potency in U-CH2 and patient-derived primary cultures.', 'Vincristine, doxorubicin, etoposide, cisplatin, and fludarabine, each at a concentration of 10 μM, decreased the number of chordoma cells when given alone ... | ['Established chordoma cell lines, and patient-derived primary cell cultures, as well as chordoma tumors in vivo were found to be sensitive to treatment with bortezomib, vincristine, doxorubicin, etoposide, cisplatin, fludarabine and SD-1029 Stat3 inhibitor. Moreover, percutaneous intratumoral injection with pingyangmy... | ['bortezomib', 'vincristine', 'doxorubicin', 'etoposide', 'cisplatin', 'fludarabine', 'SD-1029 Stat3 inhibitor', 'pingyangmycin lipiodol emulsion'] |
What is the mode of inheritance of long QT Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome? | ['Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in KCNQ1 cause Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, a rare, autosomal-recessive form of long-QT syndrome characterized by deafness, marked QT prolongation, and a high risk of sudden death.', 'KCNQ1 is associated with two different entities of LQTS, the autosomal-dominant R... | ['Jervell and Lange-Nielsen long QT syndrome (JLNS) is characterized by autosomal recessive mode of inheritance'] | ['autosomal recessive'] |
What is the action of molindone? | ['As determined by the new dissociation constants, antipsychotic drugs which elicit Parkinsonism (trifluperazine, chlorpromazine, raclopride, haloperidol, fluphenazine, risperidone) bind more tightly than dopamine to D2, while those antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no Parkinsonism (melperone, seroquel, perlap... | ['Molindone is a short-acting antipsychotic.\nMolindone, along with other antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no Parkinsonism, bind more loosely than dopamine to D2 receptors. Compared to the tightly bound antipsychotic drugs, the more loosely bound antipsychotics generally require higher clinical doses, require... | [] |
Which mechanisms underlie adaptive mutagenesis (stationary-phase mutagenesis) in Bacillus subtilis? | ['under conditions of nutritional stress, the processing of deaminated bases in B. subtilis may normally occur in an error-prone manner to promote adaptive mutagenesis.', "the B. subtilis' ability to accumulate chromosomal mutations under conditions of starvation is influenced by cell differentiation and transcriptiona... | ["Increased transcription levels potentiate adaptive mutagenesis. Central to stationary-phase mutagenesis in B. subtilis is the requirement for Mfd protein (transcription repair coupling factor). The B. subtilis' ability to accumulate chromosomal mutations under conditions of starvation is influenced by cell differenti... | [] |
Which are the major phycobiliproteins present in cyanobacteria? | ['An extensive range of pigments including phycobiliproteins are present in algae. C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a phycobiliprotein, is one of the key pigments of Spirulina', 'Spirulina platensis produces nutraceutical product C-phycocyanin (C-PC)', 'C-Phycocyanin (C-Pc) is one of the major biliprotein pigments of unicellular ... | ['Phycobiliproteins are derived from the photosynthetic apparatus of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae, and form their large extrinsic antenna complexes called phycobilisomes. Phycobilisomes have a core composed from allophycocyanin (APC) and rods, which are of variable phycobiliprotein composition. C-Phycocyanin (C-P... | ['allophycocyanin (APC)', 'C-Phycocyanin (C-Pc)', 'B-Phycoerythrin (B-PE)', 'R-phycoerythrin (R-PE)'] |
Is Rac1 involved in cancer cell invasion? | ['In the Matrigel invasion assay, knockdown of CCR1 and inhibition of the ERK and Rac signaling pathways significantly decreased the number of invading cells.', 'These results demonstrated for the first time that the interaction of CCR1 with CCL5 caused by increased expression of CCR1 promotes invasion of PC3PR cells b... | ['A number of signalling pathways have been found to converge to and activate Rac1, which, in turn, activates a number of downstream targets to control actin-cytoskeleton rearrangements at membrane ruffles, as well as formation and activity of lamellipodia, to regulate the migratory processes leading to cell invasion.'... | ['yes'] |
Is macroautophagy a selective degradation process? | ['Selective autophagy', 'Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a bulk degradation system for cytoplasmic components and is ubiquitously found in eukaryotic cells', 'Here we show that selective autophagy downregulates Ty1 transposition', 'We propose that selective autophagy safeguards genome integrity against excessive insertio... | ['Yes. Macroautophagy (commonly referred to simply as autophagy) is a catabolic process conserved throughout the eukaryotes, and is distinct from other forms of autophagy by the formation of the autophagosome: this is a vesicle-like formation surrounded by a double membrane that sequesters the cytoplasmic material to b... | ['yes'] |
Is there any genetic determinant of hair pigmentation that could be useful in forensic analyses? | ['a recent paper has reported the genetic determination of eye and hair color in samples up to 800 years old. ', ' Here, we demonstrate that human hair color is predictable from DNA variants with similarly high accuracies.', '12 genes previously associated with human hair color variation', ' several key pigmentation ge... | ['Yes, there are at least 12 genes associated with human hair color variation such as: TYR, TYRP1, OCA2, SLC45A2, SLC24A5, MC1R, ASIP and KITLG.'] | ['Yes, there are at least 12 genes associated with human hair color variation such as: TYR, TYRP1, OCA2, SLC45A2, SLC24A5, MC1R, ASIP and KITLG.'] |
What is the influence of patent expiry on ACE inhibitor prescribing. | ['Generic switch after ramipril patent expiry is not associated with decreased pharmacy refill compliance: a retrospective study using the DAPI database.', 'The costs per DDD decreased for all three drugs and, as expected, these costs decrease more rapidly after patent expiry. Significant differences in the trend lines... | ['Patent expiry has different effects on prescribing in different systems. It leads to decreased cost but no decreased refill compliance in countries like Sweden, Germany etc. In countries like Taiwan, where doctors profit directly from dispensing, patients are switched to ARBs which are more costly.'] | [] |
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